Population of the Republic of Buryatia. Republic of Buryatia: population, area, capital, climate, geography General characteristics of the population of Ulan-Ude

The Buryats, or Buryaad, are the northernmost Mongolian people, the indigenous people of Siberia, whose closest relatives, according to the latest genetic research, are Koreans. The Buryats are distinguished by their ancient traditions, religion and culture.

Story

The people formed and settled in the area of ​​Lake Baikal, where ethnic Buryatia is located today. Previously, the territory was called Bargudzhin-Tokum. The ancestors of this people, the Kurykans and Bayyrkus, began to develop the lands on both sides of Lake Baikal, starting in the 6th century. The first occupied the Cis-Baikal region, the second settled the lands east of Lake Baikal. Gradually, starting from the 10th century, these ethnic communities began to interact more closely with each other and by the time of the creation of the Mongol Empire they formed a single ethnic group called the Barguts. At the end of the 13th century, due to internecine wars, the Barguts had to leave their lands and go to Western Mongolia; in the 15th century, they moved to Southern Mongolia and became part of the Yongshiebu tumen of the Mongols. The Bargu-Buryats returned to their homeland only in the 14th century, after part of the Eastern Mongols moved west to the lands of the Oirats. Later, the Khalkhas and Oirats began to attack them, as a result, some of the Bargu-Buryats came under the influence of the Khalkha khans, and some became part of the Oirats. During this period, the conquest of the Buryat lands by the Russian state began.

Buryats are divided into ethnic groups:

• sartuls
• Uzons
• Transbaikal Buryats (“black mungals” or “brotherly yasashs of the Turukaya herd”)
• shosholoki
• Korins and Baturins
• sharanuty
• tabanguts
• Sagenuts
• cramps
• ikinats
• Hongodors
• bulagaty
• gotols
• ashibagata
• ehirites
• Kurkuta
• Khatagins
• terte
• hello
• Sharaites
• Shurtos
• Atagans

All of them inhabited the territories of ethnic Buryatia in the 17th century. At the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th century, the Songol ethnic group moved to them from other regions of Inner Asia.

From the second half of the 17th to the beginning of the 20th century, there were ethno-territorial groups of Buryats, which were also divided depending on their place of residence.

Barguts (Buryats) of the Qing Empire:

• old barguts or chipchin
• new barguts

Transbaikal Buryats living in the Transbaikal region:

• Khorinsky
• Barguzinsky
• Aginsky
• Selenga

Irkutsk Buryats living in the Irkutsk region:

• Zakamensky
• Alar
• Oka
• Balagansky or Unginsky
• Kudinsky
• Ida
• Olkhonskie
• Verkholensky
• Nizhneudinsk
• Kudarinsky
• Tunkinsky

Where live

Today, Buryats inhabit the lands where their ancestors originally lived: the Republic of Buryatia, the Trans-Baikal Territory of Russia, the Irkutsk Region and the Hulun Buir District, located in the Autonomous Region of Inner Mongolia of the People's Republic of China. In the countries where the Buryats live, they are considered a separate independent nationality or one of the ethnic groups of the Mongols. On the territory of Mongolia, the Buryats and Barguts are divided into different ethnic groups.

Number

The total population of Buryats is about 690,000 people. Of these, approximately 164,000 live in the PRC, 48,000 in Mongolia and about 461,389 in the Russian Federation.

Name

To this day, the origin of the ethnonym “buryaad” is controversial and not fully understood. It was first mentioned in the “Secret History of the Mongols” in 1240, the second time this term was mentioned only at the end of the 19th century. There are several versions of the etymology of the ethnonym:

1. from the expression buru halyadg (looking to the side, outsider).
2. from the word bar (tiger);
3. from the word burikha (to evade);
4. from the word storm (thickets);
5. from the ethnonym Kurykan (Kurikan);
6. from the word bu (ancient and old) and the word oirot (forest peoples). In general, these two words are translated as indigenous (ancient) forest peoples.
7. from the word of Khakass origin pyraat, which goes back to the term buri (wolf) or buri-ata (father wolf). Many ancient Buryat peoples revered the wolf and considered this animal their ancestor. The sound “b” in the Khakass language is pronounced like “p”. Under this name, the Russian Cossacks learned about the ancestors of the Buryats, who lived east of the Khakass. Later, the word “pyraat” was transformed into the word “brother”. The Mongol-speaking population living in Russia began to be called brothers, bratskie mungals and fraternal people. Gradually the name was adopted by the Khori-Buryats, Bulagats, Khondogors and Ekhirits as the common self-name “Buryad”.

Religion

The religion of the Buryats was influenced by the Mongolian tribes and the period of Russian statehood. Initially, like many Mongolian tribes, the Buryats professed shamanism. This set of beliefs is also called pantheism and Tengrism, and the Mongols, in turn, called it khara shashyn, which translates as black faith.

At the end of the 16th century, Buddhism began to spread in Buryatia, and from the 18th century Christianity began to actively develop. Today, all three of these religions exist in the territory where the Buryats live.

Shamanism

The Buryats have always had a special relationship with nature, which was reflected in their ancient faith - shamanism. They revered the sky, considered it the supreme deity and called it the Eternal Blue Sky (Huhe Munhe Tengri). They considered nature and its forces - water, fire, air and sun - to be animate. Rituals were performed outdoors near certain objects. It was believed that in this way it was possible to achieve unity between man and the forces of air, water and fire. Ritual holidays in shamanism are called tailagans, they were held near Lake Baikal, in places that were especially revered. The Buryats influenced spirits through sacrifice and observance of special traditions and rules.

Shamans were a special caste, they combined several characteristics at once: storytellers, healers and psychologists manipulating consciousness. Only a person with shamanic roots could become a shaman. Their rituals were very impressive; sometimes a large number of people, up to several thousand, gathered to watch them. When Christianity and Buddhism began to spread in Buryatia, shamanism began to be oppressed. But this ancient faith lies deeply in the basis of the worldview of the Buryat people and cannot be completely destroyed. To this day, many traditions of shamanism have been preserved, and spiritual monuments and sacred places are an important part of the cultural heritage of the Buryats.

Buddhism

The Buryats living on the eastern bank began to profess Buddhism under the influence of the Mongols living nearby. In the 17th century, one of the forms of Buddhism appeared in Buryatia - Lamaism. The Buryats introduced into Lamaism the attributes of the ancient faith of shamanism: the spiritualization of nature and natural forces, the veneration of guardian spirits. Gradually, the culture of Mongolia and Tibet came to Buryatia. Representatives of this faith, called lamas, were brought to the territory of Transbaikalia, Buddhist monasteries and schools were opened, applied arts were developed and books were published. In 1741, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna signed a decree that recognized Lamaism as one of the official religions on the territory of the Russian Empire. A staff of 150 lamas was officially approved, who were exempt from paying taxes. Datsans became the center of development of Tibetan medicine, philosophy and literature in Buryatia. After the revolution of 1917, all this ceased to exist, the datsans were destroyed and closed, and the lamas were repressed. The revival of Buddhism began again only in the late 1990s, and today Buryatia is the center of Buddhism in Russia.

Christianity

In 1721, the Irkutsk diocese was created in Buryatia, from which the development of Christianity in the republic began. Among the Western Buryats, such holidays as Easter, Elijah's Day, and Christmas have become common. Christianity in Buryatia was greatly hampered by the population's adherence to shamanism and Buddhism. The Russian authorities decided to influence the worldview of the Buryats through Orthodoxy, the construction of monasteries began, the authorities also used such a method as getting rid of taxes subject to the adoption of the Orthodox faith. Marriages between Russians and Buryats began to be encouraged, and already at the beginning of the 20th century, of the total Buryat population, 10% were mestizos. All the efforts of the authorities were not in vain and at the end of the 20th century there were already 85,000 Orthodox Buryats, but with the beginning of the 1917 revolution, the Christian mission was liquidated. Church leaders, especially the most active ones, were exiled to camps or shot. After World War II, some Orthodox churches were revived, but the Orthodox Church was officially recognized in Buryatia only in 1994.

Language

As a result of the era of globalization, in 2002 the Buryat language was listed in the Red Book as endangered. Unlike other Mongolian languages, Buryat has a number of phonetic features and is divided into groups:

• Western Buryat
• Eastern Buryat
• Old Bargut
• Novobargutsky

and dialect groups:

• Alaro-Tunik, widespread to the west of Lake Baikal and is divided into several dialects: Unginsky, Alarsky, Zakamensky and Tunkino-Okinsky;
• Nizhneudinskaya, this dialect is widespread in the western territories of the Buryats;
• Khorinskaya, widespread east of Lake Baikal, is spoken by the majority of Buryats living in Mongolia and a group of Buryats in China. Divided into dialects: North Selenga, Aginsky, Tugnuisky and Khorinsky;
• Seleginskaya, widespread in the south of Buryatia and is divided into dialects: Sartul, Khamnigan and Songolian;
• The Ekhirit-Bulagat group predominates in the Ust-Ordynsky district and the territories of the Baikal region. Dialects: Barguzin, Bokhan, Ehit-Bulagat, Baikal-Kudarin and Olkhon.

The Buryats used the old Mongolian script until the mid-1930s. In 1905, Lama Agvan Dorzhiev developed a writing system called Vagindra. It is worth noting that the Buryats are the only indigenous people of Siberia who own literary monuments and founded their own historical written sources. They were called Buryat chronicles and were written mainly in the 19th century. Buddhist teachers and clergy left behind a rich spiritual heritage, their works, translations on Buddhist philosophy, tantric practices, history and Tibetan medicine. In many datsans of Buryatia there were printing houses in which books were printed using woodblock printing.

Housing

The traditional dwelling of the Buryats is the yurt, which many Mongolian peoples call ger. These people had portable yurts made of felt and yurts made of wood, which were built in one place.

Wooden dwellings were made of logs or logs, were 6- or 8-corner, without windows. There was a large hole in the roof designed for lighting and smoke escape. The roof of the dwelling was installed on 4 pillars, called tengi, and large pieces of coniferous bark were placed on the ceiling with the inside down. Smooth pieces of turf were placed on top.

The door to the yurt was always installed on the south side. Inside, the room was divided into two halves: the right was for men, the left for women. On the right side of the yurt, which belonged to a man, a bow, arrows, a saber, a gun, harness and a saddle hung on the wall. Kitchen utensils were located on the left side. There was a fireplace in the middle of the dwelling, and there were benches along the walls. On the left side were chests and a table for guests. Opposite the entrance there was a shelf with ongons and buhrans - Buddhist sculptures. In front of the dwelling, the Buryats installed a hitching post (serge), which was made in the form of a pillar with an ornament.

Portable yurts are lightweight and easy to assemble and disassemble due to their design. This was very important for the nomadic Buryats, who moved from place to place in search of pastures. In winter, a fire was lit in the hearth to heat the home; in summer it was used as a refrigerator. The lattice frame of the portable yurt was covered with felt, soaked for disinfection with a mixture of salt, tobacco or sour milk. The Buryats sat around the fireplace on quilted felt.

In the 19th century, wealthy Buryats began to build huts, which they borrowed from Russian settlers. But in such huts all the decoration of the elements of the Buryat national home was preserved.

Food

Products of animal and animal-plant origin have always occupied an important place in the Buryat cuisine. They prepared sour milk (kurunga) of a special leaven and dried compressed curd mass for future use. The Buryats drank green tea with milk, to which they added salt, lard or butter, and prepared an alcoholic drink from the distillation of kurunga.

In Buryat cuisine, a significant place is occupied by fish, herbs, spices, strawberries and bird cherry. A very popular dish of national cuisine is smoked Baikal omul. The symbol of Buryat cuisine is buuza, which Russians call poses.

Character

By nature, Buryats are distinguished by their secrecy; they are usually peace-loving and meek, but vindictive and angry if offended. They are compassionate towards relatives and never refuse help to the poor. Despite their outward rudeness, love, justice and honesty towards their neighbors are very developed among the Buryats.

Appearance

The skin color of the Buryat is brown-bronze, the face is flat and wide, the nose is flattened and small. The eyes are small, slanted, mostly black, the mouth is large, the beard is sparse, and the hair on the head is black. Medium or short height, strong build.

Cloth

Each Buryat clan has its own national clothing, which is very diverse, especially for women. The Transbaikal Buryats have a national dress called degel - a type of caftan made from dressed sheepskin. At the top of the chest there is a pubescent triangular notch. The sleeves are also pubescent, narrowing at the wrist. Various types of fur were used for trimming, sometimes very valuable. The caftan was tied at the waist with a belt. A knife and smoking accessories were hung on it: a pouch with tobacco, a flint and a hansa - a small copper pipe with a short chibouk. Three stripes of different colors were sewn into the chest part of the degel: yellow-red at the bottom, black in the middle, and various at the top: green, white, blue. The original version was yellow-red, black and white embroidery.

In bad weather, a sabu was worn on top of the degel; this is a type of overcoat with a large fur collar. In cold weather, especially if the Buryats went on the road, they wore a wide dakha robe, which was sewn with the wool outward from tanned skins.

In summer, degel was sometimes replaced with a caftan made of cloth of the same cut. Often in Transbaikalia in the summer they wore robes, which were made from paper by the poor Buryats and from silk by the rich.

Buryats wore long and narrow pants, made of rough leather, and a shirt made of blue fabric. In winter, high boots made from the skin of foals' legs were worn as footwear; in spring and autumn, boots with pointed toes, called shoe boots, were worn. In summer they wore shoes knitted from horsehair with leather soles.

As headdresses, women and men wore round hats with small brims and a red tassel at the top. The color and details of the dress have their own meaning and symbolism. The pointed top of the cap is a symbol of well-being and prosperity, the silver top of the denze with red coral on the top of the cap symbolizes the sun, which illuminates the entire Universe with its rays. The brushes represent the rays of the sun. The zalaa fluttering at the top of the cap means an invincible spirit and a happy destiny, the sompi knot symbolizes strength and strength. Buryats are very fond of the color blue; for them it is a symbol of the eternal and blue sky.

Women's clothing differed from men's clothing in embroidery and decorations. The female degel is surrounded by blue cloth, and at the top in the back area it is decorated with embroidery in the form of a square. Decorations made of copper and silver buttons and coins are sewn onto the degel. Women's robes consist of a short jacket sewn to a skirt.

As a hairstyle, girls wear braids, braid them in quantities from 10 to 20 and decorate them with a large number of coins. Women wear gold or silver coins and corals around their necks, and huge earrings in their ears, which are supported by a cord thrown over their heads. Polta pendants are worn behind the ears. They wear copper or silver bugaks on their hands - bracelets in the form of hoops.

Men belonging to the clergy cut their hair on the front of their heads and wore a braid at the back, into which horsehair was often woven for thickness.

Life

The Buryats were divided into nomadic and sedentary. The economy was based on cattle breeding; they usually kept 5 types of animals: rams, cows, camels, goats and horses. They were also engaged in traditional crafts - fishing and hunting.

The Buryats were engaged in processing animal wool, skins and tendons. The skins were used to make bedding, saddlery and clothing. Felt, materials for clothing, hats and shoes, and mattresses were made from wool. Tendons were used to make thread material, which was used in the manufacture of ropes and bows. The bones were used to make toys and jewelry, and were used to make arrows and bows.

The meat was used to prepare food, processed using waste-free technology, and made into delicacies and sausages. The spleen of animals was used by women when sewing clothes as an adhesive material. Various products were made from milk.

Culture

Buryat folklore consists of several directions:

• legends
• uligers
• shamanic invocations
• sayings
• fairy tales
• puzzles
• legends
• proverbs
• cult hymns

Musical creativity is represented by various genres, some of them:

• epic tales
• dance songs (the round dance yokhor is especially popular)
• lyrical ritual

Buryats sing various songs of a lyrical, everyday, ritual, table, round dance and dance nature. The Buryats call improvised songs duunuud. The modal basis belongs to the anhemitonic pentatonic scale.

Traditions

The only public holiday in the Republic of Buryatia, when the entire population officially rests, is the first day of the New Year according to the Lunar calendar - the White Month holiday called Sagaalgan.

Other holidays are also celebrated in Buryatia in accordance with religious and national traditions:

• Altargana
• Surkharban
• Yordyn games
• Ancient City Day
• Ulan-Ude Day
• Baikal Day
• Hunnic New Year
• Zura Khural

According to tradition, Buryats invite close neighbors to eat fresh food when they slaughter a ram, bull or horse. If a neighbor could not come, the owner sent him pieces of meat. Days of migration are also considered solemn. On this occasion, the Buryats prepared milk wine, slaughtered sheep and held festivities.

Children occupy an important place in the life of the Buryats. Having many children has always been revered. Parents who have many children enjoy great respect and respect. If there were no children in the family, this was considered a punishment from above; to remain without offspring means the end of the family line. If a Buryat died childless, they said that his fire had gone out. Families in which children often got sick and died turned to shamans and asked them to become godfathers.

From an early age, children were taught knowledge of customs, their native land, traditions of their grandfathers and fathers, and they tried to instill in them work skills. Boys were taught to shoot a bow and ride a horse, girls were taught to take care of babies, carry water, light a fire, wrinkle belts and sheepskin. From an early age, children became shepherds, learned to survive the cold, slept in the open air, went hunting and stayed with the herd for days.

General information about the region. Population of the republic

The Republic of Buryatia is an eastern region of Russia that belongs to the Far Eastern Federal District.

The capital of the region is Ulan-Ude, which is recognized as one of the most beautiful settlements in Eastern Siberia.

This subject of the Russian Federation borders on Mongolia, the Republic of Tyva, the Trans-Baikal Territory and the Irkutsk Region.

The area of ​​the republic is 351.3 thousand square kilometers.

The population of Buryatia in 2017 was 984.1 thousand people.

National composition of the region: Russians - 64.9%, Buryats - 29.5%, Tatars - 0.7%, Ukrainians - 0.7%, Soyots - 0.4%, Evenks - 0.3%.

The climate of the republic is predominantly sharply continental. Winters are cold with little rainfall. The average temperature in winter is from -21 to -25 degrees. Summer is short and warm. In summer the average temperature is from +23 to +27 degrees.

Large industrial enterprises: OGK-3 (electric power industry), Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant, Buryatzoloto, Buryatnefteprodukt, Buryatenergo, Selenga Pulp and Cardboard Mill, Ulan-udestalmost, Baikalfarm, Helicopter Innovative Industrial Company, Buryatmyasoprom.

Regions of Buryatia

Barguzinsky district	Bauntovsky Evenki district	Bichursky district
Dzhidinsky district	Eravninsky district	Zaigraevsky district
Zakamensky district	Ivolginsky district	Kabansky district
Kizhinginsky district	Kurumkansky district	Kyakhtinsky district
Muisky district	Mukhorshibirsky district	Okinsky district
Pribaikalsky district	Severo-Baikalsky district	Selenginsky district
Tarbagatai district	Tunkinsky district	Khorinsky district

Detailed map of Buryatia using Yandex Maps service

Attractions

1.Baikal State Reserve.

2. Ivolginsky datsan.

3.Lake Baikal.

4.Barguzin Valley.

5. Tunkinsky National Park.

6. Hydrotherapy resort "Arshan"

7.Valley of Shumak springs.

8.Valley of extinct volcanoes.

9. Cascade of waterfalls on the Kyngarga River.

10. Dzherginsky reserve.

11.Sable Lakes.

12.Baikal-Amur Mainline.

13. Suva Saxon Castle.

14. Atsagatsky datsan.

15. Selenga River.

16. Sarma Gorge.

17. Slyudyansky lakes.

18. Sretensky Monastery.

Cities of the Republic of Buryatia

	Ulan-Ude
	Babushkin
	Gusinoozersk

Home to 972,021 people. The overwhelming majority of the population of the large Transbaikal republic are Russians; 630,783 of them live here. The second largest indigenous ethnic community here are the Buryats. Today, 286,839 people live in the republic.

The third largest national community is the Siberian Tatars; 6,813 people live here. The small Siberian peoples of Evenks and Soyots, Tuvans and Chuvashs, Kazakhs and Koreans, Mordovians and Yakuts live in small ethnic groups on the territory of the republic.

The share of the indigenous Buryat population in the republic is 29.5% of the total population. This Mongoloid people, once cut off from the united Mongol world, traces its historical kinship back to at least the glorious ancient Huns. But, according to experts, historians and archaeologists, their relationship is better traced with the ancient Dinlin people.

Dinlins first appeared in ancient chronicles in the 4th-3rd centuries. BC e. they were repeatedly conquered by the kings of the Huns. With the weakening of the Huns' state, the Dinlins were able to recapture their ancestral territories from them. The dispute between these peoples over the land went on for centuries and success accompanied first one, then the other.

From the single Mongolian super-ethnos, the distinctive Buryats emerged in the 12th-14th centuries; many Transbaikalian tribes, the Bayauts, Kememuchins, Bulagachins, Khoritumats, and Barguts, were included here. All of them called themselves descendants of the totemic ancestor “father wolf” or “buri ata”.

For centuries, the ancient “Buri Aty”, who called themselves Dinlins, Gaogyuis, Ogurs and later “Tele”, fought for their ancestral lands in confrontation with other Turks and Rourans. Only with the departure of the Zhuzhan Khaganate into historical oblivion in 555 AD. e. The Tele tribes were finally able to settle on the Mongolian river Kerulen and near Lake Baikal.

Over time, powerful Central Asian states - the Khaganates - arose and crumbled into dust, formidable rulers replaced each other, but one thing remained unchanged, the ancestors of modern Buryats no longer left their native lands, defended them by entering into alliances with different peoples.

With the annexation of their lands to the Russian state, the Buryats did everything to secure ownership of their lands by law. They succeeded in this after appealing to Peter I in 1702. The Buryats helped defend the Selenga border and joined 4 specially formed regiments, which later became part of the unified Transbaikal Cossack army.

The Buryats have always worshiped the spirits of nature and adhered to the traditions of Tengrism and Galugpa Buddhism. They worshiped the supreme deity Huhe Munhe Tengri. In the middle of the 18th century, datsan monasteries began to be built here, first Tamchinsky, later Aginsky. With the advent of Buddhism, the social, scientific, literary, philosophical, theological and artistic life of the Buryats revived.

After the revolution, separate groups of Barguzin, Agin, Selenga, Zakamensk and Khorin Buryats were united into a national state called Buryat-Mongolia, transformed in 1921 into an autonomous region of the same name. In 1958, the Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic appeared on the political scene; in 1992, the autonomous region was renamed by government decision into the Republic of Buryatia.

There are 6,813 Tatars living here, which is equal to 0.7% of the population. Most of the Tatars moved here in 1939 after the corresponding decree on the development of Transbaikal lands. The arriving Tatars settled throughout the territory of the autonomous region in small groups and for a long time felt somewhat isolated.

Hardworking and calm in nature, the Tatars quickly acquired a home, land and the necessary household equipment, and worked honestly both during the war and in the difficult post-war times. They were isolated from their religion and assimilated with the local peoples; only in more numerous ethnic settlements did they retain their original traditions, responsibility and national “stubbornness”, inexhaustible patriotism, hospitality, cheerfulness and humor.

People who are not indifferent to their native traditions, a group of enthusiasts opened the Tatar Cultural Center here in 1997. It is under his auspices that all the national holidays of the Tatars, Eid al-Adha, Sabantuy in the ancient village of Stary Onokhoy, and Kurban Bayram are held today. The Tatarstan shopping center has also been opened and construction of a large mosque is underway in Ulan-Ude.

Evenki (Tungus)

The total share of Evenks among the population of Buryatia is 0.31%; this community was formed as a result of long-term contacts of various East Siberian peoples with the Tungus tribes. Scientists believe that the immediate ancestors of modern Evenks are those who lived in the 5th-7th centuries. n. e. in the mountain taiga along Barguzin and Selenga the Uvan people. According to scientists' research, they came here from the south.

The Tungus (Evenks) came into contact with local tribes and actively assimilated them. Over time, a common Tungus-Manchu language was formed for all tribes. The Transbaikal and Buryat Tungus were often called “Murchens” due to their traditional activities of breeding horses and deer. Among them there were “Orochens” or reindeer Tungus.

According to ancient chronicles, the Chinese knew well about the “strongest” people among the forest Siberian tribes. The first Siberian Cossack explorers and explorers noted in their notes courage and pride, helpfulness and courage, philanthropy and the ability to live with meaning among the Tungus.

With the advent of the Russians, two powerful and distinctive cultures penetrated into activities unknown to them. The Cossacks learned to hunt in the taiga, survive among the harsh nature, took local foreign girls as wives, and created mixed families.

And today the Evenks do not have a large number of ethnic settlements; they are dispersedly settled and coexist in Transbaikal villages with Yakuts, Tatars, Russians and Tuvans. This type of settlement cannot but have a negative impact on the ethnocultural development of the people. But, among other ethnic communities, the so-called “riding deer” became a distinctive characteristic feature of this Siberian people.

Another of the indigenous small peoples of Buryatia, the Soyots, live compactly in the Okinsky district of the republic. Today, there are 3,579 representatives of this small ethnic group living in the republic, which is 0.37% of the total population of Buryatia.

These are the descendants of the ancient Sayan Samoyed tribes who remained during all the invasions, who experienced the process of Turkization of all spheres of life. The first Russian records about Soyots are in the so-called “order books” of the 17th century. Later, the Soyot community succumbed to the influence of the Buryat tribes; Soyot men often married local Buryat women, and their language again changed greatly.

But on the farm, modern Soyot families still managed to preserve their unique way of life and remained reindeer herders and skilled hunters. Often with the population census they were simply counted as Buryats, although they had retained their national identity for centuries; only in the 2002 census were the Soyots finally able to be counted as a separate ethnic group.

For a long time, the Soyot clans had their own, now extinct, language; with the process of Turkization, they switched to speaking the Soyot-Tsaatan language, very close to Tuvan. It is still in use among modern Soyots. Later they were almost completely assimilated by the Buryats and began to communicate in their local language.

With the development of the Soyot script in 2001, the printing of special teaching aids and the Soyot primer began. A great achievement of Russian linguists was the publication in 2003 of the unique “Soyot-Russian-Buryat Dictionary”. Since 2005, some schools in the Okinsky district have been piloting the introduction of teaching their native language to primary schoolchildren.

For a long time, Soyot herders bred mountain yaks and deer; their secondary activity is commercial taiga hunting. The largest Soyot clans were the ethnic communities of Khaasuut and Irkit. Today, many Soyot traditions are being revived, the “Zhogtaar” holiday, it was renamed “Ulug-Dag” in 2004, in the name of the sacred mountain that patronizes all Soyots Burin Khan.

There are 909 Tuvans living in the republic, which is 0.09% of the total population of the republic. This is an ancient Turkic people speaking their own Tuvan language. The Tyva people were first mentioned in Chinese chronicles of 581-618. The “Tuba” people are mentioned in the “Secret History of the Mongols”. Previously, Tuvans were called Uriankhians, Soyons, Soyans or Soyots.

In Russian historical sources, the ethnonym “Tyva”, uniting all the Sayan tribes, appears in 1661. Since 1863, according to the Beijing Treaty, Russian merchants began trading with Tuvans. Peasant settlers began to come here for merchants, settlements and villages were built, irrigated and rainfed lands were developed, marketable grain was grown, cattle breeding and deer breeding developed.

The early ancestors of the Tuvans were the nomadic tribes of Telengits, Tokuz-Oguz, Tubo, Shevei from the Tele tribes. Tuvans have well preserved their unique identity through the centuries, every Tuvan knows their native language, they are famous for the most technical performers of throat singing.

Buddhism here is deeply fused with local shamanism. It is a specific magical teaching based on the worship of nature spirits. The most important national holidays of Tuvans are the livestock festival “Naadym”, the lunar new year “Shagaa”, horse racing and traditional wrestling competitions “Khuresh”, local beauty contests “Dargyna”.

The history of Buryatia is based on a much more ancient character than many people imagine. Already in the 15th century BC, a developed culture existed on its territory, which archaeologists called the culture of slab graves due to the fact that its representatives had a special method of burial, based on folding burial grounds of recognizable shapes from specially processed stone slabs. Subsequently, proto-Mongolian and Mongolian tribes, as well as some Turkic peoples, left their traces on the territory of Transbaikalia.

History of Buryatia before the Mongols

People settled on the banks of the Ona River back in the Upper Paleolithic era. There were also later settlements, but most of the sites of ancient man on the territory of modern Buryatia, although they existed for quite a long time in one place, did not survive to our time.

At the turn of the new era, in the territory of Transbaikalia, where Buryatia is located today, the first state formations appeared, founded by the Xiongnu tribes. A century later, Buryatia came under the control of first the Eastern Turkic Khaganate, and later under the rule of the Uyghurs.

In the tenth and eleventh centuries, a significant part of Buryatia came under the rule of the Khitan Mongols, who imposed tribute on the local population, and later began to conquer neighboring tribes. At that time, Buryatia did not represent a centralized state entity, but rather resembled an ethnocultural region, united by a common history, but under the authority of different rulers. This state of affairs existed until the seventeenth century.

Geography and climate of Buryatia

Located in the very center of Asia, Buryatia stretches along the eastern shore of Lake Baikal, which is located in the south of Eastern Siberia. Such a significant extent from south to north also determines significant climatic diversity throughout the entire area of ​​Buryatia, which is 351,300 square kilometers.

In addition to its large extent, the climate of the republic is also influenced by large differences in altitude. The lowest point of the region is the water level in Lake Baikal and its shores, and the highest is the snow-white, glacier-covered peak Munku-Sardyk, which belongs to the eastern part of the Sayan Mountains.

At the same time, the southern part of the relief of the Republic of Buryatia is formed by the Selenga midlands, on the territory of which the formation of a water basin occurs. The minimum altitude is at an altitude of 456 meters above sea level.

The geography of Buryatia also determines the climate regime on its territory, which is characterized by noticeable seasonality with pronounced hot summers and long cold winters. Thus, from a climatic point of view, the republic belongs to the continental climate zone. On the other hand, significant elevation differences create the necessary conditions for altitudinal zonation.

An important distinctive feature of the Buryat climate is considered to be the significant duration of sunshine, which ranges from 1900 to 2200 hours a year.

Wildlife of Buryatia

The population of Buryatia is 984,495 people, which, together with a significant territory and a high proportion of the urban population, creates all the necessary conditions for preserving the pristine purity of nature.

Of course, the most popular natural site of this region is Lake Baikal, which attracts many tourists with its beauty and diverse natural world, the undeniable symbol of which is the Baikal seal.

The Buryat taiga is home to wild boars, wolves, musk deer, roe deer, ermine, lynx, roe deer and many other species of animals, including those listed in the Red Book. To preserve the local fauna, the diversity of which reaches five hundred species, environmental protection zones are created, such as the Baikal and Barguzin biosphere reserves.

Water resources of Buryatia

Such significant natural diversity, which a traveler can observe on the territory of the republic, could not exist without significant water reserves feeding the taiga, covering 83% of the area of ​​Buryatia.

Hydrologists count up to thirty thousand rivers on the territory of the republic, the total length of which is one hundred and fifty thousand kilometers. However, only twenty-five of them belong to the category of large and medium-sized, while the rest are considered small, not exceeding two hundred kilometers in length each.

The vast majority of the water flow of all rivers in Buryatia belongs to three large basins: the Angara and Lena rivers, as well as the Lake Baikal basin. There are also more than thirty-five thousand lakes in the republic, but the most significant both in terms of the area of ​​the water surface and the volume of water stored in them include Gusinoye, Bolshoye and Maloye Eravnye, as well as Lake Baunt. As for Lake Baikal, about 60% of its area is located in Buryatia.

Recent history

The modern borders and political system of Buryatia took shape as a result of the civil war that followed the October Revolution. From 1917 to 1920, on the territory of the republic, both simultaneously and one after another, there were several governments that acted in the interests of the Buryats and the tsarist government.

In March 1920, after the liberation of Buryatia by the Red Army, the Buryat national autonomy was created. After numerous administrative reforms, mergers and divisions, by 1922 the borders of the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were finally formed, which existed with minor changes until 1958, when the Buryat Autonomous Republic, which was part of the RSFSR, was created. At that time there was Verkhneudinsk, renamed Ulan-Ude on the wave of national revival that followed the collapse of the USSR. From this moment a new chapter begins in the national history of the Buryats.

Immediately after the collapse of the USSR, a declaration of state sovereignty was adopted in Buryatia, which the People's Khural of the Republic of Buryatia declared invalid in 2002. In 2011, the republic widely celebrated the entry of Buryatia into Russia, which took place three hundred and fifty years ago.

Buryatia today

Modern Buryatia is a republic within Russia. It has all the necessary attributes of state power, such as a flag, coat of arms and anthem. In addition, until recently the Declaration of State Sovereignty was in force.

From the point of view of the law on administrative structure, Buryatia is divided into twenty-one municipal districts and two cities of national significance. The state language of Buryatia, along with Russian, is Buryat. This provision is enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic.

The republic is one of the most urbanized in the Russian Federation, since the vast majority of the population of Buryatia live in cities, of which there are six. The largest cities with a population exceeding twenty thousand people include: Ulan-Ude, Kyakhta, Gusinoozersk and Severobaikalsk. The capital of the republic is the city of Ulan-Ude, whose population exceeds four hundred thirty-one thousand people. This is the main industrial and economic center of the republic.

Time in Buryatia is five hours ahead of Moscow, which means that the republic is in the UTC+8 time zone.

Government

State power in the republic is exercised by the Head of Buryatia, the Government, the courts, as well as the People's Khural of the Republic of Buryatia, which exercises legislative power, being a representative body of people's power.

The People's Khural of the Republic of Buryatia consists of 66 deputies who are elected using a mixed system, including both single-mandate constituencies and party lists.

In its modern form, the People's Khural has existed since 1994, when it was created on the basis of the executive committee of the Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. During the twenty-three years of its existence, the Khural was convened five times. The competence of this government body includes the preparation and discussion, as well as the initiation of legislative acts affecting all areas of public life, such as safety, health and the economy.

Economic structure of Buryatia

Despite its small population, Buryatia is one of the federal subjects whose economy has developed in accordance with regional and climatic conditions.

In accordance with its level, the republic ranks sixtieth among other regions of Russia, located between the Novgorod region and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

The main enterprises that produce the gross product of the republic are located in the capital of Buryatia - the city of Ulan-Ude. For example, in the capital there is a Locomotive Repair Plant, as well as an Aircraft Manufacturing and Instrument Manufacturing Plant. In addition, there are numerous transport, communications and energy enterprises in the city.

The most developed branch of the Buryat economy - the service sector - is best represented in the capital of the republic. Of the total population of Buryatia, more than half live in Ulan-Ude, so it is not surprising that the main enterprises focused on the end consumer are concentrated here.

Culture of the region

Despite the fact that, in accordance with the plan for the creation of national autonomies, which was implemented during the first years of the existence of the USSR and the carving out of territories for the creation of state entities, the overwhelming majority of the population of the republic are Russians.

In Buryatia, the population is represented by two large ethnic groups, the Buryats themselves, who have lived on these lands for many centuries, and the Russians, who began active colonization of Transbaikalia at the end of the 15th century.

The development of the south of Eastern Siberia by Russian pioneers began with the construction of the Udinsky fort, which for a century served as one of the important fortifications in this region. It was regularly rebuilt and modernized, as it was twice besieged by Mongol tribes controlled by neighboring China. However, for a century and a half, most of the buildings in it were wooden.

Architectural heritage of Ulan-Ude

The first stone structure was built in 1741. The same cathedral served as the point from which the new stone city began to be built.

For example, modern Lenin Street was the first street to connect the Odigitrievsky Cathedral with Nagornaya Square, later renamed Soviet Square, which today is the main square of Buryatia. Before the establishment of Soviet power in the republic, the street was called Bolshaya Nikolaevskaya.

Authors: M. N. Petrushina (Nature); G. I. Gladkevich (minerals, Population, Economy), I. L. Kyzlasov, T. E. Sanzhieva, K. N. Fedorov (Historical sketch), A. N. Prokinova (Health), A. D. Tsendina (Literature)Authors: M. N. Petrushina (Nature); G. I. Gladkevich (mineral resources, Population, Economy), I. L. Kyzlasov, T. E. Sanzhieva, K. N. Fedorov (Historical sketch); >>

BURYATIA (Republic of Buryatia), subject of Russia. Federation. Located in the south of Asia. parts of Russia. Part of the Siberian Federal District. Pl. 351.3 thousand km 2. Us. 969.1 thousand people (2005; 389 thousand people in 1926; 673 thousand people in 1959; 1042 thousand people in 1989). The capital is Ulan-Ude. Adm.-terr. division: 21 districts, 6 cities, 21 villages. mountains type.

Government departments

System of government bodies power is determined by the Constitution of the Republic of Buryatia (1994). State power is exercised by the President, Nar. khural (parliament), government, other state bodies. authorities formed in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic. The head of the republic and its highest official, the president, is vested with the powers of Nar. Khural on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation. Nar. Khural is the highest legislative (representative) body of the republic. Consists of 66 deputies elected for 5 years on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot, taking into account territorial and national. representative offices. The government is the highest executor. state body authorities. The chairman of the government is the president of the republic.

Nature

Relief. The territory of B. is located in the south. parts Eastern Siberia, mainly in Transbaikalia. The relief of Belarus is dominated by block and folded-block, strongly dissected flat-topped mountains; In the highlands, alpine landforms are developed in some places. In the west of Belarus there are high mountain ranges, plateaus and plateaus Eastern Sayan(Mount Munku-Sardyk, 3491 m, is the highest point of B.). Along the depression of the lake. From the southwest to the northeast of Lake Baikal the Khamar-Daban, Ulan-Burgasy, Ikatsky, Barguzinsky and other ridges stretch. In the north of Baikal - Stanovoye Highlands with the Verkhneangarsky, North-Muysky, South-Muysky and other ridges; in the east - extensive Vitim Plateau. To the south and southeast parts of Belarus, in the Selenga basin, are located the medium-high ridges Tsagan-Daban, Tsagan-Khurtei, and others. Within the mountain systems of Belarus there are extensive intermountain basins - Barguzin Basin, Verkhneangarskaya, Sosnovoozerskaya, Tunkinskaya, etc. (see map).

OK. 90% of the territory of Belarus is occupied by permafrost rocks; various permafrost processes and phenomena are widespread: thermokarst, solifluction, heaving mounds, etc. Avalanches occur in the mountains, erosion is intense, and aeolian landforms are found in the basins. On the Khamar-Daban ridge, in the East. Karst is developed in the Sayan Mountains and on the Vitim Plateau. The largest cave is Dolganskaya Yama (length approximately 5 km).

Geological structure. Minerals. Geologically, the territory of Belarus is located in the east. parts Ural-Okhotsk mobile belt. Center. and sowing B.'s regions belong to the Late Proterozoic (Baikal) Baikal-Patom folded region. Along the southwest and southeast On the outskirts of B. stretch out the Early Paleozoic (Salair) folded structures of the East. Sayan and Dzhida zone. In internal In the areas there are blocks of Early Precambrian crust - Gargano-Khamar-Dabanskaya, Yuzhno-Muyskaya, Severo-Muyskaya, etc. Superimposed depressions of Late Proterozoic, Paleozoic and Mesozoic ages have been established. Huge areas in Transbaikalia are occupied by Paleozoic granitoids. During the Phanerozoic, the center. and south B.'s regions have repeatedly experienced tectonomagmatic. activation. In the Cenozoic, the territory of Byelorussia was engulfed in mountain building. Active rifting occurs in the south, north-west. and sowing areas ( Baikal rift system). Characterized by high seismicity. Earthquakes are numerous, their intensity can reach 10–11 points (the maximum earthquake epicenters are along Lake Baikal). There are covers of Quaternary basalts and volcanics. cones in the mountains Vost. Sayan (Kropotkin volcano), south and southwest of lake. Baikal, on the Vitim plateau.

On the territory of B. - several. hundreds of deposits minerals. The subsoil of B. contains almost half of the reserves of the Russian Federation of zinc ores and approx. 1/4 – lead ores (lead-zinc deposits Kholodninskoye and Ozernoye are the largest in Russia). There are large reserves of molybdenum ores (35% of the reserves of the Russian Federation; Orekitkanskoye, Zharchinskoye deposits), tungsten (Kholtosonskoye deposits, which ranks second in terms of reserves in the world, and Inkurskoye). Available approx. 300 placer and primary gold deposits (of the 13 primary deposits, the largest is Zun-Kholbinskoye). On the territory of Belarus there are promising uranium ore areas - Eravninsky and Vitimsky (primary and most prepared for development in Russia); a platinum-bearing region has been identified (covers the Severobaikalsky, Muisky and Okinsky regions). The bowels of B. are rich in jade, decomposed. varieties (the largest deposit is Golyubinskoye in the Muisky district), as well as fluorite (Naranskoye, Egitinskoye deposits, etc.). Molodezhnoe asbestos deposit, explored and prepared for industrial production. development, is unique in the quality of raw materials. There are known deposits of phosphorites (Kharanurskoye), quartzites (Cheremshanskoye, etc.), apatite (Oshurkovskoye), graphite (Ulurskoye and Boyarskoye), placers of chalcedony, including carnelian (Tuldunskoye), and natural deposits. materials. Fuel and energy. Bulgaria's resources are represented by deposits of hard coal (Olon-Shibirskoye, Nikolskoye) and brown coal (Gusinoozerskoye, Talinskoye, etc.), peat, and oil shale. Groundwater reserves are significant, thermal springs are plentiful, on the basis of which balneological centers are organized. resorts (Arshan, Goryachinsk, etc.).

Climate. Natural conditions for the life of the population of Belarus are generally unfavorable; in the highlands they are extreme. The climate of Bulgaria is sharply continental. Winter is long, harsh and with little snow. Wed. January temperatures from –18 to –22 °C in areas adjacent to the lake. Baikal, in the basins from –26 to –30 °C; in the mountains from –25 to –30 °C in the foothills and intermountain valleys, from –20 to –25 °C in the highlands. Summer is short, warm, dry in the first half, rainy in the second. Wed. July temperatures range from 10–14 °C in areas adjacent to the lake. Baikal, up to 16–19 °C in basins; in the mountains, with altitude, temperatures drop to 8–11 °C. Late spring and early autumn frosts are frequent. Precipitation per year on Wed. 400–500 mm, in valleys and basins up to 250–300 mm, in some places less than 250 mm (Barguzin Basin), in the mountains up to 1000 mm.

Inland waters. There are over 25 thousand rivers in Bulgaria with a total length of approx. 125 thousand km, of which over 2.5 thousand km are navigable. St. 1/2 of the territory of B. belongs to the lake basin. Baikal. Basic rivers: Selenga with tributaries Khilok, Uda, etc., Barguzin, Upper Angara. River basin The Lena belongs to the Vitim with its tributaries Tsipa, Muya and others. The rivers have predominant. rain power; in winter, many small and medium-sized rivers freeze; Large ice dams often form. River flow is unevenly distributed - from 2 l/s per km 2 in the river basin. Selenga up to 20 l/s per km 2 or more in river basins flowing from the west. slope of the Khamar-Daban ridge. OK. 34 thousand lakes with a total area of ​​St. 2.8 thousand km 2, including Baikal, Goose Lake, Baunt, etc. Intermountain basins are dominated by small thermokarst and floodplain lakes ( Eravninsky lakes and etc.); There are many glacial lakes in the mountains. In B. St. 40 reservoirs and ponds with a total volume of 56 million m3.

Soils. Flora and fauna. OK. 85% of the territory of Belarus in the north, west, and southeast is occupied by mountain taiga forests, mainly. from Daurian and Siberian larches, on podzols, podburs and cryozems, and in some places on sod soils. To the center. parts of Belarus are dominated by forest-steppes on dark gray forest soils and leached chernozems; in the south there are cereal-forb steppes on chernozems, in the depressions there are dry cereal steppes on chestnut soils. Altitudinal zonation appears in the mountains. In the East Sayan low-mountain pine-larch forests at altitudes. 800 m are replaced by larch taiga, from altitude. 1600–1800 m – open forest of low-growing Siberian pine and thickets of dwarf cedar, round-leaved birch and alder; above 1900–2000 m – dwarf birch, shrub, moss-lichen tundra and char with large block placers. On the damp windward slopes of the ridges bordering Baikal, dark coniferous cedar-fir and spruce-cedar-fir taiga is widespread, giving way to a belt of dwarf cedar; from high Mountain tundras are common at 1700–1800 m. On the Stanovoi Upland, larch forests are developed in the lowlands, above 1200 m - larch woodlands, and in the highlands - mountain-tundra vegetation. Typical for the Vitim Plateau are piedmont larch and pine grass-lingonberry forests and mid-mountain larch forests with an undergrowth of shrubby birch and Daurian rhododendron. In the south of Belarus there are piedmont steppes at high altitudes. 600–700 m become low-mountain, mainly. pine and larch-birch forest-steppes, larch-pine, pine and larch forests are developed higher; from high Loaches are common at 1800 m.

The forests of Belarus are inhabited by wolves, brown bears, martens, polecats, weasels, sables, wild boars, elk, wapiti, roe deer, hares, squirrels, hazel grouse, and wood grouse; in the forest-steppe and steppe - corsac fox, ground squirrel, marmot, etc.; Sterlet, taimen, trout, grayling, etc. are found in the rivers.

The system of protected natural areas (9.5% of the area of ​​B.) includes: state. natural reserves Barguzinsky, Baikalsky, Dzherginsky; national Zabaikalsky and Tunkinsky parks, 23 nature reserves (Frolikhinsky, Altacheysky, Kabansky, etc.), 266 natural monuments, including landscape ones (Ininsky Rock Garden, etc.). Oz. Baikal is included in the list World Heritage .

On b. Part of the territory of B. The ecological situation is moderately acute, in areas adjacent to the lake. Baikal is acute and very acute, which is associated with water and air pollution and soil depletion. Emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere amount to 86 thousand tons, water intake is 395 million m 3 (2003). Landscapes in mining areas are severely damaged, including in the Baikal-Amur Mainline. Up to 50% of agricultural soils are subject to erosion and deflation. lands of the republic.

Population

Basic part of the population of Belarus is Russian (67.8%; 2002 census). There are 27.8% Buryats, 0.3% Soyots, 0.2% Evenks. Other groups include Ukrainians (1.0%), Tatars (0.8%), Armenians (0.2%), and Germans (0.2%). Since 1993 it has been characterized by natural population decline: mortality (14.6 per 1000 inhabitants, 2004) exceeds the birth rate (13.7 per 1000 inhabitants); infant mortality rate 14.3 per 1000 live births (2003). The share of women is 52.4%. The share of the population under working age (up to 16 years) is 22.0%, over working age 14.9%. Wed. life expectancy is 61.1 years (2004; men - 54.6, women - 68.9 years). Since 1996 there has been a steady migration pattern. outflow of the population (38 per 10 thousand inhabitants), its peak (46 per 10 thousand inhabitants) occurred in 1997–2001. Wed. density of us. 2.8 people/km 2 . The most densely populated center. and south parts of the republic, mainly along the Selenga and its tributaries (up to 8 people/km 2). Gor. us. 57% (2005; 41% in 1959; 61.6% in 1989). More than 36% of the population of Belarus and more than 62% of all citizens live in Ulan-Ude (352.6 thousand people, 2005). Dr. large cities (thousand people): Severobaikalsk (25.8), Gusinoozersk (25.4), Kyakhta (18.8), Zakamensk (12.9).

Religion

In Bulgaria, Buddhism (Lamaism) and Orthodoxy have the largest number of followers. On the territory of Belarus there are 69 Russian parishes. Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate (belongs to the Chita and Transbaikal diocese, established in 1894), more than 40 Buddhist communities, more than 40 Protestant communities, a few. parishes of the Russian Old Orthodox Church, Roman Catholic. churches; There are Jewish and Muslim communities. There are monasteries in Rus. Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate: Posolsky in honor of the Transfiguration of the Lord (founded in 1681); Presentation of the Lord women's (established in 2000); Buddhist datsans: Ulan-Ude Khambyn-Khure, Kurumkansky, Sartuul-Gegetuisky, Egituisky, Sanaginsky, Ivolginsky, Kizhinginsky, datsan Baldan-Breybun, Tugnuisky, Okinsky, Tamchinsky, Kyrensky, Khoymorsky, Aninsky, Chesansky. From the end 20th century Shamanism is being revived in Bulgaria.

Historical sketch

The most ancient cultures on the territory of Belgium date back no later than the Mousterian era. The Upper Paleolithic is represented by sites where stationary and light buildings have been studied. In the Mesolithic (9th–6th millennium BC), local Selenga and introduced Chikoy cultures coexisted. In the Neolithic (8th–3rd thousand) the Ust-Karegin culture on the river. Vitim (archaic stone implements, the earliest ceramics in the region: round-bottomed, decorated with zigzags and herringbone, made with a jagged stamp) was replaced by the Ust-Yumurchen and Bukhusan cultures. To the north, on the river. Bambuika, polished tools were discovered (including in the oldest burial - Nizhnyaya Dhilinda). Along the river Selenga was widespread Chinese culture, west of the lake. Baikal – Serov culture. The population of Belarus at this time was Mongoloids. In the Bronze Age, Serov traditions continued Glazkov culture, which also spread to Selenga. Since the 2nd thousand newcomers tiled grave culture and the Kereksur culture, left by the Mongoloids and Caucasians, existed in stripes. K ser. In the 1st millennium, the population of the region became acquainted with iron and gradually entered the circle of Eurasian steppe cultures.

In the 3rd century. BC e. – 1st century n. e. territory of modern B. was part of the Xiongnu state, which created specialized crafts and agriculture. settlements (Durens, Enkhor), fortresses ( Ivolginsky archaeological complex, Bayan-Unger), monumental burials of the aristocracy (Ilmovaya Pad). Cultural monuments of the local population of a later period are not highlighted. In the 6th century. appeared in the west of the region Kurumchi culture, in the east – Darasun culture. In the south in the 8th–9th centuries. The Uyghurs settled. In the 9th–10th centuries. spread here Hoyzegorsk culture. In the beginning. 13th century the tribes of the Baikal region became part of the Mong. empire and participated in the war. expansion of Genghis Khan. Monuments of the 13th–14th centuries. refer to Sayantui culture, known to Middle Asia. trading posts (Temnik, Barguzin) and Mongol. estates of the Yuan era (Sutai, Narsatui). After the collapse of Mong. empire, the tribes of Cisbaikalia and Transbaikalia remained under Mongol control. khans In the 17th century on the territory of modern Buddhism became widespread in Bulgaria (the first large temples arose later - in the middle - 2nd half of the 18th century).

In the beginning. 17th century The first Russians appeared in the region. Cossack detachments under the command of P. I. Beketov, M. Perfilyev, D. Firsov and others. The advancement of the Cossacks was accompanied by the construction of forts: in the Pre-Baikal region - Bratsky (1631), Balagansky (1654), Irkutsk (1661), in Transbaikalia - Barguzinsky (1648 ), Selenginsky (1665), Udinsky (1670s), around which Russians settled. peasants. K ser. 17th century inclusion into the Russian Federation was completed. state western Buryats, in the 2nd half. 17th century – Transbaikal Buryats, which was fixed Treaty of Nerchinsk 1689 with China.

At first, the Russians did not interfere with the social organization and culture of the Buryats. tribes However, Russian Colonization led to changes in farming. way of life of the region. The Buryats adopted from the Russians arable farming, the skills of its management, elements of a sedentary life, etc. From Russian. Colonization is also associated with the beginning of the Christianization of the Buryats, Ch. arr. Western. After the Treaty of Burin 1727 (in the same year included in the text Treaty of Kyakhta 1727), who installed the official border between Russia and Mongolia (which was part of China), the separation of the Buryats began. tribes from the Mongols. peace.

In the 18th century grew up the government included B. into a single political, legal, administrative, economic. and cultural space. At the same time, the basics were preserved for a long time. forms of self-government of the Buryats that existed before the annexation of the region. At 18 – beginning. 20th centuries territory of modern B. was part of the Siberian (1708–64) and Irkutsk (1764–1851) provinces, then B. parts of the territory of modern times. B. transferred to Transbaikal region. (1851–1920), which later became part of the Transbaikal province. (1920–21), formed in Far Eastern Republic(DDA). Small territories in the southwest and northwest of Byelorussia remained part of the Irkutsk province. (1851–1922).

A major center for all-Russian and international trade settlement became the trading settlement of Kyakhta. By Charter on the management of foreigners 1822 On the territory of Byelorussia, steppe dumas were established, headed by the Taishi. At 19 – beginning. 20th centuries Buryat works were published in St. Petersburg, Kazan, Tomsk, and Irkutsk. scientists P. A. Badmaev, G. Gomboeva, D. Banzarova and M.N. Khangalova. In the 2nd half. 19th century Gold mining became widespread in Byelorussia. The development of the region was influenced by the construction of plots Trans-Siberian Railway– Transbaikal (1895–1905) and Circum-Baikal (1899–1905) railways.

In the beginning. 20th century Among the Buryats a national culture arose and developed. movement for the creation of Buryats. national autonomy. During the Civil period wars 1917–22 territory of modern times. B. was under the control of the troops of Ataman G. M. Semenov (1918–20), supported by the Japanese. and Amer. troops. 1/19/1919 Semyonov formed the so-called government in Chita. Independent Mongol-Buryat. republics. During Eastern Front offensive 1919–20 troops of the Red Army, as well as the Chita operations of 1920, the territory of modern. B. was occupied by units of the Red Army. 21.4.1921 in Transbaikal province. The Far Eastern Republic was formed by Buryat-Mong. JSC (center – Verkhneudinsk). 9.1.1922 to the southeast. parts of the Irkutsk province. RSFSR and in the extreme west of the Transbaikal lips. The Far Eastern Republic was created by Mongol-Buryat. JSC (center - Irkutsk). 30.5.1923 Buryat-Mong. AO and Mongol-Buryat. The joint-stock companies are united into Buryat-Mong. ASSR (center - Verkhneudinsk, since 1934 Ulan-Ude). In the 1920s Buryat-Mong. The Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic became the center of the spread of communism. ideas to the Buddhist East. In 1930–36 Buryat-Mong. The Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was part of the East Siberian Territory. By resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR dated September 26, 1937 from the Buryat-Mong. The ASSR was allocated part of the territory. Aginsky Buryat-Mong was formed from the Aginsky and Ulan-Onon aimaks of the republic. national district (see Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug) as part of the Chita region, and from the Alar, Bokhan and Ekhirit-Bulagat aimaks - the Ust-Orda Buryat-Mong. national district (see Ust-Ordynsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug) as part of the Irkutsk region. 7/7/1958 Buryat-Mong. The ASSR was renamed Buryat. ASSR. 10/9/1990 at the session of the Supreme Council of Buryat. The ASSR adopted the Declaration of State. sovereignty, and the republic was renamed Buryat. SSR. 27.3.1992 accepted modern. name.

Farm

B. is part of the East Siberian Economic. district Industrial volume The cost of products is 3.8 times higher than the volume of agricultural products. products. In the economy of the Russian Federation, the republic stands out for its gold mining (about 6% of Russian production), the production of helicopters, metal structures and high-strength hardware for them, electric motors for the rolling stock of the Ministry of Railways, as well as woolen fabrics (more than 5% of Russian production).

In the structure of GRP (2003, %): the share of industry is 26.3, non-market services 17.3, transport and communications 17.1, trade and commercial. activities for the sale of goods and services 11.3, p. farming 9.8, construction 9.7, other industries 9.7. The ratio of enterprises by type of ownership (by number of organizations; %, 2004): private 58.9, state. and municipal 22.7, society. and religious organizations 10.3, other forms of ownership 8.1.

Economically active us. 471 thousand people (2003), of which 61.6% are employed in the economy. Sectoral structure of employment (%): industry 18.2, education 13.5, trade and society. food 13.4, p. agriculture 10.4, healthcare 8.4, transport 7.4, construction 5.5, communications 1.6, forestry 1.3. Unemployment rate 16.8%. Cash income per capita. 5.7 thousand rubles. per month (70% of the Russian average, Oct. 2005); 36.7% of us. has income below the subsistence level.

Industry. Industrial volume products B. 26.17 billion rubles. (2003). Industry structure of industry industries: mechanical engineering and metalworking 39%, electric power 26.5%, non-ferrous metallurgy 11.6%, food industry 8.2%, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper 6%, fuel 3.1%, industrial is building. materials 2.3%, light industry 1.7%.

The structure and territorial organization of the Belarusian economy were formed on the basis of their own. mineral resource base (mining), under the influence of industrial. politics in the Soviet Union period and due to the peculiarities of the economic and geographical. situation (the remoteness of the territory of Belarus from the western and eastern borders of the state determined the development of branches of the defense industry).

Hard coal is mined (Olon-Shibirskoye and Nikolskoye deposits on the border with the Chita region, near the village of Sagan-Nur; Table 1); OK. 90% of production is carried out at the Tugnuisky open-pit mine (Olon-Shibirskoye field), one of the most powerful and promising in the East. Siberia. The region's electricity needs are met by approximately 55%, while B. exports electricity to Mongolia. Almost 100% of electricity and heat in the republic is produced at thermal power plants [the leading ones are Gusinoozerskaya State District Power Plant (as part of RAO UES of Russia), Ulan-Udenskaya CHPP-1 (OJSC Buryatenergo)].

Table 1. Main types of industrial products

	1985	1990	1995	2000	2003
Electricity, billion kWh	5	4,6	3,4	3,2	3,5
Coal, million tons	3,4	4,5	4,2	3,9	4,3
AC electric motors, thousand pcs.	11500	12182	1972	1108	442
TVs, pcs.	-	-	475	282	11504
Commercial timber, thousand dense m3	3869	3208	886	405	690
Lumber, thousand m3	1288	1192	206	138	118
Cardboard, thousand tons	112	140	72,4	76,6	77,8
Cement, thousand tons	649	650	294	165	223
Construction bricks, million standard bricks	113	83,9	40,5	14,3	11,2
Asbestos cement sheets, million conventional tiles	270	235	50,6	39,2	36,8
Woolen fabrics, million m2	1,9	2,5	2,7	2,6	2,5

Alluvial and ore gold is being mined (the leading gold mining organization is Buryatzoloto). Quartzites are mined (Cheremshanskoye deposit in the Baikal region); basic consumer of quartz raw materials - Irkutsk Aluminum Plant. To the prom. The Ozernoye and Kholodninskoye lead-zinc deposits have been prepared for development.

The leading industry is mechanical engineering and metalworking. Basic enterprises: Ulan-Ude Aviation. plant [dec. modifications of Su-25, Su-39 aircraft, as well as multi-purpose (Mi-8T, Mi-171) and combat (Mi-171Sh) helicopters; St. 1/2 of the helicopters are exported]; "Ulan-Udestalmost" (one of the largest enterprises in Siberia and the Far East for the production of metal structures for road, railway and pedestrian bridges for any type of climate, steel structures for buildings, structures, structures for power lines and other industries); Ulan-Ude Locomotive and Car Repair Plant. The production of alternating current electric motors (“Electromachine”) and automatic equipment has also been developed. regulation (“Teplopribor-Komplekt”), television and computer equipment (computer center B. “White Swan”), technological. equipment for light industry, machines for livestock farming and feed production, outdoor goods. consumption, etc. “Baikal Shipbuilding. The company, in addition to ship repair, provides services for the construction of ferry crossings, transportation of timber, coal, and mineral construction. cargo, universal containers, wheeled and tracked vehicles. Most of the enterprises are located in Ulan-Ude.

The timber industry traditionally occupies an important place in the republic's economy. Basic products: commercial timber, lumber, railroad ties, door and window blocks, etc. The largest enterprise is the Selenga pulp and cardboard mill in the village. mountains type Selenginsk (approx. 7% of the gross output of unbleached pulp in the Russian Federation). Deep wood processing has been developed (“Forest of Siberia”, Ulan-Ude), collection and processing of non-timber forest resources, Ch. arr. medicinal herbs (“Ecor – Gifts of Siberia” and “Baikalpharm” in Ulan-Ude, etc.).

Builds industrial enterprises. materials produce cement, build. brick, lime, wall materials, slate.

The light industry is represented by enterprises producing textiles (Ulan-Ude Fine Cloth Manufactory), clothing and footwear products (Naran-Soyuz-Service, Ulan-Ude).

The food industry is dominated by the production of meat and dairy products. Leading enterprises: Kabansky Creamery, Buryatmyasoprom (Ulan-Ude). There is a confectionery "Amta" and a pasta factory (Ulan-Ude). Modern production for processing vegetables, fruits and berries (“Niva” in Bichursky district).

Up to 40% of Belarus' exports come from the products of the Selenga pulp and cardboard mill and wood. Basic imported goods - food and engineering products (including from Mongolia, USA, China, Ukraine, etc.).

Agriculture. Cost of gross output c. x-va 6.9 billion rubles. (2003). In value terms, livestock products predominate (65.3%). The diversity of natural conditions determined significant differences in the specialization of villages. farms on the territory of B. Agricultural area. land 2194.4 thousand hectares, of which arable land occupies 32.8%. Crop production is oriented to Ch. arr. to meet the needs of livestock farming; developed almost everywhere, except in the north. parts of B. They grow grains (58.9% of crops; spring wheat and rye), feed (32.8%; rapeseed, vetch, timothy), potatoes and vegetables and melons (8.1%), fodder (oats, barley ) and legumes (peas) crops. The leader in potato production is the Kabansky district (southern part of Belarus); vegetables are grown almost everywhere, except in the extreme northeast and west (Table 2).

Table 2. Main types of crop production, thousand tons

	1985	1990	1995	2000	2003
Corn	527,8	450,8	262,6	179,1	81,5
Potato	195,0	179,0	204,7	167,9	181,8
Vegetables	38,9	42,4	34,8	78,3	83,8

Basic areas of livestock farming: meat and dairy cattle breeding, sheep breeding, pig breeding (Table 3, 4). Beef cattle breeding is most developed in the far west, in some areas of the south. and east parts of the republic, dairy production is located near sales markets (Ulan-Ude) and processing enterprises in other regions of Belarus. Cattle breeding in Belarus is limited by a lack of feed (in the 1950s, the best pastures, hayfields, and fallow lands were plowed). Sheep farming is traditionally developed in the south. regions, as well as in the east and northeast, pig farming in the south. areas; In the north of Belarus, reindeer husbandry predominates. Traditional industry - horse breeding (approx. 50 thousand heads, 2003; main sample in the west and east of Belarus). Also developed are deer breeding (mainly in the east), yak breeding (in the western and eastern regions of Belarus), cage fur farming (silver-black fox and mink), beekeeping, and poultry farming. Hunting is widespread.

Table 3. Livestock, thousand heads

	1985	1990	1995	2000	2003
Cattle Pigs Sheep and goats	508,2 249,6 1566,2	559,1 262,4 1384,0	392,7 147,2 455,1	339,0 116,8 217,2	319,4 89,3 210,4

Table 4. Main types of livestock products

	1985	1990	1995	2000	2003
Cattle and meat for slaughter, thousand tons	55,8	72,3	48,3	36,2	35,7
Pigs	208,0	272,7	164,2	231,2	223,9
Eggs, thousand pieces	1566,2	316,4	126,4	68,2	66,6

Most of the agricultural land (79.8%) refers to agricultural lands. organizations; in the personal use of citizens - 4.9%, the share of peasant (farm) households accounts for 2.8% of agricultural production. lands. Almost all grain (94.2%) is produced agriculturally. organizations; households are leaders in the production of potatoes (96.9%), vegetables (91.1%), milk (85.3%), livestock and poultry for slaughter (84.7%).

Transport. Basic mode of transport – railway. The length of the railways is 1227 km (2004). Two important railways pass through the territory of Belarus. Russian highways - Trans-Siberian and BAM. Road transport is important. The length of paved roads is 6325 km. Basic federal highways: Irkutsk - Ulan-Ude and Ulan-Ude - Chita. Intl. airport in Ulan-Ude (the Buryat Airlines company provides transportation within Buryatia and abroad). Water transport is developed, the total length of shipping routes is 282 km. Communication is carried out along the Selenga, Chikoy and lake rivers. Baikal. On the shores of Baikal there are marinas Ust-Barguzin, Nizhneangarsk and Severobaikalsk; a major port is in Ulan-Ude. Basic transported cargo: timber, sand and gravel mixture, petroleum products.

Education. Scientific and cultural institutions. There are 181 preschool institutions and 584 general education institutions in the republic. educational institutions, 24 institutions of secondary vocational education, 15 universities (including branches; over 15 thousand students). The largest state universities of Buryatia: Buryat agricultural. Academy (founded in 1931), East Siberian Technological. University (1962), East Siberian Academy of Culture and Arts (history dates back to 1960), Buryat. University (created in 1995 on the basis of the Pedagogical Institute and a branch of the Novosibirsk State University) - all in Ulan-Ude.

The Buryats function in Belarus. scientific center of the SB RAS consisting of 4 research scientists. Institute, Department of Physics. problems under the Presidium of scientific. center, Buryat. n.-i. Institute of SO RASHN. 4 republican libraries, including the National. b-ka in Ulan-Ude (1881). 16 museums, of which the largest are: in Ulan-Ude - Museum of the History of Buryatia (opened in 1923), Republican Artist. museum (1944), Museum of Nature of Buryatia (founded in 1978, opened in 1983), Museum of Literature of Buryatia (1989), etc.; Local history specialist museum named after acad. V. A. Obruchev in Kyakhta (1890), I. V. Babushkin Museum in Babushkin (1966), Ethnographic. Museum-reserve of the peoples of Transbaikalia in the village. Verkhnyaya Berezovka (1973), Museum of the Decembrists in Novoselenginsk (1975), etc.

Healthcare

In B. 212 treatment and prophylactic. institutions (including 28 republican ones) - 98 clinics (including 72 in rural areas), 114 hospitals with 9275 beds (including 86 with 4463 beds in rural areas). In 2003 they employed approx. 3000 doctors and 8443 persons avg. honey. personnel. Basic causes of death are diseases of the circulatory system (80%), injuries, poisoning, malignant neoplasms. Resorts Arshan, Goryachinsk.

Mass media

Basic newspaper publications (“Buryatia”, “Buryaad Unen”, “Truth of Buryatia”, “Youth of Buryatia”) and television and radio broadcasting companies (Buryatia State Broadcasting Company “Baikal”, Public Television of Buryatia, “Arig Us”, etc.) are published and broadcast in Russian. and drill. languages.

Literature

Buryat literature goes back to the general Mongolian written tradition. Its formation dates back to the 19th century. Authors 19 – beginning 20th centuries (R. Nomtoev, I. Kh. Galshiev, V. Yumsunov, Sh. N. Khobituev) followed the traditions of the Middle Ages in their writings. Mong. literature. In the 1900s under the influence of Russian literature arose the so-called. ulus dramaturgy (D. A. Abasheev, S. P. Baldaev, I. V. Barlukov, I. G. Saltykov), ch. the theme of which was criticism of the vices of the old society. In the 1920s a new generation has appeared - writers Kh. N. Namsaraev, the founder of modern. Buryat literature, Ts. Don (Ts. D. Dondubon), poet Solbone Tuya (P. N. Dambinov), playwrights B. Baradin, N. G. Baldano; Their works are characterized by reliance on national. folklore Literature ser. – 2nd floor 20th century represented by the works of poets D. Dashinimaev, B. Bazaron, B. Abiduev, Ts. Galsanov, Ts. Dondokova, D. Zhalsaraev, N. Damdinov, D. Ulzytuev; playwright Ts. Shaggin; prose writers Ts. Galanov, R. Beloglazova, Zh. Tumunov, B. Mungonov, D. Batozhabaya, Zh. Baldanzhabon, A. Balburov, M. Stepanova. A novel trilogy by Ch. Tsydendambaev about the first Buryats. scientist D. Banzarov (“Banzarov’s Inkwell”, 1948; “Dorji, son of Banzarov”, 1952; “Far from the native steppes”, 1957–58, Russian translation 1962), historical. I. Kalashnikov’s novel “The Cruel Age” (1980) about Genghis Khan and his time testifies to the development of a major epic. forms. So... phenomena in literature at the turn of the 20th–21st centuries. – works of prose writer and playwright A. Angarkhaev, poet B. Dugarov. Writers D. Khiltukhin, Ts. Nomtoev, Sh. Nimbuev, Ts. Badmaev, G. Chimitov work in the field of children's literature.

Art. Architecture

The most ancient monuments of art and architecture in Belarus are the remains of the Paleolithic. dwellings (Sanny Mys settlement, Khorinsky district), Neolithic jewelry and ceramics (Posolskaya site and Fofanovsky burial ground, Kabansky district; Isinga, Tuldun sites, Bukhusan burial ground, Eravninsky district; Mukhino settlement, Ivolginsky district). Bronze Age and Early Iron Age art presented petroglyphs, made with dot engraving and painted with ocher (Bagin-khora cave, Mukhorshibirsky district; Khotogoy-Khabsagai, Khorinsky district; Angir, Zaigraevsky district; Mount Baga-Zarya, Dzhidinsky district; c. Subuktui village, Kyakhtinsky district). The Ivolginsky archaeological complex and bronze items (Dyrestuisky burial ground, Dzhidinsky district) date back to the Xiongnu era; monuments of the Kurumchi culture (fortifications, irrigation structures) date back to the early Middle Ages. To the Monuments of the Mongols. small stone mounds with poor burial goods, the Taikhan fortress, and an estate of ca. With. Narsata (Mukhorshibinsky district), petroglyphs of Sarbaduy (Dzhidinsky district).

In the 2nd half. 17 – 1st half. 18th centuries construction of trees began. fortresses (Udinsky fortress, 1670s, Kabansky fortress, 1692, Trinity Fortress, 1727, etc.). With the emergence of cities, stone buildings appeared. Among the surviving architectural monuments are 18 - early. 19th centuries: cathedral (1741–85) and Trinity Cemetery Church. (1798–1809) in Ulan-Ude, Spasskaya Ts. in the village Turuntaevo (1791), Spaso-Preobrazhensky (1773–78) and St. Nicholas (1801–1812) cathedrals of the Spaso-Preobrazhensky monastery. in the village Posolskoe, Trinity Cathedral of the Holy Trinity Selenginsky Monastery. (1785).

In the 1st half. 19th century in architecture, classicism becomes the defining style: Trinity Cathedral in Kyakhta (1812–17), Baturinskaya Sretenskaya Church. in the Baikal region (1813–36), Epiphany Church. in the village Ilyinka in the Baikal region (early 1800s), shopping arcades of the merchant Kurbatov (1820s) and Gostiny Dvor (1803–56) in Ulan-Ude, the house of the merchant Eidelman in the village. Kabansk. In the 18th–19th centuries. datsans are being built, the architecture of which combines local and Central Asian ones. traditions (Tamchinsky, founded in 1741; Muromchinsky, founded in 1741; Atsagatsky, 1825; Gusinoozersky, 1855–56); Buddhist art appears (wooden sculpture of Buddha, the so-called Zandan-Zhuu, in the Egituisky datsan, made by Chinese craftsmen, late 18th - early 19th centuries). In the 19th century datsans became centers of icon painting, book printing, and the production of religious objects from precious metals (casting, embossing), wood, clay, and papier-mâché.

After 1917, new cities and towns grew, old ones expanded and were reconstructed (development of Ulan-Ude, Kyakhta). Housing construction with con. 1950s was carried out according to standard and individual projects using reinforced concrete, aluminum, glass and plastic. Religious construction continued (Ivolginsky datsan, 1946, main temple - 1972). From the end 1990s religious buildings are being restored (Church of Elijah the Prophet in the village of Krasnoyarovo, Ivolginsky district; Resurrection Cathedral in Kyakhta; churches of the Muromchinsky datsan).

The founders of modern will depict artists in Buryat were Ts. S. Sampilov, R. S. Merdygeev, I. G. Daduev, A. E. Khangalov, I. A. Arzhikov, who created works on the themes of labor and life of the Buryats. people. G. E. Pavlov, F. I. Baldaev, portrait painter D. D. Tudupov and others took part in the activities of the Union of Artists of the Republic (founded in 1933). 20th century developed historically. and genre painting (D. D. Dugarov, S. R. Rinchinov, etc.), portrait and landscape (M. Z. Oleinikov, Yu. A. Chirkov, etc.), easel graphics and illustration (G. N. Moskalev , A. N. Sakharovskaya, I. I. Starikov). In decorative and applied art, along with tradition. new forms were mastered by silver chasing and filigree: ceramics, tapestry weaving using horsehair.

Music

The basis of music. cultures - traditions of the indigenous inhabitants of Buryatia (see article Buryats) and immigrants (Russians, Ukrainians, etc.). Basic Buryat genre. oral prof. culture - epic. Tales of the Uligers. Elements of music are preserved in the Baikal region. culture of shamanism, in Transbaikalia - Buddhism.

Prof. music began to develop in the 1930s. The Russians had a significant influence on its formation. musicians who organized a creative event in Ulan-Ude. groups (music and drama theater, Philharmonic; both 1939) and educational institutions created the first works based on the Buryats. folklore: R. M. Glier (“Heroic March of the Buryat-Mongol ASSR”, 1937), P. M. Berlinsky (musical drama “Bair”, co-authored with B. B. Yampilov, 1938), V. I. Moroshkin (musical drama “Erzhen”, 1939), M. P. Frolov (opera “Enkhe-Bulat-Bator”, 1939), L. K. Knipper (opera “On Baikal”, 1948, etc.), S. N. Ryauzov (opera “At the Foot of the Sayans”, 1952; ballet “Light over the Valley”, 1955, etc.). In 1938, in connection with preparations for the 1st Decade, the Buryats. art in Moscow, a people's orchestra was created. tools. All R. 1930s Prof. appeared Buryat composers D. D. Ayusheev, B. B. Yampilov, Zh. A. Batuev, G. G. Daduev; the first genre they turned to was the mass song. Subsequently, popular songs were written by B. O. Tsyrendashiev, S. S. Manzhigeev, A. A. Andreev. For composers of the 1930s–60s. characterized by a European orientation. principles of composition. Subsequently, starting from the 1970–80s, methods of connecting the foundations of the Buryats were found in the works of Andreev, Yu. I. Irdyneev, V. A. Usovich, B. B. Dondokov, P. N. Damiranov. music (eg pentatonic) from modern times. composition techniques.

Among the most means. works: operas - the trilogy of D. D. Ayusheev (“Brothers”, jointly with B. S. Maisel, 1958; “Brothers”, 1961; “Sayan”, 1967), “Epiphany” (1967) and “Wonderful Treasure” (1970, children's) by B. B. Yampilov, variety opera “The Tight Bowstring of Zeer Dalaya” (1980) by V. A. Usovich; ballets - “Beauty of the Angara” by Yampilov and L. K. Knipper (1959), “Pathetic Ballad” by Yampilov (1966), “Son of the Earth” (1972) and other works by Zh. A. Batuev, the leading ballet composer of B., “ The Face of the Goddess" by Yu. I. Irdyneev (1979), "Heavenly Swan Maiden" by A. A. Andreev (2001). Revival of the folklore movement in Belarus in 1990 - early. 2000s brought to life a number of works dedicated to the origins of the national culture, among them - “Geser” by B. B. Dondokov (1993), “Tibet” by Usovich (2000) for symphonic music. orchestra, “Buryat-Mongolian spiritual chants” for a cappella choir (1998) by Irdyneev. Among the leading performers are singers L. L. Linhovoin, K. I. Bazarsadayev .

They work in Ulan-Ude Buryat Opera and Ballet Theater, Symphonic orchestra, Buryat orchestra. adv. instruments (1966), Song and Dance Ensemble “Baikal” (1942), Sports Club of Buryatia (1940). Amateur and ethnographic work. collectives are regulated by the Republican Center of People. creativity (1936).

Theater and ballet

In 1908–14, amateur theater groups began to stage the first productions. Buryat dramaturgy (“Death” by D. A. Abasheev, “Wine is to Blame” by I. V. Barlukov, “Two Worlds” by I. G. Saltykov). In 1928, the Buryats were organized in Verkhneudinsk (since 1934 Ulan-Ude). theater studio, in 1930 on its basis - the College of Arts. Graduates of the technical school formed the troupe of the dramatic theater organized in 1932. theater (since 1939 music and drama theatre). Based on his dramatic the team was created in 19501937), etc. In 1958 and 1969, the theater troupe was replenished with Buryat graduates. studio at LGITMiK. So... contribution to the development of the national theater contributed by M. B. Shambueva, G. Ts. Tsydynzhapov, M. N. Stepanova, V. K. Khalmatov, T. A. Balbarov, P. N. Nikolaev, S. D. Budazhapov, I. E. Mironov, Yu. P. Shangina, N. G. Baldano, Ts. G. Shaggin, D. D. Dondukov and others. There are also theaters in Ulan-Ude: Rus. dramatic (1928, since 1991 named after N.A. Bestuzhev), dolls “Ulger” (1967), dance “Badma Seseg” (1979), Youth art (1980), plastic. drama "Man" named after. N. Dugar-Jabon (1993).

In 1943 in Ulan-Ude with the musical and dramatic theater. At the theater, a ballet troupe was organized, which included students of the College of Arts - T. E. Badmaev, G. E. Gergesova, F. S. Ivanov, A. B. Togonoeva and others. The first classic. ballet in Buryat. stage - “The Bakhchisarai Fountain” by B.V. Asafiev (1943, choreographers M.S. Arsenyev and T.K. Glezer). In 1948, based on the musical-dramatic Buryat theater was created. Opera and Ballet Theater. First National ballet – “Light over the Valley” by S. N. Ryauzov (1956, choreographers F. S. Ivanov and M. S. Zaslavsky). Among other productions are “The Sleeping Beauty” by P. I. Tchaikovsky (1957, choreographer Zaslavsky), “Geser” by Zh. A. Batuev (1967, choreographer M. Mnatsakanyan). Since 1961, Buryat has been organized at the theater. choreographic school