What is it - Lake Baikal? Where is? Surely, many travelers asked this question, trying to refresh their school knowledge in memory. Baikal is considered the most basic freshwater reservoir on the planet. By age, depth and reserves of drinking water, he simply has no competitors.
So, Baikal! He is folded about the legends as a lake Grozny and angry. The famous reservoir is awarded with different epithets: "Blue Oco Siberia", "Sacred Dar of Nature", "World Source of Drinking Water".
Baikal. Where is the lake?
The lake is located in the south of Eastern Siberia. This is on the border and Buryatia in the Asian continent. Now remembered where is Lake Baikal? The photo of the famous lake will help everyone to present the Siberian beauty of the reservoir. Scientists recorded the area of \u200b\u200bthe water surface of Baikal - 31,722 square kilometers. This figure can be equated to the Square of Belgium or the Netherlands. The width of the mysterious reservoir reaches 79 kilometers. The length of Baikal is 620 kilometers. A bird's eye view of the lake has a kind of giant crescent. Baikal is the deepest lake. According to research data, its maximum depth is 1642 meters.
No one would definitely answer the question about where the name of Baikal came from. This topic was devoted to many scientific works and literary publications. But no scientist was able to imagine the manual proof regarding at least one theoretical guessed.
Where Baikal is located, there are beliefs and legends. In the past, peoples living near Baikal were called the lake in their own way: "Big reservoir" or "rich water". If we take into account the age of the reservoir, then, according to research data, Baikal formed more than 20 million years ago.
Usually the lakes of the glacial period live about 15 thousand years, and then gradually disappear from the face of the Earth. However, Baikal does not submit any signs of aging. Judging by the research of recent years, Geophysics put forward the assumption that Baikal may well be an emerging ocean.
miscellanea
Butt Baikal is recognized as the cleanest storage of drinking water on the planet. The lake is incredibly pure and rich in oxygen. Experts believe that this water is close to distilled in its properties. Previously, Baikal water was used to treat. In Lake Baikal there is a huge variety of living forms. This is a fish: famous Omul, Siga, a family of Okune and Salo. Whom of the animal world can still be found in the terrain where Oz. Baikal?
On the coast live Baikal seals, shouting seagulls. Sometimes there are brown bears that came out of forest arrays. Scientists have about 847 species of representatives of the animal world and approximately 133 species of various plants in the nature of Baikal.
Thanks to this diversity, an increasing number of tourists goes to this amazing place to breathe a sip of fresh Baikal oxygen. Every year, the Lake Baikal is intensive infrastructure development. It encourages everyone here, attend the proposed recreation area many times.
Where to stay on Baikal? Various hotels, sanatoriums, tour operators are provided to the attention of holidaymakers. All conditions are created in order for the traveler to correct his physical and spiritual health. For many years they are famous for their healing properties Thermal and mud sources of hot, snake, huckles.
All the named natural sources are a great help to a person in the treatment of blood circulation, nervous system and skin diseases. The most popular source is a snake bay. Despite the lowoblasticity, the number of coming here is always growing.
Baikal is able to tear off the person from the usual civilization, messenger with landscapes and fill the life-giving energy! Of course, having arrived at Baikal once, it is impossible to study the entire local culture and to start use the services of conductors or plan a pre-excursion.
Think on what you will travel: on a bicycle, car or quad bike? And if you are a wonderful rider, then the horse is an excellent companion for such travel. If there is a question about what time of the year is cheaper to relax on Baikal, then you should go in September. It was during this period that the price of sanatoriums and the services of tour operators are significantly reduced.
Baikal. Where is the place that is able to cause excitement from the male part of the population? This is a fishing zone! Such entertainment causes delight of all fans of exciting classes. On the territory of Baikal there is a great opportunity to allow everyone to show his fishing skills. The most sought-after places for this are the Chivyrsky Bay, the Small Sea, the bay of failure and the Lake Baikal itself.
In these water zones, a truly abundance of fish, but her catch - a lesson is not simple. Some tourists even have to resort to the services of instructors. But nothing terrible!
It is worth practicing - and you will be with a catch! Most likely, friends, looking at the photo on this topic, ask: "Where are you?" Sorry, you probably give a proud answer: "How where? Lake Baikal!"
Winter fishing has its advantages. It is not less fascinating than in the warm season: fewer people, therefore - calm and sensation of freedom.
Rest on the famous Lake Baikal is quite diverse. If you are a dream about bathing, summer fishing and other entertainment in the hot season, it is more expedient to go to rest in July-August. At the beginning of summer, Lake Baikal is still cold, and water is not enough. And in the northern part of the reservoir even there are floating floors. The end of August may overshadow the pastime of travelers with gusty winds. Water in this period is mixed, and its temperature decreases. But for those travelers who are looking for privacy in nature, autumn is a wonderful time of the year. The local coastal vegetation is painted in bright colors, forcing the tourist to keep this beauty in the photo.
Where to relax on Baikal?
If you know what we are waiting for this journey, it will be easier to decide on the resting place. Those who prefer the thick of the masses, the rumble of different music and the roar of the aquatic motorcycle, are suitable for the West Bank of Olkhon Island, the Bay of Sandy, the coast of the Small Sea, the coast from the village of Baikal to the city of Severobaykalsk, the Krugobaican Railway.
Cruise on the Bag-Baikal Railway - a win-win version of an interesting holiday. Usually the excursion lasts 2 days by train. In this trip, the guide will tell you traveling about the famous places of Lake Baikal. Short stops are provided in remarkable places. Therefore, to contemplate nature in these parts can be plenty.
Places where Baikal is located is offered to every wishing comfort of tourist bases and sanatoriums of the South Baikal (Utulik, Electra, Angara and others). It should save resting from questions about where to live on Baikal. The Small Sea is located a bit solitary, and accommodation here is possible in the yurt on affordable rates. Olkhon Island is in an infavailable place. You can only get to it on foot or water. This is an excellent recreation area for those who are tired of urban noise and bustle.
You can diversify your pastime at the deepest reservoir by taking part in a cruise on a boat or yacht. In this way, you can visit the wild shores of Baikal. Known group excursion routes. They are notable for the fact that vacationers can visit the most unusual corners of the Baikal.
If a tourist has a desire to use rest in order to restore physical health, it can resort to hot springs in the north of the lake. Active travelers with excitement will perceive hiking and horseback transitions, as well as exciting alloys on mountain rivers. Winter leisure lovers can organize walks on the Baikal ice rink, ride in snowmobile or dog sledding. For fans of skiing from December to May months, the tourist base of Mount Solomina is actively operating.
Rest on Baikal Savior
On Baikal? And How? Vacation savage - the most freedom-loving. For those who love adventures, Lake Baikal is a real find! The most suitable place for such a time is considered sandy bay. Only here the real tourist feels an absolute separation from civilization - no connection, roads.
Only the yachts of private traders and the ship "Barguzin" go here, going from the pier of Irkutsk. For vacationers, small houses or tents are provided. In this island, pristine nature. She is such a mounted that literally the tricks of tourists, forcing them to return here again and again.
The services of savage travelers are a tourist center that can offer interesting excursions. Where to relax on the Baikal savage? Magnificent Olkhon Island is ready to take a wanderer! He can charm every person with harmony of his forests and steppes. Olkhon is an unforgettable fishing and a lot of positive emotions.
Mysterious cliff
This island is interesting as a place of shamans. There are opinions that there is a grave of Genghis Khan. Some locals and in our time worship spirits. Old-timers can tell a lot to travelers about the mysterious shaman-rock.
She is a highlight of Lake Baikal. The researchers of this area claim that in ancient times, Buryats brought a huge number of sacrifices to the rock. There are many legends on this topic. One of them says that that at the Cape Shaman-Rocks inhabit the Einsky -Hyan Islands. Until now, local residents are due respect to this place.
Among the tourists there is a little bolt, ready to approach the Shaman Mountain. According to beliefs, this place is endowed with a special energy force. The photos are left for the memory of the pickets of the drawings of the shaman bubbo, carved on the rock with ancient people. Unfortunately, these images are partially destroyed due to human hand interference in an attempt to get marble.
Sights of Irkutsk
In those places where Lake Baikal is located, the city of Irkutsk is the most unexplored and undervalued tourists in the world. Many Russians have vague ideas about this place of rest. It's a pity!
Foreign tourists with undisguised interest inspect Irkutsk sights. After all, it is a storehouse of natural and man-made works. The connoisseurs of architecture will gladly visit the crossed church.
After all, its structure is unique: the fence of the temple and the crosses are made according to the old sample of blacksmithing works. Another famous sight of Irkutsk is the Architectural and Ethnographic Museum "Taltsey". It is located in the open air and keeps real masterpieces of architecture!
Tourists who come here can become witnesses of Orthodox holidays: in winter - Christmas and Maslenitsa, in the summer - Trinity. In winter, the inhabitants of Irkutsk are building snow towns, ride with ice slides on cow skins! Agree that this forgotten rest can deliver this pleasure to each traveler.
After such festivities, you can enjoy hot dishes from the original Russian cuisine by hot dishes: hot pancakes, meat glyash, Siberian dumplings! Along with this, each wishes can enjoy Japanese and Chinese dishes in cafes, bars and restaurants at reasonable prices.
Extreme rest
So you came to Baikal! Where is the place that the drive will give the drive? What else will conquer this famous area of \u200b\u200bresting? Baikal is able to provide a traveler an extreme view of recreation that can cause a special splash of emotions and adrenaline. This is especially promoted by a dynamic alloy on the mountain rivers of the territory of Baikal. Remarkable such water travel in that after such a campaign indifferent to this view, the tourist no longer remains.
At least one day to see the wild nature of the Siberian Taiga, molting along a turbulent river with a group of comrades. Memories of the euphoria of such a hike will accompany many years. So, remember that mountain rivers start their origin in the top of the mountain. River layers of water from there rush down - on plateau and plains. Due to sharp drops of heights, the flow rate of the mountain rivers is from 25 to 30 kilometers per hour. The number of obstacles occurring on the flow path (rocks, waterfalls) determine the category of the complexity of the water alloy.
The first category includes calm water, to the sixth - obstacles with waterfalls and thresholds reaching up to 15 meters. Conquer such mountain rivers tourists can be on rafts. This is the most popular ship for such an extreme view. It represents an inflatable boat. Its bottom contains holes for the drain of water that fell inside the boat.
From ordinary inflatable boats, raft is characterized by the fact that its design is enhanced by a durable shell, special fasteners for traveler legs and two-layer cylinders. Raft is used in the passage of water obstacles 1-5 of the complexity category.
To obtain more acute emotions during the passage of river thresholds, tourists use catamaran. These are two inflatable cylinders from very durable material, which are interconnected by an aluminum partition. Catamaran on water is well stable and gives stronger sensations than Raft.
More accurate actions are needed to control the catamaran. Usually it accommodates 2-4 people. On such an adaptation, the passage of water obstacles from 1 to 6 category of complexity is possible.
If you ask the question of where to visit Baikal, then you should make a campaign to the top of Munka Munka - Sardyk. Such a journey can become unforgettable, as this place is considered the highest point of Eastern Siberia. The tourists who achieved the snow-white vertex will open stunning views of the lakes frozen under the ice. This moment will seem just incredible! The best time to enjoy such beauty - April and May.
Tourists who have repeatedly visited Baikal, noted that, most likely, the newcomer will change this journey. The mystery of this Siberian places can affect the subtle mental strings of a person, awakening the feeling of novelty and harmony in it.
Lake Baikal is one of the most beautiful and picturesque places not only in the Asian part of our country, and on the entire planet. This is the most ancient lake (its age about 25-35 million years), which is lying in the rift depressure, is located in the southern part of Eastern Siberia. It is the largest freshwater reservoir on earth, there are 22% of all fresh clean and transparent water all over the world and 85% of Russia. The volume of water is 23 thousand km 3 (this is five combined the great lakes in the USA). In addition to the value of the huge stocks of fresh water, which, thanks to its small mineralization (100 g / l), one can boldly equate to the distilled one, it should also be noted that Baikal is the most deep-water lake in the world and since 1996 is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Geographical position
Lake Baikal, having a form stretched from southwest to northeast crescent, is located almost in the very center of the mainland of Eurasia, in Central Asia, in the southern part of Eastern Siberia. Ancient rift Wpadin of Ice Origin, in which the Lake Basin is located in the Baikal Mountain Region, surrounded by high peaks of mountain ranges and swords of horses (the border of the Irkutsk region and the Republic of Buryatia in the Russian Federation).
Characteristics of Lake Baikal
The area of \u200b\u200bthe lake is 31.7 thousand km 2, this is the seventh place in the world after the Caspian Sea Lake, Lakes Victoria, Taganyika, Guron, Michigan, the top or Square of the Belgium countries or the Netherlands. In the length of the lake has 636 km, the widest thing in the center (81 km) is the most narrow - near the Delta of the Serenga River (27 km).
The average depth of the lake is 744.4 m above the maximum depth indicators of many lakes in the world, its maximum depth, measured by Soviet scientists Berotilo and Sulimov in 1983, was 1640 m, which made Baikal in the world's deepestive lake.
The lake lies in the glacial rift depressure, from all sides it is surrounded by mountain ranges and hills. The length of the coastline is 2 thousand km, the western shore rocky and climbing, oriental - more gently, the mountains are tens of kilometers from the coast. The lake water area has six bays (Barguzinsky, Chivirkuisk, failure, Embassy, \u200b\u200bCherkalov, Mukhor), two dozen bays (delicious, sandy, aya, a lot of closed shallow bays, which are called litter. From the lake, the only river flows - hangar, flows over 336 rivers And the river, from the major you can call the Selengu, the upper hangar, Barguzin, Snowy, Cycera, etc.
Temperature regime of water
Water, due to its small mineralization, is distinguished by amazing purity, transparency (viewed to a depth of 40 meters), saturation of oxygen. In the spring water is especially transparent to have a rich blue-blue color, in summer, as a result of the development of the organic, transparency is reduced and the water acquire a blue-green shade. The average annual indicators of the surface temperature of the water are about + 4 ° C, in the summer period water is +16, + 17 ° C, it comes to + 22, + 23 ° C.
Baikal is almost completely covered by the thickness of ice (1-2 meters) from January to May (the exception is a small plot of 15-20 km in the origin of the hangars). One of the amazing mysteries of Lake Baikal is the appearance in the winter period of huge dark rings on ice, which are visible only from the height. Presumably they are formed as a result of the ejection of methane from the depths of the lake, this contributes to the formation of huge proper with a diameter of hundreds of meters with a very thin layer of ice.
Wind on Baikal
The distinctive features of the climate of Baikal are its wind, they blow almost always, their maximum wind speed is 40 m / s. There are more than 30 names of the winds there: the wind of the northwestern direction is the mountain, the wind of Northeast-East - Barguzin, the Ripper), Southeast - Shelongnik, South-West - Cultuk, Sarma - Wind blowing in the center of Baikal. They blow mostly along the coast, on which there are practically no places to hide from such a piercing and strong wind.
Nature of Lake Baikal
Flora and fauna of the lake is diverse and unique. Oxygen-saturated water allows you to live a large number of living organisms here, more than 2,600 species and subspecies of the aquatic inhabitants live here, most of them are endemics. More than 58 species of fish live in the thickness of water, such as Omul, Harius, Sig, Tymen, Baikal Ostr, Lenok, Golomanka (unique fish, consisting of 30% of fat).
The coast covers more than 2000 species of plants, there are about 2,000 species of birds, here lives a unique marine mammal - Baikal Nerpe, in the mountain part of the Baikalia - the smallest deer in the world - Kabarga.
(Olkhon - the largest island of Lake Baikal)
The northeast coast of the lake is part of the PAs of the Barguzin State Natural Biosphere Reserve, since 1996, Baikal is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Popularities and cities
Large cities located a few dozen kilometers from the lake is Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude (130 km east of the lake) and Severobaykalsk (in the northern part of the lake coast). From Irkutsk (70 km from Baikal), the closer to the ancient Baikal village at the origins of Angara - Listvyanka, he has more than three hundred years. The tourist infrastructure is well developed here and is the Lake Museum dedicated to the history of Baikal, his flora and fauna. Also in the village is Nerpinal, where the exciting water show is shown with the participation of the Baikal Nerk and the legendary stone-stone, the reserved rock at the origin of the hangary, here in antiquity there were vintage shamanic rites.
Climate and seasons
(Transparent Baikal Water Summer)
Eastern Siberia lies in a temperate sharp-continental climatic belt, but the huge masses of the water contained in Lake Baikal specially affect the climate of the coast and at the expense of this, the unusual conditions of microclimate with warm soft winter and cool summer are formed. The water masses of the lakes act as a huge natural stabilizer and make winter warmer, and summer is cooler than, for example, in the same Irkutsk, located at a short distance from the lake (70 km). Air temperature in summer can reach + 35 ° C.
(Transparent ice on Baikal in winter)
In winter, the water of Baikal is styling incredibly transparent and smooth ice. The temperature above the surface of the lake in the middle of winter is about -21 ° C, and on the coasts on the degrees 5-10 above, on average -10 ° C - 17 ° C. Due to the insignificant evaporation of cold water from the surface of the lake, the clouds are very rarely formed here, so the Lake Baikal District is distinguished by a high total solar shine duration, cloudy and cloud days are infrequent.
Address: Russia, Republic of Buryatia, Irkutsk region
Area: 31 722 km²
The greatest depth: 1642 M.
Transparency: 40 M.
Coordinates: 53 ° 43 "36.9" N 108 ° 27 "32.4" E
Short description
The cleanest and, without a doubt, the most beautiful lake Baikal, rightfully ranked his place in the list of 7 wonders of Russia, according to the voting conducted in 2008.
Fascinating his pristine nature and mysteriousness of the lake is almost in the very center of Asia on the border of Buryatia and the Irkutsk region. Water surface, which is overflowing with mystical light, stretched to 620 (!) Kilometers from the northeast to the south-west.
If you consider the pictures of Lake Baikal, made from space, then it can be noted that it has the kind of crescent. The width of the lake in its various places ranges from 24 to 79 kilometers. Such dimensions allow local residents and many tourists to call Baikal not by the lake, but by the sea.
No matter how much it wanted to name this majestic freshwater reservoir by the sea, nevertheless it is a lake that is surrounded by almost all sides by the picturesque mountains and hillocks of extinct volcanoes. By the way, the supply of fresh water in Lake Baikal is 90% of the total reserve of drinking water of Russia and almost 20% of the total reserve of purest and, according to the results of many scientific experiments, healing water in the world. Speaking about Lake Baikal. It is impossible not to say that it is considered the deepest in the world: the lake mirror is located 453 meters above the world's ocean level, and its bottom is almost 1170 meters below. True, many researchers are skeptical about the fact that Baikal is the deepest lake on our planet. Caseing the depth of the lakes, many scientists forget about those freshwater reservoirs, which are under Antarctica's eternal ice, one of which is named East. True, it is hidden by an almost 4-kilometer layer of ice, and the calculation of the depths of the lakes and the ocean under conditions of glaciers should be carried out at all other parameters.
Unique ecosystem
Alas, modern science can not yet answer the question of how old Baikal, however,, as well as other issues that are constantly posing before scientists, this is an amazing lake. Currently it is assumed that Baikal, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich is almost 32,000 square kilometers, originated at least 25 million years ago. There are also more bold assumptions, some scientists believe that the age of the lake exceeds 35 million years. This is a large period of time, even by the standards of the existence of our planet. True, it is these numbers that put a new task: how for so many years the lake remains almost in priority? The thing is that any lake does not "live" more than 15, a maximum of 20,000 years. The bottom is covered with a catch and with time it turns into an ordinary swamp. In Lake, Baikal is not observed. Maybe it is worth considering the point of view of the authoritative scientist Tatarinov, who in 2009 put forward the idea that Baikal exists "while" "total" 8,000 years.
What the theory is considered to be reliable, everyone decides for himself: the conclusions of most specialists say that the whole thing in the unique ecosystem of the lake in his tributaries and the only outflow, as well as in permanent earthquakes, as a result of which vacuum appears at depths, filled with "fresh »Underground waters.
Due to its purity, Lake Baikal and its surroundings are a favorite habitat of a huge number of featured and mammals. Many of the animals, birds and fish are endemics, it means that they live only in this ecosystem and are no longer found anywhere in the world. The special attention of the ichthyologists attracts a fish Golomanka, which refers to the family of viviors. And this fish is another mystery of Lake Baikal. Firstly, the whole body of this fish is more than 30% composed of fat, and secondly, this fish dwells at very large depths, and for food it turns into a shallow water. It is not at all characteristic of deep-water fish, because sharp pressure drops almost all types lead to death. Another representative of Nihthyofauna is the smallest wrap, called the epishaver. This is also a lake endemic. Without him, life in Baikal would probably die, because he is the main food for many fish and, it is he who breeds in incredible quantities, filters the water of Baikal, cleaning it from the organic. Maybe it is in this rachka who lies the mystery of such a long "life" of the lake ...
Water Lake Baikal
Even schoolchildren of junior classes know about the purity of the water of Lake Baikal. Teachers, talking about the nature of our planet, often make the emphasis on the fact that from Baikal you can drink water without even exposing it to boiling. By the way, the opinion is quite controversial. Naturally, there are plenty of places where water in the lake not only does not carry a threat to human health, but also considered healing. The infrastructure of tourism that is constantly developing and thousands of tourists who want to see the Great Baikal as many other lakes around the world are becoming more and more. Only an experienced conductor living near the lake may indicate where to drink from Baikal can be completely safe. Surprisingly, despite the presence at the bottom of stone sediments and tributaries, which include the Selenga River, constantly polluting in the territory of Mongolia, water in Baikal practically does not contain dissolved salts and minerals. Simply put - it is almost identical to distilled water, passing multi-level cleaning in special laboratories.
The lake is so transparently that, according to some researchers, in some parts of the lake, it is possible to consider the bottom of the bottom in the smallest details at a depth of 40 meters.
This transparency of water can be observed after the ice supply: usually early spring water Baikal becomes bright blue. In the summer and in the fall, when the water warms up, in small quantities, microplankton and algae develop in small quantities: naturally at that moment it is already quite difficult to distinguish pitfalls at a depth of 40 meters, but transparency and in these seasons amazes. True, her color changes: it does not turn into a muddy greens, on the contrary, it becomes gentle-turquoise.
Immerse yourself in the gentle and purest waters of Baikal ... - Dream! True, a dream only for those who know about this lake quite a little. The thing is that the water is not heated here even in the summer above the mark +9 degrees Celsius. Only in small and shallow bays can be expected that the water warms under the sun to +16. Therefore, swim in Baikal and see the underwater world through crystal-transparent water, perhaps permanently in the wet. In winter, the aqueous mirror is almost completely covered with thick ice, so thick, which in the 19th century sleepers installed sleepers and were transported through the horses through the Baikal locomotives. The ice on the lake is an amazing spectacle: during the strongest frosts there are cracks on it, the length of which is sometimes 30 (!) Kilometers, and their width is 3 meters.
During the formation of such a crack, along the entire neighborhood of Baikal, the strongest sound is distributed, which can be compared unless with a shocking of a warmness or a rolling of thunder from a zipper that hit the ground a few meters from the person. Such a phenomenon was provided by nature itself, thanks to the formation of such cracks, the water is constantly saturated with oxygen and flora and the Fauna Baikal does not die into the tall frost.
Origin of the name of the lake
As with the age of Baikal, the confusion arose with his name in scientific circles. In any case, some historians converge in the opinion that the name "Baikal" occurred from one of the Asian languages: Mongolian, Yakutsky, or Turkic. However, there are also the versions that the lake was first seen and called ... the Chinese. The Chinese word, sounding like "Bay High", translates the literally "North Sea". This opinion also deserves attention: after all, isn't the magnificent lake look like the North Sea? Most of the specialists trying to solve the riddle of the name of the very deep lake in the world, believe that it happened from the Buryat language.
Buryats called Baigal's blunt water, but members of the Russian expedition, who participated in a campaign to the lake in the 17th century, hardly cope with the letter "g" and, not thinking, replaced it to "K". So it turned out the name of Lake Baikal. Although, as mentioned above, none of the listed versions are recognized as a scientific world reliable and proven.
On Baikal
No matter how much legends and myths are associated with this lake, no matter how scientific disputes did not take place about its name and origin, all this in the Namig loses its meaning when you find yourself before the amazing mirror of Baikal. He, then calm, then suddenly hesitated by the waves. The surrounding nature is not amenable to a description, here in a quiet day, despite the singing of birds and barely audible windiness, comes awareness of what is real silence, peace and calm. It seems that Baikal communicates at the subconscious level with each who came to look at this majestic lake. No wonder many travelers who studied Baikal are looking forward to the moment when they will again be able to return to this amazing world, which is more than 25 million years.
Baikal is one of the most famous lakes in the world. Legends go about him. It admires and surprises travelers, tourists. The size is a great sea. Water surface area Over 31 thousand km², and the length of the coastline is 2100 km. Therefore, it enters the seven of the largest planet lakes. Affect not only water strokes. Very beautiful and landscapes. The lake in the shape of an elongated crescent is surrounded by rocks, wooded mountains, rocks. There are extraordinary beauty bay with sandy beaches. The numerous islands on the lake are impressive, especially the largest Olkhon.
What is famous Lake Baikal? This is a miracle lake. It does not age, it is distinguished by its horizontal, as well as impressive vertical dimensions. Surprises the composition of water, wealth and uniqueness of the plant and animal world. Nowhere else will you see this. About 2600 species and subspecies of animals and about 600 species of plants live in the lake. Of these, over half of the animals endemics, that is, in other waters, they cannot live and die. This also applies to most aquatic plants. Baikal is included in the List of World Natural Heritage.
Forever young lake
Lake 25-35 million years. So many ordinary lakes do not exist. They are withstanding no more than 15 thousand years, and then filled with sludge and die. Baikal does not age. Even hypothesis is put forward that the lake is the nascent ocean. It expands 2 cm per year. Therefore, Baikal is unique as a lake.
Lake is located in a big depression with a relief bottom. She passes through the earth's bark and immersed in the mantle. Baikal is the deepest lake in the world. Its depth is 1642 m. For this parameter, it is ahead of two other outstanding in the size of the lake, including the Caspian Sea. In this basin there are huge amounts of fresh water. This is almost 20% of all worldwater reserves.
Wonderful water
Dozens of rivers and streams fall into Baikal, and only one - hangar flows. The main feature of the Baikal water is its purity and transparency. The amazing beauty of stones, the natural world can be seen through a huge crowd of water. This is due to the fact that there are few suspended substances in it. Pure water source is not a river. Water is cleaned by some live organisms in the lake itself. Water as distilled. It has a lot of oxygen.
On a note! The lake is cold. Even in the summer, the water is cool and warm up to about +9 ° C, in the lower layers - +4 ° C. However, in some bays to swim quite comfortably, since the water temperature can reach 23 ° C.
Spring clean water surface of the lake is especially good. It seems blue, and the transparency is the largest - up to 40 m. This is due to the fact that the inhabitants of the lake in cold water have not known enough. By the summer, the water warms a little, the mass of living organisms will develop. Water cuts out, and visibility in the thickness of water times in 3-4 will decrease.
Lakes are a reservoir with slow water exchange, with specific physicochemical, hydrological, biological processes and closely interacting with the environment. Lakes are classified according to various signs: by origin (tectonic, volcanic, footprint, glacier, failure, karst); in salinity (fresh, brass, salty); on trophy (oligotrophic, mesotrophic, eutrophic); on the position in the landscape (lowland, floodplain, alpine); in depth (small, deep, superhongs); on morphology (rounded, elongated, flax, sickle, etc.); in due dilution (heartless, low-designed, periodically flowing, temporary, relic); By types of use (for water supply, fisheries, for the extraction of salt, sapropel, therapeutic mud, etc.); As of state (pure, contaminated, overgrown, etc.).
How many years do lakes live?
Most often, relatively short-time thousand or tens of thousands of years. This applies, first of all, to glacial and old lakes. Karst, volcanic and especially tectonic lakes can exist millions and tens of millions of years. How many lakes on earth? In total, the lakes of the world around 11700,000 are up to 0.2 hectares, occupying almost 4% of the sushi surface (according to new research of the University of UPSAL, Sweden).
How many lakes in Russia?
Over 2 million lakes with a summary area of \u200b\u200bmore than 350 km2 (excluding the Caspian Sea). These are mainly small lakes with an area of \u200b\u200bless than 1 km2.
How many largest lakes on earth?
Where is Lake Baikal?
Baikal pulled out a crescent from the south to the north to 636 km in almost the center of Asian mainland. Its constant registration - coordinates: 51O 029'-55O 046 'S.Sh. and 103O 043'-109O 056 'V.D. Its largest width is 79, 5 km, the smallest - 25 km. The sea, and Buryat Baigal Nuuro Lake Baikal. But these are more transfers to your language already existing name. The name of Dalai-Nur is also found in the literature, too, allegedly relating to Baikal. But with such a name there is lake-nur in North Mongolia and Dalai Nur in China and, in essence, it can relate to any big lake. Researcher D. Stakhaev (1895) believes that this name could occur from Chinese Bay High (or Pe High) - the North Sea. In our opinion, this assumption is also not justified, as it can be distorted from Bii-Ham (great water) - so called the Tuvints of the Yenisei and his upper. In general, this question is not yet resolved and is waiting for its researchers. EG Laxman (1769), I.G. Georgi (1775) - Some of the first naturalists, who tried to find out the meaning of the word Baikal, - as well as A.L. Schrelzer (1769) led only to his interpretation, rich water (Turkic).
When did Baikal named Baikal?
There is no reliable information about it yet. Probably the name appeared since the settlement of the settlement in its surroundings of the Turkic-speaking tribes. The peoples that inhabited the territories adjacent to the Baikal were a nomadic lifestyle and either did not leave writing and writing sources, or their rude rune records remain unqualified. Mentioning in the notes of the Russian ambassador in China Nikita Yakovlevich (Jacinf) Bichurin that the name Baikal is found in one of the prehistoric Chinese chronicles of the II century to our era, it is necessary to assume - not the earliest. It was found in the note of the Chinese minister of Dynasty Sui Gao Fanya about Turks, who lived at the time in Baikalia: "Since the Xuan-Yuan Hun-Yongy, a lot has caused concern to our borders. Now they have become our "vassals" before the North Sea. " Under the North Sea (Bay High), as some historians believe, Chinese sources mean Baikal. But after all, the territory of China is washed by the Southern Sea, why is he opposed to Baikal, not the North Sea (the Arctic Ocean)? Archaeological excavations allowed to establish that in the bronze age, and probably in the bronze age, in the Baikal
What does the word Baikal mean?
Baikal is the word Turkic-speaking from Bai-Kul, which means a rich lake (similar to the Issyk-Cultuous Lake, Kara-Cullen Lake). Some authors believe that this word comes from the Mongolian Baigal (rich fire) or Baigal Dalai, a large lake (sea). But these hypothesis are not scientifically substantiated and widespread recognized. Peoples living in the Baikal are likely to each otherly called Lake-Evenks called him Lama, i.e. Card and Space Snapshot Baikal Baikal in questions and answers G.I. Galaziy 42 43 Lived Turkic-speaking peoples-Kurykan. They owned the Runic writing of Turks and the Yenisei Kyrgyz. Perhaps they were the first to give the name Lake Baikal. Evenka inhabited in Baikalia gave the name to many rivers flowing into Baikal, but there are no Baikal words in their language, it is alien for them. The phrase of Baikal and Nuur testifies to the fact that Baikal has already had his name when Buryats learned about him, as in the phrase very much, it is already contained that this name came to them from some other language.
When is Baikal first pictured on the map?
In the "Drawing of the Earth of the Siberian", compiled in 1667 by order of the Tobolsk governor P. Godunov. Schematically, Baikal is also depicted in the handwritten "Drawing Book of Siberia" (1699-1701) of Russian Cartographic and historian Siberia S.U. Remezov. This is the first Russian geographical satin, it consisted of 23 cards of a large format, was distinguished by an abundance and detail of information and summed up all the geographic materials of the time. Atlas S.U. Remezov retained the handwritten works of many unlucky Siberian landlords, which their experience and real knowledge of the terrain make a great contribution to the development of Russian cartography.
Who is the author of the first instrumental card of Baikal?
The first relatively reliable map of Baikal prepared in 1773. Aleksey Pushkarev at a scale of 10 miles in inches, or approximately 1: 420000. The card was compiled in two stages: first after filming in 1772 Baikal north of the source of the hangars. This card was not printed, and its handwritten original is kept in the library of the Russian Academy of Sciences. After completion of the next part of the lake, A. Pushkarev in 1773 was the map of all Baikal- "Map flat special Baikal of the sea with the testimony of flowing rivers and rivers, as well as the hangars dropping out of it ...". Its handwritten original is not yet found, preserved (not completely) only a copy made by Mikhail Khudyakov. Pushkarev's card existed a Baikal map, compiled earlier under the leadership of Frauendorf in 1766, but she had many errors, and A. Pushkarev had to make the Baikal scheme anew, so it should be the first tool marine map of Baikal. She served a very important service for researchers of the relief history and the outlines of the shores of Baikal.
What is the average and the greatest depth of Baikal?
Baikal is the deepest lake in the world. Its average depth is about 730 m. For the first time it is fairly calculated G.Yu. Vereshchagina in the 30s. Xx in. According to studies of the Limnological Institute, made in 1959 with the help of a magnetostrictive echo sounder and a control check in winter from ice a regular lot on the cable, the maximum Baikal depth is defined 1620 m. In the future, the data on the greatest depth of Baikal was amended. Currently, a depth of 1637 m is considered to be the biggest depth of Baikal and the greatest depth for the lakes of the globe. As for the depth of 1642 m near the southern head of the PVA holy nose on the map, published by Gunio in 1992, then it is doubtful.
What is the area of \u200b\u200bthe water mirror of Baikal?
31500 km2 is approximately the area of \u200b\u200bcountries such as Belgium, the Netherlands or Denmark. On the area of \u200b\u200bthe water mirror, Baikal takes the eighth place among the largest lakes of the world. In our country, he is surpassed only by Caspian. On other continents, Victoria and Tanganyika (in Africa), Huron, Michigan and the top in North America.
How much water in Baikal?
The total volume of surface waters on the planet is about 1406 million km3. The volume of Baikal water is about 23,000 km3. It is more than the volume of water contained in all together combined five Great Lakes of North America (top, Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario), in the Baltic Sea. Baikal water volume is almost twice as bigger than in Lake Tanganyik; 90 times in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov; 23 times in Ladoga Lake. Baikal contains about 1/5 world stocks of surface freshwater (eliminating glaciers, snowflates and ice of Antarctica, Greenland and other reserves, where water in solid state). Thus, Baikal is the largest storage of liquid fresh water on the planet and the largest factory for maintaining its purity. To imagine how large the volume of Baikal water, we will remind that if you need to dry the Baikal with the help of such a pump, as the hangar, it would be necessary for almost 400 years in order to flow all the water in Baikal, provided that it was not received in it There would be a single drop from his tributaries throughout this time. If it were necessary to fill the Baikal Basin, sending the water of all rivers of the globe into it, then this could be done only for 300 days. And, finally, if you freeze the water of the Baikal, cut ice cubes from it in a volume of 1 km3 and put them in one row, then this kilometer thickness of the icebreaker will spit out from the North to the Southern Pole of the Earth and for the Pole for 3 thousand km.
At what height above the ocean is the modern bottom of Baikal?
The modern bottom of Baikal at the greatest depth is located 1181 m below the world's ocean level. Although the tectonics can change! Where is the coastline (damn) of Baikal? The coastline is the border between the surface of the sushi and the water surface. On the map, it is conditionally carried out through the middle water line and is located at an altitude of 456 m above the ocean level. The real border of sushi and lake is cut, is in continuous change due to water level fluctuations. Slow long movement of the coastline are caused by tectonic movements, or century-old level fluctuations associated with changing climatic conditions. Taking into account all bends, torn by bays, quarrels and lips, the length of the coastline of Baikal is about 2100 km.
How have the level and coastline of Baikal have changed after the construction of the dam of the Irkutsk HPP?
According to research G.I. Galasia of high historical horizons (VIG) of water in Baikal was justified by the height of the dam of the Irkutsk HPP. The average level of Baikal rose to 1 m. However, the amplitude of the level fluctuations and its highest marks are preserved in the former limits. Over the past 10-15 years, the marks of the water level in Baikal decreased noticeably, and its minimum values \u200b\u200bcame to those that were before the construction of the dam. The coastline due to the flooding of coastal low-spirits slightly moved towards the coast. The area of \u200b\u200bthe Baikal water area, under the calculations of geomorphologists, increased by about 500 km2. Due to the rise of the level, the abrasive processes increased and the shore was somewhat reused - the braids that state the quarrels were blurred, some landslides on the coastal slopes were revived, turning on the slopes, there was a filling of coastal shallow nanos, etc. At present, the shores of the lake, mostly stabilized. Only on the abrasion areas, the formation of equilibrium "Water - Coast" continues. When lifting the level, the water temperature dropped somewhat in summer, the composition and the number of feed organisms for fish in the bay of failure and in sheds have changed. In some areas, coastal spawns of bulls are blurred or shores are blurred, especially the bullshit. Currently, with a stable water level in the lake, all these disorders have been restored completely or their recovery is completed. If the level is not stable, then re-formation processes may continue indefinitely. In recent years, the Baikal level is sometimes lower than the critical mark, due to the maliciousness of the tributaries.
How many cavers on Baikal?
IG Georgi (1775), except for many nameless, counted 80 capes called. They stand out among other coastal forms on the outer view or color, on the plants growing on them, the most common animals or fish, etc. Almost every of the caves are bays, or lips used by the courts for sludge with certain winds. I.D. Cherky (1886) counted 174 capes, of which 101 in the North-West Bank, and 73- on the southeast, moreover, more than 30 capes are on Olkhon Island. Specified the sizes of capes, the distances between them and the names F.K. Drinzhenko.
What lake is the double of Baikal?
By origin (rift) and the dimensions of the Baikal Doubles can be considered. Tanganic in East Africa. The length of the lake is about 650 km, the width is 40-80 km, the area is 34 thousand km2. Maximum depth in the southern part of 1470 m (after Baikal Tanganic - the second in the depth of the lake on Earth). Water in it with a high content of magnesium salts. The total mineralization of water is 5 times more than in Baikal. The water temperature on the surface of from 23.6 to 26.5 ° C. Deeper than 400 m and to the bottom temperature constant, about 23O C. Only the upper 100-200 meter layer of the lake is enriched with oxygen and is suitable for life. About 75% of the fauna form endemics (especially many of them among fish, shrimp, disrespectfulness, tensions of crayfish, weakly rachkov, buchelichi mollusks). Hippopotams are found, crocodiles, a lot of waterfowl. The main object of the fishery-idagala (Dagaa) from herring fish.
Why does Baikal consider the ocean model?
Baikal has many features inherent in the ocean - great depths; a huge mass of water; internal waves and sewers; tides; Strong storms; High waves; Expansion of the brand due to shuttering shores, similar to the origin of the continents of Africa and South America; Large magnitudes of magnetic anomalies, etc.
Bay, bay, litter. How many of them on Baikal?
Bay is a well-pronounced recess in the coastal zone. Its value must be in such a combination with the input width (throat) so that the water of the bay was surrounded by land from almost all sides. The bay gives asylum from different directions of winds. On Baikal, six large bays. The largest and most deep-barguous (its area is 725 km2, the maximum depth is 1284 m). Behind him follows Chivirkuiski (270 km2), failure (197 km2), Embrozer (35 km2), Cherkalov (20 km2), Mukhor (16 km2). Bay-deeply populated by the Lake Plot. The ratio of this deepening with the width of the input of the bay is less than that of the bay, it is more open. The bay can protect ships not from all winds, but only from one or two directions. Bays on Baikal quite a lot, at least two dozen-larch (the deepest, maximum depth of about 1000 m), a holochetic, sandy, grandmother, aya, bazaar, etc. The quarrels on Baikal are called closed, shallow, usually well-warmed bays. The largest depth in the quarrels does not exceed 7 m. Unlike the sowing in semi-desert and desert areas, the Baikal quarrels never dry up and the salt marshes in their place do not arise. A quarrels are formed with the statement of coastal shallow or bays by moving coastal nans, which form braids, perepening. These braids and printed Baikal residents call cargo. The largest Sorry-Angar, or North-Baikal, its area is 23 km2. Part of its water area is bursting, overgrown with solid vegetation. The largest water-building area is the Embassy, \u200b\u200bthen Aranga-Tuy, Cherkalov, etc.
How did the Embassy Sorry occurred?
According to Geophysicians, with what happened here in a relatively recent past earthquake (within one or two millennium), a dive of the water sushi area of \u200b\u200b35-40 km2 occurred. The bay of failure was formed similarly. In 1862, in the earthquake, the force of about 10-10.5 points was lowered the block of earth crust. This SOR has not finished its formation yet, but is now standing out of Baikal with sandy cripples and combines three fine-water straits with it. Syr Cherkalov also appeared.
What is the estuary?
The flooded one-handed mouth of the river having a direct access to the open sea, the lake in the form of a funnel-shaped expansion. The mouth of such rivers Baikal, like Selenga, Turk, V. Angara, Thompa, B. Chivyrkui, Sosnovka, etc., perhaps, were so, but they are currently filled with river nanos. Only the outlines of the Delta resemble the same form.
What is lagoon and are they in Baikal?
Open or closed, separated by coastal shades or cropping, coastal areas of the reservoir on accumulative (sketched) shores. On Baikal there are quite a lot (more than ten), especially in the northern hollow. They are usually located on accumulative capes (deceaseders, vocal, cedar, etc.), as well as in the delta of the rivers Selenga, V. Angara and in other districts.
What is the Small Sea and why is it so called?
This is part of the Baikal water area, concluded between the western shore of the lake (in its middle) and Olkhon Island, the Lini of Mesza Zama and Hoea (Northern Olkhona) and the southern coast of Mukhor's lips. All Lake Baikal is called the large sea, and this relatively small part is small. His length (within the boundaries considered by F.K. Drizhenko) about 69 km, the largest width is about 15.5 km. Unreasonably, in our opinion, his natural continuation of the Mukhor is discarded from the Small Sea. It is also part of the small sea basin. Together with the Bay Mukhor, the Small Sea has a length of about 78 km, the area of \u200b\u200bthe water mirror is 1019 km2.
How many tributaries of Baikal?
Since the time of research, I. D. Chersky in the past century it is believed that 336 permanent watercourses flow into Baikal. In the future, there were several attempts to carry out the audit of the tributaries of the lake, however, they were limited to their calculation on large-scale cards and partly in aerial photography. Nobody repeated the sensational reports that appear in print, 544 tributary flows into Baikal, or even 1123, nothing more than the counting of the spacing depicted in the Atlas of Baikal, released in 1908 edited F. K. Drizheko, but in it among others there are splashes on which water flows in a period of short time, mainly in the period of intensive rains in the wet year. At the same time, F. K. Drizhenko, the number of Baikal's tributaries also leads according to I. D. Chilesky. Considering the modern weather-climatic situation associated with the warming and drainage of the northern hemisphere and the Baikal basin, as well as the disappearance of about 150 rivers and rivers, because of the unlimited deforestation of forests, there is a reason to believe that Baikal currently flows less than the amount of tributaries What were them in the last century. The biggest influx of Baikal is the Selenga River. Its length from the source - 1024 km, the area of \u200b\u200bthe catchment pool is about 465 thousand km2. It brings about half the volume of river waters entering the lake from all tributaries.
How many islands on Baikal?
On Baikal, 30 indigenous islands (O. K. Gusev, 1990; G. V. Mattyashenko, 1993). The largest - Olkhon, its area of \u200b\u200b730 square meters. km. The remaining islands are significantly less - from 7 to 0.9 square meters. km and less. Among them are rocks and stones. All the indigenous islands are mountainous. In addition, more than a dozen woven sandy-pebble islands were formed in the Advanced sections of large rivers. The life of these islands is short-lived. The biggest of them about. Bright in the north of Baikal, timed to the Angaro-Kean Delta. What is the archipelago? A group of islands in the open sea or lake. On Baikal, the archipelago is called the group of Ushkanyih Islands- 4 island. According to modern measurements, their height is 215 m above the level of Baikal, or 671 above sea level. This mark belongs to the highest point of the Big Town Island. Small Ushkanya Islands have a height of 15-20 m above the lake level.
Where did the name of the Ushkah Islands come from?
It is assumed that sometime hares were held on the Ushkah Islands, which in Siberia are called Ushkanami - from here and the name of the islands. However, it is more likely that the name came from the richest rooting of the nerve, which commercial hunters are also called the Ushkhans. What mark is the highest point about. Olkhon? The highest point of Olkhona is the mountain of handy. Its height is 818 m above the lake level, or 1274 m above sea level. Against this mountain and cape, 8-10 km from the coast, several south of Cape, marked the largest depth of Baikal - 1637 m. The drop of high-rise marks from the foot of the mountain at the bottom of the Baikal to its vertex is very impressive - 2455 m. And if you compare the height with The level of the indigenous bottom, folded by the crystal foundation, then the mountain from the foot from the foot to the top has a height of more than 9000 m, that is, exceeds the highest peak of the world - G. Everest (8848 m above sea level).
What is Burkhan?
Cape on Olkhon Island (it is called Shamansky). Aboriginal Burkhan is called the main deity of Baikal. And Cape Burkhan, with a through cave and pagan registry, is considered his inhabitant. Cape Burkhan is considered one of the nine shrines of Asia time. In the period of bad weather, when clowning, the nerve coming out to rest ashore island, hunters are hidden there. In this cave, 15-20 people can accommodate, you can get a bonfire. In the past she was significantly more. Probably, with one of the earthquakes, the upper part of the roof over the entrance collapsed. Debris - huge marble boulders - and now lie at the cave.
What is polecia?
This poetic name of the coast of the Barguzinsky reserve was used by V.Cch. Expensive. Subsequently, this term has spread to the entire territory of the coast adjacent to Baikal, especially on its picturesque areas what is the Baikal? In the past, the Bajaker understood the territories adjacent to Baikal from the West to Baikal, unlike transbaikalolas from the lake to the east. But more correctly to Baikalia to attribute the whole area adjacent to Baikal, and Western territories, by analogy with Transbaikalia, call the pre-bicallee.
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