How precious stones are formed. Where on the Black Sea stony beaches

Hi, dear reader! Let's figure out where the stones are taken from the human body, and how to protect themselves from their appearance.

More often stones appear in the kidneys, ureters or a bustling bubble. In addition, they can meet in the urinary bubble, as well as in the pancreas, which is located behind the stomach itself and performs external and internal secretory functions.

In whatever organs, stones were not formed, their appearance is considered a disease of the body.

The reasons for the formation of stones in the body should be sought in improper nutrition, more often products that break the body and lead to acidification. The water with inorganic minerals contained in it is played in this process, and excessive salt consumption, as well as huge cholesterol deposits in vessels due to use saturated fatswhich richly meat, eggs and dairy products.

Unhealthy nutrition, peculiar to the main mass of people, leads to the accumulation of many toxins and harmful chemicals in the body, which are 99% of modern food in stores. The body is not able to recycle them, nor get rid of such "material" over time and stones are formed in different internal organs.

Even just water - ordinary drinking water contains an inorganic mineral, it is called calcium carbonate. Together with the others, he takes enough active participation in the formation of stones in our bodies.

Let's see how stones are formed in individual bodies and systems of our body.

Stones in bile

In the bustling bubble to the formation of stones, the improper nutrition of products with many very non-fat substances in the composition and even simple drinking water, as there are inorganic minerals in it. The main harm of the bustling bubble is applied products containing saturated fats. Basically, such products include meat, bird, milk and dairy products, and most of them in cream, cheese and cream oil. Also coconut oil and palm contain saturated fat.

So what is now at all abandon these products? - you ask. Refuse or not - the solution is yours. But to use them as less as possible and as little as possible, it would be unequivocal.

The liver suffers from the stones in the bile ducts, since it can no longer go bile.

Stones in the kidneys and urinary system

Hard water with inorganic minerals and other harmful substances in it are a direct path to the formation of stones in the kidneys and the urinary system. Inorganic minerals, such as magnesium carbonate and carbette calcium are completely able to score pipes in the plumbing so much that water will not be able to break through. Imagine what is our organs?

We all here and there strongly advise you to drink more water, convincing us that it is very useful for health. Of course, water is necessary to our body. Yes, but if it really is useful - depends on the quality of this water itself. It is important to purify water from inorganic minerals, because they are simply not able to worry about our organism and settle in its internal organs, forming stones.

Now you know where the stones in the human body come from. Agree, the possibility of the formation of undesirable stones in the body is a sufficient good reason to think about how we feed our body and what water we drink. It is only necessary to take some efforts and make your choice in favor of healthy natural and useful food and clean water. And the result will be improved health and a higher level of energy, and it is worth it - what do you think?

the years of the Stalinist five-year plans launched a large construction of port facilities. In this regard, it was necessary to face stone and sandy streams more than once. The queue fell their detailed study. A number of questions were to solve: what are the lengthy and direction of flows, whom the stream material is taken from, what is the power of these flows and how it is connected with the force and direction of the waves, then-there with a wave regime.

A number of research organizations were engaged in solving these tasks, but the most wide studies were held by the Institute of Oceanology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. One such work was carried out at the Caucasian shore of the Black Sea.

The Black Sea coast is bordered here by the pebble surface strip, which forms the coastal material. With the construction of three ports, Sochi, Gagrin - Skogo and Ochirchirskoy, it was found that the flow of nanos comes from the North-West to the southeast. Where starts and where does this stream end? In order to answer this question, they were studied, on the one hand, the outline and structure of the coast, and on the other, the composition of the rocks forming pebbles.

The shore in the city of Tuapse and the north of it has an uneven contour. Here, naked rocky capes alternate with open wide bays, in which small rivers flow (Fig. 15). There are almost no fragments in the sickness, but those who lie there are completely out of them.

The sharp corners and fresh breaks of these wreckage show that the stones recently fell out of sheer cliffs.

In the bays, on the contrary, is the abundance of pebbles. But pebbles turned out to be completely different in each of the bays. Each river puts the wreckage of those rocks that are located in its pool. In one bay, for example, full diabases (the dark strong breed of volcanic origin), and there are no at all in their neighboring. Hence itself, it suggests that the adjacent coves are not exchanged by pebbles and there is no permanent flow here. Yes, it is understandable, since the waves from the open sea can drive pebbles only inside the bay, but not to move it from the top of the bay to the cape.

South Tuapse, about the mouth of the Ashe river, the picture gradually changes (Fig. 15). Coast is becoming more even. Skoping here river nans are put forward in almost one line with former capes. Here it is necessary to look for the "origins" of the Stone River.

Pebbles all over the shore from Ashe to Pitsundsky Cape turned out to be mixed. It was necessary to find such a breed, which would be easily distinguished from all others, was on the beach in sufficient quantities and was taken out to the sea only one single river. Such a breed was found. She will endure the River Shahe. This is a bright muscovito granite; It is easy to distinguish from all other stones on the shore on white color and glitter into it with mica-muscovite.

Granite pebbles occurs only south from the mouth of Shahe; Already in a kilometer north there is no granite pebble. It was further established that this wonderful pebble is on the beach everywhere, right up to Pitsundsky Cape, at a distance of 130 kilometers from the mouth of Shahe. All the ego says that the flow begins a little north of the mouth of Shahe and goes to Pitsunda itself.

The entire coast of the Black Sea from Tuapse to the GGR is complicated by a monotonous rock, which is called F L and - SH E M. This is a subtle vestment of sandstones, slates and mergels. However, there are many other breeds on the beach. How do they come from? - Mountain rivers bring them here. All major rivers come to their heads to the watershed of the Caucasian Range and along the way, crosses limestone, phyllites, gneisses, porphyrites and other breeds. In the nanos of these rivers, neultural rocks are almost half. On the sea beach, it is in the composition of the flow of nanos, their little more than one quarter. So, the illuate pebble is greater than half consists of river nans.

Why did the rivers of the Tuapse district and the north they could not create a stone stream?

In the direction from the North-West to the south-east, the Caucasian ridge is becoming higher and higher and further departs from the sea. Mountain river basins and the steepness of their fall increase. In addition, in the southeastern part of the ridge, the rains falls twice as much as in the north-west. And rivers get bigger, and there are more water in them. Consequently, more and more applied to the seacoge. These quantitative changes are gradually accumulating from the north to the south, and led to a jump-shaking change in the nature of the marine shore. In the north, the shore is dismembered, and a small number of stones, bringing rivers, remains entirely in the tops of the bay. Therefore, in the north and there is no deposit flow. In the south of the nanos, there was so much that they equalized the shore and formed a constant stone stream.

Flow power, then-there is a number of nanos that it moves during a certain time (per year), turned out to be completely different in different places, despite the fact that the shore from Shahe to Pitsunda is pulled out in one direction and has about the same wave mode. In Sochi, for example, the power of the stone stream is 32 thousand cubic meters per year, and in Gagra - only 15-20 thousand cubic meters. This is explained by the fact that the stones are gradually abrained. After all, in order to get a round "velvet" pebble from a rough neocatant chronicle, the crushes should be chopped up the corners and the corners of all protruding faces. But once the rubble is abridgeing, it must be observed - only maybe at a lower speed and pebbles itself. Abrasion products - particles of sludge and sand - are carried away from the shore to big deep.

What amounts of stone are abrained? This question was solved as follows.

From Armenia in Sochi was brought by the porous Ayrum Basalt. This breed is nowhere in the Black Morror coast, and does the paint absorbs well. Many pieces of this basalt were impregnated with a painted cement mortar so that the solution entered deep into the pores. Then painted pieces were thrown onto the beach. The fragments had about the same size and weight. A few months later I managed to find many these stones from the shore. It turned out that they significantly decreased in weight and became almost completely smooth, but not yet turned into a real pebb. It was estimated that for the year it is crushed and grieved about 7 percent of basalt. But basalt is very durable. The beach prevails pebbles from significantly less stable breeds. By the difficult recharges, it was possible to determine that about 20 percent of the entire mass of pebbles is abrained. This means that if new fragments are not received on the beach, all pebbles will disappear after 5 years.

Now it is clear that the power of the stream should vary depending on the distance, which was managed by pebbles. Each river makes a new portion of the nanos and increases the power, but while the flow will reach the mouth of the next river, its power will decrease.

Then another interesting question arose. The study of the composition of the nansos, the structure of the coast itself and the changes that the ports arouses are on the shore, "the ego speaks about the Tumm, that the nanos go along the coast to the south-east. And the storms most often come here from the south-east, and they would seem to be chanting pebbles just in the opposite direction!

It was necessary to remember that the number and speed of movement of the nanos depend on the energy of the wave, and the energy of the waves of various directions is far from the same. Western storms, though rare, but are exceptional in their strength. The energy of a nine ball storm, who came from the West, from the huge spaces of the open sea, twelve times the energy of the seven-story southeastern storm, who, arising from Batumi, does not have time to disperse a particularly big wave. The energy of the waves of each storm for the year was calculated and their energy referred to be constructed. And this new equal layer lay so that she showed a really observed direction of the coastal stream. This work was conducted by the Soviet engineer A. M. Zhdanov.

Sea stone (or pebbles), which we all loved to collect in childhood in the Black Sea beaches, has an interesting story. Millions of years ago, the formation of the Caucasian Mountains took place with a rapid eruption of volcanoes, streams of frozen lava in the form of plates, wreckage and small pieces were carried out by the flow of mountain rivers and fell into the sea. Sea waves continued to grind and run down fragments, shredding and giving pebbles rounded shape.

Types of marine stones

That pebble, which we all love to play on the beach is the real mountain breed, testimonial of prehistoric times. Light porous pumice - the remains of the petrified volcanic magma, frozen far from the place of eruption and the gripped air - from here and numerous pores. The name of marine stones, smoother and sweaturates, basalts and tuffs. They were formed at the exit of the lava from the volcano. And the most severe sea stone - granite - originated in His Gerl.

Brilliant egg-shaped granite boulders rounded shapes that we can see on the beach - durable and brilliant (due to a mixture of mica, quartz and field spat) sample of the volcanic rock. From him, monuments and obeliski are erected, it is in demand by builders and designers. Other finishing stones are basalts, tuffs of different shades - are perfectly suitable for facing surfaces. Almost any sea stone can be used in applied or decorative purposes.

On the beach you can find samples of semi-precious minerals - syenites, porphyrites, chrysolites. These beautiful sea stones are used in creating jewelry and jewelry. Meets there and the favorite of healers - Chalcedony. These are even more ancient than rock rocks, stones also come from volcanic crater.

Sea stones - description and composition

Another option to apply this wonderful - decorative figures and garden sculptures. Here the flight of creative fantasy does not limit nothing. Stones are grouped, glue, painted, decorated than just the soul wishes. Crafts from sea stones whose photo you see in this article can make it possible to make anyone.

As a result, we see bright ladybugs, frogs, caterpillars, snails ... You can make "vegetables" and "fruits", especially popular "mushrooms", placed at different corners of the garden. Large stones of suitable shapes are painted in the form of tigers, sharks, crocodiles, dogs, cats and even fabulous dwarfs or elves. Original decoration of the garden will serve decorative pots or buckets filled with "strawberries" or "apples" from painted stones.

Mastery with a child

But what to do when the winter window, summer country joy forgotten, and at home, nevertheless, a bunch of pretty pebbles are lying around, which I want to attach somewhere! Try together with the child to go handle creativity. This is a fascinating lesson not only diversify long winter evenings, but will leave you wonderful souvenirs for memory, with one look at which the mood will rise.

What crafts from sea stones can be invented? Yes, the most diverse! The list of ideas is almost inexhaustible! For example, you can make it possible to make a gnome or even a whole family of gnomes (or domain). If you perform them in a single style, then in the New Year's holiday you can miraculously decorate the apartment, seeding the figures in the corners, under the Christmas tree, on the bookshelves, etc.

Technology crafts

For work, prison, besides pebbles, paints and brushes to them, superchalters, a variety of materials for the decor (which is found) - trimming fabrics and fur, beads, threads or yarn, small feathers. Accessories in the form of "eye" characters are sold in stores of sewing accessories, but it is possible to replace them with colored beads or pretty flat small buttons.

Pebbles before work should be thoroughly washed and expelled. On pebbles- "Persons" stick eyes, noses can be drawn or glued large beads or wool balls instead. Smiling mouths draw paints or "lay out" from bright woolen threads. You can also draw them on non-ferrous paper, cut and glue. After that, make the gnomes and beards from fur, threads, peony or fluff - what is on hand.

Torso, dwarfs, like caps, it is easy to make it easiest of colored flaps, stitching them in the form of a cone and filling out something like cotton wool or cropping. With the help of durable head glue attached to the torso - fun figures are ready!

How to decorate a refrigerator

Magnetics on the refrigerator are in every family with children. But we will have unusual - from the pebbles! Let's make smart magnets in the form of monsters. Flat pebbles, washed and dry, paint on both sides in bright colors. After drying, we draw "monsters" terrible mouths with cracked teeth and glue your eyes.

From the reverse side of each stone, they attach superclosure by magnet. If the stones are quite large and heavy - in a pair of magnets. Original refrigerator decoration is ready!

Best of all the pebbles of oval shape are bright fish, as well as birds with an unusual plumage. You can make a mouse. In addition to pebbles and superclause, prepare scissors, paper and colored patchworks. Ears and tail are cut out of the fabric for the future mouse, glued in the right places on the oblong gray stone. Lops will serve pebbles smaller, mustes - beams of thread. Stick your eyes (you can pairwise in the form of paper circles - white shock down, on them on top of black smaller). Here is a pretty mouse.

If you have more to the bird's heart, then take more round pebbles, make the tissue of the appropriate color, make the beak (fold the flashers with a triangle with a sharp end, glue a wide face to the pebble head). In the right place mark the eyes, take care of the plumage. Ready!

Creative aquarium

Best of the small pebbles of the oblong form are fish. Makes several pieces of different sizes, species and colors, you can organize an original decorative "aquarium" from a suitable box, adding the composition with large "boulders" and "sea grass" from threads or colored paper.

Another option is to "launch" our "fish" in a real aquarium with water as decor elements (to take care of the incommable paint and reliable materials for the decor).

So, mastwork fish. Pebbles, as usual, mine and dry. A simple pencil is placing on each of them the contours of fins, heads, tail. Coloring fish in different colors, tailings and fins cut out and maternally separately, then glued to the tricks.

Material for this is suitable any - colored paper, fabric strips, shiny foil, even suitable shape of auxilia. Eye also glue in the right places (we take ready-made decorative elements or simply brilliant convex beads).

Additional ideas

If the fish are assumed to be "run" into the aqueous medium, then the tail and fins can be cut out of transparent plastic from unnecessary plastic bottles of different colors. This material is truly universal. It is possible to get a variety of decor elements from it, it will easily cut, processed and takes the right form.

For example, out of thin, long and slightly twisting strips will be a magnificent tail for our "goldfish" (especially if you take a brown or yellow bottle). Their small plastic trimming will come out hard sharp "floats", which can be glued onto the backs of fish.

The decorative aquarium can be filled with real plants in small pots, which are masked by the same sea pebble. And if in addition you organize a special backlight for it and carefully think over the composition, such an aquarium will decorate any room - living room, hallway or children's corner.

Minerals are formed in many different environmental conditions inside the Earth. Most precious stones are formed in the earth kore - The upper layer of the planet depth from 3 to 25 miles. Only two varieties of precious stones - and form in the earth Mantlewhich represents 80% of the volume of land. Mantle, mainly consists of a molten breed called magma, with a solid top layer.

Although few of the precious stones are originally formed in the mantle, but all gems are mined in the earth's crust. The bark consists of three types of breeds known in geology as volcanic, metamorphic and sediment. These technical terms relate to the formation of rocks. Some precious stones are especially associated with one type of rock, while others with several types of breeds.

The volcanic process includes solidification of magma. Magma from the mantle can rise to the crust, usually through volcanic tubes. If it reaches the surface of the Earth, then hesitates in the form of lava. However, if the magmatic mass is slowly cooled in the crust, it can crystallize and form minerals. An increase in pressure can also force this pegmatoid fluid to penetrate the surrounding rocks, often with the implementation of chemical exchange with them. Long list of precious stones formed from volcanic rock includes a group , all (including, and), (, and), , and.

When the volcanic rock reaches the surface of the Earth, erosion forces and the atmospheric effect cause crushing into smaller chants, which accumulate on the surface or move by wind and water. Over time on Earth or under water, layers of such precipitation are formed. The pressure from the upper layers causes a seal in the lower layers together with various chemical and physical changes, such as a petition, which leads to the creation of a sedimentary rock. Evaporation is another process that produces sedimentary rocks, as in the case when the dripping of waters saturated with minerals forms stalactites or stalagmites. Precious stones associated with sedimentary rock include, and.

The presence of an intrusive magma in this zone (known as a contact metamorphism) or the interaction of larger-scale tectonic platforms (known as regional metamorphism) exposes volcanic and sedimentary rocks and minerals by heating or pressure, which can cause changes in their chemical and crystal structures. The result is the creation of a metamorphic breed. The precious stones associated with the metamorphic rock include

We have a museum in Sochi, which by the number of collected exhibits is significantly ahead of any of the museums of the world.

In it, without any permission, you can touch the exhibits with your hands, photographed with them and even ... trample these exhibits with legs.

If you want some particularly liked rarity from the museum with you, no one will tell you a word of reproach: the surrounding spend you sympathizing, an approving look.

The reader, of course, guessed that we are talking about our Sochi pebble beach - unique in its filling and invariably causing the great interest of visitor to visitors.

This, of course, the Natural Historical and Geological Museum, in which each crossing - the exhibit is calibrated according to the desired size, smoothly sharpening and polished by sea waves, it is clean before showing the general public.

The history of the emergence of marine pebbles on our beach is interesting in itself. Numerous mountain rivers and robes of centuries were blocked by the layers and the thickness of the Caucasian mountains, carrying into the Black Sea, then a calm fast flow, then a raging thunderstorm stream of a variety of rocky brooms, boulders, plates. The sea, taking all this material in a partially crushed form, continued to grind and sort the size, rolling and grinding the "works" of the mountains that fell into his waves. Geologists These works are called rocky rocks, and the history of their appearance, which has many millions of years, is the most ancient and mysterious story of our Earth, the history of our region, captured so bright in the contemporas-exhibits of the Sochi Beach.

Seventy million years ago have grown, Caucasian Mountains have been formed. The growth of them was accompanied by a roar and roar, fiery rivers of the erupted lava. Most Caucasian tops of the central ridge are extinct volcanoes. And the pebbles brought to the beach very eloquently talk about the volcanicism raged here. Here is a pumice - porous hygienic pebbles - this is a frozen volcanic magma, far away, grabbed air and therefore very light. Here are "frozen" at the exit from the volcano tuffs and basalts - they are heavier pumice, but much easier granite. Granite on the beach is the blurred roots of the mountains, the magma that froned inside the volcano.

Heavy granite - pebble stones, as a rule, white, egg-shaped form - the most famous representative of volcanic rocks. Thanks to the brilliance of the minerals evenly mixed in it (and we all know from school years that it is quartz, mica and field swap) due to their hardness and strength, it has become a stone of monuments, obelisk and monuments. However, hitting the pebble beach, the granite pebbles lost the monumental perspective, and its entire beauty is aimed at creating a good mood of resting by the sea to people.

Other magmatic rocks found under our feet are the tuffs of different shades, basalts are also widely used facing and building material. There are among the past breeds and semi-precious, decorative pebbles - porphyrites, shenites, chrysolites. These can also add numerous quartzites - transparent and translucent pebbles, as well as durable chalcedony flints, whose healing properties have spoke in our time, well-known healers. These minerals that are not related to rock rods, which means more ancient in their origin, also hit our beaches from Vulcanov.

Long before the Caucasian Mountains grew, the territory of all Sochi and the Krasnodar Territory was the seabed. In no case should be surprised, because long before the appearance on the Earth of a person the seabed was the whole territory of the current Russian Federation. In our places, land has repeatedly towered over the sea, the islands appeared, which were covered with tropical vegetation. It has long been proven that dinosaurs and other ancient animals sushi lived in our places. Then all this again absorbed the marine paunch, and on the seabed there was a continuous process of accumulating sedimentary rocks. When the mountains were raised, layers at the bottom of the sea came into motion. They also became mountains, lateral Caucasian ridges, and the breed accumulated in them also began to collapse with rivers and roll into the sea.

The predominant sedimentary rock in the sea pebble is sandstone. Mass sandstone pebbles are gray, tobacco color, brown, yellow - depending on the composition of the sand sedired at the bottom of the sea. Often sandstone is cut by white streaks, walking in different directions. These are gyeroglyphs. According to the theory of Dutch scientist F. Kunen, the calcite and other accommodation in the sandstone - the result of deposits into the sea of \u200b\u200bmudflows, carrying particles that are driving the particles destroyed after earthquakes.

Many rocks in the marine pebbles are able to talk about maritime residents who lived in our places millions of years ago. This is a shellman - the mollusks of the ancient ocean are easily viewed in its structure. But the limestone and Mergel is also organic origin, but we will not see the remnants of the sea organisms of the Jurassic of the Cenozoic era with the naked eye. For their detection, a microscope is needed, since these rocks were folded by sedated microorganisms - plankton - a mixture with chemical precipitation. Lovers and Mergeli - common stones of our pebble beaches. No wonder the North-West Caucasus is called the kingdom of limestone and mergels.

About the era of dinosaurs and pterodactile resembles a slate - a soft sedimentary stone, consisting of a petrified silt of the bog of the Jurassic period. Finding into the sea, the slate is shortly in a state of alert - more solid beacons, driven by waves, quickly recycle it in the sand. But on land, it is easier to find it. Our, Sochi Slanets is often called roofing - the mountaineers used this layered stone as a material for the roof of their housing.

A third group of rocks, which are part of the magmatic and sedimentary in the composition of the sea pebble are, is metamorphic or transformed. Among them are often semi-precious stones, which, after jewelry processing, acquire an attractive shine and beauty. Nature-alchemist is capable of converting some substances into others by changing their crystal structure. True, this process needs millions of years. During this time, under high pressure and exposure to high temperatures, the limestone turns into marble, sandstone - in Yashma, etc. Frequently unplugged on our shores pebbles with traces of metamorphism: half of the stone Typical gray sandstone, and the second half is a yashmoid with a reddish tint.

Of course, using only this article, it is impossible to learn to distinguish between minerals and rocks, determine the time of their appearance and the natural processes associated with it. But to read stones, as an open book, everyone can learn. To do this, you need to work a little with special literature, directories-determinants. The task of our publication is to increase the interest of each reader to the treasures that are under our feet. Pearl in a broad sense is a wonderful, beautiful work of nature. Such pearls on our beaches are a fine number.

Finishing this brief overview, I would like to tell about stones with holes, often through and rather large diameter. As a rule, this is the work of the marine inhabitant, mollusk-stonecock or folaca. Rounding with the help of this nature of the reactive apparatus, processing the surface of the acid with acid, this bivalve, similar to the mollusk mussel, drills minks in soft rocks, most often in sandstone, and hides in them from predators. They say found on the beach of pebbles with a through hole brings happiness ...