Forgotten Russian travelers of the XVIII century. Forgotten Russian travelers of the XIX century names of all discovers of the 19th century

In the 19th century, Russian researchers committed a number of outstanding geographical discoveries. In 1803 G.I. Cruisenstern on the "Nadezhda" and "Neve" made the 1st Russian world expedition examining the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, Sakhalin, Alaska, Aleutian O-Wa. Y. Lysianyaki on the "Neva" opened one of the Hawaiian Islands. In 1819-21, Bellingshausen and M. Lazarev at the "East" and "Mirny" gateways made the 2nd Arctic Expedition. In the course of its 16.1.1820, the ships approached Antarctic, which Bellinshausen called the "Ilicate Mainst". The expedition moved to the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean in Australia and opened O-Wa in the Tuamot Archipelago. They were named after Kutuzov, Lazarev, Raevsky, Barclay de Tolly, Yermolov, and others. Resting in Sydney, ships returned to the Antarctic and opened about. Peter I and the land of Alexander I. In July 1821, the ships were returned to Kronstadt, bringing a huge amount of materials and collections. The development of Russian America is associated with the name A. Baranova. A merchant from Kargopol was trading on Alaska from 1790. He compiled detailed maps of Alaska and nearby islands. In 1799, Baranov became the ruler of the colonies in America. B1804g. He founded Novoarhangelsk. Baranov tried to join Russia Hawaii, but failed. Despite the disease, he remained at the post before his death. The territory of the Far East remained on a Russian white spot. In 1848, Nikolai 1 sent an expedition to the Far East. He proved that Sakhalin-Island and researched the lowerland of Amur. E. Putyatin during the circular expedition of 1822-25. Owned by the Rimsky-Korsakov and concluded an agreement with Japan. Around the world expeditions were performed by V.Golovin-1807-11, f. Lytka-1826-29 and amounted to 50 cards. I. Voznesensky B1839-40. Described Alaska, Aleutian and Kurilsky O-Wa. In 1809 A. Kolodkin began the study of the Caspian. In 1848, E. Hoffman and M. Kovalsky investigated North. Ural. In 1845, a Russian geographical society was created.

Fanatical people these scientists, referee. How to read that it was necessary to survive and experience in distant geographical expeditions, what you wonder - why did they need it? Part of the answer is probably still refers to these people like Fyodor Konyukhov - they are in their blood. And the other part of course ministry is homeland, debris, country. I think they fully understood that they were increasing the greatness, wealth and prosperity of their state. If it were not for them - this would have made a citizen of another country and the map of the world would probably look different.

Here are some moments that you might not know ...

The XVIII century marked in Russian geographic history primarily with the Great Northern Expedition. Started in December 1724 for Personal Decree Peter I (First Kamchatka Expedition Vitus Bering), it continued in 1733-1743, already under Anna Ioannovna. The expedition consisted of seven independent missions, moving along the Arctic coast of Siberia to the shores of North America and Japan. The result of this large-scale project was the publication of the first complete geographical map of the Russian Empire.

Vasily Pronchishchev. Great Northern Expedition. 1735-1736

One of the participants in the Great Northern Expedition. The legendary personality in the Russian polar explorers. Legendary and romantic. Midshipman. He studied at the Maritime Academy together with the Seed Chelyusquean and Hariton Laptev, who also participated in this expedition under his start. And earlier, in 1722, Peter took part in the Persian campaign. And externally, by the way, it was very similar to the emperor.

Together with him, Tatyana's wife took part in the expedition. For that time it was so incredible that her presence on the ship was unofficial

During the Great Northern Expedition, Proncischev's detachment, consisting of 50 people, coming out in June 1735 of Yakutsk on the Sail-Rowing Dubel-boat "Yakutsk", was an accurate map of the channel and the mouth of the Lena River, the map of the sea coast of Laptev and opened a lot of islands lying north of the Taimyr Peninsula. In addition, group of nodcischev advanced to the north much further than other detachments: up to 77 ° 29 'p. sh.

But in the history of the development of the Arctic, Vorkishchev also entered due to romantic history. Together with him, Tatyana's wife took part in the expedition. For that time it was so incredible that her presence on the ship was unofficial. In August 1736, during one of the pickles on the polar islands, Broncev broke his leg and soon died of a complication caused by an open fracture. The wife survived him just a few days. They say that he died from grief. They buried them in one grave at Cape Tumul near the mouth of the Olenek River (today there is a village Ust-Olenek).

The new chief of the detachment was the navigator Semyon Chelyuskin, and after he went with the Sannaya Agency to Yakutsk with the expedition reports, he was changed by Hariton Laptev. Surprisingly, the names of Chelyuskin and Laptev were much brighter in public consciousness than the name of their commander Pronchischev. True, in the spring of 2018, the film "First" will be released on the screens, which tells about the fate of the spouses of Rodchishchev. Vasily's role will play Evgeny Tkachuk (Grigory Melekhov in the Quiet Don and Bear Jap in the same series). Perhaps the name of Pronchischev will still take a worthy place in a number of other great researchers in the Arctic.

Fedor Soymonov. Map of the Caspian Sea. 1731.

The life of this man asks for the film screen. He, as well as Bronchishev, participated in the Persian campaign of Peter I. He also was Martemary. But his fate did not associate with the Arctic, but with Caspian. Fyodor Soymonov entered the history of Russia as the first Russian hydrograph.

Whatever enough, but along and across a familiar to us today, the Caspian Sea in the XVIII century was still a solid terra of incognita. Yes, on him, since ancient times, the Volga people went to the Persecciniki - to Persia for Prince, to throw them overboard in a reclining wave, well, and other other goods. It was called "go for zipunov". But all this was solid amateur. Fedor Soymonov first inflicted the Caspian Sea to the map of the Russian Empire with all his bays, flames and peninsulas.

In Nerchinsk and Irkutsk, Soymonov organized the first navigator schools in Siberia, in which he taught personally. Then for six years was the governor of Siberia

Also under his leadership, the first detailed Atlas of the Baltic Sea was published and prepared for the publication of the Atlas of the White Sea, but here it begins strange. Of course, it was connected with the poverty political games. In 1740, Soymonov was deprived of all the ranks, he was semen whine (!) And Soslated on a catguard. Two years later, Elizabeth I returned it to the service, but left in Siberia. In Nerchinsk and Irkutsk, Soymonov organized the first navigator schools in Siberia, in which he taught personally. Then within six years was the Governor of Siberia. At the age of 70, he finally was allowed to return to Moscow. He died at the age of 88 in his estate under the Serpukhov.

Interesting fact. Soymonovsky passage in Moscow, not far from the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, is named after Soymonov's son, Mikhail, personality in his own kind of remarkable, one of the organizers of the mining in Russia.

Savva Hoshkin. New Earth. Mid XVIII century

G. A.Travnikov. Russian

If the previous two of our heroes were sovereign people and made their travels on duty, then Pomor Savva Hoshkin, a leaving from the village of Olonets, acted only at his own risk. He was the first person in the history of the development of the Russian North, who went around the new land from the north.

Hoshkin - Personality Almost mythological, but any self-respecting Northern Sailor knows His name Despite the fact that the only official source telling about his three-year journey is the story of Fedot Rakhmanin, recorded in 1788 by the Corresponding Member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Vasily Krestinin. Even the years of the journey of Sava Hoshkina are definitely not known to us. Some researchers believe that this is the beginning of the 1760s, others - that 1740s

Nikolay Mugubychikov. Malacca, Canton. 1760-1768.

While alone was mastered by the north, others moved to the south. A merchant Nikolai Pubyatchikov from the city of Trubchevsk Orlovskaya province in 1760-1768 made a completely unique journey through Southeast Asia, which, alas, remained not assessed by his contemporaries. Most likely, he was the first Russian who visited the Malay Peninsula and achieved around the sea, and not on land, the Chinese canton (now Guangzhou)

The merchant merchants made his journey with a completely practical purpose and, it seems, did not give him any historical meaning. He came down for 300 rubles. Go to Calcutta and recover a four thousandth debt with a Greek merchant stuck there

A merchant merchant for his journey (although it would be more correct to call him a collector) committed with a completely practical purpose and, it seems, did not give him any historical meaning. He came down for 300 rubles. Go to Calcutta and recover a four thousandth debt with the Greek merchant stuck there, who should have been this sum of his countrymen. Having passed through Constantinople, Baghdad and the Indian Ocean, he reached Calcutta. But it turned out that the debtor was already dead, and the jubiors had to return to their homeland incredibly a steep way: through Malacca, which Dutch, Chinese Canton and the English Island of Saint Helena (!) In London, and then to Lisbon and Paris. And finally, in St. Petersburg, where he visited for the first time in his life.

This amazing journey of the Trubuchevskaya merchant became more conveniently known when the mining was discovered in the central state archive, which he sent in 1770 in the name of Catherine II, with a request to transfer it to St. Petersburg merchants. In it, he described his route in detail. It's amazing that his report is absolutely deprived of any patio. He describes his nine-year-old journey, he describes enough scoop, like some country walk. And it offers itself as a trade consultant with the eastern countries.

Philipper Efremov. Bukhara - Tibet - Kashmir - India. 1774-1782.

The further fate of the Chelobytchikov remains unclear (most likely, his message to the Empress did not come across), but a servant, Unter-Officer Philip Efremov, a decade later, who made a similar journey, was represented by Catherine II and even erected to noble dignity.

The adventures of Philipper Efremova began in July 1774, when he was captured by Pugachev. Fight, but was captured by Kirgizov, who sold it to slavery to the Bukhara Emir

The adventures of Philipper Efremova began in July 1774, when he was captured by Pugachev. Fight, but was captured by Kirgiz, who sold it to slavery to the Bukhara Emir. Efremova was forced to accept Islam and were subjected to the most severe torture, but he did not betray the Christian faith, and then the Emir, admired by his courage, made him his centurion (UZ-Bashi). For participation in several battles, he received a big part of the Earth, but still dreamed of returning to his homeland. Having bought a fake passport, he fled again. All roads north were blocked, so he went south. Through Tibet and Kashmir, closed for Europeans, he fell into India, and from there to London, where he met with the Russian consul, who presented him with straight to be clear by the eyes of Catherine.

Later Efremov served as a translator in the Asian Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and in 1786 the first edition of his travel diary was published: "Russian Unter-Officer Efremova, now the college assessor, nine-year-old wandering and adventures in Bukhariya, Khiva, Persia and India and return from there by England To Russia, written by himself. " At the end of the XVIII century, the book became a bestseller and experienced three publications, but by the middle of the XIX century there was almost forgotten, like her author. Now the notebook, who passed with the Efremov Polmir, is kept in the handwritten department of the Pushkin House.

P. S. A lot of other travelers went soon in the footsteps of the publisher and Efremov. The most famous of them are Gerasim Lebedev, the first Russian Indologist, founded the first in India in the 1790s in Calcutta, in India.

Dmitry Rzhannikov

sources
https://www.moya-planeta.ru/travel/view/zabytye_russkie_puteshestvenniki_xviii_veka_36544/

And let's remember even, well, and a little

Who: Semen Dejnev, Cossack Ataman, merchant, merchant furs.

When: 1648

What opened: The first passed Bering Strait, which separates Eurasia from North America.

Thus, I found out that Eurasia and North America are two different continents, and that they do not climb.

Who: Fadda Bellinshausen, Russian Admiral, navigator.

Travels

When: 1820.

What opened: Antarctica, together with Mikhail Lazarev on the frigates "Vostok" and "Mirny".

Commanded "East". Prior to the expedition of Lazarev and Bellinshausen about the existence of this mainland was nothing unknown.

Also, the expedition of Bellinshausen and Lazarev finally dispelled the myth of the existence of the mythical "southern mainland", which was mistakenly applied to all medieval European maps.

Maigners, including the famous captain James Cook, were looking for this "South Mainland" in the Indian Ocean, more than three hundred and fifty years, and of course, did not find anything.

Who: Camera Ivan, Cossack and Hunter for the Solutions.

When: 1650s.

What opened: Filters Kamchatka, named in his honor.

Who: Semyon Chelyuskin, Polarnik, Officer of the Russian Fleet

When: 1742

What opened: The Northern Cape Eurasia, named after Cape Chelyuskin.

Who: Yermak Timofeevich, Cossack Ataman in the service of the Russian king. Surname Ermak is unknown. Perhaps Tokmak.

When: 1581-1585

What opened: I won and explored Siberia for the Russian state. To do this, entered into a successful armed struggle with the Tatar Khans in Siberia.

Ivan Kruzenshtern, Officer of the Russian Fleet, Admiral

When: 1803-1806.

What opened: Made the first round trip along the Russian navigators around the world along with Yuri Lisyansky at the Slap "Hope" and "Neva". Commanded "Hope"

Who: Yuri Lisya, Officer of the Russian Fleet, Captain

When: 1803-1806.

What opened: Made the first on-the-world swimming along Russian navigators around the Russian navigators together with Ivan Kruzenchtern on the gateways "Nadezhda" and "Neva". Commanded the "Neva".

Who: Peter Semenov-Tian-Shan

When: 1856-57

What opened: The first of the Europeans explored Tien Shan Mountains.

Also later studied a number of regions in Central Asia. For the study of the mining system and merit in front of science, from the authorities of the Russian Empire, the honorary name Tian-Shansky, which was the right to transfer and inherited.

Who: Vitus Bering

When: 1727-29

What opened: The second (after the Seeds of Dezhneva) and the first of the scientists of the researchers reached North America, having passed through the Bering Strait, thereby confirmed its existence. Reaffirmed that North America and Eurasia are two different continents.

Who: Khabarov Yerofey, Cossack, Ferry Merchant

When: 1649-53

What opened: He mastered the Russian part of Siberia and the Far East, he studied the land near the Amur River.

Who: Mikhail Lazarev, Russian Fleet Officer.

When: 1820

What opened: Antarctica, together with Faddeem Bellingsgausen, on the frigates "East" and "Mirny."

Commanded "peaceful". Prior to the expedition of Lazarev and Bellinshausen about the existence of this mainland was nothing unknown. Also, the Russian expedition finally dispelled the myth on the existence of the mythical "southern mainland", which was applied to medieval European maps, and who was unsuccessful looking for the seaflors of four hundred years in a row.

Of particular importance were the achievements of Russian scientists in the field of geographical research. Russian travelers visited such places where the European foot has not argued. In the second half XIX B.. Their efforts were focused on the study of the deep districts of Asia.

The start of expeditions to the depths of Asia was laid Peter Petrovich Semenov-Tian-Shansky (1827-1914), geographer, statistical, nerd.

He made a number of travels to the mountains of Central Asia, on Tien Shan. Heading the Russian Geographical Society, he began to play a leading role in developing plans for new expeditions.

Activities and other activities were connected with the Russian geographic society russian travelers - P.

A. Kropotkin and N. M. Przhevalsky.

P. A. Kropotkin In 1864-1866, he traveled through Northern Manchuria, Sayanam and Vitimsky plateau.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky (1839-1888)the first expedition was performed on the Ussuri region, then his paths flew through the most difficult areas of Central Asia.

He crossed Mongolia several times, North China, explored the Gobi Desert, Tien Shan, visited Tibet. He died on the way, at the beginning of his last expedition. In connection with the news about his death, A. P. Chekhov wrote that such "devotees are needed as the sun." "Composing the most poetic and cheerful element of society, he added," they excite them, comfort and add ...

Russian travelers of the 19th century (briefly)

If the positive types created by the literary work make up a valuable educational material, then the same types given by samo life, stand out of stock. "

Zaokan traveling Russians Scientists in the second half of the XIX in.

acquired more focused. If they were mainly limited to the description and application on the coastline map, then the life, culture, customs of local peoples were now studied. This direction, the beginning of which in the XVIII century. put S. P. Krasheninnikov, it was continued Nikolai Nikolayevich Miklukho-Maclay (1846-1888).

He made her first journey to the Canary Islands and in North Africa. At the beginning of the 70s, he visited a number of Pacific Islands, studied the life of local peoples. 16 months he lived among Papuans on the northeast coast of New Guinea (this place since then is called the shore of Maclay).

Russian scientist won the confidence and love of local residents. Then he traveled through the Philippines, Indonesia, Malacca, returned to the "Shore of Maclay" again. Described by scientists, the descriptions of life and morals, the economy and culture of the peoples of Oceania in a large part were published only after his death.

The world geographic science in those years relied in many ways to achieve Russian researchers.

By the end of the XIX century. The era of geographical discoveries ended. And only Ice expanses of the Arctic and Antarctic still kept many of their secrets. The heroic epic of the latest geographical discoveries, the active participation in which the Russian researchers adopted, falls at the beginning of the XX century.

§ the first Russian Marxist V.

Plekhanov
§Nocolno revolutionary activities of Lenin
§ Internal reign of Alexander I
§ Internal Patriotic War 1812
§Found of the Patriotic War 1812

XIX century Became the time of the largest geographical discoveries committed by Russian people. Continuing the traditions of their predecessors - the discovers and travelers of the XVII-XVI11 centuries. They enriched the representation of the Russians on the people's economy, CNO-J computed the development of new territories included in the empire. Russia first implemented a long-standing dream: Russian ships reached the world ocean.

In 1803, at the direction of Alexander I, an expedition was undertook on two ships "Hope" and "Neva" for the study of the Northern Pacific. It was the first Russian round-the-world expedition, which lasted three years. It was headed by its corresponding correspondent of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770-1846). It was one of the largest seafarers and geographers of the century. During the expedition, they were first applied to a map of more than a thousand kilometers of shores about. Sakhalin. Many interesting observations left the travel participants not only about the Far East, but also about the territories through which they sailed. Commander "Neva" Yuriy Fedorovich Lisya (1773-1837) opened one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, called him name. Many interesting data was collected by the participants of the expedition about the Aleutian Islands and Alaska, the islands of the Pacific and Ice Oceans. The results of the observations were reported at the Academy of Sciences. They were so weighty that I.F. Kruzenshtern was awarded the title of academician. His materials were based on the basis of * published in the early 20_x. "Atlas of the South Seas." In 1845, Admiral Kruzenshtern became one of the founders of the Russian geographical society and brought up a whole pleiad of Russian navigators and researchers.

One of the students and followers of Kruzhenstern became Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen (1778-1852). He was a member of the first Russian round-the-world expedition, and after her return he commanded the "Minerva" frigate on the Black Sea. In 1819-1821. He was entrusted to head the new round-the-world expedition at the East Sluts (he commanded) and "Mirny" (Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev was appointed commander). The expedition project was compiled by Cruise. Its main purpose was marked "the acquisition of the utmost knowledge of our globe" and the "opening of the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole". On January 16, 1820, the expedition approached the shores of the unknown at the time by Antarctica, which Bellinshausen called the "Ice Londe". After parking in Australia, the Russian ships moved to the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean, where they were opened by a group of islands in the Tuamot Archipelago, called Russian Islands. Each of them received the name of the famous military or sea leader of our country (Kutuzov, Lazareva, Raevsky, Barclay de Tolly, Wittgenstein, Yermolov, etc.). After the new parking in Sydney, the expedition again moved to Antarctica, where they were open. Peter I and the coast of Alexander I. In July 1821, she returned to Kronstadt. For 751 day of swimming, Russian ships passed the way with a length of about 50 thousand miles. In addition to the geographical discoveries made, valuable ethnographic and biological collections were also brought, these observations of the waters of the World Ocean and the icy coatings of the continent for humanity. Later both leader of the expedition heroically showed themselves in the Military Service to Fatherland. A M.P. Lazarev after the defeat of the Turks at the Navarino Battle (1827) was appointed chief commander of the Black Sea Fleet and Russian ports on the Black Sea coast.

Gennady Ivanovich Nevelsky became the largest researcher of the Russian Far East of the middle of the century (1813-1876). Having since the XVIII century. Extensive possessions in the Far East, Russia did not succeed in their development. Even the exact limits of the eastern ownership of the country were not known. Meanwhile, the attention to Kamchatka and other Russian territories began to show England. This forced Nicholas I on the suggestion of the Governor General of Eastern Siberia N.N. Muravyova (Amur) to equip in 1848 a special expedition to the East. He headed her captain Nevelsky. In two expeditions (1848-1849 and 1850-1855) he managed, bypassing Sakhalin from the north, to discover a number of new, unknown territories before and entering the lowerland of Amur, where in 1850 he founded the Nikolaev post (Nikolaevsk-on-Amur). Traveling Nevelsky was important: for the first time it was proven, something Sakhalin is not completely connected with the mainland, and is the island and the Tatar Strait there is precisely the shed, and not the bay, as it considered it, Laeza visited these places.

Evfimiy Vasilyevich Putyatin (1804-1883) in 1822-1825. Arched around the world and left the descendants a description "of a lot from what he seen. In 1852-1855 during the expedition led by the Fregate" Pallada ", the islands of Roman-Korzakov were opened. He became the first of the Russians, who managed to visit, in the closed from Europeans Japan And even sign the contract there (1855).

The result of the expeditions of Nevelsky and Putyatina, except for the purely scientific, was the recognition of Europe's existence of the Primorskaya Obra (Nikolaevsk) and the fact of its belonging to Russia.

In the first half of the XIX century. Other discoveries were also committed. Traditional steel around the world expeditions: V.M. Head; At Diana Sluts (1807-1811) and "Kamchatka" (1817-1819), F.P. A liter at the Military Salt "Seyhanin" (1826-1829, for the material of the las of which more than 50 cards were drawn up) and others.

Exceptionally useful and necessary information on Alaska, Aleutian and Kuril Islands spent in 1839-1849; IG Voznesensky.

In 1809 A.E. Kolodkin began an intensive study of the Caspian, ended in 17 years by the preparation of the first atlas of the Caspian Sea.

In 1848, a study was conducted by the Northern Urals (up to the Kara Sea) E.K. expedition Hoffman and MA Kovalsky.

Expeditions in the north of Siberia were crowned with twisted results, conducted in 1842-1845. A.F. Middendorf (first described the Taimyr region).

P.A. Chihachev was opened to the Kuznetsky coal pool.

The successes of Russian travelers were so tanks that it took the creation of special institutions for the conversion and use of the results obtained. The most important among them was the Russian Geographical Society opened in 1845.

Open lesson. For grade 8. Education and science in the 19th century.

Russian discovers and travelers.

At the very beginning of the 19th century, a system of higher, secondary and primary education has developed in Russia. The reform in the field of education conducted in 1803 led to the creation in each provincial city of gymnasium. In every district of the county school. The Ministry of Folk Enlightenment was created to manage educational institutions. Government paid great attention to the development of higher education.

1. The universities and the dates of their education.

Derptsky 1802g

Kazan 1804

Kharkov 1804.

Vilensky 1804

Petersburg 1819

Alexandrovsky (Tsarskoselsky) Lyceum 1811

In which representatives of the Higher Nobility Society (A.S. Pushkin) were trained.

2. Fill in the table. Educational institutions under Nikolai 1.

Who and what was taught.

Parish schools

Representatives of the bottom. The law of God, diploma, arithmetic.

County schools

Children of merchants, artisans, burghers. Russian language arithmetic, geometry, history, geography.

Gymnasium

Children of the nobility, officials, merchants of the first guild. We studied accurate and humanitarian items.

3. Specify a bookbook, whose books contributed to the development of education in the 40s. 19th century?

A. Satent I.D.

B. Sirdin A.F.

V. Soldatenkov K.T.

Pavlenkov F. F.

4. Fill the table.

Improving the education system in many ways contributed to the development of domestic science.

Branch of science

opening

biology

Dvigubsky I.A.

The earth's surface and inhabiting its creatures over time under the action of natural causes are undergoing indigenous changes.

Dyadkovsky I.E.

Life is a continuous physicochemical process.

Bar K.M. 1834

Universal Law Development of Nature.

medicine

Pirogov N.I.1856.

The founder of military field surgery first used anesthesia.

geology

N.I. Kokshars 1840.

A geological map of European Russia was compiled.

Astronomy

Creating powerful telescopes. Pulkovo observatory

mathematics

Lobachevsky N.I. 1826

Neevklidova geometry.

Petrov V.V.1802.

Developed a galvanic battery. Difficult light bulb.

Lenz E.H. 1833.

Rule direction of driving force induction. A year later invented the electric motor.

Jacobi B.S. 1840

Halvonoplasty-method of applying metal on the desired surface with electricity .. The letterpress device for Telegraph.1850g

Schilling pl.1832g

Invented electric telegraph.

Guess the crossword. Chemistry, science and production. Taking advantage of the textbook on page 105-106

1. In 1826-27, one of these researchers laid the beginning of powder metallurgy.

2. This researcher opened the basic law of photochemistry.

3. 6. In the 1930s of the 19th century, these brothers are the fortress mechanics of the Nizhnyagilsky Metallurgical Plant built the first steam railway.

4. In 1840, this scientist opened the main law of thermochemistry.

5. In 1817, this outstanding metallurgist developed four variants of bouquet steel technology.

6. Chemistry researcher has developed a method for producing glucose.

7. One of these chemists created sustainable chemical dyes for the rapidly developing textile industry.

Distinctive features of the development of education and science in the first half of the 19th century were: an increase in the number of higher and secondary educational institutions and representatives of various layers of the country's population and students in them; the increase in the number of scientists; The major successes achieved on this basis in the development of domestic and world science; strengthening the practical focus of scientific research; Strengthening bonds of science with industrial production

6. Russian discover and travelers.

The 19th century became the time of the largest geographical discoveries committed by Russian researchers. Continuing the traditions of their predecessors-landlords and travelers in the 17-18 centuries, they enriched the representation of Russians about the environment, contributed to the development of new territories included in the empire. Russia for the first time implemented Soyu a long-time dream: her ships came to the world ocean.

Working with the text insert missed words.

1.Rerrusenshtern I.F. and Lissean Yu.F.

In 1803, at the direction of Alexander 1, an expedition was made on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" for the study of the northern part of the Pacific. It was the first Russian expedition, which lasted three years. She was headed by Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern-a largest navigator and a 19th century scientist.

During the swim, it was first applied to a map of more than a thousand kilometers of the shores of Sakhalin Island. Yu.F. Lisyansky discovered one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, called him name. A lot of data was collected by the participants of the expedition about the Aleutian Islands and Alaska. Islands of the Pacific and Ice Oceans.

The results of the observations were set forth in the report of the Academy of Sciences. Kruzenshtern I.F was awarded the title of academician. His materials were based on the basis of the "South Seas Atlas" published in the early 20s. In 1845, Admiral Kruzenshtern I.F became one of the founders of the Russian geographical society.

Work with a map. Relate information to the task.

2. Bellingsgausen F.F. and Lazarev M.P.

One of the students and followers of Kruzhenstern became Fadeevich Bellingshausen. He was a member of the first Russian round-the-world expedition.

In 1819-1821, Bellinshausen was instructed to head the new round-the-world expedition at the East and Mirny gateways. The plan of the expedition was Kruzenshtern I.F. The main goal was labeled "Acquisition of the utmost knowledge of our globe" and "Opening of the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole."

On January 16, 1820, the expedition approached the shores of the unknown at that time Antarctica, which Bellinshausen called "Ilicate Mother". After the parking lot in Australia, the Russian ships moved to the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean, where they were opened by a group of islands called the Russians of Russians.

For 751 day of swimming, Russian sailors passed about 50 thousand km. The most important geographical discoveries were made, valuable collections were brought. These observations of the waters of the oceans and the icy coatings are new to the continent for humanity.

Teaching report. Turn the missed words.

3. Banov A.A. And the development of Russian America.

Alexander Alexandrovich Baranova is difficult to attribute to the discoverers or travelers in the strict sense of the word. But it was a person who made an invaluable contribution to the development of Russian America's substitre.

In search of new areas of the hunt of the rams, the island of Kodiak and other territories, kept searching for minerals, founded new Russian settlements and supplied them with everything necessary. Foreign exchange with locals. It was he who was for the first time to consolidate the extensive territories in the Pacific Coast of North America for the first time. Baranov's activity was extremely difficult and dangerous. Permanent raids of the Indians were worth the Russian settlers not only considerable money, but also lives. Only in 1802, when attempting to create a settlement on the island of Sitka, more than 200 settlers were killed.

The efforts of Baranov were so successful that in 1799 he became the ruler of the Russian-American company, and 1803 was appointed ruler of Russian colonies in America. In 1804, the Baranov on the island of Sitka founded the fortress of Novoarhangelsk, and then Fort Ross. In 1825, he took an expedition to the Hawaiian Islands for the purpose of their accession to Russia. However, good luck did not bring. In 1818, he received consent to departures from America to his homeland. On the road, on the island of Java, Baranov died in 1819.

Work with a map. Relate information to the task

4. Nevelsky G.I. And E.V. Putitin.

Gennady Ivanovich Nevelovskaya became the largest researcher of the Russian Far East of the mid-19th century.

In two expeditions (1848-1849 and 1850-1855), he managed by Sakhalin from the north, to open a number of new, unknown territories and enter the lowerland of Amur. Here in 1850 he founded the Nikolaev post (Nikolaevsk-on-Amur). Traveling Nevelsky was important: for the first time it was proved that Sakhalin was not connected with the mainland at all. And is the island and the Tatar strait, exactly the shed, and not the bay, as thought.

Efimiy Vasilyevich Putyatin in 1822-1825. Made a world journey and left the descendants description seen. In 1852-1855. During the expedition led by the Fregate "Pallada", the islands of Rimsky-Kororsakov were opened. Putyatin became the first of the Russians who managed to visit Japan closed from Europeans and even sign a contract in 1855.

The result of the expeditions of Nevelsky and Putyatina, except for purely scientific, was the consolidation of Russia of the Primorsk region in the Far East.

The scientific information collected by Russian travelers was so extensive and significant that it took the creation of special institutions for their generalization and use.

The most important of them was the Russian Geographical Society opened in 1845. It turned into a center of geographic knowledge in Russia. Regularly became the organization of scientific expeditions. Conducting research of the population of Russia and neighboring countries. Edition of geographical and statistical collections. For the development of economic and geographical research of Siberia, the Far East, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia and Central Asia in 1851, the Caucasian and Siberian departments of the Russian Geographical Society were created.

8. Master the task of paragraphs 15. 16.