The largest islands are Sumatra, Kalimantan, the most populous island of Java, Sulawesi and Irian. Indonesia is the largest archipelago in the world, consisting of 5 large islands and 30 groups of small ones. The island of Bali, the most attractive for tourists, is one of the 27 provinces and special territories of Indonesia.
The country's territory is predominantly mountainous. The highest peak in Indonesia - Puncak Jaya, 5039 m - is located on the island of New Guinea in the Sudirman Mountains. The highest islands besides New Guinea are Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, Sulawesi and Seram. The islands contain approx. 400 volcanoes, including over 100 active ones. The highest of them is Kerinci (3800 m) in Sumatra. In 1883, the eruption of the Krakatoa volcano created a 20-meter sea wave, and volcanic ash covered almost a third of Indonesia's territory.
The country occupies a leading position in South and Southeast Asia in terms of oil reserves (2.5–3 billion tons) and oil production, ranks sixth in the world in natural gas production, ranks sixth in the world in natural gas production, and in terms of its exports it ranks first. and in terms of its exports it ranks first. Indonesia ranks second in the world in tin mining and fourth in nickel mining. The country has large reserves of coal, copper, and uranium ore. Bauxite, gold, silver, and diamonds are mined. The largest oil reserves are concentrated on the islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan.
The land occupied by salt and fresh water bodies covers about 0.5 million and 0.2 million hectares of land respectively. Rivers almost everywhere form a very dense network. The largest of them are: Kapuas and Barito in Kalimantan; Hari, Kampar and Musi in Sumatra; Mamberamo and Digul in New Guinea. Due to the abundant deposition of river sediments in the lower reaches, lowland rivers constantly change their channels.
The basis of the fuel and energy complex is formed by the coal and oil and gas industries. The basis of the fuel and energy complex is formed by the coal and oil and gas industries. The textile industry is the main branch of light industry in the state: it produces cotton fabrics, clothing, carpets, fabrics and shoes. The textile industry is the main branch of light industry in the state: it produces cotton fabrics, clothing, carpets, fabrics and shoes. The timber industry is developed (many tropical forests). The timber industry is developed (many tropical forests). The chemical complex has received sufficient development: they produce chemical fertilizers, rubber, and pharmaceuticals. The chemical complex has received sufficient development: they produce chemical fertilizers, rubber, and pharmaceuticals. Indonesia also has a developed construction materials and food industry. Indonesia also has a developed construction materials and food industry. The basis of the fuel and energy complex is formed by the coal and oil and gas industries. The basis of the fuel and energy complex is formed by the coal and oil and gas industries. The textile industry is the main branch of light industry in the state: it produces cotton fabrics, clothing, carpets, fabrics and shoes. The textile industry is the main branch of light industry in the state: it produces cotton fabrics, clothing, carpets, fabrics and shoes. The timber industry is developed (many tropical forests). The timber industry is developed (many tropical forests). The chemical complex has received sufficient development: they produce chemical fertilizers, rubber, and pharmaceuticals. The chemical complex has received sufficient development: they produce chemical fertilizers, rubber, and pharmaceuticals. Indonesia also has a developed construction materials and food industry. Indonesia also has a developed construction materials and food industry.
GDP structure: 25% - manufacturing industry, 17.5% - agriculture, 12% - mining industry, 16% - trade and restaurant and hotel complex, 10% - service sector, 6% - construction industry, 6% - transport and communications . Indonesia exports: natural rubber and palm oil (2nd place in the world), copra, coffee, tea and spices, tropical wood products. The main trading partners have traditionally been: The main trading partners have traditionally been: USA, Japan, Singapore, China, Taiwan and EU countries.
Purpose of the lesson: to introduce the features of the Australian mainland.
Tasks :
educational - to study the mainland’s physical characteristics, the main forms of relief, to introduce travelers;
developing - to improve the concept of “physical and geographical position of the continent”;
educational – to cultivate interest in the subject, broaden one’s horizons.
Lesson type: learning new material.
Lesson form: travel lesson.
Equipment: physical map of Australia, textbook, atlas, contour maps, additional material on the topic, computer.
During the classes
Stage 1: Organizational.
Communicate the topic, objectives, and lesson plan.
Lesson plan (on the board):
1. Treasures of the fifth continent.
2. History of discovery.
3.FGP (practical work).
4. Relief.
Teacher's introduction:
Dear Guys! Today we will travel around Australia. “Terra incognito”, as Australia was called in the old days, still remains for us a land full of mysteries, surprises and treasures. Like no other place on the planet, Australia amazes with its diversity. This is a country of beautiful roads and endless ocean beaches, a land of unbroken mustangs and coral reefs. Australia has no rivals in terms of the number of species of unique plants and animals. In fact, the entire country is a nature reserve of world significance, and 80% of the animals are endemic, as they are found only here.
Slide show.
- Exercise: Write down the date, topic and lesson plan in your notebooks.
Stage 2: Study a new topic
.1. Treasures of the fifth continent.
Teacher: If tourists go to European countries to admire ancient palaces and museums, then everyone is drawn to Australia by the desire to see a herd of kangaroos with their own eyes or hold a real koala bear in their arms, so melancholic that it looks more like a soft toy. In spring, a sea of calla lilies blooms everywhere here, just like our coltsfoot, and colorful geraniums bloom luxuriantly along the entire coast. Dreams come true on the Gold Coast: in the Exotic Animal Park, a dingo, a platypus and an emu, which runs faster than a horse, live side by side, and white cockatoos are as common here as pigeons. Arriving in Australia, tourists are always faced with a difficult choice of what to choose: scuba diving in the waters of the Great Barrier Reef, swimming in waterfalls in the wild jungle, or a trip to the Blue Mountains covered with eucalyptus forests. These mountains are called blue because under the direct rays of the sun, essential oil begins to evaporate from the leaves of millions of eucalyptus trees, creating the effect of a blue glow. In Australia, eucalyptus trees are also called “pump trees” because they “pump” a lot of water from the ground. And, of course, the beautiful city of Sydney, which is lined along the bay with a line of multi-colored skyscrapers. Sydney's most famous building is the Opera House. It resembles stretched sails frozen in stone. The Bay Bridge and the original Opera House are considered as symbols of Australia as the kangaroo and the koala.
Slide show.
2. History of discovery.
Teacher: Australia was discovered by Europeans later than other continents. Even ancient scientists assumed that there was land south of the Southern Tropic.
Assignment: After carefully listening to the students’ messages, write down the names of the travelers in their notebooks.
Student reports about travelers.
3. FGP. Practical work.
Teacher: Using the physical map of Australia and the plan in the Appendix, we will determine the FGP of the mainland.
Task: Complete task No. 1 in the contour map.
4. Relief.
Teacher: The relief of Australia is relatively simple. In the process of development, the continent experienced uplifts, subsidences and faults. In profile, Australia looks like a “saucer”: the western and eastern parts are raised. In the east are the Great Dividing Range mountains and the highest point of Kosciuszko. In the west, the mountains turn into the Central Lowland. Australia is rich in all major minerals.
Task: Complete task No. 2 on the contour map.
Stage 3: Fixing the material.
Teacher: Guys, we met Australia - the smallest, southernmost, most remote, driest, most sparsely populated continent on the globe. We learned about the treasures of the fifth continent.
Task: Complete the final test on the options (Annex 1).
Stage 4: Summarizing the material studied, homework assignment:
Teacher: Guys, today we met another continent - Australia. The antiquity of most of the continent is one of the leading factors that determines the uniqueness of its nature, but this is a topic for another lesson.
Grading.
Homework: §35, complete tasks No. 3 and No. 4 in the contour map.
Presentation for the lesson notes on this topic.
View document contents
“Presentation for the geography lesson “Continents and Islands” (grade 5)”
Internal structure of the Earth
Earth's crust Mantle Core
external internal
Earth's crust
thin layer.
Thickness under mountains
more than 80 km,
under the oceans
Mined
coal, oil, precious stones.
Mantle
Translated from Greek
cloak, blanket
To be deep
What is the state of aggregation?
semi-liquid-semi-viscous hot mass.
Core
Divided into 2 parts
internal and external
The external has a state of aggregation
The internal has a state of aggregation
Core temperature
Give definitions:
Lithosphere (from Greek litos - stone) -
the upper solid shell of the Earth, formed by the earth's crust and the upper layer of the mantle.
Earthquake -
As a result of ruptures and displacements in the earth's crust, sharp vibrations of the earth's surface occur - earthquakes.
Tsunami –
giant waves caused by underwater earthquakes .
Lesson topic:
"Continents and Islands".
Relief
The totality of all the irregularities of the earth's surface forms it relief .
The largest landforms on Earth are continental protrusions and
oceanic trench .
The structure of their earth's crust is different. Scientists believe that it was first formed oceanic crust .
Then, as a result of internal processes on the Earth, mountainous areas, sedimentary and granite layers began to form, and continental protrusions formed.
Thus, continental crust differs from oceanic in greater thickness, as well as in the number and composition of layers.
The ocean floor is not inferior to land in terms of diversity of relief.
Deep underwater, as on land, there are plains, depressions and mountain ranges.
There is twice as much land in the Northern Hemisphere as in the Southern Hemisphere.
The area of all continents is 29% of the Earth's surface.
The Republic of Kazakhstan – one of the countries farthest from the oceans. It is located in the center of the largest continent on Earth - Eurasia .
Eurasia is the only continent washed by the waters of all oceans. Eurasia - the largest in area.
Africa - the hottest continent.
North America has the northernmost point of land.
South America – the wettest and greenest.
Australia - the smallest and driest.
Antarctica - ice continent.
In addition to the continents, the World Ocean contains smaller land areas - islands .
Compared to the continents, the area of the islands is much smaller.
They, like the continents, are surrounded on all sides by water.
The islands vary in origin.
Alone islands (mainland) They represent the outskirts of the continent, separated from the main part by some kind of strait.
Others have volcanic past .
The third owe their appearance living organisms ( coral islands ).
Islands: -New Guinea; -Honshu; - Great Britain;
Sumatra; -Kalimantan.
Islands :
Greenland
Baffin Island
Islands :
Madagascar
The largest island on Earth is Greenland.
Its area is 2.2 million km².
Archipelago – islands located in groups and having the same origin.
For example, Hawaiian Islands, Canary Islands.
In the central and western parts of the Pacific Ocean there are numerous clusters of islands, more than 7 thousand.
This Oceania . Sometimes it is isolated into a separate part of the world.
These islands are home to more than 15 independent states.
Practical work
Place the names of continents and large islands on the contour map:
Greenland
New Guinea
Kalimantan
Madagascar
Baffin Island
Great Britain
“Travel and Discovery” - Columbus’s discoveries forced the Portuguese to hurry up. Routes of the most important travels. Christopher Columbus. Doubts arose that the newly discovered lands were India. Prince Henry (Enrique), nicknamed the navigator, is the organizer of long-distance voyages of the Portuguese. Great geographical discoveries. Vasco da Gama discovered the sea route to India, a land of fabulous wealth.
"Research of the 19th Century" - 2.2nd Russian round-the-world expedition. Russian Expeditions In the beginning. 19th century. G.I. Nevelskoy. Ice mountains in Antarctica. 5. Other expeditions. 3. Development of Russian America. XIX century. Russian history. Lesson plan. Around the world expeditions were made by V. Golovin-1807-11, F. Litke-1826-29 and compiled 50 maps. Lesson assignment.
“Geographical discoveries” - Write a story from the perspective of an expedition member. Sailing along the west coast of Africa. Make a chronological table: “Great geographical discoveries of the XY-XYII centuries.” What expeditions are discussed in the documents in the worksheet? The Journey of Vasco da Gama. Mark on the contour map the routes of the discoverers of the XY - XYI centuries.
“Discoveries in Geography” - Holland. Martin Beheim. Abel Tasman. Geography. Discovery of America. 1648 Russia. 1488 USA. 1820 Reached the shores of North America. Eratosthenes. Jacques Piccard and Donald Walsh. 1960 We made our first climb to Everest. We dived to the bottom of the Mariana Trench in the Trieste bathyscaphe. Made a trip to China.
“Expeditions” - Dmitry Ovtsyn 1734, 1735, 1736-1737. Ships J. The most important stage in the accumulation of knowledge about the Earth. P. Lasinius and Dmitry Laptev 1735-1739 XVIII - XIX - early XX centuries. Shelekhov Bay. Khariton Laptev and Semyon Chelyuskin 1739-1742. Aivazovsky I.K. "Shipwreck". Lomonosov was the first in Russia to study the upper layers of the atmosphere.
“The History of the Discovery of the Earth” - Karakka “Victoria” is the first ship in history to circumnavigate the globe. Magellan's Cross. The voyage was completed by J. S. Elcano, who circumnavigated Africa from the south. Small Magellanic Cloud. Visible to the naked eye in the Southern Hemisphere. During the first voyage around the world, he kept diaries, which he presented to Emperor Charles V.
There are a total of 22 presentations in the topic
Good day, dear readers of the site “I and the World”! Today we want to tell you about the islands and we will definitely highlight the largest island in the world. Even the largest of them differ from the continents in their size - they are smaller than continents and are surrounded by water on all sides. But even during high tides they are not sinkable, because... are above sea level.
We present to you the top 10 largest islands, and which is the largest and what it is called, you will find out by reading the article to the end.
In 10th place is Ellesmere - 196,236 sq. km
Snow, eternal glaciers, remains of prehistoric animals - this is how Ellesmere Island can be described. The map shows that this is the northern island of Canada with a population of only 150 people.
It was discovered by the English sailor and traveler William Baffin in the 17th century. It is difficult to live here due to the very harsh climate.
The closest Canadian city is difficult to get to – 3,578 km. Even the North Pole is much closer - 817 km, but local residents probably don’t need to go there.
Next on the list is Victoria Island - 217,290 sq. km
The English navigators were very brave when they discovered many territories. Victoria was also discovered by the Englishman Thomas Simpson in the early 19th century and named it after his queen.
At first, only meteorologists lived here, and only towards the end of the 20th century did Eskimos begin to move here, engaging in fishing activities.
The island's area can fit, for example, the small country of Belarus.
8th place - Honshu - 227,970 sq. km
According to legend, in the old days the Gods decided to divide the ocean and cut the water with a huge sword. And when they raised the sword, 4 drops slowly fell down and formed islands. The largest turned into an island called Honshu. It’s a pity that the drops fell on seismically unstable places, because earthquakes are frequent on the island.
The famous Fuji volcano rises here. Currently, about 103 million people live on the island and they are not crowded anywhere.
This is where major cities are located: Tokyo, Osaka, Kyoto, Hiroshima - and all this is Japan.
7th place is taken by Great Britain – 229,848 sq. km
Great Britain is also an island, and it is the largest in Europe.
The beginning of the history of the island is considered to be 43 BC. e. Since ancient times, the Noto people lived here; later, modern people began to populate the territory. A chain of white chalk rocks stretches along the island. It is said that because of the white color, Great Britain came to be called by the Roman word Albion (white).
The territory is densely populated and more than 61 million people live here.
Sumatra is in 6th place - 471,066 sq. km
Located in one of the parts of Indonesia. The territory is crossed almost in the middle by the equator, so Sumatra is located in two hemispheres at once.
Tsunamis and earthquakes happen quite often here, but with 50 million people living here, it's not too much of a concern.
The Toba volcano exploded here 73,000 years ago, triggering an 1,800-year ice age.
The lands of Sumatra have many mineral resources: gold, nickel, tin, iron, coal, oil, but all these riches belong to Indonesia. Go on a trip to the shores of Sumatra, it’s better to fly by plane: pirates are rampant on the waters.
5th place - Baffin Island - 507,451 sq. km
And again we are in Canada! And again the English discoverer is William Baffin. In the 17th century, he was looking for a way to the shores of fabulous India. Well, before reaching my destination, I accidentally discovered the island and the nearby sea.
Everything was named after the sailor. What is good in the land of polar cold?
Of course there is a rich world of animals: deer, polar bears, polar owls, white wolves, arctic foxes. Well, there are as many as 11 thousand people! Many people do not like the polar cold and frost even in July.
In 4th place is Madagascar - 587,713 sq. km
This is both a state and an island, the shores of which are washed by the waters of the Indian Ocean and are home to more than 24 million people.
Madagascar has recently become known throughout the world for the cartoon of the same name. Look, very funny!
Scientists believe that the island broke away from Africa on one side and from India on the other, so there is very rare flora and fauna here. And there are a huge number of different spices, for example, tsilanindimilahi pepper.
3rd place belongs to the island of Kalimantan - 748,168 sq. km
It was divided by three states at once: Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei. How many countries, so many preferences. Some call it Borneo, others call it Kalimantan - translated as “diamond river”, because there are a huge amount of diamonds here. Of course, this is not a private island of one of the states. They just have an influence on him.
The first people settled here about 40,000 years ago and currently the population has increased to 20 million people.
The territory is also called riverine, because the longest of the island rivers, the Kapuas River (1143 km), flows here.
Residents of one of the cities walk here every day along the equator, as if along a boulevard, because the city is located right on the equator line. The beautiful sandy beach attracts many tourists.
New Guinea takes 2nd place – 786,000 sq. km
There are few continents in the world, and although Australia is its smallest continent, it lays claim to many nearby territories. So New Guinea belonged to this country until the middle of the 20th century, but then it still granted independence. There is still an uninhabited corner here that attracts researchers with rare specimens of plants and animals.
In some places in New Guinea, primitive life has been preserved. These lands were discovered not by an Englishman, but by a navigator from Portugal in the 16th century. According to legend, he looked at the curly hair of the aborigines and named the new land Papua - “curly.” The current population is 9.5 million people.
And finally, 1st place – Greenland – 2,130,800 sq. km
Green Island - Greenland, owned by Denmark, is the largest of the world's islands.
Why it’s green is unclear, because there’s a lot of ice around. History is silent about this. Greenland is home to about 57,000 people, but most of it is covered by glaciers and is therefore uninhabited.
Local Eskimos have been fishing since ancient times. But the first Europeans settled here in 875.
Greenland passed from Denmark to Norway several times. You ask: which country does it belong to now? Little Denmark. And if to its 43,000 sq. km add Greenland, then Denmark will be the 13th largest in the world. Now the local population is engaged not only in fishing, but also raising deer and sheep, and also extracting oil.
Tourism is well developed here - about 20,000 tourists come here every year. It is high time to recognize Greenland as a continent, because it is only three times smaller than Australia.
I would also like to tell you about the Greek island of Crete
Here legends and myths live next to modern reality. Every year up to 4 million tourists visit these beautiful places.
And many people want to become local property owners, and the quality of these houses is excellent. They say: “Greece has everything,” but Crete also has everything – a wonderful climate, a huge number of attractions, calm beaches and, of course, shopping.
We talked about the largest and most amazing islands on the planet. The list of wonderful places can be extended, but we will stop at ten. These are picturesque corners of nature. But there is a concept - an artificial island created by man. That's what we'll talk about in the following articles. Follow our publications and recommend reading to your friends. In the meantime, we say goodbye, see you again!
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