Wondering how many km from Russia to USA, first of all, you need to take into account from which and to which place this distance will be measured. After all, both the USA and Russia are large countries, with a huge extent of territory. Let's say America stretches from the shores of the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans. Therefore, it is necessary to consider various options.
How many kilometers from Russia to the USA with a report from Moscow
Traditionally, the distance between countries is reported from capital to capital. It’s more convenient, especially since these are the most popular routes for tourists, businessmen, and so on. From Moscow to Washington in a straight line - 7.8 thousand kilometers, to New York - 7.5 thousand kilometers.
The term “direct” in this case means the length of the “air” path, that is, exactly as much as how many km from Russia to USA must be overcome by plane. Distance to other cities is:
- to Chicago - eight thousand kilometers;
- to San Francisco - 9.5 thousand kilometers;
- to Los Angeles - 9.7 thousand kilometers.
The journey by plane between Moscow and Washington will take more than ten hours. The time difference between our countries is ten hours in summer time and eleven in winter time (we are talking about the Pacific coast of America).
Path through the Bering Strait
Many people don’t think about it, but how many km from Russia to USA, can be determined by calculating the distance across the Bering Strait in the Pacific Ocean, from which Alaska is very close.
There is a generally accepted opinion that this distance is about 86 kilometers, that is, equal to the width of the Bering Strait. Although it is even smaller.
Just four kilometers - that's it how many km from Russia to USA, if you take the path from Ratmanov Island to Kruzenshtern Island, which belongs to America. According to the agreement on the sale and purchase of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, signed in 1867, the border between Russia and America runs in the middle between the above islands. And the distance between them is just four kilometers. They say that when the weather is clear, there are no clouds or fog, the American coast is visible even without binoculars.
By the way, since the end of the nineteenth century, governments have been discussing the feasibility and possibility of building a tunnel or bridge across the Bering Strait, which would connect Chukotka and Alaska. But until now, for various reasons (financial, technical), this idea has not been brought to life. Although such a tunnel could become a real “window to America.”
We are used to treating time zones in a purely practical way - they are important when traveling and long trips. If you forget about the time zone, you can miss your flight and simply get lost in time. Time zones are counted from Greenwich - the conditional zero line to the “plus” (to the east) and to the “minus” (to the west). But, since the Earth is round, there is a place where time zones converge, where “today” and “tomorrow” meet. This place is called the "Date Line" and it runs through the Pacific Ocean.
You can cross it using the Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky - Anchorage flight of Yakutia Airlines. Since you are not flying as usual, through Europe, but “in the opposite direction,” you arrive in the USA as if on a day that has already passed. When you fly back to Kamchatka, you “return” to the future.
Recently, I myself was able to make such a trip back in time together with the Yakutia airline.
1.
On July 11, at 5 am, I flew from Novosibirsk to Yakutsk on a Yakutia airline flight. The longest day of my life has begun. After 5 hours, transfer to a flight to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and from there to Alaska.
2. Flights to Anchorage operate every week on Mondays, but only until August 29. This connection to summer is related to the weather - July and August in Kamchatka and Alaska are ideal for tourists.
3. The head office of Yakutia Airlines is located in Yakutsk. It operates regular flights to all regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), many cities of the Russian Federation, international scheduled and charter flights.
4. Smooth takeoff from Yakutsk.
5. The Yakutia Airlines fleet consists of 15 aircraft. On the flight to Anchorage there are 4 comfortable Boeing 737-800. This is the only air route connecting the Russian Far East with the former Russian territory, and now the American state of Alaska.
6. Cockpit.
There is low cloud cover in Kamchatka, but during the roll during the landing course a volcano is visible.
7. In general, there are two active volcanoes near Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky - Koryakskaya and Avachinskaya hills.
8. The plane lands in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky on the shore of Avacha Bay of the Pacific Ocean. It is the easternmost city in the entire northern hemisphere with a population of more than 100 thousand people.
9. A crew change is taking place in Kamchatka.
10. While the plane is refueling, I check in for the international flight to Anchorage.
11. The flight to Alaska is late in the evening and everyone on board is asleep. Except me. I'm waiting for that very moment of crossing the border of time zones.
12. Here it is!
The phone is at the porthole. At longitude 172 we cross the date change boundary.
13. It would seem that July 11 should have ended, and I should see the dawn of a new day - July 12, but no! This is the dawn of a day already lived - the 11th.
14. The real Groundhog Day, all over again.
Then, however, nature will take its toll and I will have to return this day to the universe, but that will happen later.
15. Pilots, by the way, are guided only by Greenwich (mean solar time of the meridian passing through the former location of the Greenwich Royal Observatory near London), so they simply do not notice such “jumps” in time.
Landing in Alaska at Anchorage International Airport. On the same day and at the same time I landed in Yakutsk.
17. Alaska has its own time zone - Alaska Standard Time (AST).
Time in Anchorage is 1 hour behind the time on the West Coast, 4 hours behind the East Coast, 12 hours behind Moscow time and 17 hours behind Yakutsk.
18. Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport is the main airport in Alaska and the fifth largest airport in the world in terms of cargo traffic.
19. About 870 passengers use this flight annually, one board is about 170 people. Although the destination is not widespread, it is in steady demand among Russian and American tourists, hunters, businessmen, and transit passengers.
20. Anchorage is the largest city in Alaska.
42% of the entire state's population lives in Anchorage, only New York has a larger percentage of residents living in the state's largest city.
21. Unlike any other city in Alaska, Anchorage has never been a fishing or mining center.
22. The city owes its emergence to a coincidence of circumstances. The site of modern Anchorage was chosen to establish a railroad center there. This center built the Alaskan Railway in 9 years. It was there that Anchorage was founded on November 20, 1920.
23. Alaska is not only the largest US state by area, but also the richest in terms of tourism. There are 23 national parks and reserves here. This is more than any other state in the country.
24. You can not only fly to Alaska, but also sail on a cruise ship.
25. And people like to travel around Alaska itself on special tourist trains. Such trains have special carriages with an upper observation floor.
26. Small aviation here is sometimes metaphorically called the “circulatory system of Alaska.” Small planes deliver urgent cargo, transport people, and search for missing people in hard-to-reach areas. This is because it is unprofitable to build roads in a mountainous country with lakes and dense forests.
27. In Alaska, it’s not difficult to get a pilot’s license, and you won’t surprise your friends here by purchasing an airplane. For example, thanks to small aircraft you can visit the highest point in North America - Mount Denali.
28. It is the highest mountain in Alaska and North America. When I was in school, it was called McKinley, after one of the American presidents. On August 28, 2015, the mountain was renamed Denali.
29. Denali is the historical name of the mountain. Translated from the Athabascan Indian language, it means “Great”.
30. The plane lands on a glacier at an altitude of 2000 meters above sea level.
31.
32. Kenai Fjords National Park is located 100 km from Anchorage. The park features unique glaciers, snow avalanches, sea bays, mountain gorges and icebergs. The total area is 2833 sq. km.
33. Kenai Fjords National Park has existed since 1980 and was created to protect Arctic territories from the negative influence of humans.
34. The inhabitants of the park are polar bears, seals, walruses, whales; the coastal zone is rich in exotic marine flora.
35. There are three main natural attractions in the park - the Vanishing Glacier, the Harding Icefield and the coast.
36. Here you can see with your own eyes how huge blocks of ice break off from icebergs and fall into the sea.
37. Falling ice reveals deep valleys carved by glaciers. When filled with water, they form uniquely beautiful fjords, which are long and have rather steep slopes.
38. Waterfalls.
39. More than 200,000 tourists visit Kenai Fjords National Park each year on glacier wilderness cruises.
40. Alyeska Ski Resort is 45 kilometers from Anchorage.
41. Yukon River.
She often appeared in Jack London's stories about the Alaska Gold Rush.
42. The city of Nome was founded in 1888 as a gold mining community.
Filmmakers fell in love with this city. The film “The Fourth Kind” starring Milla Jovovich takes place here. The film talks about cases of alien abductions. And the 1925 diphtheria epidemic in Nome became the basis for the plot of the full-length cartoon “Balto.”
43. Of course, I did not miss the opportunity to fulfill another dream of mine - I visited the Bering Strait, where the Arctic and Pacific oceans connect.
44. It is only 85 km from here to Russia - approximately the same as from Sheremetyevo to Domodedovo.
45. In the foreground you can see Cape Prince of Wales, the westernmost continental point of the United States, in the background is Cape Dezhnev, the easternmost point of Russia. Two islands are visible between them. The smaller one is Little Diomede (USA), the larger one is Ratmanov Island (Russia). There are only 4 km between these islands, but they are located on different days.
46. The city of Wales is located here. It is located at the westernmost point of the American continent at the tip of the Seward Peninsula, 1001 km from Anchorage. According to 2010 data, the city's population was 145 people.
47. Whale skeleton in the courtyard of a residential building.
48. A very strong and atmospheric place!
49. In addition to the westernmost point, I visited the northernmost city in North America - Barrow.
This small town has permafrost and on a July day it is -2⁰С and the wind is 30 m/s - such a “resort”.
50. Cape Barrow itself is located 14 km from the city of the same name. In this weather, walking is quite boring and cool, so I called a taxi. And what a surprise I was when a real Thai man came to pick me up! A man lived most of his life in a country where the temperature rarely drops below 20⁰C, and moved to the northernmost city in the United States. Why he did this, I never managed to find out.
51. This is latitude 71. View of the Arctic Ocean. The place where the Chukchi Sea and the Beaufort Sea merge.
52. Way home. Check-in at the Yakutia Airlines counter.
53. The shortest day of my life begins - July 18th. It's time to repay your debts to the universe :)
It turns out that I departed from Anchorage at 7:30 am on July 18, and arrived in Yakutsk at 8:15 am, but already on July 19. The day of July 18th had to be given up.
54. Flight R3-510. Course 15. Break.
55. A ticket from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky to Anchorage and back costs $850, from Anchorage to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and back - $1080.
56. On the flight back to Russia, my fellow passengers were mostly American fishermen. For them, fishing in the wild places of Kamchatka is exotic.
57. Service on board at European level.
58. The food is unusual for a Russian passenger.
59. On the way back we fly past the main volcanoes of Kamchatka.
60. Passengers are delighted with the spectacle and stick to the windows.
61. We return to Yakutsk - the journey through time is over.
62. Fly as often as possible - it gives you an unforgettable experience!
Thank you airline
/ / 65.97250; -168.79167(G) (I)Coordinates: 065°58′21″ n. w. 168°47′30″ W. d. / 65.97250° N. w. 168.79167° W d. / 65.97250; -168.79167(G) (I)
In the middle of the Bering Strait lie the Diomede Islands: Ratmanov Island - larger and located to the west, and Kruzenshtern Island. According to the agreement on the sale of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands (1867), the border between Russia and the United States runs in the middle between the islands. Thus, Ratmanov Island belongs to Russia, and Kruzenshtern Island belongs to the USA. The distance between the islands is just under 4 km. The border of time zones and the international date line also pass there. On Ratmanov Island there is a Russian border outpost - the easternmost one in Russia. On Krusenstern Island, in addition to American border guards, there are also local residents; there is regular air service there from the city of Nome.
Tunnel across the strait
Periodically, from the end of the 19th century to the present day, at the level of specialists, and sometimes even governments (mainly Russia and the USA), the feasibility and possibilities of building a tunnel or bridge across the Bering Strait to connect Chukotka with Alaska are discussed, but for various reasons. of a technical or economic nature, none of the ideas has yet been brought to fruition.
Prehistoric settlement of America
In the anthropology of the Bering Strait period ca. 10 thousand years ago and earlier, is considered as the Bering Isthmus, along which people - Paleo-Indians - settled America, becoming the Indians known to us.
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Notes
Literature
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
An excerpt characterizing the Bering Strait
He closed his eyes again. His sobs stopped. He made a sign with his hand to his eyes; and Tikhon, understanding him, wiped away his tears.Then he opened his eyes and said something that no one could understand for a long time, and finally only Tikhon understood and conveyed it. Princess Marya looked for the meaning of his words in the mood in which he spoke a minute before. She thought that he was talking about Russia, then about Prince Andrei, then about her, about his grandson, then about his death. And because of this she could not guess his words.
“Put on your white dress, I love it,” he said.
Realizing these words, Princess Marya began to sob even louder, and the doctor, taking her by the arm, led her out of the room onto the terrace, persuading her to calm down and make preparations for departure. After Princess Marya left the prince, he again started talking about his son, about the war, about the sovereign, twitched his eyebrows angrily, began to raise a hoarse voice, and the second and final blow came to him.
Princess Marya stopped on the terrace. The day had cleared up, it was sunny and hot. She could not understand anything, think about anything and feel anything except her passionate love for her father, a love that, it seemed to her, she did not know until that moment. She ran out into the garden and, sobbing, ran down to the pond along the young linden paths planted by Prince Andrei.
- Yes... I... I... I. I wanted him dead. Yes, I wanted it to end soon... I wanted to calm down... But what will happen to me? “What do I need peace of mind when he’s gone,” Princess Marya muttered aloud, walking quickly through the garden and pressing her hands on her chest, from which sobs were convulsively escaping. Walking around the garden in a circle that led her back to the house, she saw M lle Bourienne (who remained in Bogucharovo and did not want to leave) and an unfamiliar man coming towards her. This was the leader of the district, who himself came to the princess in order to present to her the necessity of an early departure. Princess Marya listened and did not understand him; she led him into the house, invited him to have breakfast and sat down with him. Then, apologizing to the leader, she went to the door of the old prince. The doctor with an alarmed face came out to her and said that it was impossible.
- Go, princess, go, go!
Princess Marya went back into the garden and sat down on the grass under the mountain near the pond, in a place where no one could see. She didn't know how long she was there. Someone's running female steps along the path made her wake up. She stood up and saw that Dunyasha, her maid, who was obviously running after her, suddenly, as if frightened by the sight of her young lady, stopped.
“Please, Princess... Prince...” Dunyasha said in a broken voice.
“Now, I’m coming, I’m coming,” the princess spoke hastily, not giving Dunyasha time to finish what she had to say, and, trying not to see Dunyasha, she ran to the house.
“Princess, God’s will is being done, you must be ready for anything,” said the leader, meeting her at the front door.
- Leave me. It is not true! – she angrily shouted at him. The doctor wanted to stop her. She pushed him away and ran to the door. “Why are these people with frightened faces stopping me? I don't need anyone! And what are they doing here? “She opened the door, and the bright daylight in this previously dim room terrified her. There were women and a nanny in the room. They all moved away from the bed to give her way. He was still lying on the bed; but the stern look of his calm face stopped Princess Marya at the threshold of the room.
“No, he’s not dead, that can’t be! - Princess Marya said to herself, walked up to him and, overcoming the horror that gripped her, pressed her lips to his cheek. But she immediately pulled away from him. Instantly, all the strength of tenderness for him that she felt in herself disappeared and was replaced by a feeling of horror at what was in front of her. “No, he is no more! He is not there, but there is right there, in the same place where he was, something alien and hostile, some terrible, terrifying and repulsive secret... - And, covering her face with her hands, Princess Marya fell into the arms of the doctor who supported her.
In the presence of Tikhon and the doctor, the women washed what he was, tied a scarf around his head so that his open mouth would not stiffen, and tied his diverging legs with another scarf. Then they dressed him in a uniform with orders and placed the small, shriveled body on the table. God knows who took care of it and when, but everything happened as if by itself. By nightfall, candles were burning around the coffin, there was a shroud on the coffin, juniper was strewn on the floor, a printed prayer was placed under the dead, shriveled head, and a sexton sat in the corner, reading the psalter.
Just as horses shy away, crowd and snort over a dead horse, so in the living room around the coffin a crowd of foreign and native people crowded - the leader, and the headman, and the women, and all with fixed, frightened eyes, crossed themselves and bowed, and kissed the cold and numb hand of the old prince.
Bogucharovo was always, before Prince Andrei settled there, an estate behind the eyes, and the Bogucharovo men had a completely different character from the Lysogorsk men. They differed from them in their speech, clothing, and morals. They were called steppe. The old prince praised them for their tolerance at work when they came to help with cleaning in the Bald Mountains or digging ponds and ditches, but did not like them for their savagery.
Prince Andrei's last stay in Bogucharovo, with its innovations - hospitals, schools and ease of rent - did not soften their morals, but, on the contrary, strengthened in them those character traits that the old prince called savagery. There were always some vague rumors going around between them, either about the enumeration of all of them as Cossacks, then about the new faith to which they would be converted, then about some royal sheets, then about the oath to Pavel Petrovich in 1797 (about which they said that back then the will came out, but the gentlemen took it away), then about Peter Feodorovich, who will reign in seven years, under whom everything will be free and it will be so simple that nothing will happen. Rumors about the war in Bonaparte and his invasion were combined for them with the same unclear ideas about the Antichrist, the end of the world and pure will.
If you are planning a long-distance trip, you should remember a few simple but important rules: - carefully prepare your car for a long trip: check the level of engine oil, coolant, windshield washer fluid, make sure all lighting, etc. are functioning properly. - check the tire pressure. It is very important that it matches the pressure recommended for your vehicle. - prepare a spare wheel and a tow rope - no one is immune from a puncture of a wheel or breakdown on the highway, you should foresee possible troubles in advance and avoid them. - choose roads with high-quality coverage - this will extend the life of your “iron horse” and save your nerves. When preparing for a trip, think through everything to the smallest detail so that the trip leaves pleasant memories and not a headache.
Depths off the coast reach 43 meters.
The coast is rocky, covered in blocky screes, with a narrow strip of coastal beach, only the northern coast is relatively flat. A polar station is also located there. There are several rivers, two of them flow from the center of the island to the north, one flows from the top of Mount Roof to the southeast. The length of the island from north to south is 8.7 km, from east to west - 4.7 km. The extreme northern point of the island is Cape Vsadnik, to the east of which is Cape Skalisty. The southernmost point of the island is Cape Yuzhny.
The island's infrastructure is relatively developed, there is a polar station, a border post and many different buildings along the shores of the island and south of the center.
Today there are no representatives of the indigenous population on the island, but there are border troops present, since the island is located on the border of North America and Asia.
Big Diomede Island is washed by the Pacific and Arctic oceans, and therefore has great strategic importance. Ratmanov Island is the geographical point where the New Year in Russia comes first, because when it is midnight on the island, it is 12 hours and 35 minutes of the previous day on the western border of Russia.
Fauna
One of the largest bird colonies in the region is located on Ratmanov Island; in total, 11 species of seabirds with a total number of over 4 million individuals have been recorded. In June 1976, a buffy hummingbird was observed here - the only species of hummingbird whose migration has been recorded in Russia.
There is a large walrus rookery on the island, and mass migrations of gray whales occur in the coastal waters
The eastern island (about 5 sq. km) - Krusenstern Island (Little Diomede, Eskimo name Ingalik - (“opposite”) and Fairway Rock belong to the United States.
The distance between the islands is 4160 m and the state border of Russia and the USA and the international date line pass between them.
The time difference is 23 hours. So when residents on Little Diomede look across the strait to Big Diomede, they are not just looking at another country, they are “studying tomorrow.” For example, when in the USA it is 9:00 on Saturday on the Little Diomede, then in Russia it is 6:00 on Sunday on the Big Diomede. Because of this, they are sometimes called Tomorrow Island and Yesterday Island.
Both islands have a flat top, steep slopes and a location isolated by rough seas. Permanent fog covers the islands during the warmer months, and in winter, moving pieces of ice collide in open waters, forming an ice bridge connecting the two islands. In times like these, you can practically walk between the United States and Russia. Of course, this can only be done in theory. Crossing the Bering Strait is not permitted by law. However, since 1989, there has been an agreement between the USSR (now Russia) and the USA on visa-free travel for local residents to visit each other.
The islands were originally inhabited by Eskimos, 3,000 years ago. The islands were first noticed in 1648 by the pioneer Cossack Semyon Dezhnev. about which there is a written report dated April 15, 1655. The official discovery is associated with the first expedition to Kamchatka, which took place in 1728. During it, Bering discovered an island called Diomede, as it was found on the day of St. Diomede. In the Russian Orthodox Church, this is the day of remembrance of the martyr Diomede. And in 1732, the Diomede Islands were first mapped by Ivan Fedorov and Mikhail Gvozdev. Modern names were assigned in 1815 by Lieutenant Otto Kotzebue (Krusenstern Island and Ratmanov Island).
When the United States bought Alaska from Russia in 1867, the treaty included Krusenstern Island (Little Diomede). A new border was drawn between these two islands.
Inupik-speaking Eskimos lived on both islands until the mid-20th century. They engaged in barter trade with Asian and American tribes, so when creating their cultural traditions, they adopted customs that already existed on both continents.
From 1905 to 1933, there was a gradual migration of indigenous people from Ratmanov Island to the neighboring American Kruzenshtern Island. With the beginning of the Cold War, through the efforts of the Soviet side, the remaining residents were forcibly resettled to the mainland of Chukotka. Big Diomede became a Russian military base
Since 1916, due to weak protection of the northern borders, an American trading post operated illegally on the island and did not pay customs duties. In September 1925, the border patrol ship Vorovsky arrived at Ratmanov Island, after which the Americans were forced to leave Soviet territory. In 1941, a border post was created on the island.
Little Diomede has developed into a small community of 75 inhabitants, with a church and school. The Eskimos of Little Diomede fish and crab, and hunt beluga whales, walrus, seals and polar bears. Food and mail are delivered by barge from the mainland.
In 2005, a seven-meter Orthodox cross was erected on the island, installed on the highest hill, which is clearly visible to residents of neighboring Alaska and ships passing through the Bering Strait.
On the initiative of Bishop Diomede (Dzyuban) of Anadyr and Chukotka, on August 25, 2005, an Orthodox worship cross was installed at the extreme eastern point of Russia.
Bishop Diomede arrived on the island on board the military ship "Captain Sipyagin". The seven-meter cross is installed on the highest hill of the island, called Skalista, and is clearly visible to residents of neighboring Alaska and captains of ships passing through the Bering Strait. From the place of disembarkation from the ship to Skalistaya - almost three kilometers. Border guards helped carry the parts of the wooden cross. The cross was erected next to the observation post.
.According to some plans, it is possible to pass through the island a road tunnel that will connect Eurasia and North America.
The idea of creating a transport artery between Alaska and Russia was first expressed in 1890 by Colorado Governor William Gilpin. He talked about the possibility of building a giant bridge. In the 40s and 60s of the 20th century, this idea was again discussed at the highest level.
“Today, a number of American specialists are raising the question of connecting the coasts of Asia and America with a tunnel along the line of the Diomede Islands located in the Bering Strait,” wrote Corresponding Member of the RAS V.A. LAMIN, General Director of the Joint Institute of History, Philology and Philosophy of the SB RAS. “True, The authors of the modern initiative, unlike its predecessors, are focused primarily on the development of engineering and technical aspects of the structure: it is assumed that it can be successfully implemented in the first quarter of the 21st century and its financing is not a problem. At the same time, the range of technical and operational parameters of the tunnel is not limited "Only by rail. All types of modern communications will be laid in it: from cable communication lines to pipelines and energy transmission systems."
Construction of the tunnel is a far-reaching project. Today, there are no necessary road and railway connections on Russian and American territories. On the American side, a highway with a length of more than 1,200 km will be built. Moreover, construction may slow down due to sharp protests from environmentalists. On Russian territory, the nearest route begins in Magadan at a distance of 1600 km from the tunnel. The situation with railway tracks is not much better.
On the American side, the closest road starts in Prince George. It is necessary to build a rail bed almost 2000 km long.
On Russian territory it will be necessary to build a railway line that will connect the tunnel with the Trans-Siberian Railway.
The cost of this project was estimated at $128 billion. The projected length of the tunnel, which will connect Chukotka and Alaska, is almost 100 km. Construction will take at least 20 years. This is the largest project of its kind in history, noted the German newspaper Die Welt.
The tunnel was supposed to be built in one of the most remote areas of the globe. In the narrowest part of the Bering Strait, Russia and Alaska are separated by only 37 km, and in the area of the Diomede Islands - only 5.8. However, for safety reasons, experts recommended that the tunnel should not be built along the shortest path, so that as a result its length would be 96 kilometers.
According to Viktor Razbegin, who worked on this project at the Ministry of Economy, this is “one of the very few projects that can radically change the development of the Russian Far East.” He believed that “the chances of its implementation are quite good.” The USA, Russia and Canada were close to making a decision on the construction of such a tunnel back in 1998, but discussions were stopped after the Russian default.
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