The Finnstar ferry - how it works from the inside. Italian Navy landing ship San Giusto

I would classify the LPD San ​​Giusto as a landing ship due to the lack of a helicopter hangar (although the movement of helicopters of the Agusta Bell AB-212 type from the upper to the landing deck is possible), but in the domestic literature San Giusto, like all ships of the San Giorgio type, are listed as DVKD. San Giusto, the third ship in the series, was built according to a slightly modified design, with the expectation of being used not only as a landing ship, but also as a training ship. The fourth ship, Kalaat Beni-Abbes, the design of which was also modified in accordance with the wishes of the customer, is being built for the Algerian Navy, and is due to be delivered in 2015.

Main characteristics:

Length 133.3 m, beam 20.5 m, draft 5.5 m;
Total displacement 8300 tons;
Power plant 2 Fincantieri GMT A430-12 diesel engines with a total power of 16900 hp. (12426 kW), 2 variable pitch propellers, bow thruster. Speed ​​20 knots. Cruising range 7500 nautical miles at 16 knots;
Crew: 16 officers, 180 sailors.

Troop capacity:

350 marines, 30 medium tanks or 36 tracked armored personnel carriers, (Kalaat Beni-Abbes 440 marines and 15 tracked armored vehicles). Possibility of transporting up to 1000 tons of cargo. The upper deck can be used to transport vehicles and light wheeled armored vehicles:

The movement of equipment between the upper and landing decks is carried out using an elevator with a lifting capacity of 30 tons and dimensions of 13.5 x 3.5 m.

Landing craft:

In a covered dock chamber with dimensions of 20.5 x 7 m and on the landing deck there are three LCM (or MTM) type landing craft with a lifting capacity of up to 30 tons. On the davits there are three LCVP type landing boats or MTP type patrol boats. It is possible to unload equipment onto the pier through the stern ramp and through the ramp on the starboard side. The bow ramp, which ensures unloading onto the beach and was originally available on San Giorgio and San Marco, was abandoned (they say after the sinking of the ferry Estonia in 1994, Western shipbuilding had a very cool attitude towards bow ramps).

Three Sea King SH-3D (EH-101), or two SH-3D (EH-101) and two NH90, or five Agusta Bell AB-212 helicopters on the upper deck. Two take-off and landing positions for heavy and one for medium/light helicopters (on San Giogio and San Marco after modernization associated with an increase in deck area by removing 76 mm of the AU and moving two existing davits for LCVP type DKA two take-off and landing positions for heavy and two for medium/light helicopters).

Weapons:

76 mm OTO Melara Super Rapid gun, two 25 mm anti-boat guns, two 12.7 mm machine guns.
SMA SPS-702 air and surface target detection radar, SMA SPN-748 navigation radar, Selex RTN-10X fire control radar, electronic warfare system manufactured by Elettronica S.p.A.

The ships can be used in the interests of the Italian Ministry of Civil Protection, in humanitarian operations, for the evacuation of refugees, etc. On board there is a hospital with an operating room, a dental office, an X-ray room, a gynecological and maternity ward, and a desalination plant with a capacity of up to 210 tons of water per day.

In my opinion, this is roughly what the domestic BDK “Ivan Gren” could have looked like if, when designing it, they had not taken as a basis the Project 1171 BDK developed in the late 50s of the last century, but relied on the world experience accumulated to date in the design and construction of landing craft ships.

(see this next) in fortresses and field fortifications.

Ramp(French),

1) a gentle earthen entrance for raising and lowering guns towards people on the embankment (fortress rampart) and gentle descents into the ditches of trenches for exiting them; 2) an inclined plane used for lifting or lowering goods, for example when loading into cars. The article reproduces text from the Small Soviet Encyclopedia.

Ramp

Ramp (French appareil - entry)

1. in military engineering there is a gentle slope with steep slopes; widely used in trenches for guns and tanks and in shelters for cars, a special device for loading military equipment onto transport facilities. In the fortresses ramps were arranged to drag guns onto elevated surfaces.
2. An inclined platform (sometimes a mobile mechanized one) or a flat embankment constructed for loading self-propelled equipment onto a train or onto a transfer vehicle.
3. A device for passage (drive) to elevated parts of buildings (see ramp).

Ramp in shipping

Ramp of a landing hovercraft

Ramp- a composite platform designed for the entry of various vehicles independently or with the help of special tractors from the shore onto one of the decks of the ship and exit back. At one end (the leading section) it is fixed to the ship, and at the other (the end section) it rests in the working position on the pier or shore. Stowed ramp almost vertical.

At the installation location on the ship ramps can be side, bow and stern; by design - 1-3-section (the middle section is called driven); in orientation relative to the diametrical plane - coinciding with it (longitudinal axis ramps in the working position it is in the centerline plane of the vessel) and angular (the longitudinal axis is at an angle to the centerline plane); rotary and semi-rotary.

Ramp- an abbreviated name for a ramp barge in the northern regions of Russia.

As a passenger, you will only be able to see the passenger part. But it still has a lot of interesting things hidden inside, and I’ll show it to you now.

Finnlines has been providing regular services across the Baltic Sea for many years. One of the routes is from Helsinki to the German port of Travemünde.

I took a few photos from ammo1 .

1. Finnlines operate Star class ferries built in Italy. These ferries are cargo-passenger type ROPAX (roll-on/roll-off passenger), that is, for transporting cars along with the accommodation of passengers of these cars. Ice class IA Super allows you to go to sea with ice thickness up to 1.0 m, and move in the channel behind the icebreaker at a speed of at least 5 knots with ice thickness up to 1.0 m.

The lower part of the ferry consists of the cargo decks and the engine room. Superstructure - passengers, crew, bridge and support services. The length of the ferry is 219 meters, width - 30, height - 50. Draft - 7.1. The maximum speed is about 26 knots, which corresponds to approximately 48 kilometers per hour.

(c) https://sites.google.com/site/unterwegsaufschiffen/home/finnmaid

2. At the invitation of the captain, we visited the navigation bridge. Actually, the captain is on the left, and the watchman is on the right. All controls are computerized and automatic. In the foreground is a spare analogue control panel.

3. The bridge is huge. There was even room for a sofa.

4. Main navigation screen. All travel parameters and navigation points. Just like your car navigator, only more complicated.

5. The ferry is equipped with four Wärtsilä 9L46D diesel engines with a power of 10,400 kW each. In addition, there are three more auxiliary diesel engines with a power of 1300 kW. The main diesel engines are combined into pairs and rotate the propeller through a gearbox. Accordingly, there are also two screws. At a ferry speed of 23 knots, the propellers make 150 revolutions per minute. Near each gearbox you see the inscription “PORT” and “STBD” - these are the left and right sides. The starboard side is usually called starboard side, and the left side is called port side. The origin of the words starboard and port is interesting. Once upon a time, ships were always moored on the left side and had a special portico on the left side (doors in the bulwark) for installing a gangway and carrying out cargo operations through the gangway. Initially, the left side was called larboard, from lodeboard, that is, loading side. On the starboard side at the stern there was a steering oar (oar for steering = steor). Then steorbord was paraphrased into starboard, but the stars have nothing to do with it (star - star). Power is taken from the gearbox to drive two generators.

6. 1 knot = 1 nautical mile per hour. 1 nautical mile = 1,852 meters. The prevalence of the knot as a unit of measurement is associated with the significant convenience of its use in navigation calculations: a ship moving at a speed of 1 knot along the meridian passes one arc minute of geographic latitude in one hour. The origin of the name is related to the principle of using sector lag. The speed of the vessel was determined as the number of knots on the line (thin cable) that passed through the hand of the measurer in a certain time (usually 15 seconds or 1 minute). In this case, the distance between adjacent nodes on the line and the measurement time were selected in such a way that this amount was numerically equal to the speed of the vessel, expressed in nautical miles per hour

7. Two GPS navigators, in which the route is set (I’m not sure what is set only there) and an echo sounder, which shows the depth and profile of the seabed.

8. If there is a TCAS system in aviation, then at sea there is a similar system for interaction between ships. The photo shows the screen of this system, which shows who is nearby. (In addition to the classic radar, of course). You can select a ship and see its type, port of destination and current parameters. For example, the cargo ship TIMCA is heading 239 at 16.6 knots to Antwerp. His journey took five days and now is just his last day of travel.

9. Captain. Despite computers, eyes and binoculars remain an important element of sea observation.

10. Side control panel, which is used when mooring. There is a window in the floor through which you can see the side of the ferry.

11. Some kind of goniometric device. Who knows what this is?

12. Shelf with flags.

13. According to the current rules, there must be pennants on board that show what is happening with the ferry. This pennant means that diving work is underway on the ferry.

14. Together with the airplane cockpit - the best workplace in the world.

15. Ro-Ro class (Roll-on/roll-off) - a vessel for transporting goods on a wheeled base: cars, freight transport, railway cars. The fundamental difference between this type of vessel is horizontal loading (usually from the stern of the vessel) through a folding bow or stern, which is called a “ramp”. Star class ferries are of the ROPAX (roll-on/roll-off passenger) type, i.e. adapted to transport a large number of passengers. The photo shows the control panel for Ro-Ro equipment - ramps, hatches, doors for loading and unloading vehicles. I was surprised to learn that this ferry turns out to have a bow ramp called a visor.

16. Ship clocks with radio silence intervals on calling and distress frequencies of radiotelephone communications.

17. View of the ferry from the wheelhouse.

18. In addition to two rudders, the ferry is equipped with two thrusters with a power of 2000 kW each. This is a device designed for active control of a vessel; a working element (propeller) in a through channel passing from one side of the vessel to the other side, perpendicular to its center plane, allows to improve the controllability of the vessel at low speeds or when the main engine is stopped. For a long time, at sea, the command “starboard” meant turning the steering tiller, not the rudder. That is, in order for the Titanic to turn to the left of the iceberg, Uliam Merdek gave the command “starboard”. And just at the beginning of the last century, the transition to direct turn indication began. But, as is usual in a transition period, there were several disasters that occurred due to the helmsman’s misunderstanding of the commands of the pilot or watchman.

19. The ferry is also equipped with two stabilizers to calm the motion of the ferry.

20. Talisman in the wheelhouse.

21. Now let's go to the galley. As I said earlier, there can be up to 500 passengers and up to 40 crew members on board. And the ship itself is certified to carry 550 people.

22. There are only 4 cooks on the ferry. Two deal with cold dishes, and two, respectively, with hot dishes.

23. Most products are purchased in Germany, since they are significantly cheaper there than in Finland.

24. Now let’s walk along the cargo decks. The ferry has the term “Roro lanes” - this is the total length of cars that the oo can accommodate. For this ferry it is 4200 meters.

25. 276 slots for trailers and 670 meters of private cars.

26. Some of the trucks drive in and out under their own power. During travel, drivers travel as passengers. According to the old tradition, on the first evening most of them get drunk. Then they have a night and a whole day to get back to normal and get behind the wheel sober and drive on.

27. The deck is empty in just a few minutes.

28. On this deck there are mainly trucks with tractors.

29. After her release, I lower the ramp up and the private cars are unblocked. But most often, in order for them to leave, they still have to wait until the space on the upper deck is cleared of trailers.

30. Football field. Only floats.

31. Stern ramp. The ferry allows loading operations to be carried out simultaneously from two decks. And the width of the ramp is such that four trucks can easily leave at the same time.

32. But it is much more profitable to transport only trailers, and not tractors with drivers. Therefore, the trailer is left at the port and then transported by a special port tractor

33. Finally, private cars started driving.

34. Jewelry and very fast work.

35. That's all. Unloading has been completed and the ferry will soon set off on a new voyage.

36. Thanks to Ruslan

Let's understand the meaning of the term "ramp". Sailors probably know what this device is. The military also encountered this concept. Perhaps not everything, but engineering department specialists should know exactly what it is.

Definition

The word of French origin appareil can be translated as "device" or "apparatus". In another meaning it is “entry”. Another interpretation - appareiller can be translated as “selection”, “arrangement”, “position nearby” (in order of something to something, for example, bricks when laying in construction).

So, the ramp - what is this entry device located nearby? In the traditional sense, it is an inclined platform without steps between two levels (ground - vehicle), used as an auxiliary device for moving goods. The concept is most used in shipping: on ships, ferries, crossings. Vehicles are equipped with lifting structures (ladders), usually with fences, for the convenience of organized movement of people, rolling loads, animals and other things.

In warfare, ramps are used to lift heavy guns and non-self-propelled equipment to the heights of a fortified or bastion. Military equipment and cargo are lowered down to the ground along them, if necessary, for redeployment. If necessary, the ramp principle is used to move equipment into trenches or other depressions.

Peculiarities

So, the ramp - what kind of device is it from a design point of view? On ships and ferries, cargo is usually supplied from the stern or sides. Each floating craft has its own dimensions. To be able to quickly load, the vessel is equipped with ramps. This is a kind of convenient ladder with guards on the sides, which can be quickly lowered in a suitable place and organize loading work.

For heavy-duty ships, such devices consist of several collapsible sections and are raised upward. During transportation, the ramp occupies a vertical position and limits the stern opening. When lowered, the structure forms an inclined platform (the road from the ship to the pier), fenced on the sides. May have a linear or angular arrangement. This feature makes it possible to save berth space or carry out work from on board the vehicle.

In fortifications, ramps for installing military equipment can be prefabricated or bulk. If soil is used, then on the approaches to the line it is laid so as to create a slope suitable for moving the guns to position. The surface must be able to support the required weight.

Ramp and ramp - types of ramp?

These devices use the general principle of moving something along an inclined plane from one level to another. They are used for ascent or descent. But in civil engineering and architecture, where the main role is given to the movement of people, the definition of “ramp” is used. An inclined platform is equipped at the entrances of houses, entrances and exits of buildings and structures. It is usually installed permanently with the ability to be used permanently or as needed.

Ramp is more of an industrial term. This is also an inclined platform, but intended mainly for moving goods. May be permanent or temporary. Depending on the purpose, it is designed with different load capacities: to withstand the weight of a fifty-kilogram trolley or a multi-ton tractor with a trailer.

In some countries, object catching is used? On highways in mountainous areas, a side branch of the road with a slope is installed. The surface of such a site is loose. It can stop a truck with faulty brakes or a car that has lost control. Installation of objects of this type, as well as installation of ramps, is carried out in accordance with technical documentation, with the requirements of standards and safety regulations.

Trademark

The development of entrepreneurship gives impetus to the formation of new firms. The name, which is pleasant to the ear, also helps to stand out among many others. The Apparel brand sounds decent.

Names consonant with this can be found in many countries. So the Ukrainian enterprise for the production of furniture fabrics began to be called Apparel. This company is developing, but has already managed to gain authority in the regional market. Ramp fabrics can be found on furniture from many manufacturers. The products meet modern requirements. It can successfully compete with fabrics from leading manufacturers. Even a very demanding client will be able to find the ideal upholstery option among the many collections.