Neva river in Russia. See what the “Neva River” is in other dictionaries Where does the Neva flow into which sea

Neva- a river in Russia flowing through the territory of the Leningrad region and St. Petersburg. Length 74 km, area of ​​its own pool 5 thousand km². The Neva is the only river flowing from Lake Ladoga.

Not everyone knows what cities on the Neva, but this is very informative information.

What city is on the Neva?

There are four cities on the banks of the Neva: Shlisselburg, Kirovsk, Otradnoye, St. Petersburg - and several dozen other settlements
Saint Petersburg founded on May 16 (27), 1703, when a fortress called St. Petersburg was founded in honor of St. Peter, the heavenly patron of the emperor. After the construction of the Peter and Paul Cathedral in it, the fortress began to be called Peter and Paul, and its original name turned out to be extended to the city that arose under it. No special act defining the name given to the city was adopted. And those from Peter’s foreign-language circle, who spoke predominantly German, Swedish, and Dutch, as well as Russian associates who spoke these languages ​​to one degree or another, each pronounced and wrote the name “city of St. Peter” in their own way.

SHLISSELBURG(until 1612 Oreshek, 1612-1702 Noteburg, in 1944-92 Petrokrepost), a city in the Leningrad region, on the left bank of the Neva (pier), at its source from Lake Ladoga, 64 km to the East from St. Petersburg. 12 thousand inhabitants (2003). Founded by the Novgorod prince Yuri Danilovich in 1323. Captured by the Swedes in 1612, liberated by Russian troops in 1702. Until the 20th century. The Shlisselburg fortress (located on Orekhovoy Island, at the source of the Neva) was a convict prison. Nevsky shipbuilding-shipbuilding. factory. Branch of the Museum of History of St. Petersburg. Archit. monuments of the 18th-19th centuries: Annunciation Cathedral, St. Nicholas Church, Chapel of the Kazan Mother of God, Gostiny Dvor.

Kirovsk- city (since 1953) in the Leningrad region. Located on the high left bank of the Neva, near Lake Ladoga (pier), 33 km east of St. Petersburg. Railway station "Nevdubstroy". The federal highway M18 “St. Petersburg - Murmansk” passes near the city, crossing the Neva along the Ladoga Bridge. The city was founded in 1929 as the village of Nevdubstroy during the construction of a state district power station (since 1943 State District Power Plant named after S. M. Kirov, now the 8th State District Power Plant) on the left bank of the Neva, after the name of the nearest village Nevskaya Dubrovka. Since 1953 - the city of Kirovsk, named in honor of Sergei Kirov (1886-1934), whose name is associated with the initiative to build this large power plant at that time.

Otradnoe(Pella) is a city of regional subordination to the Kirovsky district of the Leningrad region. Formed in 1970 from the merger of the villages of Ust-Tosno, Ivanovskoye and Otradnoye. Population 21.6 thousand inhabitants (2005). The city is located on the left bank of the Neva, 40 km from St. Petersburg.

The Neva River flows from the shallow Shlisselburg Bay of Lake Ladoga and flows into the Neva Bay of the Gulf of Finland. The length of the river is 74 km. The open areas of Ladoga are fenced off from the source of the Neva River by a wide sandy and rocky shoal in the southernmost part of the Shlisselburg Bay. The mouth of the river is separated from the Neva Bay by a sandbank called the Nevsky Bar.

The source of the river is considered to be near the town of Petrokrepost (formerly Shlisselburg), opposite the ancient Shlisselburg fortress on Oreshek Island. The mouth of the river is taken to be opposite the Neva Gate of the Leningrad Sea Trade Port, at the entrance from the Bolshaya Neva to the Gutuevsky Bucket. Having a general flow direction from east to west, the river describes an almost regular semicircle with its convexity facing south. The distance from the source to the mouth in a straight line is 45 km.

26 small rivers and rivers flow into the Neva, the most important of them are Mga, Tosna, Izhora, Okhta. All these tributaries are small compared to the Neva and have almost no effect on its regime.

There are four cities on the banks of the Neva: Petrokrepost, Kirovsk, Otradnoye (formerly Ivanovskoye), Leningrad - and about 30 other settlements. The banks of the river are almost entirely built up for more than half of its length. In the lower reaches of the river, Leningrad stretches for 32 km.

The Neva flows through a wide (30-50 km) in a relatively deep (50-100 m) valley called the Prinevskaya Lowland. The bottom of the valley is a plain, descending in steps towards the Gulf of Finland and towards the bed of the Neva River. The surfaces of the steps are flat, the soils are swampy. The flat nature of the bottom of the Neva Lowland is disrupted by individual hills - Koltushskaya, Pargolovskaya, Poklonnaya Gora, etc. By the nature of the vegetation, all these hills among the dull swampy plain look like picturesque oases. However, they occupy an insignificant part of the Neva Lowland - 8%.

Unlike other lowland rivers, the Neva does not have a floodplain - this coastal strip is annually flooded with hollow snow and rainwater. Yes, in fact, there are no floods or floods on the Neva.

According to the nature of the regime, the Neva is divided into two parts: the upper - from the source to the Ivanovo rapids, 30 km long, and the lower - from the Ivanovo rapids to the mouth, 44 km long. In the upper part of the river, Lake Ladoga has a predominant influence on water levels, flow speeds, etc., and in the lower part - the Gulf of Finland. Near the mouth, the river divides into branches, forming a delta.

The Neva River is slightly meandering and unbranched. There are only three more or less sharp turns - at Otradny, Nevsky Forest Park and Smolny; the bend of the river near the Nevsky Forest Park is called the Crooked Knee; On the river, not counting the delta, there are only three islands: Oreshek at the very source, Fabrichny near the city of Petrokrepost on the left bank, Glavryba near the Ivanovo rapids on the right bank (between the confluence of the Mgi and Tosny rivers).

The Neva River flows along rather steep, sometimes steep banks, the height of which gradually decreases from source to mouth; the average height of the banks is 6-9 m. At the beginning of the delta, the height of the banks decreases to 2.5 - 3.0 m, and at the mouth itself - to 2.0-2.5 m. The exception is a small section of the left bank near the source, called Preobrazhenskaya mountain, 40 m high.

The river bottom in the coastal zone is predominantly sandy and sandy-silty, mixed with core-clayey, with an admixture of pebbles and boulders. In places with fast currents, the bottom is completely covered with pebbles and boulders.

The Neva is a wide and deep river. The prevailing width is 400 - 600 m. The widest places (1000-1250 m) are in the delta at the Neva Gate of the Sea Trade Port in the so-called funnel of the Bolshaya Neva branch, at the end of the Ivanovo rapids at the confluence of the Trena River and at Fabrichny Island near the source. The narrowest place (210 m) is opposite Cape Svyatki at the beginning of the Ivanovo rapids. The prevailing depth is 8 - 11 m; the greatest depth (24 m) is on the right bank opposite Arsenalnaya Street in Leningrad, the smallest (4.0 - 4.5 m) is in the Ivanovo rapids.

There are no wide shallows or spits anywhere on the Neva. Almost everywhere the banks of the river are deep, which allows ships to approach them closely, with the exception of a few places.

FORMATION OF THE NEVA RIVER

Neva (Nev, Nevo) in the language of the Sarmatians - the peoples who inhabited the south of our country until the 3rd-4th centuries - means bay or sea. From the Finnish language this word is translated as swamp, bog and, in general, any marshy and marshy place. In the old days, the Neva River and Lake Ladoga did not have separate names and were called one word by different nationalities - either Aldea, Aldagen, Aldesk, Aldoga, or New, Nev, Nevo. The separate names of lake and river appear for the first time in official documents of 1264.

The history of the formation of Lake Ladoga and the Neva River is complex and not fully understood. According to modern ideas, about 10,000-7,500 years ago, on the site of the present Baltic Sea, there was a closed freshwater Ancylus basin, or Ancylus Lake. The reservoir occupied only part of the Baltic Sea; its eastern shore was located in the Kronstadt region. The level in Lake Ancylovo was lower than in the ocean, and 3-4 m lower than in the modern Baltic Sea. The Neva River did not exist then. In its place flowed the Tosna River, which flowed through the current Sea Canal into Lake Ancylovoye beyond Kronstadt, and the Mga River, which directed its waters towards Praladoga. Praladoga itself was an isolated lake and had access to the Ancylus basin in the north of the Karelian Isthmus along the Priozersk-Vyborg line.

Approximately 7,500 years ago, as a result of land subsidence, the Jutland Peninsula separated from southern Sweden and the Greater and Lesser Belt straits were formed. The waters of the North Sea poured through the straits into the Ancylus Basin, turning it into a sea. This sea received the name Litorina Sea after the name of the mollusk that inhabited it, an inhabitant of the coastal areas of the sea, which were highly desalinated by river waters.

The Littorina Sea occupied a larger area than the current Baltic Sea, and jutted into the land through a narrow strait along the Neva Lowland; the water level in it was 7-9 m higher than today. Lake Ladoga was then a bay of the sea and connected with. him through a wide strait in the north of the Karelian Isthmus. During the existence of the Littorina Sea, two important processes took place - the rise of the land of Fenno-Scandia and the cooling of the climate of the globe. Due to climate cooling, part of the precipitation that fell in the highlands and subpolar continental regions stopped returning to the ocean and went to replenish eternal snow and ice. The flow of water into the ocean decreased and its level began to fall.

As a result of rising land and lowering ocean levels, the Littorina Sea began to shrink and retreat, forming as a result of this regression about 4000 years ago the Ancient Baltic Sea. The water level in the sea was 4-6 m higher than in the modern Baltic. The shore of the Ancient Baltic Sea can be traced in Leningrad in the form of a low gentle ledge, bordering the island part of the city in an arc.

The land uplift occurred unevenly. The northern part of Lake Ladoga was in an area of ​​faster uplift of the earth's crust than the southern part. As a result of this, the channel in the north of the Karelian Isthmus gradually died out. Ladoga turned into a separate lake and began to overflow. The waters of the lake covered large areas of land on the southern coast, flooding peat bogs, woody vegetation and sites of prehistoric man. The filling of the lake continued until its waters flooded the entire valley of the Mga River and approached the narrow Persian neck that separated the Mga and Tosna rivers. Finally, the waters of the lake, having risen by more than 12 m and exceeding sea level by 17-18 m, poured across the watershed. As a result of this breakthrough, about

4000-4500 years ago it was formed by the Neva River. The Ivanovo rapids remained at the site of the breakthrough. Prehistoric man undoubtedly witnessed this event. The release of the waters of Lake Ladoga after the breakthrough obviously lasted a long time: it took time to develop the Neva channel.

The waters of Lake Ladoga approached the breakthrough site along the Mgi River valley, and after the breakthrough they took advantage of the already prepared Tosak River valley. Thus, the valley of the Neva River was not worked out by itself, but was made up of two alien valleys of the Mga and Tosna rivers.

Initially, the Neva flowed into the Gulf of Finland of the retreating Litorina, and the Altea into the Ancient Baltic Sea with one branch. But the sea continued to recede, and islands, which were also shoals, rose from the water. The Neva waters rushed into the hollows between the islands. This is how several sleeves appeared. Subsequently, the rapidly receding water after the floods, carrying with it soil particles, formed new branches and deepened the existing ones. The flowing water completed the work. As a result, several dozen branches and channels arose, of which the modern delta of the Neva River consists.

Typically, islands and shoals of deltas of large rivers owe their origin to the deposition of river silt. The Neva River Delta is an exception. There is very little silt in the Neva water, and its subsidence could not lead to the formation of islands. The main role in the appearance of the islands of the Neva delta belongs to the work of the sea and river flow.

The Neva and its delta in outlines close to modern ones were formed relatively recently - about 2500 years ago, when the current relationship between the water levels of Lake Ladoga and the Baltic Sea was finally established. Thus, the Neva is a young river. It is no coincidence, apparently, that its name is Nyo, Novo, that is, young, in the languages ​​of European peoples.

The described theory of the formation of the Neva River is not the only one in the scientific literature. Some authors take a slightly different point of view.

SOURCE OF THE NEVA RIVER

The Neva River begins with two branches, flowing around the small oblong island of Oreshek, or Orekhovy. On this island at the beginning of the 14th century. Novgorodians built a fortress.

The source of the river is separated from the Shlisselburg Bay by a wide sandbank, which is a complex system of sand shoals and banks with stones and huge boulders scattered everywhere, forming in places continuous ridges. In plan, the sandbank has the appearance of a tapering thief with Oreshek Island at the top. The sandbank blocks the bay from north to south. The depth of the shallows is insignificant.

The amazing river on which Peter I built the Northern capital is fraught with many mysteries. The ZagraNitsa portal invites you to take a trip along the Neva and learn many interesting facts

The Neva is one of the deepest rivers in the European part of Russia. In terms of average annual flow (about 80 cubic kilometers), it is second only to the Volga, Danube, Kama and Pechora.

The greatest width of the river within the city is located in front of the Trinity Bridge and is 600 meters, and the smallest, 340 meters, is between the Palace Bridge and the Lieutenant Schmidt Bridge.

Photo: Sergey Degtyarev 3

The Neva is a relatively young river: scientists say that it is no more than two thousand years old. For comparison, some of the first mentions of the Dnieper date back to the 5th century BC. e.

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The source of the Neva is located in Lake Ladoga. More than thirty rivers flow into this reservoir, filling it with their waters, but only the Neva flows out of it.

In the spring, two large-scale ice drifts pass along the Neva: one in April, which carries local ice directly to the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Finland, and a couple of weeks later - sailing from Lake Ladoga.

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The Neva changes throughout the day: during the day the waters are lead-colored, in the evening they are ash-gray, and at dawn they are filled with pink and light yellow hues.

The most famous Neva fish is smelt. During the existence of St. Petersburg, this small fish with a cucumber smell has become a real brand of the Northern capital - the city regularly organizes festivals dedicated to it.

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Despite its short length - only 74 km - the river flows through an area comparable in area to Italy. At the same time, the Neva delta includes lakes Ladoga, Onega, Saimaa, Ilmen, as well as the rivers Svir, Volkhov and Vuoksa.

The water level in the river is constant and depends only on changes in this indicator in Lake Ladoga. The Neva is unusual in that it never becomes shallow and does not overflow in the spring.

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But in the fall there are floods on the Neva, and every time all the indicators are recorded in the city’s history book. The most tragic of them was the flood that occurred in the fall of 1824: the water rose above the standard level, 410 cm. It flooded the city, destroyed houses, and many people died.

Scientists still do not have a consensus on the origin of the name of the river. There is a version that the word “Neva” comes from the Swedish “nu” or “nu” - “new”, or from the word “Neva” - “swamp”, “quagmire”.

Fans of fishing can be seen on the Neva all year round. They say that each part of the river corresponds to a certain fish. For example, smelt is caught only from the mouth of the Neva to Krivoy Kolen, vendace - to the Ivanovo rapids, and lamprey - in the urban part of the river. And upstream you can even stumble upon salmon spawning grounds! There are all the conditions for this fish: places with fast currents and a bottom with large pebbles.

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For many years, the Neva served as the main route to Europe, helping enterprising Novgorodians develop trade relations with the Baltic states. And later, already under Peter I, the river became the sea gate of the Russian Empire.

The total length of granite embankments is more than 100 km. The first was the Palace Embankment, then the English and Kutuzov Embankments. Embankments are still being built to this day, and most of them are outstanding architectural monuments that are under state protection.

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Within St. Petersburg, there are 8 drawbridges across the Bolshaya Neva. Excursion boats run along the river, which provide the opportunity to make an interesting journey to the source, where Oreshek, an ancient Russian fortress, is located.

Within the city limits, the Neva flows for 30 km, and at the mouth it forms a delta where 40 islands are located. The largest of them are Krestovsky, Petrogradsky and Vasilievsky.

Photo: firma-uspeh.ru

The Neva River flows through the territory of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region. The only river flowing from Lake Ladoga connects this body of water with the Neva Bay, located in the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea. The length of the Neva is 74 kilometers. Four cities sprawl freely on its banks: St. Petersburg, Kirovsk, Shlisselburg and Otradnoe, as well as smaller settlements.

Birth of the Neva

The river is an important part of the White Sea-Baltic Canal and the Volga-Baltic Waterway. Several thousand years ago, the Tosna River flowed in place of the Neva. After Lake Ladoga turned into a closed reservoir, the lake waters, exceeding the level of the watershed, flooded the Mga valley, the river that flowed into the lake, and also broke through into the Tosny valley. At this place, rapids were formed that still exist today, called Ivanovskie. This strait that emerged became the Neva valley, and the Mga and Tosna rivers are now its tributaries. There are several versions of the origin of the name Neva. According to the first version, the river is named after the ancient name of Lake Ladoga (Nevo, which means “sea” in Finnish). The second option is the Finnish word “Neva”, which means “swamp”. And finally, they admit that the name came from the Swedish language, from the word “nu”, meaning “new” (in this context - New River).

Islands and tributaries

There are more than 40 islands in the Neva delta. The most significant of them are: Vasilievsky, Petrogradsky, Dekabristov Island and Krestovsky. Zayachiy, Elaginsky and Kamenny Islands occupy a smaller area, but are also widely known.

26 rivers of various sizes flow into the Neva. The main tributaries are the Tosna, Mga, Izhora, Murzinka, Slavyanka (left), Chernaya Rechka and Okhta (right).

The Neva is a navigable river. The traffic along its entire length is quite lively. The river is an important part of the White Sea-Baltic Canal and the Volga-Baltic Waterway.

Bridges

Many bridges have been built across the Neva. The bridges here are different - pedestrian, road and railway; metal and reinforced concrete, ancient and modern. One of the symbols of St. Petersburg is the Palace Bridge, built in 1916. The five-span cast iron bridge has a double-winged central span that is movable. Some of the oldest bridges are the Blagoveshchensky Bridge (previously called the Lieutenant Schmidt Bridge, built in 1850) and the Liteiny Bridge, built in 1879.

Sights on the Neva in the Leningrad region

The oldest landmark located on the Neva bank is the Oreshek fortress,
built in 1323 at the source of the Neva on Orekhovoy Island near the city. The water transport route, the Staraya Ladoga Canal, created in the first half of the 18th century, has also been preserved. It runs along the shores of Lake Ladoga and connects the Neva with the Volkhov River. Some unique buildings have also been preserved from those times - a bridge on columns built in 1832 and a granite four-chamber lock (1836). On the banks of the Neva in the Leningrad region there are also many churches and temples, memorial monuments dedicated to various events, and monuments.

Attractions in St. Petersburg

In the Northern capital, on the embankments of the Neva, there are a huge number of beautiful, interesting, extraordinary places that are historical and cultural monuments that have become symbols of St. Petersburg and all of Russia. This is Smolny, and, and, and the Summer Garden, and Alexander Nevsky Square, and, and the fountain on the Neva, and. All the beauties of this beautiful city are simply impossible to list. You need to see them with your own eyes.

One of the most magnificent rivers in Russia is the Neva. Lake Ladoga serves as the mouth of 30 rivers, and only the Neva flows out of it and continues its significant journey. Free, luxurious and characteristic, she invariably adorns St. Petersburg. Poems are written in honor of it, because the river is no less loved by all Russians than the city of St. Petersburg itself.

The Neva is often called the most uncontrollable river. It changes its depth and width every half kilometer. Therefore, it has difficulty resisting the forces of the wind, and there are many known cases when the Neva brought disaster to its coastal residents. The beautiful river can be different and can show a changeable “character” in every possible way. Under dark clouds she becomes threatening and gloomy, during sunset she becomes colorful, and in the autumn she especially tries to show her temper, but it is impossible not to fall in love with her.

The river, unlike other bodies of water, receives its nutrition from the lake. Due to the steep banks, ships can approach both of them closely. Large-scale floods occur occasionally. The Gulf of Finland is gaining water, and the Neva is becoming a real disaster for the local population.

Length of the Neva River

The main water system of some Russian cities cannot boast of being too long. The length of the Neva from source to mouth is only 75 km. And the length from the beginning of the river to the end in a straight direction is 46 km. The height of the fall of the water element is 5 meters. The Neva is not considered one of the big and mighty rivers of Russia, but despite this, the small river holds the same volume of water as the Dnieper and Don rivers combined! The Neva has a huge basin consisting of 48 thousand lakes. The largest among them are Ladoga and Onega.

Source of the Neva River

(Lake Ladoga - the source of the Neva River)

The Neva originates from the corner of Lake Ladoga, near the city of Shlisselburg. After a few kilometers, the river makes a detour and flows into the Gulf of Finland. Numerous tributaries and branches of the river form a vast area on which the largest cities of the Russian Federation are located.

Nature gave people a small island at the very source of the Neva, which protects the exit from the lake to the majestic river. Every guest of the island can enjoy amazing views of ancient castles and towers of historical value for Russia.

Mouth of the Neva River

The river ends its course in the Neva Bay of the Gulf of Finland. A sandbank separates the river mouth from the Neva Bay. Covering the distance from its source to the end of the mouth, the river makes a detour and ends in the south.

Tributaries of the Neva River

The small river collects 25 rivers and various watercourses. In addition, the Neva has many water branches, canals and channels. The most important tributaries of the Neva are the Black River, Izhora, Mga and Murzinka. Almost all tributaries turn out to be much older than the Neva itself and carry their own rich historical value. The main right-hand tributaries are Utka, Okhta, Dubrovka, Chernavka. According to the nature of the regime, the Neva is divided into upper and lower parts.

The Neva is a very multifaceted river. She perfectly combines beauty and power, humility and unbridled character, and together with the changeable St. Petersburg weather, she has become a local legend.

Cities of Russia on the Neva River

On the picturesque banks of the majestic river there are four large cities - Otradnoye, St. Petersburg, Kirovsk and Shlisselburg. There are also more than 30 cities and villages with smaller populations, unlike large cities. The stormy Neva River conceals a rich and mysterious history of its cities. Many scientists are sure that a huge amount of valuables is hidden on the territory of the Neva. Until now, archaeologists have found numerous facts indicating that it was on the banks of the Neva River that ancient people organized their camps.

The Neva River in folk culture

(I.K. Aivazovsky “View of St. Petersburg” 1988)

Great poets dedicated their poems to the wondrous river. They sing about her and compose thousands of songs about her. Museums contain masterpieces depicting the great Neva River. She serves as a muse for many artists, singers, poets and artists of our time. A.S. Pushkin described one of the floods of the Neva River in his famous poem “The Bronze Horseman”. School “Scarlet Sails”, love dates, the beach on Petropavlovka, the raising of bridges - this is what gives unforgettable memories to the residents of the legendary “city on the Neva”.