Presentation on the topic Kuril Nature Reserve. The work can be used for lessons and reports on the subject "Social Studies"

Section I. INSTALLATION INFORMATION

1. Cadastral number and corresponding land cadastre number: 65:25:0:01, 65:25:03.

2. Name: State Nature Reserve "Kurilsky".

3. SOAT code (OKATO): 64256000000.

4. Clustering: the Kurilsky Nature Reserve consists of three separate areas.

5. Location in the structure of administrative-territorial division: the reserve is located in the Sakhalin region, in the South Kuril region, on the island of Kunashir of the Kuril ridge, and the islands of the Lesser Kuril ridge of Demina and Oskolki. The Shards include the islands of Fox and Shishki, as well as the rocks: Pechernaya, Parus, Svecha and Kira.

7. Profile: complex.

8. Status: Federal.

9. Year of creation: 1984

10. Total area: 65365 hectares:

Plot No. 1 Northern Kunashirsky, area 49,899 hectares;

Plot No. 2 South Kunashirsky, area 15366 hectares;

Section of the Lesser Kuril Ridge, area 100 hectares.

11. Regulatory and legal basis for operation:

Decision of the Executive Committee of the Sakhalin Region of October 15, 1982 N 361;

State Act on the right to use land of the Executive Committee of the Yuzhno-Kurilsky District dated January 20, 1986 No. 22.

The area of ​​the reserve is determined by all the listed documents to be 65,365 hectares.

The category of lands from which the allocation was made during the organization of protected areas is the state forest fund, the state land reserve. The form and conditions of land use are determined by the State Act on the right to use land “for the conservation of the natural complex in the protected area and for carrying out scientific research work.”

12. Justification for creation and its significance: the purpose of creating the reserve is to preserve and study the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems of the South Kuril Islands.

Any activity that contradicts the objectives of the reserve and the regime of special protection of its territory is prohibited on the territory of the reserve.

The natural complexes of the reserve are unique and have no analogues in the world.

13. Information on the award of international diplomas: he has no international diplomas for this period.

14. List of main objects of protection:

Protected species

On the territory of the Kurilsky Nature Reserve and its protective zones, 107 species of vascular plants grow, which have different protection statuses and are listed in the regional (Red Book of the Sakhalin Region), Russian and International (IUCN) Red Books. Of these, 41 species of plants and fungi are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation. So, on the territory of the Russian Federation only on the island. Kunashir there are Maksimovich's birch (Betula maximowicziana Regel), bothrocaryum controversum (Hemsl. ex Prain.) Pojark) (3), magnolia obovate (M. hypoleuca) (1), Japanese maple (Acer japonicum Thunb.), Maksimovich's linden (Tilia maximowicziana Shirasawa).

NUMBER OF SPECIES FROM THE RED BOOK OF THE RF (BY DEPARTMENTS) NOTED IN THE TERRITORY OF THE KURILSKY RESERVE AND ITS PROTECTED ZONES:

Mushrooms - 5

Lichens - 3

Bryophytes - 1

Ferns – 2

Angiosperms - 28

Total: 41

Among the animals included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, 5 species of invertebrate animals and 37 species of vertebrate animals are noted on the territory of the reserve: 1 species of fish, 2 species of reptiles, 3 species of mammals and 33 species of birds (Appendix 2, 3). Among the species living in the reserve, the IUCN Book of Rare Species includes the sea otter - Enhydra lutris, sea lion - Eumetopias jubatus, Kuril seal (antur) - Phoca vitulina kurilensis (Ph. V. stejngeri), fish eagle owl - Ketupa blakistoni, Japanese crane - Grus japonensis. Steller sea lions and Kuril seals form large summer rookeries on the territory of the reserve. The Japanese crane nests annually on the territory of the Alekhinsky forestry. The fish owl nests throughout the reserve.

Ecosystems:

1. Bird River.

2. Group of spawning rivers Tyatina, Saratovka, Nochka.

3. Biotopic complex of broad-leaved forests of the Alekhina region.

4. Mixed and broad-leaved forests in the area of ​​the river. Vodopadnaya - r. Light (plantations of Schisandra chinensis).

Phenomena:

1. Caldera of Golovnino volcano.

2. Volcano Tyatya.

3. Bird Waterfall.

4. Neskuchenskie springs.

5. Cape Stolbchaty (protection zone).

Information board

Information board

View of the caldera of Golovnin volcano

Cape Stolbchaty

Bird Waterfall

Volcano Tyatya

Historical and cultural objects:

On the territory of the Kurilsky Nature Reserve and its protective zones, 66 archaeological and ethnographic monuments (sites of ancient people, Ainu settlements, Japanese buildings) were noted.

Natural healing resources:

On the territory of the reserve and its protective zones there are a number of thermal water outlets:

Oz. Boiling in the caldera of the volcano. Golovnino. The lake water is carbonic acid, strongly acidic, slightly mineralized, sulfate-chloride, calcium-sodium. The lake water has an increased content of biologically active components: silicic acid, iron, hydrogen sulfide, phosphorus;

Complex of thermal springs (Neskuchenskie) at the foot of the volcano. Ruruy. The waters of the sources are slightly mineralized, sulfate-hydrocarbonate with different cationic composition;

Stolbovskie thermal springs in the Stolbchaty metro area, security zone. The springs belong to slightly acidic, medium-mineralized, sulfate-chloride, sodium thermal baths.

15. Departmental subordination: Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources.

16. Legal address: Russia, Sakhalin region, Yuzhno-Kurilsky district, town. Yuzhno-Kurilsk, Zarechnaya street, 5. Telephone 2-15-02, 2-15-20; fax 2-15-86. Email: [email protected]

17. Availability of subordinate protected areas: State Biological Reserve "Small Kuriles".

Cadastral number:

O. Shikotan - RF 3 - 65:25:020000:01;

Small Kuril Ridge - RF 3 - 65:25:030000:01.

Established by Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR dated January 6, 1982 N 14.

Order of the Main Hunt of the RSFSR dated 06.06.1984 N 194.

Regulations on the State Nature Reserve "Kurilsky", paragraph 8.

Cape Inhumane

Cape Alyokhina

Section II. TERRITORIAL STRUCTURE OF SPNATS AND MAIN NATURAL CHARACTERISTICS

18. Geographical position:

The northern Kunashir section of the reserve is located on the foothills and mountains of the northern part of Kunashir Island, and the peripheral part of the section is washed by the waters of the Pacific Ocean. The northern part of this area is located on the mid-elevation mountains of the Dokuchaev ridge. The southern and southeastern part of this area is a relatively gentle slope of the Tyatya volcano with a coastal terrace rising 30 - 50 m above sea level, densely indented by streams. There is also the largest river of the island - Tyatina.

Site coordinates: central point - 44°23" N 146°11" E

1) 44°29" N 46°11" E

2) 44°24" N 146°23" E

3) 44°16" N 46°08" E

4) 44°25" N 146°03" E

The Southern Kunashirsky site is located in the southeastern part of Kunashir Island. It differs from the Northern section in a calmer topography with smaller differences in topographic heights. Its western part covers the shore of the Kunashir Strait, the eastern border of the site runs along the watershed of the south of Kunashir, with the exception of significant sections.

Site coordinates: central point - 43°53" N 145°32" E

1) 43°58" N 145°36" E

2) 43°45" N 145°25" E

3) 43°54" N 145° 4" E

4) 43°47" N 145°28" E

The section of the Lesser Kuril Ridge is characterized by the presence of small islands in area and height with signs of significant denudation, which are a geomorphological continuation of the Nemuro Peninsula (Hokkaido Island).

Site coordinates:

1) Demina Islands - 43°25" N 146°05" E

2) Oskolki Islands - 43°32" N 146°26" E

The coordinates were taken from map N 61018 of the USSR Ministry of Defense of the Mercator projection.

19. Main features of nature:

Relief

The mountainous nature of the relief is determined by volcanic structures. The basis of the Tyatinsky forestry is the unique volcanic ridge of Dokuchaev (peaks 900 - 1180 m above sea level), in its highest part ending in the north with the Ruruy volcano (1486 m). The highest point of the island is the Tyatya volcano (1819 m). This is the second largest volcano of the Kuril Islands. North of the Tyatya volcano is the Lovtsova Peninsula. It is separated from the main part of the island by the low Kruglovsky Isthmus. The relief of the peninsula is hilly.

The basis of the Alekhinsky forestry of the reserve is the caldera of the Golovnino volcano (541 m) with the Sernovodsky isthmus adjacent to it from the north, most of which is occupied by lake. Sandy. The relief of this part of the island is smoother, with soft outlines of the slopes of low hills.

Climate

The climate is maritime monsoon, characterized by relatively warm winters and cool summers with many foggy days. The average monthly air temperature in the warmest month (August) reaches 15.5 degrees. C, the coldest (February) -4.6 degrees. C. The average annual precipitation over the last decade was 1294.4 mm. The wind regime is characterized by a well-defined seasonal circulation, with the winter, spring and autumn monsoons being more pronounced than the summer monsoon. In winter (December - March) north-west winds prevail. In spring, the frequency of winds in northwestern, northeastern and southern directions is high. In summer the prevailing winds are northeast, east, southeast and south. In autumn the winds change. An increase in northwestern winds is observed. The average wind speed for the year is 4.8 m/s. The windiest period is autumn. At the same time, so-called typhoons (tropical cyclones) are frequent, characterized by hurricane-force winds of 25 - 30 m/s and large amounts of precipitation. A significant difference in microclimatic conditions is observed on the Pacific (washed by a cold current) and Okhotsk (washed by a wandering branch of a warm current) coasts of the island. Conditions also differ on mountain ranges and volcanoes - due to the manifestation of an altitudinal gradient.

Soil cover

Soils are turfy and gley-boggy. There are no podzolic soils under forest vegetation. Forest volcanic soils form under Glen spruce forests. The soils are of volcanic origin; buried humus horizons are common in the sections. Volcanic ash is of fundamental importance.

Hydrological network

The hydrological network is very developed. The rivers are mostly mountainous, small, up to 20 km long. Many of them are spawners. The largest river on the island of Kunashir and in the reserve is Tyatina. In spring, river levels rise slightly and no floods are observed. The water level rises mainly after the passage of typhoons.

There are numerous manifestations of mineral, especially thermal, waters, varied in temperature, chemical and gas composition. Within the reserve and its protective zones there are the Neskuchenskie, Tretyakovskie, Stolbovskie, Alekhinskie springs and hydrosolfatars of the Golovnino volcano.

Lakes are caldera, crater, lava pond, lagoon. There are 6 lakes on the territory of the reserve. The largest lake in area on the island and in the reserve is Lake. Sandy (7.14 sq. km) of lagoonal origin. In the caldera of Golovnino volcano there are two mineralized lakes - Goryachee (3.09 sq. km) and Boiling (0.03 sq. km), the deepest on the island - more than 70 m and more than 30 m deep.

The marine area is part of the marine protective zone and covers an area of ​​33 thousand hectares.

Vegetation

838 species of vascular plants belonging to 414 genera and 125 families have been recorded.

In general, according to the nature of the vegetation cover and the distribution of individual species, Kunashir Island belongs to the South Kuril region of the South Kuril-Hokkaido district of the Sakhalin-Hokkaido province of the East Asian floristic region. The flora of Kunashir is basically a derivative of two floristic centers - Beringian and Japanese.

The basis of the vegetation cover in the reserve is made up of forests, which cover more than 70% of its territory (Vasiliev, Kuptsov, 1985). Dark coniferous forests account for 60% of the forested area. They are formed by Picea ajanensis, P.glehnii, Abies sachalinensis with the participation of a large number of species of deciduous trees. More than 10% is accounted for by stone birch forests and about 25% by thickets of dwarf cedar. Broad-leaved forests occupy small areas. Forests are characterized by a large participation of woody trees, lianas, and shrubs. Bamboo (Sasa) forms dense, impenetrable thickets in forest clearings and sparse stands.

In the valleys, along the banks of rivers and streams, in the lower part of the seaside terraces, tall grasses (mainly tall grasses) are developed, some representatives of which reach a height of 4 - 5 m.

The vertical zonation of vegetation is well expressed on the Tyatya and Ruruy volcanoes. At the foot of the volcanoes, broad-leaved and coniferous-deciduous forests grow; fir-spruce forests are noted up to an absolute height of 600 - 700 m. Above there is an intermittent strip of stone birch forests. This strip gives way to thickets of dwarf cedar. The goltsy belt and the heather belt are represented in separate fragments on the Tyatya volcano.

Colorful forb-grass meadows are represented mainly on sea terraces and have a rich species composition.

Wetland and swamp communities form around the lakes. The sea coast is characterized by thickets of rose hips Rosa rugosa, confined to sandy ridges and dunes.

One of the characteristic features of the flora of Kunashir is the extremely small number of endemics, compared to other islands quite distant from the mainland. Another characteristic feature is the rare occurrence of most species.

Information on biological diversity is provided in Appendix 1 and Appendix 2.

Japanese snake

Island snake

20. Explication of land (in hectares and percentage of total area):

forest lands (forested/non-forested) - 48564/5623;

non-forest lands (pastures, arable lands, hayfields, etc.) - 881;

reservoirs - 1166;

lands of settlements - 18;

roads - 27;

swamps - 6042;

glaciers - 29;

other lands - 3015.

21. Regime and zoning of the territory: seasonal rest zones have been created on the territory of the reserve on the basis of Appendix No. 7 of November 14, 1996 to the Regulations on the State Nature Reserve "Kurilsky":

a) for successful nesting and hatching of fish owl chicks - in the period from February 15 to May 15:

In the Tyatinsky forestry districts included in the basin of the Saratovka, Tyatino, Zalivnaya rivers;

In the Alekhinsky forestry there are blocks adjacent to Lake Peschanoe.

b) to eliminate the possibility of unauthorized removal (capture) of snakes and Far Eastern skinks living on the island - from July 1 to September 15:

In the Alekhina forestry - the Okhotsk coast from the village of Alekhina in blocks 33, 42, 47, 46; the coast of Lake Goryachee in blocks 50, 51, 52, 58;

In seasonal rest zones, a special regime is established during the specified periods: security is carried out along the perimeter of the designated areas; All types of protected areas are prohibited; scientific work is carried out according to programs approved by the scientific council and agreed with the reserve management department;

In areas for limited economic activities and other types of environmental management on the territory of the reserve: to provide facilities for the Federal Border Guard Service and the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, it is allowed to use vehicles on a country road running along the coast in the Alekhinskoye forestry, blocks 100, 98, 96, 97, 91, 85, 84, 82 , 102, 18, 17 on the basis of Appendix No. 8 of November 14, 1996 to the Regulations on the Kurilsky State Nature Reserve; for life support while performing official duties for personal use, reserve employees have the right to use natural resources in strictly regulated quantities and in accordance with Appendix No. 10 of November 14, 1996 to the mentioned Regulations on the reserve.

Two routes have been allocated on the territory of the reserve for the purpose of conducting excursion tourist routes:

Route N 1 "Caldera of Golovnino Volcano".

Route N 2 "Tyatya Volcano".

The conditions of the routes were approved by the Scientific Council of the reserve in Appendix No. 11 dated November 14, 1996.

22. Protection zone regime: decision of the Executive Committee of the Sakhalin Region dated October 15, 1982 N 361 “On the organization of the Kurilsky State Nature Reserve on the territory of the Yuzhno-Kurilsky District of the Sakhalin Region.”

The same document defines the regime for the protection and use of natural resources and economic activities within the buffer zone of the reserve. Dimensions of the protected zone of the reserve:

1. Ore area: width from 12 km to 6 km, area 15218 hectares.

2. Tyatinsky site: width from 0.5 km to 0 m, area 628 hectares.

3. Lovtsovsky site: width from 14 km to 0 m, area 6375 hectares.

4. Columnar section: width from 8 km to 0 m, area 3186 hectares.

5. Sernovodsko-Golovninsky section: width from 14 km to 0 m, area 16068 hectares.

The following is prohibited: hunting, destruction of nesting sites, training of hunting dogs, amateur fishing in the Sernovodskaya, Tyatina, Nochka rivers, unorganized tourism, use of pesticides.

Restricted: forest cutting, harvesting of wild plants, technical raw materials, use of mineral fertilizers, arrangement of places for public recreation, organized tourism, laying of roads, pipelines, other communications, construction of new enterprises and economic facilities, as well as other activities that may have a negative impact to natural objects protected in the state reserve.

23. Position in the structure of regional land use:

The reserve lands are directly bordered by:

With the lands of the Dalniy state farm. At this time, the state farm has completely lost its economic purpose;

With lands of the state land reserve;

With forestry lands;

With lands of state need (FPS of the Russian Federation).

24. Measures to improve the condition: it is necessary to include the water areas adjacent to the territory of the reserve into the reserve and organize a marine protected area in the area of ​​the Lesser Kuril Ridge. Introduce into the protected area a cattle driving strip (628 hectares), laid along the southern - south-eastern coast of the Tyatinsky forestry.

25. Proposals to change the status and/or established protection regime.

Section III. ORGANIZATIONAL AND FINANCIAL SUPPORT OF OPERATION

26. Number of own staff:

AUP - 4 people.

Security department - 11 people.

Scientific department - 5 people.

LLC - 6 people.

Environmental education department - 1 person.

In 2004, the following were dismissed: 1 senior state inspector, 1 district state inspector;

Received: 2 state inspectors, programmer (system administrator).

27. Legal (individual) persons responsible for ensuring security.

28. Protection of protected areas and buffer zones: -

29. Scientific activity:

as part of scientific department 3 researchers work:

1. Savchenko A.G., born in 1946, leading researcher, diploma specialty - "Forestry Engineer", year of graduation from the Siberian Technological Institute, Faculty of "Forestry" in Krasnoyarsk - 1969; postgraduate study at the Moscow Forestry Engineering Institute - 1976 - 1980, scientific supervisor - Academician I.S. Melekhov, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences) in the specialty 03/06/03 "Forestry, silviculture; forest fires and the fight against them", work experience in nature reserves - 31 years ., of which 16 years of work experience in the Kurilsky Nature Reserve; scientific specialization: phytocenology and problems of conservation of rare and endangered plant species, the influence of anthropogenic factors on natural ecosystems.

2. Eremenko N.A., born in 1969; deputy Director of Science; In 1992 she graduated from Tomsk State University (Faculty of Biology and Soils) with a degree in biology, specialization in invertebrate zoology, applied computer science. She has been working in the Kurilsky Nature Reserve since 1992 (work experience - 12.5 years); specialization - phenology of plant communities, flora of vascular plants; Candidate of Biological Sciences (specialty 03.00.05 "botany").

3. Ushakova M.V., born in 1979; junior researcher; in 2001 graduated from Moscow State University. M. Lomonosov, Faculty of Biology, majoring in zoology. She has been working in the Kurilsky Nature Reserve since 2001, with 3.5 years of experience in the reserve; graduate student (enrolled in graduate school at Lomonosov Moscow State University in October 2001); specialization in ornithology.

Technical staff: 2 people.

During 2000 - 2004 The staff of the reserve carried out research within the framework of the Nature Chronicle Program of the Kurilsky Nature Reserve in the following sections: 1. Territory of the reserve; 2. Trial sections, permanent (temporary) routes; 5. Weather; 7. Flora and vegetation; 8. Fauna and animal population; 9. Nature calendar.

1. Program for the development and implementation of measures for the conservation of rare species "Magnolia".

2. A program to protect and increase the number of suitable habitats for the eagle owl.

During 2003 - 2004, the reserve's scientific staff published the following materials:

Monographs and thematic collections:

Barkalov V.Yu., Eremenko N.A. Flora of the Kurilsky Nature Reserve and the Small Kuriles Nature Reserve (Sakhalin Region). Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2003. 284 p.

Scientific articles in foreign journals:

G. Jacoby, O. Solomina, D. Frank, N. Eremenko, R. D "Arrigo Kunashir (Kuriles) Oak 400-year reconstruction of temperature and relation to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation // Palaeogeography, Paleoclimatology, Palaeoecology, - 2004, - N 209. P. 303 - 311.

Scientific articles in central journals:

Eremenko N.A. New species of vascular plants for protected areas of the southern Kuril Islands and some data on their seasonal development. MOIP Bulletin. - Moscow, 2003.

Ushakova M.V. New information about the avifauna of the southern Kuril Islands (Kunashir, Shikotan, Iturup) // Ornithology, - 2004, issue. 31.

Scientific articles in regional journals:

Savchenko A.G. Environmental problems of the Southern Kuril Islands and the contribution of the Kurilsky Nature Reserve to their scientific solution. // Bulletin of the Sakhalin Museum. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, 2003.

Scientific articles and theses in specialized collections:

foreign:

Nevedomskaya I.A. Localization of marine mammal rookeries (Kuril Islands) // Marine mammals of the Holarctic - 2004. Collection of scientific papers based on the materials of the third international conference. Koktebel, Crimea, Ukraine, October 11 - 17, 2004 - Moscow. KMK, - 2004 - pp. 422 - 425.

Nevedomskaya I.A. An unusual meeting of the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) in the area of ​​Yuzhno-Kurilsk (Kunashir Island, Kuril Islands) // Marine Mammals of the Holarctic - 2004. Collection of scientific papers based on the materials of the third international conference. Koktebel, Crimea, Ukraine, October 11 - 17, 2004 - Moscow. KMK, - 2004 - pp. 425 - 426.

all-Russian:

Barkalov V.Yu., Eremenko N.A. Vascular plants of the Kurilsky State Nature Reserve // ​​Current state of biodiversity in protected areas of Russia. Vol. 2. Vascular plants. M., 2003. P. 38 - 781.

Eremenko N.A. Features of the seasonal development of plants on the southern Kuril Islands // Botanical research in Asian Russia: Materials of the XI Congress of the Russian Botanical Society. Volume 2 - Barnaul: AzBuka Publishing House, 2003, pp. 351 - 352.

Ushakova M.V. Towards the avifauna of the Lesser Kuril Ridge // Biology and conservation of birds of Kamchatka. M., vol. 5, 2003. pp. 1 - 4.

deposited in VINITI:

Savchenko A.G. Coenotic aspects of the habitat of rare tree species. Volume 3. Anatomical method in the study of dendrocenotic relationships: theoretical justification and methodology. Moscow: All-Russian Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of the Russian Academy of Sciences (VINITI RAS), N 1347-B2003 from 07/10/2003 - 250 p.

Savchenko A.G. Coenotic aspects of the habitat of rare tree species. Volume 4. Anatomical method in the study of dendrocenotic relationships: studies in forest phytocenoses of the Southern Kuril Islands. Part 1. Moscow: All-Russian Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of the Russian Academy of Sciences (VINITI RAS), N 1644-B2003 from 09/05/2003 - 499 p.

Savchenko A.G., Shirnin A.V. Dynamics of phytofire danger in the Kurilsky nature reserve in the period 2001 - 2002. Moscow: All-Russian Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of the Russian Academy of Sciences (VINITI RAS), N 243-B2003 from 02/06/2003 - 109 p.

Savchenko A.G., Shirnin A.V. Dynamics of phytofire danger in the Kurilsky nature reserve in 2003 // State nature reserve "Kurilsky". - Yuzhno-Kurilsk, 2004 - 76 p. - Dep. in VINITI 07/15/2004, N 1245-B2004.

other:

Eremenko N.A. Seasonal development of plants and plant communities of the southern Kuril Islands. Author's abstract. dis. Ph.D. biol. Sci. - Vladivostok, 2004 - 21 p. (as a manuscript).

Cooperation with third parties during 2003 - 2004. conducted by topic:

Cooperation agreement with Novosibirsk State University on the topic “Cytogenetics of insects on the territory of the Kurilsky Nature Reserve.”

Agreement on scientific cooperation with the Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics FEB RAS (IMGiG FEB RAS), Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, on the topic "Methodological methods for searching for paleotsunamis on the coasts of the Kuril Ridge" in the territory of the Kurilsky Nature Reserve and its protected zones" and on the topic "Study of the current state and past activity of volcanoes on. Kunashir".

Cooperation agreement with the Sakhalin State Regional Museum of Local Lore on the topic “Study of archaeological monuments of Kunashir Island.”

Agreement on scientific cooperation with the Institute of Geography FEB RAS (TIG FEB RAS), Vladivostok, to carry out work on the study of spore-pollen rain on the territory of the island. Kunashir and the Kurilsky Nature Reserve.

Cooperation agreement with the Institute for Monitoring Climatic and Ecological Systems of the SB RAS on the topic "Study of the population structure of dwarf pine and small-flowered pine on Kunashir Island."

Cooperation agreement with Sakhalin State University on the topic “Anthropogenic impact on the environment in isolated island ecosystems.”

Cooperation agreement with SakhNIRO (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk) on the topic “Comprehensive study of marine biological resources of the coastal zone of the southern Kuril Islands and development of recommendations for the rational use of commercial species forming coastal communities (for the period 2004 - 2008).”

Agreement on scientific cooperation for 2001 - 2004. with Moscow Pedagogical State University on the topic “Transformation and migration of metal forms in the landscapes of oceanic volcanic islands using the example of Kunashir Island.”

Agreement on scientific cooperation for 2001 - 2004. with the Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics (IMGiG) FEB RAS on the topic “Volcanological zoning and monitoring the state of active volcanoes of the Kuril Islands.”

Agreement on scientific cooperation for 2003 - 2004. with the Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics (IMGiG) FEB RAS on the topic “Hydrotherms of Kunashir Island”.

30. Ecological, educational, medical, health and recreational activities on the territory:

Activities:

ecological trails and excursion routes;

popular science and propaganda articles in the local, regional, central and foreign press;

appearances on television;

publication of periodicals and printed products of an advertising and environmental education nature;

contacts with non-governmental environmental organizations;

shooting video materials by third parties;

employee appearances on television;

exhibitions and expositions;

work with schoolchildren;

contacts with geography and biology teachers;

participation in the "March of Parks";

competitions for children;

releases of environmental collections.

Organizer:

Head of the unit Nevedomskaya Irina Aleksandrovna, born in 1969, higher education. She has been working in the reserve since 1992. In 1992 she graduated from Tomsk State University with a degree in biology and applied computer science. He has been involved in environmental education in the reserve since August 1996.

Back in the late 1940s, the question of creating a reserve on the Kuril Islands was raised to preserve sea otters and fur seals. By that time, the numbers of these animals had been reduced due to Japanese industrialists. Next, the need arose to protect the habitat of migratory and sea colonial birds, their wintering grounds and nesting grounds. It was also necessary to resolve the issue of preserving the unique communities of vegetation, fauna and many other natural objects of the South Kuril Islands.

As a result, the Kuril Nature Reserve was founded in the Sakhalin region in 1984 (South Kuril region). The article presents a short story about this amazing region of Russia.

General information about the territory of the reserve

The Kuril Islands are a unique peninsula containing on its territory a huge number of not only natural, but also archaeological attractions. There is an amazingly rich world of animals and plants here.

The pride of the Sakhalin region is the state Kuril Nature Reserve. It is not only a unique environmental zone in the region, but also a tourist attraction. Nowhere on the planet is there a place even slightly similar to this amazing Kuril Nature Reserve. It includes three natural zones.

1. Tyatinsky site- Northern part. The largest zone of the reserve (area 49 thousand hectares), occupying approximately 46.5% of the total area. This includes the Tyatya volcano and the active Ruruy volcano. At the foot of the latter there are hydrothermal springs.
2. Alekhinsky site- the southeastern part, measuring about 15 thousand hectares. This place is unique due to the caldera of the Golovnin volcano located there. At its bottom there are 2 lakes with hot mineral water.
3. Malaya Kurilskaya Ridge. Although this area occupies only 100 hectares, several rocks and islands (Demina and Oskolki) are concentrated on its territory.

Kuril Nature Reserve: photo, general description

A relatively young reserve was created on the island of Kunashir (the southernmost in the Kuril ridge), as well as on several small neighboring islands and rocks (Demina, Oskolki, Shishki, Fox and Parus rocks, Peshernaya, Kira, Svecha). The length of Kunashir, stretching from northeast to southwest, is 13 km, and its width varies between 9-30 km.

There are hills here from where you can see both the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. Among the most outstanding objects of the Kuril Nature Reserve are 3 volcanoes (there are only 4 on the island). Tyatya and Ruruy are located in the wildest, northern part of the island. More detailed information about them can be found below in the article.

The total area of ​​the reserve is approximately 65 thousand hectares.

Natural features

The protected area is mostly covered with forests. More than 200 species of birds live here, most of the species of birds and animals were listed in the Red Book. Many birds nest here, and some use these picturesque places as a stopover during their migration. Many animals living in the reserve have found protection here from poachers.

Almost all natural objects located within the Kuril Nature Reserve are quite accessible to nature lovers and tourists. The central part of the southern section (Alekhinsky) is occupied by the volcanic caldera. Most of the streams and rivers flowing into the Sea of ​​Okhotsk are of the mountain type.

Cape Stolbchaty

There is a special place in Kunashir called Cape Stolbchaty. This miracle of nature is a real natural masterpiece of the Kuril Nature Reserve. It is accessible for viewing even on the most foggy and rainy days. Some called such a structure a bamboo petrified forest, and some explained its appearance as the work of fairy-tale giants. In fact, this phenomenon is associated with ancient volcanic activity.

About fifty million years ago, molten lava emerged from cracks in the earth’s crust onto the surface, spreading in a thick layer (tens of meters). With its homogeneous chemical composition, the surface began to crack into hexagons of regular shape during the cooling process. Something similar happens to the muddy lake bottom as it dries out. The cracks subsequently spread into the depths of the lava, gradually splitting the entire basalt mass into vertical columns.

When the lava surface was not horizontal, inclined, curved, and even twisted pillars were obtained. This is how fantastic columnar structures arose, similar to organ pipes, cathedral spiers, etc. And such natural phenomena as tides and storms supplemented this indescribable beauty with “stairs”, “pavements” and many others. etc. This is one of the most beautiful sights of the Kuril Nature Reserve.

Lakes

Lake Goryacheye, which is the deepest on the island (62 meters) and coldest, was formed in the crater of the volcano explosion. Only at the lava dome is it warm (sulfur springs flow here) and very transparent with a beautiful turquoise tint.

There is another lake - Boiling Lake, which lives up to its name. The surface of this reservoir boils and smokes. Boiling produces black bubbles with a metallic sheen. It is dangerous to get close to it due to the unreliability of the ground.

Volcanoes

On the territory of the Yuzhno-Kurilsky Nature Reserve, as noted above, there are 4 volcanoes. Among them, the most notable are Tyatya (height 1822 meters) and Golovnin Volcano (541 m), accessible to tourists, as well as the active Ruruy (1485 meters).

1. Tyatyu is clearly visible from many places on the east coast. This is one of the most beautiful and well-shaped volcanoes in the whole world. It consists of two cones, one of which is an old volcanic structure (called a soma), and the second one grew inside the first one and, accordingly, is much younger. The first eruption of Tyati occurred in 1812, the second in 1973. The consequences of the last explosion are a 400-meter crater and thousands of hectares of burnt forest in the surrounding area. To climb to the top of the volcano, you need to overcome a long section of impassable “jungle” (dwarf cedar and Kuril bamboo). The reward for such a feat is a fantastically beautiful panorama of a magnificent picturesque island among the blue ocean from a bird's eye view.
2. Ruruy Volcano (1485 meters). It is an active complex stratovolcano. Its historical eruptions are unknown, but on its western slopes, at altitudes of 150-350 meters above sea level, fumarolic activity occurs, and hydrothermal activity is noted on its coastal parts.
3. Another object accessible to tourists is the Golovnina volcano. Named in honor of Admiral V. Golovnin, captured by the Japanese in 1811. He spent 2 years in captivity on the island of Kunashir. This volcano is most likely a caldera (“cauldron” in Spanish). The basin is of tectonic origin. Its diameter is 5 km. Inside you can see lava domes and a lake with springs under water, boiling cauldrons and fumaroles (holes in the crater) framed by bright yellow sulfur.

Flora

The flora of the Kurilsky Nature Reserve is represented by coniferous-deciduous forests (Sakhalin velvet, ash, oak, wild magnolia and elm) and spruce-fir forests, as well as aquatic vegetation (extensive “underwater meadows” of seaweed). The peculiarity of the reserve is that in these places there is a border of distribution of quite a few types of vegetation that are found in China, Korea and Japan. In addition, only here the Maksimovich birch, Japanese maple, low wolffoil and Chonoski rhododendron, listed in the Red Book, grow. Spruce-fir dense forests are characteristic of the slopes of volcanoes and the tops of hills.

The vegetation of the reserve is amazing. Of course, horse chestnut, which is more familiar to the European part, does not grow here. The Kuril Nature Reserve has both heat-loving and frost-resistant plants on its territory. Completely different species (antipodes) coexist on the island: southern wild grapes and northern dwarf cedar, hardy birch and capricious Japanese magnolia, fir and Manchurian liana, actinidia arguta and many others. etc.

Fauna

The rivers of the Kuril Nature Reserve are full of spawning salmon fish (pink salmon and chum salmon).

The rich fauna is represented by the brown bear (smaller than the Kamchatka bear), white hare, fox, sable, chipmunk, weasel, European mink, Shikotan vole and shrew. Among the birds that live here are diving ducks, gulls, cormorants and loons. Rare birds and animals: Steller's sea eagle, white-tailed eagle, Japanese crane, fish owl, sea otter (Kamchatka beaver).

In conclusion about the marine protective zone of the Kurilsky Nature Reserve

The protected marine zone of the reserve on Kunashir Island was created in 1996. It was at this time that the fishing of marine objects by Russian sailors intensified in the waters of the Southern Kuril Islands, in connection with the opening of the acceptance of marine products in Japanese ports. Crab, sea urchin, shrimp, etc. began to be exported to Japan in huge quantities.

Largely unexplored, untapped and untapped, the sea (compared to other parts of the globe) requires special protection (especially coastal waters) and protection. Otherwise, the merciless extermination of marine life by humans is inevitable. This is why the reserve was created.

The island's avifauna is the richest, with more than 260 species of 18 orders. The species composition of terrestrial vertebrates is not very rich. The largest representative of the fauna is the brown bear. There are also fox, sable, weasel, European mink acclimatized in the early 80s, hare, mouse-like rodents - red-gray vole, Japanese mouse, Shikotan vole, gray rat, 5 species of shrews. 7 species of bats have been recorded. Salmon species native to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk live here. In the freshwater reservoirs of the island, there are 22 species of fish (pink salmon, chum salmon, chum salmon, Sakhalin taimen, rudd, malma, catfish smelt, smallmouth smelt, stickleback, river flounder, etc.). In the coastal waters there are largo or common seal, sea lion, Kuril sea otter, northern fur seal, several species of cetaceans (killer whale, humpback whale, gray dolphin, etc.). The herpetofauna includes 4 species: 3 species of snakes and 1 species of lizard - the Far Eastern skink. There are 3 species of amphibians found on the island. The invertebrate fauna is rich, unique, original and practically unstudied. A total of 684 species of invertebrates are listed in the Nature Chronicle of the reserve, including 617 species of insects. But this is far from a complete list. Almost every research expedition of this profile finds species of invertebrates previously not recorded for the area.

Dovgaya Anna

GP, climate flora and fauna.

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Kuril Nature Reserve

Location: The Kurilsky Nature Reserve is located in the South Kuril region of the Sakhalin region on the island of Kunashir and the adjacent islands of the Lesser Kuril ridge (Demina, Oskolki (Foxes, Shishki; rocks Peshernaya, Parus, Svecha, Kira)) Kunashir Island is the southernmost island of the Bolshoi Island Kuril ridge, separated from Japan by a narrow strait. The island stretches from southwest to northeast for 123 km. In the northern part, the island expands to 30 km, and in some places narrows to 4 km. The total area of ​​the reserve is 65,365 hectares, the area of ​​protective zones is 41,465 (excluding marine waters). The central estate of the reserve is located in the village. Yuzhno-Kurilsk (administrative center of the Yuzhno-Kuril region). The Kurilsky Nature Reserve consists of three separate sections: section No. 1 Northern Kunashirsky, area 49,899 hectares; site No. 2 South Kunashirsky, area 15366 hectares; section of the Lesser Kuril Ridge, area 100 hectares.

General information. Relief: The mountainous nature of the relief is determined by volcanic structures. The basis of the Tyatinsky section of the reserve is the unique volcanic Dokuchaev ridge (peaks 900 - 1180 m above sea level), in its highest part ending in the north with the Ruruy volcano (1486 m). The highest point of the island is the Tyatya volcano (1819 m). This is the second largest volcano of the Kuril Islands. North of the Tyatya volcano is the Lovtsova Peninsula. It is separated from the main part of the island by the low Kruglovsky Isthmus. The relief of the peninsula is hilly. The basis of the Alekhinsky section of the reserve is the caldera of the Golovnin volcano (541 m) with the Sernovodsky isthmus adjacent to it from the north, most of which is occupied by lake. Sandy. The relief of this part of the island is smoother, with soft outlines of the slopes of low hills.

Climate: The climate is maritime monsoon, characterized by relatively warm winters and cool summers with many foggy days. The average monthly air temperature in the warmest month (August) reaches 15.5 degrees. C, the coldest (February) -4.6 degrees. C. The average annual precipitation over the last decade was 1294.4 mm. The wind regime is characterized by a well-defined seasonal circulation, with the winter, spring and autumn monsoons being more pronounced than the summer monsoon. In winter (December - March) north-west winds prevail. In spring, the frequency of winds in northwestern, northeastern and southern directions is high. In summer the prevailing winds are northeast, east, southeast and south. In autumn the winds change. An increase in northwestern winds is observed. The average wind speed for the year is 4.8 m/s. The windiest period is autumn. At the same time, so-called typhoons (tropical cyclones) are frequent, characterized by hurricane-force winds of 25 - 30 m/s and large amounts of precipitation. A significant difference in microclimatic conditions is observed on the Pacific (washed by a cold current) and Okhotsk (washed by a wandering branch of a warm current) coasts of the island. Conditions also differ on mountain ranges and volcanoes - due to the manifestation of an altitudinal gradient.

Flora: 838 species of vascular plants belonging to 414 genera and 125 families have been recorded. The basis of the vegetation cover in the reserve is made up of forests, which cover more than 70% of its territory. Dark coniferous forests account for 60% of the forested area. Broad-leaved forests occupy small areas. Forests are characterized by a large participation of woody trees, lianas, and shrubs. The vertical zonation of vegetation is well expressed on the Tyatya and Ruruy volcanoes. At the foot of the volcanoes, broad-leaved and coniferous-deciduous forests grow; fir-spruce forests are noted up to an absolute height of 600 - 700 m. The sea coast is characterized by thickets of rose hips Rosa rugosa, confined to sandy shafts.

Volcano Tyatya:

Ruruy Volcano

Fauna: The island's avifauna is the richest, with more than 260 species of 18 orders. The species composition of terrestrial vertebrates is not very rich. The largest representative of the fauna is the brown bear. There are also fox, sable, weasel, European mink acclimatized in the early 80s, hare, mouse-like rodents - red-gray vole, Japanese mouse, Shikotan vole, gray rat, 5 species of shrews. 7 species of bats have been recorded. Salmon species native to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk live here. In the freshwater reservoirs of the island, there are 22 species of fish (pink salmon, chum salmon, masu salmon, Sakhalin taimen, rudd, malma, catfish smelt, smallmouth smelt, stickleback, river flounder, etc.). In the coastal waters there are spotted larga or common seal, sea lion, Kuril sea otter, northern fur seal, several species of cetaceans (killer whale, humpback whale, gray dolphin, etc.). The herpetofauna includes 4 species: 3 species of snakes and 1 species of lizard - the Far Eastern skink. There are 3 species of amphibians found on the island. The invertebrate fauna is rich, unique, original and practically unstudied. A total of 684 species of invertebrates are listed in the Nature Chronicle of the reserve, including 617 species of insects. But this is far from a complete list. Almost every research expedition of this profile finds species of invertebrates previously not recorded for the area.

Kuril guillemot:

Brown bear:

End. The presentation was made by 8th grade student “A” Dovgaya Anna. 2013

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