Russian world heritage sites. World Heritage of Russia

Currently, 26 World Heritage sites are located on the territory of the Russian Federation:
16 Cultural Objects (have the letter designation with the Cultural) and 10 natural objects (denoted by the letter N - Natural) heritage in the World Heritage List.

Three of them are transboundary, i.e. Located on the territory of several states: Curonian Spit (Lithuania, Russian Federation), UBSUNRAKI (Mongolia, Russian Federation), Geodesic arc Struve (Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Ukraine, Finland, Sweden, Estonia)

First objects - "Historical Center St. Petersburg And associated with him groups of monuments "," Kizhi gravel "," Moscow Kremlin and Red Square "- are included in the World Heritage Site at the 14th session of the World Heritage Committee held in 1990 in the Canadian city of Banff.

43th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 2019 (Baku, Azerbaijan)

No. 1523 - Monuments of the ancient Pskov

Criteria: (II)

The "Monuments of the ancient Pskov" includes 10 objects of the architecture of the Middle Ages Rus XII - the beginning of the XVII centuries. Among them is the Cathedral of John the Forerunners of the Ivanovo Monastery (XIII century), the ensemble of the Savior Mirozhsky Monastery: the Preobrazhensky Cathedral (XII century), the Unsemble of the Snetogorsk Monastery: the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin (XVI century), Church of Mikhail Archangel with Bell Tower (XIV century. ), Church of the Intercession from the break (XV-XVI centuries), the Church of Moskov and Damian with the adaptation (XV-XVII centuries), Church of George with a reclosing (XV century), Church of the Epiphany with a belfry (XV century), - ( XVI century), Church of Vasily on the hill (XV century).

Object information:

14th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 1990 (Bangff, Canada)

No.S540 - Historical Center St. Petersburg and associated groups of monuments

Criteria (I) (II) (IV) (VI)
"Northern Venice", with its multiple channels and more than 400 bridges, is the result of the greatest town planning project, started in 1703 in Peter Great. The city was closely connected with the October Revolution of 1917, and in 1924-1991. He wore the name of Leningrad. In his architectural heritage, such various styles are combined as baroque and classicism, which can be seen by the example of Admiralty, the Winter Palace, the Marble Palace and Hermitage.
Object information:

№ С544 - KIZH

Criteria: (i) (IV) (V)
Kizhi graveyard is located on one of the numerous islands of Onega Lake, in Karelia. Here you can see two wooden churches of the XVIII century, as well as an eight-marched bell tower built from a tree in 1862. These unusual buildings, which are the vertex of carpentry skill, are a sample of an ancient church arrival and harmoniously combined with the surrounding natural landscape.
Object information:
on the site of the Museum-Reserve "Kizhi"
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

No. 145 - Moscow Kremlin and Red Square

Criteria: (I) (II) (IV) (VI)
This place is inextricably linked with the most important historical and political events in Russia's life. Starting from the XIII century. Moscow Kremlin, created in the period from the XIV century. By the XVII century. Outstanding Russian and foreign architects, he was great, and then a tsarist residence, as well as a religious center. On the Red Square, spread from the walls of the Kremlin, the Cathedral of Basil Blessed is towers - the authentic masterpiece of the Russian Orthodox architecture.
Object information:
on the website of the Museums of the Moscow Kremlin
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

16th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 1992 (Santa Fe, USA)

№с604 - historical monuments of Veliky Novgorod and the surrounding area

Criteria: (II) (IV) (VI)
Novgorod, favorably located in an ancient trading path between Central Asia and Northern Europe, was in the IX century. The first capital of Russia, the center of Orthodox spirituality and Russian architecture. Its medieval monuments, churches and monasteries, as well as the frescoes of Feofan Greek (teachers of Andrei Rublev), dating from the XIV century, clearly illustrate the outstanding level of architectural and artistic creativity.
Object information:
on the website of the Department of Culture and Tourismanovgorod region
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

No. 132 - Historical and cultural complex Solovetsky Islands

Criterion: (IV)
Solovetsky archipelago, located in the western part of the White Sea, consists of 6 islands with a total area of \u200b\u200bmore than 300 square meters. km. They were settled in V c. BC, however, the very first testimonies of the person here are referring to the 3-2th millenniums BC. Islands, starting with the XV century, have become the place of creation and active development of the largest in the Russian north of the monastery. There are also several churches of the XVI-XIX centuries.
Object information:
on the website of FGBUK "Solovetsky State Historical and Architectural and Natural Museum-Reserve"
on the site "Museums of Russia"

№с633 - Whiten Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal

Criteria: (I) (II) (IV)
These two ancient cultural centers of Central Russia occupy an important place in the history of the formation of the country's architecture. Here is a number of majestic cult and public buildings of the XII-XIII centuries, among which the Uspensky and Dmitrievsky Cathedrals are allocated (Vladimir).
Object information:
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

17th Session of the World Heritage Committee -1993 (Cartagena, Colombia)

No.S657 - Architectural ensemble Trinity-Sergieva Lavra in Sergiev Posad

Criteria: (II) (IV)
This is a vivid example of a valid Orthodox monastery, which has the features of the fortress, which completely corresponded to the spirit of its formation - the XV-XVIII centuries. In the main church of the Lavra - the Assumption Cathedral, created in the image and likeness of the Moscow Kremlin's Cathedral of the same name, is the Tomb of Boris Godunov. Among the treasures of the Lavra, the famous icon "Trinity" of the work of Andrei Rublev.
Object information:
on thethe website of the Ministry of Culture of the Moscow Region
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

18th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 1994 (Phuket, Thailand)

№С 634.rev. - Church of Ascension in Kolomensky (Moscow)

Criterion: (II)
This church was built in 1532 in the royal estate Kolomna near Moscow to commemorate the appearance of the heir - the future king of Ivan IV of Grozny. The Church of the Ascension, which is one of the earliest examples of the traditional stone for the wooden architecture of tent completion, had a great influence on the further development of Russian church architecture.
Object information:

on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

19th World Heritage Committee Session - 1995 (Berlin, Germany)

N.719 - Komi virgin forests

Criteria: (VII) (IX)
The structure of the heritage covering the territory of 3.28 million hectares is included with the plain tundra, the mountain tundras of the Urals, as well as one of the largest arrays of the primary boreal forests survived in Europe. An extensive area with swamps, rivers and lakes where coniferous breeds, birch and aspen grow, is studied and guarded for more than 50 years. Here you can trace the course of natural natural processes that determine the biodiversity of the taiga ecosystem.
Object information:

on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

20th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 1996 (Merida, Mexico)

№ N.754 - Lake Baikal

Criteria: (VII) (VIII) (IX) (x)
Located in the south-east of Siberia and the area of \u200b\u200b3.15 million hectares, Baikal is recognized as the most ancient (25 million years) and the deepest (about 1700 m) of the planet lake. The reservoir stores approximately 20% of all world stocks of fresh water. In the lake, which is known as the "Galapagos of Russia", thanks to the ancient age and the insulation, a unique ecosystem was formed for the world standards, the study of which has a continuous importance for understanding the evolution of life on Earth.
Object information:
on the website of the Foundation "Protection of Natural Heritage"
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

22nd Session of the World Heritage Committee - 1998 (Kyoto, Japan)

№ N.768Rev - "Altai Gold Mountains"

Criteria: (x)
Altai Mountains, which are the main mountainous region in the south of Western Siberia, form the origins of the largest rivers of this region - Ob and Irtysh. Heritage object includes three separate areas: Altai Reserve with a water protection zone of Teletsky Lake, Katun Reserve Plus Beluha Natural Park, Plateau Ukok. The total area is 1.64 million hectares. The area demonstrates the widest belt spectrum within central Siberia: from steppes, forest-steppe and mixed forests to subalpine and alpine meadows and glaciers. The territory is habitating disappearing animals, such as a snow leopard.
Object information:
on the website of the Foundation "Protection of Natural Heritage"
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

23rd World Heritage Committee session - 1999 (Marrakesh, Morocco)

№ N.900 - Western Caucasus

Criteria: (IX) (X)
This is one of the few major high-altitude arrays in Europe, where nature has not yet been substantial anthropogenic influence. The area of \u200b\u200bthe facility is about 300 thousand hectares, it is located in the west of the Grand Caucasus, 50 km north-east of the Black Sea coast. Only wild animals graze on the local Alpine and subalpian meadows, and extensive untouched mountain forests extending from the lowland zone to subalpics are also unique to Europe. The area is characterized by a large variety of ecosystems, high-nendemic flora and fauna, and is a district where once died, and later was recycled, the mountain subspecies of the European bison.
Object information:
on the website of the Foundation "Protection of Natural Heritage"
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

24th Session of World Heritage Committee - 2000 (Cairns, Australia)

№С980 - The historical and architectural complex of the Kazan Kremlin

Criteria: (II) (III) (IV)
The territory arising from very long time, the Kazan Kremlin leads its history from the Muslim period in the history of the Golden Horde and Kazan Khanate. He was conquered in 1552 by Ivan Grozny and became the stronghold of Orthodoxy in the Volga region. The Kremlin, in many respects preserved the planning of the ancient Tatar fortress and became an important center of pilgrimage, includes outstanding historical buildings of the XVI-XIX centuries, built on the ruins of earlier structures of the X-XVI centuries.
Object information:
on the website of the State Historical and Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve "Kazan Kremlin"
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

№С982 - Ensemble Feraphantov Monastery

Criteria: (i) (IV)
The monastery is located in the Vologda region, in the north of the European part of Russia. This is an exceptionally well-preserved Orthodox monastery complex of the XV-XVII centuries., I.e. The period that had great importance for the formation of a centralized Russian state and the development of its culture. The architecture of the monastery is unique and intertwined. In the interior of the christmas temple of the Virgin, the magnificent wall frescoes of Dionysius - the greatest Russian artist of the end of the XV century were preserved.
Object information:
on the website of the FGBU "Kirillo-Belozersky Historical and Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve"
on the site of the Museum of Fresok Dionysia
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

№с994 - Curonian Spit
Transboundary object: Lithuania, Russian Federation

Criterion: (V)
The development of this narrow sandy peninsula, having a length of 98 km and a width of 400 m to 4 km, began in prehistoric times. Spit also underwent the impact of natural forces - wind and sea waves. The preservation of this unique cultural landscape to this day has become possible only thanks to the incessant struggle of a person with the processes of erosion (fixing the dunes, forest stocks).
Object information:
on the website of the National Park "Curonian Spit" (Russia)
on the website of the National Park "Curonian Spit" (Lithuania)
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

25th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 2001 (Helsinki, Finland)

№ N.766Rev - Central Sikhote-Alin

Criterion: (X)
In the mountains of Sikhote-Alin, Far Eastern coniferous-deciduous forests grow, which are recognized as one of the richest and original on the species composition among all forests of a moderate belt of the Earth. In this transition zone, which is at the junction of taiga and subtropics, there is an unusual mixing of the southern (tiger, the Himalayan Bear) and the northern animal species (brown bear, lynx). The territory extends from the highest peaks of Sikhote-Alin to the coast of the Japanese Sea, and serves as a refuge for many disappearing species, including the Amur Tiger.
Object information:
on the Sikhote-Alinsky Reserve website
on the website of the Foundation "Protection of Natural Heritage"
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

27th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 2003 (Paris, France)

№ N.769 Rev- Ubuvunur Bowl
Transboundary Object: Mongolia, Russian Federation

Criteria: (IX) (X)
The object of heritage (with an area of \u200b\u200b1069 thousand hectares) is within the boundaries of the northern of all the nearest Kotlovin of Central Asia. Its name comes from the name of the extensive shallow and very saline lake UBSUNR, in the area of \u200b\u200bwhich the mass of migratory, waterfowl and chain birds accumulates. The object consists of 12 fragmented areas (including seven sections in Russia, with an area of \u200b\u200b258.6 thousand hectares), which represent all major types of landscapes characteristic of Eastern Eurasia. The steppes marked a wide variety of feathered, and rare species of small mammals live on deserted sections. In the alpine part, such animals are marked, rare on a global scale, like a snow leopard and mountain barn argali, as well as Siberian Capricorn.
Object information:
on the website of the Tuvinian Republican branch of the Russian Geographical Society
on the website of the Foundation "Protection of Natural Heritage"
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

№с1070 - Citadel, Old Town and Derbent Fortress

Criteria: (III) (IV)
An ancient Derbent was located at the northern frontiers of the Sassanid Persia, staging in those days to the east and the west of the Caspian Sea. Vintage fortifications built out of stone include two fortress walls that go parallel to each other from the seashore to the mountains. The city of Derbent has developed between these two walls and kept its medieval character so far. He continued to be important in a strategic attitude of the place until the XIX century.
Object information:
on the website of the GBU "Derbent State Historical and Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve"
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

28th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 2004 (Suzhou, China)

№с 1097 - Novodevichy Monastery Ensemble (Moscow)

Criteria: (i) (IV) (VI)
The Novodevichy Monastery, located in the south-west of Moscow, was created during the XVI-XVII centuries and was one of the links in the chain of monastic ensembles united in the defense system of the city. The monastery was closely connected with the political, cultural and religious life of Russia, as well as with the Moscow Kremlin. Here were tonsured in the nuns and were buried by representatives of the royal family, noble boyars and noble childbirth. The ensemble of the Novodevichy Monastery is one of the masterpieces of Russian architecture (the style "Moscow Baroque"), and its interiors where valuable collections of painting and works of decorative and applied art are stored, differ in rich inner decoration.
Object information:
on the website of the Virgin-Smolensk Novodevichy Monastery
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

№ N.1023rev - Natural Reserve Reserve Island Wrangel

Criteria: (IX) (X)
The heritage object located behind the polar circle includes the mountainous island of Wrangel (7.6 thousand square meters. Km) and Herald Island (11 square meters) together with the surrounding waters of the Chukotka and East Siberian seas. Since this area was not covered by a powerful quaternary glaciation, there is very high biodiversity. Wrangel Island is known thanks to the huge frying fools (one of the largest in the Arctic), as well as the most worldwide density of the generic Berler's Bear. This area is important as a place of head of gray whales migrating here by California, and as a nesting site for more than 50 species of birds, many of which are attributed to rare and disappearing. More than 400 species and varieties of vascular plants were recorded on the island, that is, more than any other Arctic island. Some of living organisms found here are special island forms of those plants and animals that are widespread on the continent. About 40 species and subspecies of plants, insects, birds and animals are defined as endemic.
Object information:
on the site of the State Natural Reserve "Wrangel Island"
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

29th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 2005 (Durban, South Africa)

№С1187 - Geodesic arc Struve
Transboundary Object: Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Ukraine, Finland, Sweden, Estonia

Criteria: (II) (III) (VI)
"Arc Struve" is a chain of triangulation items, stretching at 2820 km through the territory of ten European countries from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea. These observation points were laid in the period 1816-1855. Astronomer Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve (he is - Vasily Yakovlevich Struve), which thus produced the first reliable measurement of the large segment of the arc of the earth meridian. This made it possible to accurately establish the size and shape of our planet, which became an important step in the development of earth and topographic mapping sciences. It was an exceptional example of cooperation in the scientific sphere between scientists from different countries and between the ruling monarchs. Initially, the "arc" consisted of 258 geodetic "triangles" (polygons) with 265 main triangulation points. The World Heritage object included 34 such items (the most well-known to date), which are labeled on the ground in a largest way, like that: walled in the rocks of deepening, iron crosses, stones pyramids or special obelski.
Object information:
online St. Petersburg Geodesy and Cartography Societies
on the website of the Estonian Department of the Ministry of Environment
on the Finnish Cartography website
on the site "World Heritage of Norway"
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

№С1170 - Historical center of Yaroslavl

Criteria: (II) (IV)
The historic city of Yaroslavl, located approximately 250 km north-east of Moscow when the river has shifted in the Volga, was founded in the XI century. And subsequently evolved into a major shopping center. It is known for its numerous churches of the XVII century, and as an outstanding sample of the implementation of the reform of the urban planning, conducted by decree of Empress Catherine Great in 1763 throughout Russia. Although the city has retained a number of wonderful historical buildings, in the future it was reconstructed in the style of classicism based on the radial master plan. It also preserved related to XVI. The facilities of the Spassky Monastery - one of the oldest in the Uppervolzh region, which arose at the end of the XII century. On the spot of the pagan temple, but with the time of the rebuilt.
Object information:
on the site of the official portal of the city of Yaroslavl
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

34th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 2010 (Brazilia, Brazil)

№ N.1234rev - Puratorna Plateau

Criteria: (VII) (IX)
This object coincides with its borders with a Poohoral State Natural Reserve, located in the northern part of Central Siberia, 100 km in the Polar Circle. In terms of this plateau, included in the World Heritage List, a complete set of subarctic and arctic ecosystems preserved in an isolated mountain range, including - untouched Taiga, Forestandra, Tundra and the Arctic desert systems, as well as the pristine lake with cold water and river Systems. Through the object runs the main path of deer migration, which is an exceptional, majestic and increasingly rarely found phenomenon of nature.
Object information:
on the website of the FSBI "United Directorate of Taimyr Reserves"
on the website of the Foundation "Protection of Natural Heritage"
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

36th Session of the World Heritage Committee - 2012 (St. Petersburg, Russian Federation)

№ N.1299 - Natural Park "Lensky Poles"

Criteria: (VIII)
The Lensky Poles Natural Park form a rare beauty rock formations that reach a height of about 100 meters and are located along the shore of the Lena River in the central part of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). They arose in a sharply continental climate with a difference at an annual temperature of up to 100 degrees Celsius (from -60 ° C in winter to + 40 ° C in summer). Poles are separated from each other deep and steep ravines, partially filled with injected rugs of rocks. The penetration of water from the surface accelerated the process of freezing and promoted frosty weathering. It led to the deepening of ravines between the pillars and their dispersal. The proximity of the river and its current are dangerous factors for pillars. On the territory of the object there are remains of many diverse species of the Cambrian period.
Object information:
on the website of GBU of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Natural Park "Lensky Pillars"
on the website of the Foundation "Protection of Natural Heritage"
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

38th World Heritage Committee session - 2014 (Doha, Qatar)

№С981rev. - Bulgarian historical archaological componence

Criteria: (II) (VI)
The object is located on the banks of the Volga River south of the sign of the Kama River and south of the capital of Tatarstan of Kazan. It contains evidence of the existence of the medieval city of Bulgaria, an ancient settlement of the people of Volga Bulgar, which existed in the period from VII to the XV centuries. And was in the XIII century. The first capital of the Golden Horde. Bulgarian demonstrates historical and cultural relationships and transformations to Eurasia for several centuries, which played a decisive role in the formation of civilizations, customs and cultural traditions. The object is an important evidence of historical continuity and diversity of cultures. He is a symbolic reminder of the adoption in 922 by the Volga Bulgarians Islam and remains the sacred place of pilgrimage of Tatars - Muslims.
Object information:
on the website of the Bulgarian State Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve "Great Bulgarian"
on the website of the Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO
on the World Heritage Center website

37- SessionWorld Heritage Committee - 2013 (Phnom Penh, Siemreap, Cambodia)

№C1411 - the ancient city of Chersonese Tavrichesky and his choir

Criteria: (II) (V)

The object is the ruins of an ancient city founded by the Greeks-Dorians in the V century BC. e. On the north coast of the Black Sea. The object includes six elements, among them the ruins of city and agricultural land, divided into several hundred rectangular sections of the same size that served to grow grapes; The products of vineyards were intended for export and ensured the prosperity of Chersonese up to the XV century. There are several complexes of public buildings, residential neighborhoods and monuments of early Christianity. Here are also the ruins of the settlements of the stone and bronze ages, Roman and medieval tower strengthening and water supply systems, as well as exceptionally well-preserved vineyards and separation walls. In the third century n. e. Chersonesos was known as the most successful center of winemaking on the Black Sea and served as a link between Greece, the Roman Empire, Byzantia and the nations of the Northern Coast of the Black Sea. Chersonese is an outstanding example of a democratic organization of agriculture in the vicinity of an ancient city, reflecting the urban social structure.

Object information:

41- Session of the World Heritage Committee - 2017 (Krakow, Poland)

№N1448REV - Dauria Landscapes

Criteria: (IX) (X)

Located on the territory of Mongolia and the Russian Federation, this object is a unique example of the Ecosystem of the Daurus steppe, which begins in the east of Mongolia and extends through Russian Siberia to the northeastern border of China. The cyclical climate with alternating characteristic wet and dry periods contributed to the emergence of a wide variety of species and ecosystems, important for the whole world. The various types of steppes presented here, such as wet meadows, forest and lake areas, serve as a habitat of such rare species of fauna, as a Daurgy crane and drought, as well as millions of rare and vulnerable migratory birds endangered. The park is also an important site on the Mongolian Dresden Migration Path.

Object information:

№C1525 - Assumption Cathedral and Monastery of Island-Grand Sviyazhsk

Criteria: (II) (IV)

Assumption Cathedral is located on the island-Grad Sviyazisk and is part of the monastery of the same name. Located on the confluence of the Volga rivers, Sviyagi and Pikes, at the crossroads of the flock path and the Volga River, Sviyazhsk was founded by Ivan Grozny in 1551. It was from this outpost Ivan the Terrible began to conquer the city of Kazan. The location and architecture of the monastery of Assumption demonstrates the existence of a political and missionary program developed by the King of Ivan IV in order to expand the territory of the Moscow state. The frescoes of the Cathedral are among the rarest examples of Eastern Orthodox wall painting.

Object information:

The World Heritage is natural or human created various objects that need to be maintained for future generations due to their special cultural, historical or environmental significance. As of 2012, 962 points on this list are listed, 754 of them are cultural monuments, 188 - natural and 29 - mixed.

UNESCO was established in 1945 and his goal is to protect and preserve the places of special value or physical importance for all mankind. In 1954, during the construction of the Asuan dam, Abu-Simbel fell under flooding - a man-made temple carved into a rock. The responsible organization allocated money so that the structure was disassembled and moved to a higher place. This unparalleled action took four years, and for its implementation, high-class specialists from 54 countries of the world were involved in a short time.

Today on the pages of the Forum-Grand We will discuss a rather entertaining topic - the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Aldabon atoll

The atoll consists entirely of corals and is a group of four islands separated by non-strokes. It is located north of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. Belongs to the state of Seychelles.

Aldab is considered the second in the world in size after the Island of Christmas (Kirityatima) in the Kiribati archipelago. Its dimensions: 34 km long and 14.5 km long, height above sea level up to 8 m. The area of \u200b\u200bthe inner lagoon of 224 square meters. km.

From the XVII century, it was used by the French for hunting on giant sea turtles, as their meat was considered exquisite delicacy. For a long time, pirates are hung in the local places, because the atoll is away from populated areas.

In 1982, this paradise was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List as a unique monument of nature. This is one of the few islands on our planet not affected by civilization. Currently, it lives a huge population of giant sea turtles (more than 152 thousand) and two completely unique types of volatile mice. Entry to this nature reserve is strictly controlled, and all approaches by the sea are protected.

Giant statue in China

The huge Buddha Maitreya issean in the rock near the Tripping of three rivers - Minjiang, Qingjiang and Daduhe near the city of Lasshan in China. According to the ancient legend, the famous monk named Haithong Dynasty Tang, concerned about frequent shipwrecks and the death of people in the whirlpool just opposite this rock, gave any vow to make a stone statue of the Sitting Buddha. He collected funds and began construction, and his followers completed this case. The largest monument in the world was built for 90 years - from 713 to 803 years.

For the convenience of inspection, visitors here built a special track "Nine turns", consisting of 250 steps. Near the path there is a pavilion where tourists can relax and admire the face of gigid near.

Almost until the middle of the XIII century, a huge seven-story design from a tree closed the statue of bad weather, but over time she collapsed, and the construction remains defenseless before the natural elements. In the foot began to accumulate trash left by tourists, the water of three rivers washed the base in the form of a lotus.

The local department hired 40 workers to restore the former greatness of a unique statue. About $ 700,000 were invested in the project. And another 730,000 dollars - to improve security systems.

Every year more than 2 million travelers from around the world come to look at the sitting Buddha and add about $ 84 million to the budget of the Tourism Department of the city of Leshan.

Hatra, or El Hdra

This an ancient destroyed city in the Parthian kingdom, the ruins of which are now located on the territory of Northern Iraq in the province of Nainava to the north-west of the country of the country of Baghdad. It is founded in the III century, and his flourishing accounted for period II-I centuries to our era.

The total area was about 320 hectares, in shape it resembled an oval, a dual line of high stone walls with a four gate-oriented lights. The most powerful defensive wall with a height of two meters was made of stone, there was a deep ditch of a width of up to 500 meters. At a distance of 35 meters from each other, 163 defensive towers were located.

The city belonged to the Arab Prince, who regularly paid tribute to warlike Persians, and was at the crossroads of the main trade routes of that time. The center was located a palace and temple complex of about 12,000 square meters. meters. Because of its transit location, El Hdra included religious buildings of different directions, he was even called the "house of God".

Thanks to good defensive structures and a vigilant 24-hour security, an ancient city was established even when the Legionnaires of the Roman Empire were attacked in 116 and in 198 years already a new era, but in 241, Hatram fell as a siege of the Persian ruler Shapur and soon was destroyed and was destroyed by oblivion.

House Schröder from Gerrit Thomas RietVeld

This house in 1924 was specifically built for the 35-year-old widow of Truus Schröder-Schrader and her three children in the small Dutch town Utrecht. The building is distinguished by innovative solutions in the original and unusual at the time of the design of the exterior, as well as the type of spacious balconies and huge windows.

Developed a project and the entire internal layout of the novice architect Gerrit Thomas RietVeld. The widow proposed a number of unusual innovations, which were also decided to implement. So, in the kitchen on the first floor there was a lift in which the finished dishes were served up right to the bottom of the table. All first level interiors are quite traditional for that time. Walls are made of antique bricks.

But on the second floor, the entire space on the idea of \u200b\u200bthe hostess of the house remained completely open, and at any time you can divide into several rooms with the help of sliding walls. All cabinets and beds are transformers who are assembled during the day and unfolding overnight. Instead of familiar curtains, like all neighbors, multicolored plywood shields were used.

Currently, a unique house belongs to the central museum of the city of Utrecht and there are excursions in it that occupy about an hour.

This construction is included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site, because it has had a significant impact on further architectural trends, and also became the first house with an open plan in the world history of architecture.

Krak de Chevalier

Krak de Chevalier (or Krak de L'ospial) is the unique structure of the Crusaders, located in the Syria state on the top of the rock height of 650 meters. The nearest town of Homs is 65 km east of the castle.

This is one of the fortresses of Hospitallers in the world well-preserved to our days. In the X century, this castle became his headquarters, where the garrison of 2000 soldiers and 60 knights could be accommodated during the crusst campaign.

In addition to powerful walls, many buildings in the Gothic style were reconstructed and restored. This is a large conference room, water storage capacity, chapel, internal aqueduct, warehouses and two stables in which you could contain up to 1000 horses. In the rocky thicker, underground food storage facilities and water reserves, which could have been taken with a long siege for 5 years.

At the end of the XII century, during the next crusade, an impregnable fortress saw the king of England Edward I, and soon his castles appeared in Wales and England, very similar in structure to Krak.

Monastery of the city of Alkobasa

The Tsistercian Monastery "De Santa Maria De Alcobaça", located in the Portuguese city of Alkobasa, is founded by the King Afonus Enrikesh in 1153 and served as a tomb for the ruler of Portugal for two centuries. The cathedral is the first building in the Gothic style, built on the territory of the ancient state.

Historically, architecture is historically valuable. The two wings of the main facade are made in the Baroque style, and between them there is a church, the facade of which, as it may connect these two directions. At the top there is a balcony supported by four statues - they symbolize the main virtues: justice, durability, prudence and sobriety.

In 1755, a large Lisbon earthquake was shocked by the whole country, which was very devastating, but the temple surrendered - only the siege and part of the service buildings suffered. However, the initial appearance of the historical place could not be restored. Near the entrance to the church is the hall of the kings where the statues of all the monarchs of Portugal are standing, and the history of this place is written on the walls with the help of blue-white tiles Azulezhos XVIII century.

After inspecting this masterpiece of early Gothic, other interiors of the famous cathedrals of Europe seem to be graticle and not such aesthetic. These buildings demonstrate perfect skills and devotion to their own medieval masters. And the entire ensemble "De Santa Maria De Alcobaça" is one of the most beautiful monuments of Portuguese art.

Monte Alban

According to prominent scientists with a world name, this is a rather major settlement of ancient people in the south-east of Mexico, Oaxaca. Just 9 km from the state capital at the low ridge ridge passing through the valley, the man-made plateau spread. It was the very first city in the entire historical region, which performed a significant role as the socio-political and economic center of the Sapotek civilization.

At the beginning of the 30s, the ruins of this ancient settlement were discovered by the Mexican archaeologist Alfonso Camas. Many scholars of men equate this discovery to the sensational detection of the true location of the legendary Troy.

Mexican Troy turned out to be a high culture city, the local craftsmen still in 200 BC. BC could already handle rhinestone and make unique gold jewelry.

During the excavations, 150 four-chamber crypts, palaces and pyramids were discovered, very similar to the Mayan tribe, an ancient observatory, a giant amphitheater with 120 rows for spectators, powerful stone stairs in 40 meters wide, a structure resembling a stadium and much more.

Walls of buildings are decorated with frescoes, relief images of human figures and stone mosaics. A peculiar funeral ceramic urns were found in the form of gods and different animals.

The impressive ruins of the center of the ancient civilization Monte Alban are located in such a way that they are visible from anywhere in the central part of the Oaxaca valley

Lalibel

This is a small town in the north of Ethiopia, located in the Akhmar region at an altitude of 2500 meters above sea level. It is the center of pilgrimage of the entire population of the country, because almost all residents of the town - Christians of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.

Lalibel was built as a new Jerusalem in response to the capture of Muslims of the shrine of Christians in the state of Israel, so many historical buildings have the names and type of architecture similar to the ancient buildings of Jerusalem.

According to 2005, the population of the city was 15 thousand people, of which most (about 8,000) are women. This medieval religious center is known for its monolithic, carved in a volcanic toufe with three-end churches built at the turn of the XI - XIII centuries. In the bas-reliefs and wall painting of these ancient structures, Christian and pagan symbols and motifs are mixed.

Thirteen temples as it were growing out of the ground. "Bethe Mariam" is considered the oldest, and "Bethe Medhan Aley" is the largest church in the world, cut down in a rock. By giving up in the latter, the King Lalibel's king of Lalibel is resting in the latter in the rocks of the churches.

These unique works of architecture of the ancient craftsmen are both monuments of engineering thought of medieval Ethiopia - about many of them are wells that are filled with water using the most complex system based on the use of artesian wells.

Eight hundred years ago, people could serve water to a height of 2500 meters!

Ellora

This is a simple village in Maharashtra, India, near the city of Aurangabad. It is famous for the fact that the cave temples of different religions are carved nearby in the rocks, the creation of which refers to the VI - IX centuries is already a new era. Of the 34 caves of Ellora 12 in the south - Buddhist, 17 in the center are devoted to the Hindu gods, and 5 north of Jainskaya.

Most of the ancient shrines have their own names, the most famous - "kailas". This beautiful, perfectly preserved sample of ancient architecture is considered one of the most precious monuments in India. In the granite canopy over the entrance to this holy for all Hindus, the colossal statues of Shiva, Vishnu and others revered in the country of the gods are carved.

Next, a huge goddess Lakshmi is followed - it will face the lotus flowers, and the majestic elephants are around. From all sides, the temple surround the monumental dimensions of the lions and vultures, they froze in different poses, and guard the peace of the celestial kings.

One of the legends states that this paradise was built by one Rajoy - the EDA - in gratitude for healing with water from the source located in the territory of the temple.

"Vishvakarma" has a multi-storey entrance and a large hall in which there is a Buddha sculpture that reads the sermon.

"Indra Sabha" is a two-level monolithic jeins.

"Kailasanatha" is the central place of the entire sacred complex, and during the construction of this miracle in the town of Ellora, more than 200,000 tons of rock rock were issued.

Ancient Construction Complex in Wudang Mountains

The Mountains of Sredashan in China are famous for their ancient monasteries and temples, once a long time ago a university on the study of medicine, pharmacology, nutrition systems, meditation and martial arts was founded.

Even during the Tang Dynasty (618-907) in this area, the first religious center was opened - the church of five dragons. Large construction on the mountain began in the XV century, when the Emperor Junle convened 300 thousand soldiers and built complexes. At that time, 9 monasteries were erected, 36 beds and 72 idols, many arbors, bridges and multi-tiered pagodas forming 33 architectural ensemble. Construction lasted 12 years, and the complex of structures covered the main vertex and 72 small peak - the length was 80 km.

The Golden Hall is one of the most famous, it took 20 thousand tons of copper and about 300 kg of gold. According to scientists, he was formed in the capital of China in Beijing, and then in parts were delivered to the mountains.

The temple of the Purple Cloud consists of several halls - "Dragon and Tiger Hall", "Purple Sky Hall", "East", "West" and "Parental". Here the shrines are stored Wu Zhej since his foundation.

In the troubled times of the cultural revolution in China (1966-1976), many places of worship were destroyed, but later restored, and tourists from all over the world are at present.

The architecture of the ancient WUDANG MOUNTAINS complex combines the best achievements of Chinese traditions over the past one and a half thousand years.

"Valley of Whales" in Egypt

40 million years ago "Wadi Al-Hitan" was the bottom of the World Ocean, so there are hundreds of skeletons of ancient mammals. This unique valley is 150 km south-west of the capital of Egypt - Cairo. Many whale remains belong to the disappearing suburior of Archaeocenti, representing one of the most important stages of evolution: the rebirth of terrestronic mounds in marine mammals.

Fossil skeletons clearly show the appearance and lifestyle of these gigids in their transition period. In addition, they are all on a convenient for study and, which is important, vigilantly protected area.

In addition, there are the remains of the Sea Cows "Sirenia" and Marine Elephants "MoeriTherium", as well as prehistoric crocodiles, sea snakes and turtles. Some copies are so well preserved that you can study the contents of their extensive stomachs.

All together helps scientists to solve existing so much the evolution of these largest mammals on the planet.

Pristine exotic tropical forests

Kerchin-Calat National Park is the largest sutomat island reserve, its area is about 13.7 thousand square meters. km. Here you can see more than 4,000 plant species, including the world's largest flower - the Rafflesiius of Arnold, its diameter is 60-100 cm, and the weight reaches up to 8 kg. In addition, about 370 species of birds and rare animals live in this area (Sumadan tigers, elephants and rhinos, Malay Tapir). There are also hot springs, the most high-mountain calder lake and the highest peak on the island. And recently they saw the deer Muntszhak, whose type was considered extinct in the 30s of the last century.

The second largest - Gunung-Lör, has an area of \u200b\u200b7927 square meters. km. Located in the Aceh region and in the town of Bukit Lavang. This small town is considered the best starting point for walking on an exotic place. Excursions are allowed only accompanied by a trained guide and in the presence of a special permission.

In this reserve, the most interesting is considered a large population of human monkeys - orangutans. Translated from the Malay language, this means "forest man."

The third largest - Bukit-Barisan-Selatan with an area of \u200b\u200b3568 square meters. KM, covering the provinces of lampung, Benklulus and South Sumatra. Here you can meet very rare animals - the Sumatinsky elephant and the striped rabbit.

Tourists appreciate the Sumatra for the tropical forests with the surveyed nature of nature, for the amicable plants and amazing representatives of the exotic fauna. In addition, there are many beautiful and still active volcanoes.

"Sicstinskaya chapel of primitive painting"

"LASCO" is located in France 40 km from the city of Perigue and is considered one of the most important Paleolithic monuments in terms of the quantity, quality and preservation of rock painting ancient person. The cave was accidentally opened in 1940 by four teenagers, which noticed a narrow hole in the rock, resulting from the fall of the tree. After the examination, scientists have determined that the age of rocking drawings is more than 17,300.

The cave is quite small, the totality of all its galleries is about 250 meters, and the average height of 30 meters. The visitors were allowed from 1948 to 1955, but then it was closed, since the ventilation systems did not cope with carbon dioxide, accumulating inside the breath of numerous tourists, and rock paintings could be damaged.

Air conditioning systems changed several times in the last century, but they were all ineffective, and the historical heritage was periodically closed for preventive work. And only in the 21st century, powerful units were installed, which successfully coped with the task.

To preserve wall painting, decided to copy all the images and made a concrete copy, where almost all rock paintings are presented in the same sequence as the original. Cave "Lasco II", it is just 200 meters from the present and was first discovered for travelers in 1983.

Taht-E Dzhamshid

Taht-E Dzhamshid in Greek "Persepoles" - the ruins of the capital of the Empire of Ahemenides. This place is considered one of the most beautiful monuments of the history of the state Iran. It is located on the plain marvdasht at the foot of Mount Ramhat and was founded by the great king of Persians Giving I in 515 to our era.

The area of \u200b\u200bthis stone structure is 135 thousand square meters. Meters, its composition includes the "gates of all nations", "Palace of Apadan", "Throne Hall", the tomb of "Tsar Kings", an unfinished palace and treasury. Construction lasted about 45 years and ended at the board of Kerxes the Great - Elder Son Daria.

Persepolyes has mainly preserved the remains of the palace complex and cult facilities. The most famous from them "Apadan" with the ceremonial hall and 72 columns. In five kilometers there is a tsarist tomb of the Neck-Rustam and rock reliefs to Rustam and Nobhe Rajab.

Here, in those distant times there was already water supply and sewage, and the construction of slaves was not used during construction. The walls of this unique complex had a thickness of more than five meters and a height of 150 centimeters. The city could be climbed in a parade staircase consisting of two marches of 111 stages from white limestone each. Then it was necessary to avoid the "gates of all nations".

But the powerful walls did not help, and in 330, the great conqueror Alexander Macedonsky took the fortified complex and during the feast in honor of the victory burned the capital of the Persian kingdom of Dotla, perhaps in retaliation for destroyed by Persians in Athens Acropolis.

Cradle of mankind

The historical monument is 50 km north-west of Johannsburg in the province of Gauteng, South Africa in the south of African mainland. Its area is 474 square meters. km, the complex includes limestone caves, including a group called Skonfonttein, where in 1947 Robert Bloom and John Robinson discovered fossil remains of an ancient person - "Australopithecus Africanus" age 2.3 million.

"Tong-Rock Foscel Website" - it was here in 1924 the famous Towng Skull, belonging to the ancient man was discovered. The Makada Valley is known to the abundance of archaeological traces found in the local caves, confirming the existence of people about 3.3 million years ago.

Fossil remains found here helped scientists to identify the samples of the ancient hominids dating from a period of 4.5 and 2.5 million years ago. The same finds fully confirm the theory that our distant ancestors began to use for about a million years ago.

Perhaps someone from readers will seem that there is a lot of numbers in our topic, but this is a story, and not some separate person, but all of our civilization.

Ten natural objects of the Russian Federation are in the UNESCO World Heritage List (4 of them are recognized as natural phenomena of exceptional beauty and aesthetic importance), and this is not counting 15 more objects that are cultural protection objects. This is not at all surprising, because Russia has a truly immense country, with a huge territory, with an incredibly beautiful and diverse nature, with a rich cultural heritage.

If you want to see the virgin nature of Russia in its original form, then the Russians (and foreign tourists also) will not be difficult to go to one of the natural reserves or national parks in which these ten objects that need constant protection on international level ...

1. Forest arrays of the Komi Republic

The area of \u200b\u200bthese forests is more than 3 million hectares, on which the National Park and the State Biosphere Reserve is located. This object has opened a new page in the environmental protection on the world level.

Virgin forests Komi are known as the greatest pristine forests growing in Europe. They occupy an area of \u200b\u200b32.600 square kilometers in the north of the Ural Mountains, within the Pecherso-Ilych Reserve and the National Park "Yugyd Va". In terms of its composition, Komi belongs to the taiga ecosystem. Coniform breeds of trees are dominated in them. The western part of the forests falls on the Browse District, East - on the mountains themselves. Forest array of Komi is distinguished by variety not only flora, but also fauna. Here live more than two hundred bird species, 40 species of rare mammals, and in water bodies live 16 species of fish, which are considered valuable for fishery, preserved from the ice age. For example, Siberian Harius and Halto Palia applies to such species of fish. Many inhabitants of Virgin Forests Komi are listed in the Red Book of the Planet. This natural object of the Russian Federation was listed on UNESCO in 1995 - the very first in the list.

2. Lake Baikal

For the whole world, Baikal - Lake, for residents of Russia, loved in a unique natural object, Baikal - Sea! Located in Eastern Siberia, it is the deepest lake of the planet and, at the same time, the greatest volume of natural storage of fresh water. The form of Baikal has the appearance of the crescent. The maximum depth of the lake is 1642 meters at a medium depth in 744. In Baikal, there are 19 percent of the entire fresh water of the planet. The nutrition of the lake is carried out by more three hundred rivers and streams. Baikal water is characterized by a high oxygen content. Its temperature rarely exceeds plus 8-9 degrees Celsius even in summer in the surface area. The water of the lake is so clean and transparent, which allows you to see to the depth to the distance to the forty meters.

The most ancient and the most profound (approximately 1700 meters) on the land of Lake Baikal covers an area over three million hectares. Appeared about 25 million years ago, the reservoir was in almost complete isolation, so that in his fresh waters, an amazing ecosystem was formed, the study of which allows to obtain information about the evolutionary processes in the planet.

Unique, even on the scale of the world, the lake is about 20% of all reserves on the land of such necessary fresh water, as well as a delightful spectacle, inspiring the beauty and fascinating the luxury of amazing landscapes.

Lake Baikal in 1996 named the beautiful pearl of UNESCO and included in the list of invaluable legacy of the planet.

3. Kamchatka volcanoes .

This object was also included in the World Heritage List in 1996. Five years later (in 2001), the territory of the object to be internationally protected was expanded due to the movement of the Pacific Volcanic Ring lithospheric slabs. Today, the territory of the State Biosphere Reserve is about 4 million hectares. This territory is called the "natural museum of volcanology". As exhibits, they can serve as for a long time, and the active volcanoes of the Kamchatka Peninsula. Moreover, each of the "exhibits" is an individual object, to study which there is not enough life.

In total, there are currently about 300 extinct volcanoes and 30 existing ones in the territory of this facility, but the number of recent changes every year. The most interesting attraction for tourists is the Valley of Geysers in the Conotmian Biosphere Reserve. Mountain rivers of the Kamchatka are replete with a huge number of salmon fish, and coastal waters are home to many types of whales and dolphins.

4. Altai Mountains

These mountains are called "gold", as each kind of animals, birds and fish are unique here. Altai cedarles and mammals with a valuable fishing fur have been preserved here, which can be equated in cost with gold. The object covers an area of \u200b\u200bmore than 1.5 million hectares, was included in the UNESCO list in 1998. Located "Golden" Altai Mountains at the intersection of the mountain system of Siberia and Central Asia.

The vegetation of this edge is unique, here in excess of the territory of the Alpine meadows, there are steppes, semi-deserts and tundra. It is uniquely absolutely everything, from snow leopards to the forms of mountain reliefs. The pearl of the Altai Territory is called Teletur Lake, which is also called "Small Baikal".

5. Natural Park "Lensky Poles"

Fabulously beautiful park landscapes are formed by stater scalging formations, grappling the waters of the beautiful Lena River. Lengskaya pillars are located in the heart of Sakha (Republic of Yakutia).

As its appearance, such an amazing natural phenomenon is obliged to continental climate, temperature fluctuations within which about one hundred degrees (+40 degrees in summer and 60 degrees in winter) are reached. The pillars are separated by deep ravines with ripped slopes. Their formation occurred under the influence of water that contributes to the freezing of soil and weathering. Such processes led to the fact that the ravines were deepened and expanded. Water in this case plays the role of the destroyer, representing the danger to the poles.

Submitted in 2012 to the list of legacy of the Planet "Lensky Pillars" are of interest not only from the point of view of aesthetic spectacle, this is also a unique archaeological zone, in whose territory the remains of ancient animals of the Cambrian period are discovered.

This natural object has an area of \u200b\u200b1.27 million hectares. If we take into account the geological structure of soil in the park, then this land can "tell" about the history of the development of the planet, about living organisms and vegetation.

A lot of mammoths, bison, woolly rhinos, Lena horses, reindeers and other remains of ancient mammals have been found in Lena pillars. On the territory of the complex today 12 representatives of animals and feathers listed in the Red Book of the Planet live. It is believed that Lensky pillars have a huge "aesthetic influence" for a person due to their unique beauty of landscapes, the fancy of the relief with huge caves, fairy-tale species by stone sculptures, rocky spiers, niches and "towers".

6. Sikhote-Alinsky Reserve

This territory included in the UNESCO list in 2001 occupies an area of \u200b\u200babout 0.4 million hectares. The object is valuable in that unique largest forests and ancient coniferous forests are preserved on its territory. There is also an incredible mixing of different types of flora and fauna, among which there are many rare species.

A large biosphere reserve in Primorsky Krai was originally created to preserve the population of a sable. Currently, he is the most convenient place of watching the life of the Amur Tiger. In the territory of the Sikhote-Alinsky reserve a huge number of plants grows. Over a thousand top species, more than a hundred - moss, about four hundred - lichens, more than six hundred species of algae and more than five hundred - mushrooms.

Local fauna is represented by a large number of birds, marine invertebrates and insects. Many plants, birds, animals and insects relate to the number of protected objects. Chinese lemongrassginseng,rododendron Fori and Edelweiss Palibin, spotted deer and the Himalayan Bear, Black Crane and Stork, Japanese Skworets, Sakhalin Axistracy, Fishille Filin and Makhaon Butterfly - They all found shelter in the Sikhote-Alinsky Reserve.

7. Natural Reserve Reserve Island Wrangel

The protected zone, in 2004, replenished the List of the Treasure of UNESCO, is located for the polar circle. It includes embossed landscapes of the Island of Wrangel, the area is over 7 thousand square meters. kilometers and herald islands, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich is 11 thousand square meters. kilometers, as well as the coastal waters of the East Siberian Sea and the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Chukotka Sea.

This region managed to avoid glaciation, thanks to which the area is distinguished by an amazing biological diversity. The harsh climate of the reserved zone faced a walrus, which formed here the most ambitious in the territory of the Arctic. They chose a picturesque land and white bears, the density of their birth Berherry in this region is considered the greatest on the planet.

There are more than fifty bird species, among which there are endemics, and endangered. Gray whales hurry here, choosing this place for feeding. Surprisingly, there are over four hundred types of vascular plants on the island, among which there are also endemics.

Here tourists can see the largest "bird markets" in the eastern Arctic. Among plant forms are dominated by the relics of Pleistocene. Unusual island landscape, as well, and its water area. There are many travelers dreaming here.

8. UBSUNARSKAYA KOVLOVNA

The area of \u200b\u200bthis unique biosphere reserve is 0.8 million hectares. The object was included in the UNESCO list in 2003. There is a salty lake with a large scale of the square on the border of Mongolia and the Russian republic of Tyva. By the way, on the territory of Russia there is only seven sites of the intermountain brand with a shallow lake (up to 15 meters), the remaining five parts of the cross-border object are located in Mongolia. Each of the seven sites of the hollow on our territory is individual on the appearance and plants that grow there depending on the landscapes.

The inhabitant of the Ubuzunur Basin

Z.lower you can see the foothills with the eternal sections of snow-covered vertices, there are also sites of mountain taiga, alpine meadows, wetlands, mountain tundra and even sandy deserts. The restless mountains with bright vegetation and contrasting landscapes give a special painting. Here are driven types of animals - mountain ram - argali, snow leopard, as well as many rare species of birds - geese, herds, stalls, gulls, kuliks, etc. In the excavations of the ancient mounds on the territory of the basin, unique rock paintings, burials and stone sculptures were discovered. .

9. Plateau Puratorna

Included in the World Heritage List in 2010, this natural object of the Russian Federation is the total area of \u200b\u200bmore than 1.8 million hectares. This is a virgin basalt plateau in the north of Eastern Siberia, almost at the Polar Circle, is invaluable in terms of study by geologists and geomorphologists. Highland has a stepped landscape, the plane array intersects in deep canyons. The plateau was formed at the turn of the Mesozoic and Paleozoic as a result of volcanic activity. Soro-layer deposits make it possible to study the structure of the planet.

Deep cracks in a plateau are formed by glaciers, which were consequeled with water, forming lakes with a unique appearance and a depth of 400 meters. There are many beautiful waterfalls on the territory of the plateau, one of which (in the Valley of Kanda River) has a height of 108 meters. In total, there are 25 thousand small and large lakes with a huge stock of fresh water. Mammals in this northern reserve there are more than 30 species and all of them are rare or relic.

The vegetation is represented by 400 species - mainly palpal, mountain tundra and larch taiga. The plateau serves as a place to rest for thousands of migratory birds.

The picturesque landscapes of an excellent plateau coincide with the borders located behind the polar circle of the same name reserve, adorning the territory of Central Siberia. Special charm of the terrain betray each other zone: virgin taiga, richest forestandra, colorful landscapes tundra and fabulous beauty of ice arctic deserts. Real decoration of the plateau: Curly river ribbons and a crustal lake saucer filled with clean cold water. Through the unwriting lands of the plateau, the road is formed, which migrates deer. This is an incredible sight, to observe which in nature can be more and less.

10. Territories of the Western Caucasus

The natural reserve of 0.3 million hectares is included in the UNESCO list since 1999. These territories are almost not touched by human civilization. Today, they are protected not only by UNESCO, but also of other All-Russian and international organizations - Greenpeace, the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nabu, Dresden Technical University, the North Caucasus Working Group, and others. The territory of the reserve covers areas that stretch from the riverpiders Kuban to the rivers White and Small Laba..

Caucasus. Blooming Rhododendron in the Valley of the Upper Mzymta

The vegetation in this protected region is represented by coniferous and wide forests, crimples, mountain meadows, a nival belt. Each third plant here is considered to be relic. There are rare types of predator birds - Skops, Borodachi, Berkuts, White Siles and others. Among the large animals in the reserve, you can see Western Caucasian tigers, brown bears, wolves, Caucasian noble deer, bison, etc. Tourists will be interested in seeing beautiful karst formations in this natural zone with deep gorges, waterfalls, underground rivers, carriages, moraines, circus and valleys formed by mountain glaciers.

11. Curonian Space

Curonian Spit - Sandy Spit, located on the Baltic Sea and Curonian Coast. The Curonian Spit is a narrow and long saber shape, the lane of the earth, separating the Curonian bay from the Baltic Sea and stretches from the town of Zelenogradsk Kaliningrad region to the city of Klaipeda (Slimtine) (Lithuania).

Length is 98 kilometers, the width ranges from 400 meters (in the area of \u200b\u200bthe village of Forest) to 3.8 kilometers (in the area of \u200b\u200bCape Boulevicultu, just north of Nida).

Curonian Spit is a unique natural and anthropogenic landscape and the territory of exceptional aesthetic meaning: the Curonian Spit is the largest sandy body, which is part of the Baltic complex of sandy braids, which is no analogues in the world. The high level of biological diversity due to a combination of various landscapes - from a deserted (dune) to the tundra (High Swamp) - gives an idea of \u200b\u200bimportant and long-term environmental and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, river, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals. The location of the braid and its relief is unique.

The most significant element of the braid relief is a solid strip of sand white dunes with a width of 0.3-1.0 km, part of the highest in the world (up to 68 m).

Curonian Spit contains natural ranges, the most representative and important for the preservation of biological diversity, including those of which preserved the disappearing species that have outstanding world importance from the point of view of the science and conservation of nature: due to its geographical position and orientation from the North-East to the southeast West, it serves as a corridor for migratory birds of many species flying from the Northwestern regions of Russia, Finland and the Baltic countries to the countries of Central and Southern Europe. Every year, in the spring and autumn over the oblique, from 10 to 20 million birds, a significant part of which stops here on vacation and feeding.

In the past record, not all architectural objects of Russia, noted by UNESCO for their uniqueness and historical value. Today I will replenish this list ...

12. Citadel, Old Town and Derbent Fortress Construction .

Citadel, Old Town and Derbent's fortress facilities - a collective name under which UNESCO in 2003 included a medieval architectural heritage of the city of Derbent in 2003.

The history of an ancient Derbent, located near the coast of the Caspian Sea, on the territory of modern Dagestan, has, according to archaeologists, five thousand years. This one of the oldest cities of Russia at first was a small settlement founded at the foot of the Caucasian Mountains, which subsequently found urban strengthening of impressive sizes.

However, the first documentary evidence of this place as a major city belong to the V century. At this time, the Persian King Jesdigerd II rules here, according to his strategic location. This, by the way, is reflected in the title, because Derbent translated from Iranian means "mining" or "Mountain Pass". After about 100 years, another king on the remains of the former protective structures erected a fortified city, which is called old, with an impregnable fortress and powerful fortification facilities. Between these fortifications, stretching deep into the Caucasian mountains by 40 more than kilometers, and the city has developed, still storing medieval character.

Citadel Nary Cala

He continued to be important in a strategic attitude of the place until the XIX century. A lot of dramatic events survived Derbent in the entire history of its existence: war, storm, periods of decline and heyday, the times of independence and subordination to other peoples. But still this place has retained a lot of monuments of all these rapid periods.

It: citadel Naryn-Cala, with thick and high walls, ruins of the Palace of Derbent Khan, Bants and Gaupvankta;

13. Geodesic Arc Struve

Arc Struve is a network of 265 triangulation items, which prevented in the ground, stone cubes with a length of the edge of 2 meters, with a length of more than 2,820 kilometers. It was created to determine the parameters of the Earth, its shape and size. Named by the name of the creator - Russian Astronoma Friedrich George Wilhelm Struve (Vasily Yakovlevich Struve).

The geodesic arc Struve was measured by the Struve and employees of Derptic (Tartu) and Pulkovo Observatories (director of which was a streng) for 40 years, from 1816 to 1855, for 2820 km from Fugnesez not far from Cape Nord-Cap in Norway (70 ° latitude 40'11 "s. Sh.) To the village of Old Nekrasovka Odessa region near the Danube (latitude of 45 ° 20'03" s. Sh.), That formed a meridian arc with an amplitude of 25 ° 20'08. "

Geodesic arc Struve, "Point Z", oh. Gopland, Leningrad region

Currently, the points of the arc can be found in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia (on the island of Gogland), Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Moldova (village Rud) and Ukraine. These countries on January 28, 2004 appealed to the UNESCO Committee on the World Heritage Committee with a proposal to approve the preserved 34 points of the Arc Struve as a World Heritage Monument. In 2005, this proposal was made.

Story about other architectural monuments of Russia, entered into the UNESCO World Heritage List, Around the world

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There are many excellent buildings, natural phenomena and other unique objects that admire people. And the task of each generation is to maintain this wealth and transfer it to descendants. The most valuable attractions fall into a special list.

About world heritage sites

It is terrible to think that the descendants will not see, for example, the Acropolis or meanwhile it can happen, if not in the near future, then after a few generations. That is why one of the priority tasks of mankind is to preserve and multiply the cultural and natural wealth of the planet.

For this purpose, a special list was created, which includes world heritage sites located in various countries and regions. There are many of them, they are diverse, and everyone is unique in its own way.

Overview of the list

For the first time, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe list of the most valuable objects in the world was implemented in 1978, after the Six years had previously adopted the UN Convention, which has proclaimed the overall responsibility for the preservation of the most significant cultural and natural monuments.

At the end of 2014, the list contains 1007 items. In the top ten in the number of World Heritage Objects, Italy, China, Spain, France, Germany, Mexico, India, United Kingdom, Russia and the USA are located. Total on their territory is 359 items included in the list.

There are a number of criteria according to which the lision is expanded. They include the uniqueness or exclusivity of one or another place or building from different points of view: its inhabitants, designs, certificates of the important stage of development of civilizations, etc. Therefore, sometimes in the list you can find enough unexpected objects for someone.

Categories and examples

All the variety of world heritage is divided into three conventional groups: cultural, natural and cultural and natural. The first category is the most numerous, it includes 779 items, for example, the building of the opera house in Sydney. The second group contains 197 objects, including Belovezhskaya Pushcha and Grand Canyon. The last category is the most small - only 31 monument, but they combine both natural beauty and human intervention: Pickchu Machu, Meteora Monasteries, etc.

People for some reason are accustomed primarily to admire buildings and creatures of their own efforts, forgetting about natural beauties. And in vain, because in fact it is also a worldwide cultural heritage.

In Russia

On the territory of the Russian Federation there are 26 monuments included in the UNESCO list. Of these, 15 are classified as cultivated, and the remaining 11 are natural. They are located across the country and include in fact unique UNESCO World Heritage sites.

For the first time, the Russian Federation replenished the list of countries in which there are monuments to human and natural genius, in 1990, when the list was replenished as well as the Kizhi grades and the historical center of St. Petersburg. In the future, the World Heritage of Russia regularly replenished and still continues to expand. Reserves, monasteries, geological monuments and many other objects fall into the list. So, in 2014, the historical and archaeological complex "Bulgar", which is located in Tatarstan, entered the list of World Heritage of Russia.

Full list

World Heritage Monuments of Russia is mostly known to many citizens. But someone will find for themselves and unfamiliar points, which may want to visit, so it is better to bring a complete list:

• historical center and monuments of St. Petersburg;
• Kremlin and Red Square in Moscow;
• Kizhi graveyard;
• Veliky Novgorod and its surroundings;
• white monuments of Suzdal and Vladimir;
• church of Ascension in Kolomensky;
• Trinity-Sergiev Lava;
• komi forests;
• lake Baikal;
• kamchatka volcanoes;
• natural Reserve Sikhote-Alin;
• golden Altai Mountains;
• pool of Lake UBSU-Nur;
• Western Caucasus;
• Kazan Kremlin;
• Ferapontov Monastery;
• Curonian braid;
• old Town of Derbent;
• wrangel Island;
• Novodevichy Monastery;
• historical center of Yaroslavl;
• arc streng;
• plateau Puratorna;
• Lensky pillars;
• complex "Bulgar".

Another point is associated with the political events of 2014 - the ancient city of Chersonese is located on the Crimean Peninsula, which is also included in the World Cultural Heritage. Russia actually has something to strive for, because there are much more unique objects on the territory of the country, and each of them can eventually enter the List of UNESCO. In the meantime, it is still worth learn more about those monuments that are already on this list. After all, not in vain they were included there?

Natural

Russia is a huge country, the largest on the planet on the territory. 9 time zones, 4 climatic and a huge number of different zones. It is not surprising that the World Natural Heritage of Russia is quite numerous and varied - 11 objects. Here are huge forest arrays, clean and deep lakes, natural phenomena of amazing beauty.

• Virgin forests Komi. They are considered the largest intact forests in Europe. The World Heritage of Russia included in 1995. Many species of rare representatives of flora and fauna grow on their territory.
• Lake Baikal. Is the deepest on the planet. Entered the list in 1996. Many species living in the lake are endemic.
• Volcanoes of the Kamchatka Peninsula. Are part of the Pacific Fire Ring. Included in the World Heritage Heritage Monuments in 1996.
• Altai. In the list since 1998. Include habitat rare representatives of flora and fauna.
• Caucasian reserve. Located in three subjects of the Russian Federation: Krasnodar Territory, the Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia and Adygea. List since 1999.
• Central Sikhote-Alin. Natural reserve, located in Primorsky Krai. Many rare animal species dwell on its territory. Entered the UNESCO list in 2001.
• Curonian Spit. This unique object is a sandy body stretching through the Baltic Sea by almost 100 kilometers. A large number of interesting places are located on the territory of the Spit, such as the famous "dancing forest", also through it there is a seasonal migration of many birds. Included in the list in 2000.
• Pool Ubsu Nur. Located on the border of the Russian Federation and Mongolia. The basin is listed in 2003 on the criteria for international scientific significance and the preservation of biological and landscape diversity.
• Wrangel Island. It is seen almost equal half between Western and Eastern hemispheres. Most of its territory occupy mountains. Rare plants grow here, including the reason for making an object to the UNESCO list in 2004 at number 1023.
• Was introduced to the List of World Heritage in 2010. There are ways to migrate large populations of reindeer, and there is also a unique combination of ecosystems.
• Lensky poles. At the moment, the last object of the World Natural Heritage in Russia. It was included in the list in 2012. In addition to aesthetic importance, this object is valuable for the uniqueness of geological processes occurring here.

Man-made

The objects of the World Cultural Heritage of Russia, of course, include not only natural monuments, but the results of human labor.

• Historical center of St. Petersburg. Red Square and the Kremlin in Moscow. The hearts of both capitals entered the list at the same time - in 1990 - and immediately in four criteria.
• Kizhi. This unique ensemble of wooden buildings was included in the UNESCO list also in 1990. This present miracle of light not only demonstrates the genius of humanity, but also surprisingly harmonizes with the surrounding nature.
• In 1992, UNESCO took another 3 attractions: monuments of Novgorod, Suzdal and Vladimir, as well as
• Trinity-Sergiyev Lavra and the Church of Ascension in Kolomensky, listed in 1993 and 1994, are known to everyone - many residents of Moscow and the Moscow region are regularly there.
• In entered the list in 2000, as well as
• Monuments of the city of Derbent in Dagestan - 2003.
• In Moscow - 2004.
• The historic center of Yaroslavl - 2005.
• (2 points), which helped set the form, size and some other parameters of the planet - 2005.
• Architectural and historical complex Bulgar - 2014.

As can be seen, the objects of the world cultural heritage of Russia mostly focused in the European part, which is calculated by the peculiarities of the development of the territory.

Applicants

The World Heritage List of Russia in the coming years can significantly expand. The Government of the Russian Federation regularly offers the UN all new applicants, in its own way unique and beautiful. Now there are still 24 facilities that can be included in the main list of UNESCO.

Threat disappearance

Unfortunately, it is not always possible to maintain the World Heritage. Russia, fortunately, this does not threaten, all its monuments included in the list are in relative security. UNESCO regularly edits and publishes a special list, which includes unique objects that are in danger. Now it consists of 38 points. Natural and cultural monuments fall into this "alarming" list for various reasons: poaching, deforestation, construction projects and reconstruction, violating historical appearance, climate change, etc. In addition, the most terrible enemy of the World Heritage is the time that is impossible WORK. And yet, from time to time, monuments are derived from this list, most often due to improving the situation. But there are sad examples when the situation has deteriorated so much that the objects simply stopped entering the World Heritage. Russia has nothing to be afraid, although the environmental situation in some parts of the country may affect many natural monuments. And then, perhaps, for the Russian Federation, the "alarming" list will become relevant.

UNESCO activities

The inclusion in the list is not only not so much prestige, but also, first of all, increased attention to the safety and state of those or other objects from a larger number of organizations. UNESCO also stimulates the development of environmental tourism and increases the awareness of people about the uniqueness of monuments. Among other things, there is a special fund that finances object support.

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Books

• World Heritage of Russia. Book 2. Monuments of Nature, Sirotna Alla. The books describe the cultural and natural monuments of Russia, which are members of the UNESCO World Heritage List. The second volume is 12 natural objects. The description and history are given. Everyone…
• World Heritage of Russia. Book 2. Nature. Photo album, Sirotkin A .. The books describe the cultural and natural monuments of Russia, which are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The first volume is 14 architectural, the second volume - 12 natural objects. Give them ...