On some problems of monitoring compliance with the procedure for using airspace. A method of controlling the airspace irradiated by external radiation sources, and a radar station for its implementation control of airspaces

08.07.2020

BC./ NW. 2015 № 2 (27): 13 . 2

Control airspace through space

Klimov F.N., Kochyev M. Yu., Gickin E.V., Lunkov A.P.

High-precision air attacks, such as winged rockets and unmanned shock aircraft, in the process of their improvement began to have a large range from 1500 to 5,000 kilometers. The lowestness of such goals during the flight requires their detection and identification on the acceleration trajectory. To fix such a goal at a large distance, it is possible or contaminate radar stations (RLS ZG), or with the help of location or optical satellite base systems.

Shock unmanned airplanes and winged rockets fly most often with speeds close to passenger speeds aircraftTherefore, an attack with such means can be disguised as usual air traffic. This puts in front of the system control systems the task of identifying and identifying such means of attacking from the moment of start-up and at the maximum range from the frontier of effective defeat by their means of VKS. To solve this problem, it is necessary to apply all available and developed control systems and monitor the airspace, including the Zaguorrug RRS and satellite groups.

The launch of the winged rocket or an impact unmanned aircraft can be carried out from the torpedo apparatus of the guard boat, from the external suspension of the aircraft or from the launcher of the disguised as a standard sea container, located on a civil engine door, a car trailer, railway platform. Satellites of a missile attack warning system already today fix and track the coordinates of the starts of unmanned aircraft or winged rockets in the mountains and in the ocean along the torch of the engine on the acceleration site. Consequently, the satellites of the warning system of a missile attack need to be tracked not only by the territory of the likely enemy, but also the water area of \u200b\u200boceans and continents globally.

The placement of radar systems on satellites, to control the air-outer space is associated today with the difficulties of technological and financial nature. But in modern conditions, such a new technology as broadcast automatic dependent monitoring (AZN-B) can be used to control airspace through satellites. Information from commercial aircraft on the AZN-B system can be collected using satellites, placing receivers on board, performing at the frequencies of AZN-B and repeaters received information on terrestrial airspace control centers. Thus, it is possible to create a global field of electronic observation of the planet's airspace. Satellite groupings can be sources of flight information on aircraft at sufficiently large areas.

Information about airspace coming from the AZN-in-satellite receivers located on satellites makes it possible to control aircraft over the oceans and in the folds of the terrain of the mountainous arrays of the continents. This information will allow us to allocate the means of an air attack from the flow of commercial aircraft with their subsequent identification.

Identification information Azn-in commercial aircraft arriving through satellites will create the ability to reduce the risks of terrorist attacks and diversions in our time. In addition, such information will provide an opportunity to detect emergency aircraft and air disasters in the ocean away from the shores.

We will estimate the possibility of using various satellite systems for receiving flight information of aircraft on the AZN-B system and relaying this information on terrestrial aircraft control complexes. Modern aircraft transmit flight information on the AZN-B system using onboard transponders with a capacity of 20 W at a frequency of 1090 MHz.

The AZN-B system works at frequencies that freely penetrate through the land ionosphere. The transmitters of the AZN-B system, located on board the aircraft have limited power, therefore, receivers located on board satellites should have sufficient sensitivity.

Using the energy calculation of the satellite communication line, the satellite aircraft, we can estimate the maximum range, on which the reception of information is possible by a satellite with aircraft. The peculiarity of the satellite line used is a mass limit, overall dimensions and energy consumption, both onboard transponder of the aircraft and a satellite-timed transponder.

To determine the maximum range, which is possible by the seater with a satellite of AZN-in messages, we use the known equation for the line of satellite communication systems on the land area - ISS:

where

- efficient signal power at the output of the transmitter;

- efficient signal power at the receiver entrance;

- coefficient of amplification of the transmitting antenna;

- inclined range from ka to the reception area;

-Tlin waves on the "Down" line

waves on the "Down" line;

- effective area of \u200b\u200bthe transmit antenna aperture;

- the coefficient of transmission of the waveguide path between the transmitter and the antenna way;

- efficiency of the waveguide path between the receiver and antenna ZS;

Converting the formula - we find an inclined range, which is possible by the reception by a satellite of flight information:

d. = .

We substitute the parameters in the formula corresponding to the standard onboard transponder and the selection satellite trunk. As the calculations show, the maximum range of the line on the line aircraft-satellite is 2256 km. Such an inclined range of transmission on the line aircraft-satellite is possible only when working through low-bit satellite groupings. At the same time, we use standard aircraft on-board equipment, not complicating requirements for commercial aircraft.

The groundwater entry station has significantly lower mass limits and dimensions than onboard equipment of satellites and aircraft. Such a station can be equipped with more sensitive receiving devices and antennas with a high increasing coefficient. Consequently, the link range on the satellite-ground line depends only on the conditions of the direct visibility of the satellite.

Using these orbits of satellite groups, we can estimate the maximum inclined range between the satellite and the ground-based receiving station by the formula:

where the n-height of the satellite orbits;

- Radius of the earth's surface.

The results of calculations of the maximum inclined range for points on various geographic latitudes are presented in Table 1.

		Orbcom	Iridium	Messenger	Globalstar	Signal
Height orbit, km				1400	1414	1500
Land Radius North Pole, km	6356,86	2994,51	3244,24	4445,13	4469,52	4617,42
Earth Radius Northern Polar Circle, km	6365,53	2996,45	3246,33	4447,86	4472,26	4620,24
Earth radius 80 °, km	6360,56	2995,34	3245,13	4446,30	4470,69	4618,62
Earth radius 70 °, km	6364,15	2996,14	3245,99	4447,43	4471,82	4619,79
Earth radius 60 °, km	6367,53	2996,90	3246,81	4448,49	4472,89	4620,89
Earth radius 50 °, km	6370,57	2997,58	3247,54	4449,45	4473,85	4621,87
Radius of Earth 40 °, km	6383,87	3000,55	3250,73	4453,63	4478,06	4626,19
Radius of Earth 30 °, km	6375,34	2998,64	3248,68	4450,95	4475,36	4623,42
Earth radius 20 °, km	6376,91	2998,99	3249,06	4451,44	4475,86	4623,93
Earth radius 10 °, km	6377,87	2999,21	3249,29	4451,75	4476,16	4624,24
Earth radius Equator, km	6378,2	2999,28	3249,37	4451,85	4476,26	4624,35

The maximum transmission range on the line aircraft-satellite is less than the maximum inclined range on the satellite-ground line in satellite orbcomment systems, iridium and messenger. The most close maximum inclined range is the data to the calculated maximum data range from the satellite orb system.

Calculations show that it is possible to create a system of surveillance over airspace using a satellite retransmission of AZN-in messages from aircraft to ground-based flight information centers. Such a surveillance system will increase the range of controlled space from the ground item to 4500 kilometers without the use of inter-service communication, which will ensure an increase in the control zone of airspace. When using channels of interposteral communication, we will be able to control the airspace globally.

Fig.1 "Control airspace with satellites"

Fig.2 "Control of airspace with interspotnikov tie"

The proposed method of control of airspace allows you to:

Expand the zone of action of the airspace control system, including the ocean waters and the territory of mountain ranges up to 4500 km from the selection of ground-based stations;

When using an interpersonal communication system, control the airspace of the Earth is possible globally;

Receive flights from aircraft independently of foreign surveillance systems of airspace;

Select air objects, monitored by RLS ZG according to the degree of their danger on distant discovery.

Literature:

1. Fedosov E.A. "Half a century in aviation". M: Drof, 2004.

2. "Satellite communications and broadcasting. Directory. Edited by L.Ya.Kantor. M: Radio and Communication, 1988.

3. Andreev V.I. "Order of the Federal Air Transport Service of the Russian Federation of October 14, 1999. No. 80 "On the establishment and implementation of a system of broadcasting automatic dependent monitoring in civil aviation of Russia."

4. Traskovsky A. "Moscow Aviation Mission: the basic principle of safe management." Aviaparan. 2008. №4.

It is impossible without creating an effective system of intelligence and control airspace. An important place in it occupies a minor location. The reduction of units and means of radar intelligence led to the fact that over the territory of Russia today there are open sections of the state border and the inland areas of the country.

OJSC "NPP" Kant ", which is part of the state corporation" Rostechnology ", leads R & D to the creation of an experimental sample of multi-position separated radar system semi-active location in the field of radiation of cellular systems, broadcasting and television of ground and space-based ( complex "Rubezh").

In accordance with the Federal Law "On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population" of March 30, 1999 No. 52-FZ establishes the rules of radiation, which are mandatory throughout Russia. The radiation power of any of the well-known radar PVA multiple times exceeds these norms. The problem is exacerbated by a high probability of applying low-fat minority objectives, which requires a combat order of the RLS of the traditional park and increasing the cost of the content of a solid minor radar field (MVRLP).

To create a solid on-duty round-the-clock MVRLP height from 25 meters (the height of the wing rocket or super light aircraft) on the front of only 100 kilometers is required at least two radars of Caste-2E2 (39H6), the power consumption of each of which is 23 kW. Taking into account the average cost of electricity in the prices of 2013, only the cost of maintaining this section of the MFLP will be at least 3 million rubles per year. Moreover, the length of the borders of the Russian Federation is 60,900,000 kilometers.

In addition, with the beginning of hostilities in the conditions of active use of radio electronic suppression (rap), the opponent traditional layouts of location can be largely suppressed, since the transmitting part of the RLS is entirely demasted by its location.

Save the costly RLS resource, to increase their capabilities in a peaceful and wartime, and also increase the interference of the IMRLP is possible by applying a semi-active location systems with a third-party reference source.

For detecting air and space purposes

Abroad, studies are widely conducted on the use of sources of third-party radiation in a semi-active location systems. Passive radar systems analyzing reflected from the objectives of TV broadcasting (essential and satellite), FM radio and cellular telephony, SV Radio communication, over the past 20 years have become one of the most popular and promising research regions. It is believed that the largest success here reached the American corporation Lockheed Martin with its Silent Sentry system ("Silent Watch").

Own versions of passive radars are developing Avtec Systems, Dynetics, Cassidian, Roke Manor Research, as well as French Space Agency ONERA. Actively work on this topic is carried out in China, Australia, Italy, Great Britain.

Similar work on the detection of targets in the field of reference of television vehicles was carried out at the Military Engineering Radio Engineering Academy of Air Defense (Worth Air Defense). GOOD. However, more than a quarter of a century ago, the weighty practical grinding on the use of highlighting the sources of analog radiation to solve the geashing location tasks was unclaimed.

With the development of digital broadcasting and connected technologies, the possibility of using semi-active location systems with third-party illumination appeared in Russia.

Developed by OJSC NPP "Kant" a complex of a multi-position separated radar system of semi-active location "Rubb" Designed to detect air and space purposes in the field of third-party reference. Such a reference field is characterized by the profitability of monitoring airspace in peacetime and resistant to radio-electronic counteraction during the war.

The passive mode of operation of the "Rubezh" complex allows you to ensure the secrecy of these tools and use the structure of the complex in wartime. Calculations show that the secrecy of the semi-active location system by the masking coefficient is at least 1.5-2 times higher than the RLS with the traditional combined principle of construction.

The use of more profitable location tools on the duty regime will significantly maintain the resource of expensive combat systems by saving the established resource spending limit. In addition to the duty mode, the proposed complex can perform tasks and in conditions of military time, when all sources of radiation of the peaceful period are disabled or disabled.

In this regard, far-sighted would be the decision to create specialized non-directional transmitters of hidden noise radiation (100-200 W), which could be cast or installed in the threatened directions (in sectors) in order to create a third-party field of highlighting. This will allow you to create a hidden multi-position active-passive system of wartime from the peacetime time of the receiving modules.

Analogues of the complex "Rubezh" no

The "Rubezh" complex is not analogous to any of the known samples presented in the State Arms Program. At the same time, the transmitting part of the complex already exists in the form of a thick network of base stations (BS) of cellular communication, terrestrial and satellite transmitting centers of broadcasting and television. Therefore, the establishment of receiving modules reflected from the objectives of third-party signals and signal processing system (software-algorithmic supply system that implements the detection system, processing the reflected signals and the anti-penetrating signal processing system has become a central task for "Cant".

The current state of the electronic component base, data transmission and synchronization systems makes it possible to create compact modules with compact, with small mass boar sizes. Such modules can be located on cellular masts using the power lines of this system and do not have any influence on its operation due to its minor energy consumption.

A sufficiently high probabilistic detection characteristics allow you to use this tool as a non-liable, automatic system of establishing an intersection (span) of a certain turn (for example, a state border) is a minor purpose, with the subsequent issuance of preliminary target designation by specialized means of ground or cosmic basing on the direction and turning the appearance of the intruder.

So, the calculations show that the reference field of base stations with a separation between BS 35 kilometers of radiation power from 100 W is able to ensure the detection of low-speed aerodynamic purposes with EPR 1M 2 in the "shift zone" with the probability of proper detection of 0.7 and the probability of a false alarm 10 -4 . The number of accompanied goals is determined by the performance of computational means.

The main characteristics of the system were tested by a series of practical experiments on the detection of certain goals carried out by OJSC NPP Kant with the assistance of OJSC RTI them. Academician A.L. Minta "and the participation of employees of VA in them. GK Zhukov. The test results confirmed the prospects for the use of a minor semicorative location systems in the BS reference field of the GSM cellular system.

When removing the receiving module at a distance of 1.3-2.6 kilometers from the BS with a radiation power of 40 W, the goal of the Yak-52 type was confidently found under various observation angles in both the front and rear hemisphere in the first resolution element.

The configuration of the existing cellular network allows you to build a flexible extension monitoring of a non-moving air and surface space in the GSM Mobile Mobile Network System Restarting Field in the border strip.

The system is invited to build a 15-100 km depth of 50-100 km away, on the front in the 20-300 km long and up to 1500 meters.

Each detection lines represents a sequential circuit of the detection zones located between the BS. The detection zone is formed by a single-base diversity (Bistatic) Doppler radar. This fundamental solution is based on the fact that with a plane detection of the target, its effective reflecting surface increases many times, which allows to detect low-interest targets performed according to Stelc technology.

Increasing the possibilities of EKO

From the turn to the turn of detection, the number and directions of flying goals are refined. At the same time, the algorithmic (calculated) determination of the distance to the target and its height becomes possible. The number of simultaneously registered targets is determined by the bandwidth of the channel transmission channels over cellular communication lines.

Information from each discovery zone comes through GSM networks to the information collection and processing center (CSI), which can be located for many hundred kilometers from the detection system. The identification of the goals is carried out by direction finding, frequency and temporary features, as well as when installing DVRs - on the image of the goals.

In this way, complex "Rubezh" will allow:

1. Create a solid minor radar field with multiple multi-frequency overlap of radiation zones created by various sources of reference;

2. Ensure the means of controlling air and ground space, the state border and other territory of the country (the lower limit of the controlled radar field of the radar field of less than300 meters is created only around the control unit, the lower limit of the controlled radar field major airports. Above the rest of the territory of the Russian Federation, the lower boundary is determined only by the needs of supporting civil aircraft along the main airlines that are not lowered below5,000 meters);

3. Significantly reduce the costs of placement and commissioning Compared with any similar systems;

4. Relieving the tasks in the interests of almost all powerful departments of the Russian Federation:

- MO (extension of the duty officer of a small radar field at the threatened directions);

- FSO (in terms of ensuring the safety of state protection facilities - the complex can be placed in suburban and urban areas for monitoring air terrorist threats or controlling the use of surface space);

- ATC (control over the flights of light aircraft and unmanned funds at low altitudes, including air taxis, - according to the forecasts of the Ministry of Transportation, the annual increase in aircraft aircraft of the general purpose is 20% annually);

- FSB (tasks of antiterrorist protection of strategically important objects and the protection of the state border);

- Ministry of Emergency Situations (fire safety monitoring, search for victims of aircraft and so on).

The proposed means and methods for solving the problems of small-scale radar intelligence in no way cancel the funds created and consisting on the supply of the Armed Forces of Russia and complexes, but only increase their capabilities.

/Andrei Demidyuk, Doctor of Military Sciences, Associate Professor;
Evgeny Demidyuk, Candidate of Technical Sciences, VPK-News.ru/

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Transcript.

1 Scientific and technical development problems federal System Intelligence and control of the airspace of the Russian Federation and the path of their decision General-Major A.Ya. Coban, Candidate of Technical Sciences Colonel D.N. SAMOTONIN, Candidate of Technical Sciences Abstract. The main scientific and technical problems and directions of the development of the federal system of exploration and control of the airspace of the Russian Federation and the air navigation system of the country in the context of creating air-space defense of Russia were determined. Keywords: federal system of exploration and control of the airspace of the Russian Federation, air navigation system of Russia, radio troops, radar support, a single automated radar system. Summary. Rey Scientific and Technical Problems and Areas for Developing The RECONNAISSANCE AND COUNTRAL AND AIR NAVIGATION SYSTEM OF THE COUNTRY IN TERMS OF CREATION OF THE AEROSPACE DEFENSE OF RUSSIA. Keywords: RF Federal System of Air Space Reconnaissance and Control, Air Navigation System of Russia, Radio Technical Troops, Radar Support, Unified Automated Radar System. The federal system of exploration and control of the airspace of the Russian Federation (FSR and the PCP of the Russian Federation) was established on the basis of the decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 14, 1994, 146 is an interdepartmental dual-use system and is intended to provide radar information about the air situation and control centers (PU, CSU) of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (Armed Forces of the Russian Federation) in the interests of solving the problems of anti-air defense (air defense), including tasks for the protection of the state border and the suppression of terrorist acts and other unlawful actions in the airspace of the Russian Federation, to ensure flights of the aircraft state, experimental and civil aviation, as well as for radar provision of the air traffic management centers of the Aeronautical System of the Russian Federation (ANC of Russia) through the integrated use of radar systems available in the Armed Forces and Ans and Ans. The information and technical basis of the FSE and the CCP of the Russian Federation is the unified automated radar system (EARLS). To solve the tasks assigned to FSW and HCP, the forces and means of radio engineering parts and units of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, as well as dual-purpose radar positions (RLP DN) are involved in the Earls Federal Agency Air transport (Rosaviation). In order to develop Earls in the period from 2007 to 2015, the Federal Target Program "Improvement of the Federal System

2 Scientific and technical problems of the development of the FSR and the PCP of the Russian Federation and the ways to solve 15 exploration and control of the airspace of the Russian Federation (GG) "(hereinafter the program (), approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 2, 2006, 345. Analysis of the results of the program implementation ( ) It shows that the goals declared in it to increase the efficiency of air space control, reduce the total costs of the maintenance of radio engineering units of the Ministry of Defense of Russia and improving the safety of aviation flights is mainly achieved. At the same time, the lack of conceptual and regulatory legal documents regulating the issues of functioning, ensuring activities and The development of FSER and PCP, the change in the conditions and factors affecting the construction and use of a single radar system and the control system for the use of airspace of the Russian Federation, led to a number of scientific and technical problems in the development of FSW and PCP for the period up to 2025: an insufficient level of automation. Information but technical interaction of the CSU (PU, KP) of the air defense (EHF) with the operational bodies of the Unified Air Motion Organization (EU OUTD) to implement the effective joint processing of radar, flight and planned information on the air situation in solving the tasks of controlling the use of the airspace of the Russian Federation; Non-compliance with the principles of construction and functioning of the Earls requirements for its integration with the EU ATM, the formation and maintenance of a single information space on the state of the air situation in the creation of the System of the Russian Federation and Ans of Russia; discrepancy between the principles of the development, functioning and application in the control system of air-space forces (VKS) automation means of controlling the use of airspace of the Russian Federation in progress in modern conditions; The inconsistency of the TTH outdated radar means of the modern information needs of the Russian Defense Ministry when solving the tasks assigned to them, taking into account the increase in the threats to the security of the Russian Federation in airspace. The formulated scientific and technical problems made it possible to substantiate the following main directions of the development of the FSR and the CCP in the context of creating the System of the Russian Federation and Ans of Russia. First direction. Development of new and modernization of existing means of exploration (observation) of airspace. Analysis of the predicted target and interference situation for the period up to 2025 determines the need to significantly increase the requirements for applied radar means in terms of their spatial and information capabilities. Considering that all manned aircraft, as well as many of the enemy unmanned agents, to facilitate the overcoming of the air defense system are equipped with interference transmitters, the requirements for the noise immunity of the grouping of radio equipment (RTV) increase significantly. Under conditions of reducing the time interval between the detection of goals and applying an air attack (SVN) enemy on them, the main way to maintain the grouping of the RTV will be maneuver by the forces and means of radar intelligence. Consequently, the requirements for mobility of promising radar increases. Considering that the tasks of combat duty on air defense are performed continuously (in peaceful and wartime), and the conditions for the functioning of radar means in peaceful and wartime differ, and the

3 16 A.Ya. Cobane, D.N. Selfoning to the means of radar of the on duty regime of peaceful and wartime will be different. To solve the problems of peacetime, there is a relatively low-cost radar with integrated secondary radar means and additional automatic dependent surveillance equipment (AZN-B). These radar means in order to reduce costs can be stationary (transported), but should have a high reliability (the appointed resource of more than one hundred thousand hours, the work on the refusal of thousands of hours), maintainability (block-modular construction principle, built-in diagnostic equipment and troubleshooting equipment , predicting technical condition), low cost of operation (automatic, without the participation of the calculation of radar modules). Taking into account the need to use information about the air situation in the interests of the Ministry of Defense and Ministry of Transport of Russia, when solving the OBS tasks, these radar means must be certified by the established procedure. One of the main directions of development of the radar means of the duty regime, performing tasks in peacetime, should be brought to the level of automatic radar. This requirement, including due to the need to recreate the radar field in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. Based on the conditions of application in wartime to radar means of the duty regime, the following requirements are additionally imposed: automatic intelligence of interference types and adaptation to the air and radio-electronic environment, including the possibility of energy concentration on interference and other important areas; high security work provided by the development of passive (semi -active) radar means; high mobility, ensured by reducing the coagulation time (deployment), inclusion and control of the functioning of the RLS; Automatic topprint and orientation. At the same time, the radar of the onset regime, intended to carry combat duty on air defense in wartime, must be multi-band, providing the required characteristics for the range of detection and accuracy of the coordinates of the opponent with minor energy costs. Taking into account the analysis of potential threats to the Russian Federation in the air-space industry, the relevance of the detection of the SVN acting in small and extremely small heights increases. Differences on the conditions and tasks of the use of small-scale radar predetermine their division on the radar of the duty and combat mode. The basic requirements for promising minor radar duty regime are: the possibility of detecting and maintaining low-fat, small-sized and not high-speed air targets (KR, Bla, Deltaplanov, etc. ) Against the background of intensive reflections from the Earth, local objects, hydrometeers, intentional passive and non-synchronous impulse interference; the presence of remote radar modules of remote radar modules placed outside the RTV units and operating in automatic mode; The possibility of placement of antenna systems on high-altitude supports (in some cases on binded aerostats). To the universal radar of the combat regime, first of all, the requirements of high maneuverability, sufficient energy

4 Scientific and technical problems of the development of the Federal Security Service of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation and the ways to solve 17 of the potential with the possibility of its concentration in the specified direction (sector), the increased accuracy of the coordinate measurement and the possibility of detecting goals with a small effective diffusion surface (ERD). One of the basic requirements for promising radar is the need to conjugate them with existing and promising automation facilities, as well as the possibility of integration into a single information space about the state of the air situation. This provides for the application of unified information exchange reports on the state of the air situation, combining radar information from various sources about air facilities, exchange of this information at higher speeds using the funds created by the Digital Telecommunications Network of the Ministry of Defense of Russia. Second direction. Full-scale deployment of Earls FSR and PCP and its integrated modernization in order to increase the efficiency of using radar, flight and planned information obtained from the EU Orders, to solve air defense tasks. Full-scale deployment of Earles and its complex modernization include: Equipment (re-equipment) of radio engineering units with modern and promising radar (RLC); the modernization of the track radar positions of the double-purpose of Rosaviation by deploying new RLAs on them, as well as the reconstruction of the EU ATM centers, including in the interests of improving interdepartmental information and technical interaction; Creating and deploying unified automatic software and hardware modules (MPTS), providing automatic exchange of planned, radar and additional information using unified protocols of information and technical interaction of dual-destination track radar positions and the EU ATM centers with CSU (PU, KP) of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. To ensure information and technical interaction on digital channels and using unified protocols by the objects of the Ministry of Defense of Russia, procurement of promising automation facilities (CSA) are provided, which in the aggregate will ensure an increase in the efficiency of joint processing of radiolocation, flight and planned information on the command clauses of radio engineering regiments. Third direction. The phased creation of an integrated Radar system of the FSER and PCP in the interests of the formation of a single information space on the state of the air situation using the resources of the Earls deployed. The implementation of the direction is organized by equipping radio equipment with automatic equipment complexes developed within the framework of the FSW and PCP observer, and integration on their basis of all sources of radar information of the Ministry of Defense of Russia and Rosaviation, deployed within the boundaries of the Radiotechnical Regiment. Fourth direction. Organization of a unified system of automated control of the use of airspace of the Russian Federation (EskivP) in the management system of the CCS. The implementation of this area is planned to be implemented within the framework of the state program of arms providing for the development and adoption of unified MPTS automation of solving the use of the use of

5 18 A.Ya. Cobane, D.N. Selfon of the airspace of the Russian Federation. MPTS are intended for joint use with CSU CSU (PU, KP) of the ACC associations, air defense compounds, military units in order to improve the quality of solving the task of controlling the use of airspace based on the implementation of modern systemotechnical principles for the exchange and processing of information coming from EU Centers ATM and PU Radiotechnical troops. MPTS is developed in various configurations with an open interface of the information and technical pairing for use at all levels of control with an automated solution to control the use of airspace together with existing and promising automation facilities. Thus, in solving the main scientific and technical problems in the period up to 2025, two stages of the Earls complex modernization can be distinguished in all regions of the Russian Federation, creating a head area of \u200b\u200bthe joint use of an integrated radar system (IRLS) of the FSER and PCP and ESKIVP years full-scale deployment of IRLS and ESKIVP In all regions of the country. Successful implementation of the stages of the development of the FSW and PCP is possible with the unconditional implementation of GPV activities and timely developing (clarification) of conceptual and regulatory legal documents governing the issues of construction, functioning, ensuring the activities and development of FSW and PCP.

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Reliable Country Countries are impossible without creating an effective system of intelligence and control airspace. An important place in it occupies a minor location. The reduction of units and means of radar intelligence led to the fact that the territory of the Russian Federation today there are open sections of the state border and inland areas of the country. OJSC NPP KANT, which is part of the state corporation "Rostechnology", leads R & D to create a prototype of a multi-position separated radar system of semi-active location in the field of radiation of cellular systems, broadcasting and television of ground and space-based (complex "Rubezh").

Today, repeatedly increased accuracy of the guidance of weapon systems no longer requires the massive use of air attack (SVN), and tightened electromagnetic compatibility requirements, as well as sanitary standards and rules do not allow "pollute" in the peaceful territory of the country's territory with ultrahof-frequency radiation (microwave radiation) high-precision radar stations (RLS). In accordance with the Federal Law "On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population" of March 30, 1999 No. 52-FZ establishes the rules of radiation, which are mandatory throughout Russia. The radiation power of any of the well-known radar PVA multiple times exceeds these norms. The problem is exacerbated by a high probability of applying low-fat minority objectives, which requires a combat order of the RLS of the traditional park and increasing the cost of the content of a solid minor radar field (MVRLP). To create a solid on-duty round-the-clock MVRLP height from 25 meters (the height of the wing rocket or super light aircraft) on the front of only 100 kilometers is required at least two radars of Caste-2E2 (39H6), the power consumption of each of which is 23 kW. Taking into account the average cost of electricity in the prices of 2013, only the cost of maintaining this section of the MFLP will amount to at least three million rubles per year. Moreover, the length of the borders of the Russian Federation is 60,900,000 kilometers.

For detecting air and space purposes

Similar work on the detection of targets in the field of reference of television vehicles was carried out at the Military Engineering Radio Engineering Academy of Air Defense (Wirth Air Defense) named after Songov. However, more than a quarter of a century ago, the weighty practical grinding on the use of highlighting the sources of analog radiation to solve the geashing location tasks was unclaimed.

With the development of digital broadcasting and connected technologies, the possibility of using semi-active location systems with third-party illumination appeared in Russia.

The "CANT" OJSC, a complex of a multi-position separated radar system of semi-active location "Rubb" is designed to detect air and cosmic targets in a third-party field. Such a reference field is characterized by the profitability of monitoring airspace in peacetime and resistant to radio-electronic counteraction during the war.

The presence of a large number of highly stable sources of radiation (broadcasting, communications), both in space and on Earth forming solid electromagnetic fields of reference, makes it possible to use them as a signal source in a semi-active system to detect various types of purposes. At the same time, it is not necessary to spend money on radiation of own radio signals. For receiving the signals reflected from the target purposes, the receiving modules (PM) separated on the terrain are used, which together with radiation sources create a semi-active location complex. The passive mode of operation of the "Rubezh" complex allows you to ensure the secrecy of these tools and use the structure of the complex in wartime. Calculations show that the secrecy of the semi-active location system by the masking coefficient is at least 1.5-2 times higher than the RLS with the traditional combined principle of construction.

No analogs

Sufficiently high probabilistic detection characteristics allow you to use this tool as a non-maintainable, automatic system of establishing an intersection (span) of a certain turn (for example, the state border) is a minor purpose with the subsequent issuance of preliminary target designation with specialized means of ground or space based on the direction and turning the appearance of the intruder.

So, calculations show that the field of referenceing base stations with a separation between BS 35 kilometers and radiation power from 100 W is able to ensure the detection of low-tech aerodynamic purposes with the EPR 1M2 in the "transluency zone" with the probability of proper detection of 0.7 and the probability of a false alarm 10-4 . The number of accompanied goals is determined by the performance of computational means. The main characteristics of the system were tested by a series of practical experiments on the detection of certain goals carried out by OJSC NPP Kant with the assistance of OJSC RTI them. Academician A. L. Mintz "and the participation of employees of VA in them. G. K. Zhukova. The test results confirmed the prospects for the use of a minor semicorative location systems in the BS reference field of the GSM cellular system. When removing the receiving module at a distance of 1.3-2.6 kilometers from the BS with a radiation power of 40 W, the goal of the Yak-52 type was confidently found under various observation angles in both the front and rear hemisphere in the first resolution element.

The configuration of the existing cellular network allows you to build a flexible extension monitoring of a non-moving air and surface space in the GSM Mobile Mobile Network System Restarting Field in the border strip.

The system is invited to build in several frontiers of detection to a depth of 50-100 kilometers, on the front in the band 200-300 kilometers and up to 1500 meters high. Each detection lines represents a sequential circuit of the detection zones located between the BS. The detection zone is formed by a single-base diversity (Bistatic) Doppler radar. This fundamental solution is based on the fact that with a plane detection of the target, its effective reflecting surface increases many times, which allows to detect low-interest targets performed according to Stelc technology.

Increasing the possibilities of EKO

Thus, the "Rubezh" complex will allow:

create a solid low-speed radar field with a multiple multi-frequency overlap of radiation zones created by various sources of reference;
ensure the means of controlling the air and ground space, the state border and other territories of the country (the lower limit of the controlled radar field of the radar field of less than 300 meters is created only around the control units of major airports. Over the rest of the territory of the Russian Federation, the lower boundary is determined only by the needs of the support of civil aircraft along the main airlines. who do not fall below 5000 meters);
significantly reduce the costs of placement and commissioning compared with any similar systems;
relieving the tasks in the interests of almost all powerful departments of the Russian Federation: MO (building the duty of the minor radar field at the threatened directions), FSO (in terms of ensuring the safety of state protection objects - the complex can be placed in suburban and urban areas for monitoring air terrorist threats or controlling the use of surface space ), ATC (control over flights of light aircraft and unmanned funds at low altitudes, including air taxis, - according to the forecasts of the Ministry of Transportation, the annual increase in aircraft aircraft of general use is 20 percent annually), FSB (tasks of antiterrorist protection of strategically important objects and state protection borders), Ministry of Emergency Situations (fire safety monitoring, search for victims of aircraft, etc.).

Radar fieldthe area of \u200b\u200bspace with a given height of the lower bound is called, within which the RLS grouping provides reliable detection, determination of air target coordinates and their continuous support.

The radar field is formed from radar visibility zones.

Visibility zone (Detection) is called the area of \u200b\u200bspace around the radar within which the station can detect and accompany air targets with a given probability.

Each type of radar has its own visibility zone, it is determined by the design of the RLS antenna and its tactical and technical characteristics (wavelength, transmitter power and other parameters).

The following important features of the radar detection zones are noted, which must be considered when creating a grouping of intelligence units:

The boundary of the prime zones of the radar show the range of detection of goals depending on the height of the target of the target.

On the formation of a diagram of the radar direction of a particular meter and decimeter range has a significant effect of the earth's surface.

Consequently, the terrain will have a significant impact on the zones of the RLS visibility. Moreover, the influence of the terrain in various directions from the RLC point is different. Consequently, the detection range of the same type of air targets on the same height in different directions may be different.

The discovery radar is used to conduct an air enemy intelligence in circular search mode. The width of the radiation diagram of such radar in the vertical plane is limited and is usually 20-30 °. This causes the presence of the so-called "dead funnels" in the visibility zone, where the observation of air purposes is impossible.

The possibility of continuous support of air targets in the area of \u200b\u200bradar visibility is influenced by reflections from local items, as a result of which an illuminated area appears near the indicator screen. Maintenance of goals in the area of \u200b\u200blocal items is difficult. If even the RLS is deployed to the positions that meet the requirements of local items in the mid-period locality, the radius of the local items reaches 15-20 km relative to the center of the position. The inclusion of protection equipment for passive interference (system of selection of a moving target) does not completely "remove" from the RLS screens from local items and with a large intensity of reflections from local objects, observing goals in this zone is difficult. In addition, during the operation of the radar, the air target detection range is decreased by 10-15%.

The section of the RLS visibility zone in the horizontal plane at a given height can be conventionally taken for the ring with the center at the PLAS point. The outer radius of the ring is determined by the maximum range of detection of the air target of this type at a given height. The inner radius of the ring is determined by the radius of the "Dead Funnel" of the radar.

When creating a RLP grouping in the intelligence system, the following requirements must be fulfilled:

The maximum possible removal of confident detection in the most likely direction of the opponent aviation raids (before the front edge).

A solid radar field should overlap the space over the entire territory of the operational construction of troops, at all possible air enemy flight altitudes.

The probability of detection of goals at any point of the solid field should be not lower than 0.75.

The radar field must have high stability.

Maximum savings of radar reconnaissance (RLC number).

It should be highlighted on the choice of the optimal value of the height of the lower boundary of the solid radar field, as this is one of the most important conditions for the execution of the listed requirements.

Two neighboring stations provide a solid radar field just starting with some minimum height (H MIN), and the less distance between the radar, the lower the lower limit of the solid field.

That is, the less task is the height of the lower boundary of the field, the closer the RLS is required, the greater the RLS will be required to create the field (which contradicts the above requirements).

In addition, the smaller the height of the lower border of the field, the less the removal of the zone of confident detection at this height in front of the front edge.

The state and trends in the development of the SVN already currently requires the creation of a radar field in the height range from several tens of meters (50-60 m.).

However, to create a field with such a height of the lower boundary, a huge number of radar means will be required. Calculations show that with a decrease in the height of the lower boundary of the field from 500 m to 300 m, the need for the number of radar increases by 2.2 times, and with a decrease of 500 m to 100 m. - 7 times.

In addition, there is no sharp necessity in a single solid radar field with such a low height.

Currently, the creation of a solid field is considered rational in the frame of the front (army) ground RLS with the height of the lower boundary of the Z00-500 meters before the front edge and in the tactical depth.

The height of the upper boundary of the radar field, as a rule, is not specified and is determined by the possibilities of the radar part of the RTP.

To develop a general method of calculating the size of the intervals and distances between the units of radar intelligence units of radar intelligence in the united grouping, we will take the following assumptions:

1. All division is armed with the same type of radar, in each unit one radar;

2. The nature of the area does not have a significant impact on the zones of radar visibility;

Condition: Let it be necessary to create a solid switched field with the height of the lower boundary "H MIN". The radius of the visibility zone (detection range) of the radar on "H min" is known and is equal to "D".

The task can be solved by the RLC location in two ways:

In the vertices of the squares;

In the vertices of equilateral triangles (in a checkerboard).

At the same time, the RL field on "H MIN" will be viewed (Appendix 4 and 5)

The distance between the radar will be equal to:

At the first method d \u003d d \u003d 1.41 d;

With the second d \u003d d \u003d 1.73 d;

From the comparison of these drawings, it can be concluded that the creation of a field of fields by the radar location in the vertices of equilateral triangles (in a checker order) is more economically more profitable because it takes a smaller number of stations.

Grouping means of reconnaissance, located at the corners of the equilateral triangle, be called a group of type "A".

Being favorable from the point of view of savings, the grouping of type "A" does not provide other critical requirements. For example, failure of any of the radar leads to the formation of large failures in the RL field. The loss of air targets in the wiring will be observed even with the good work of all RLS, as they do not blocked "dead funnels" in radar visibility zones.

The grouping of the type "A" has the unsatisfactory characteristics of the field before the front edge. In areas occupying a total of over 20% of the front strip width, the removal of intelligence zone before the front edge is 30-60% less than possible. If you take into account the distortion zones of the RLS visibility due to the influence of the nature of the area around the positions, then in general it is possible to conclude a grouping of type "A" can be applied only in exceptional cases in an acute disadvantage of funds and in secondary directions in the depths of the operational construction of the front troops, but not along Front lines

The Appendix presents the RLS group, which is conditionally called grouping of the type "b". Here the radar is also located in the arches of equilateral triangles, but with parties equal to the detection range "D" at the height of the lower boundary of the field in several lines. Intervals between radar in lines D \u003d D, and distance between lines

C \u003d d \u003d 0.87 D.

At any point of the field created by grouping type "b", the space is viewed simultaneously three radars, and in some areas even a family. Due to this, high resistance of the field radiation and the reliability of air target wiring is achieved when the probabilities are close to one. This grouping provides the overlap of the "dead funnels" of the radar and zones of local objects (which can be achieved only with D \u003d D), and also excludes possible failures in the field due to the distortion of radar visibility zones due to the effect of terrain around the position.

To ensure continuity of the RL field in time, each radar participating in the creation of the field should work around the clock. Almost this is not fulfilled. Therefore, at each point should not be deployed alone, but two or more radar, which form the RLP.

Usually, each RLP is deployed by one RDP from the composition of the ORTB.

To create a solid radip field field, it is advisable to have several lines in a checker order (in the tops of equilateral triangles),

The intervals between posts need to be chosen based on the given height of the lower bound of the field of the field (H MIN).

Intervals between the RLP it is advisable to choose equal range of detection of the air targets "D" at the height of "H MIN" the lower boundary of the field in the area (D \u003d D)

The distance between the RLP lines should be within 0.8-0.9 detection range at the height of the lower boundaries of the field "H MIN".