Mountain just below Everest on the letter h. Everest - the highest mountain of the Earth

Everest - the highest mountain on our planet - rises among the eternal snow of Himalayas at a height of 8848 meters above the ocean and is located on the border of Nepal and China. The peak itself lies in China (Tibet). The peak of Everest is crowned by the main Himalayan ridge.

In 1832, employees of the British Geodesic Service in India, producing the processing of shooting a number of Himalayan vertices, found that the mountain, entitled "Peak XV", is the highest in the region and, probably all over the world. The open vertex was named after them in honor of the head of the Sir George Everest geodesic service (pronunciation in proper transcription: "Ay-Ver-East"). It is this name of the mountain that has become the most popular worldwide. In Tibet, it is called Jomolungma - the "goddess-mother of life." In Nepal, the Mountains are called Sagarmatha - "Mother of God".

Sometimes Everest is called the Third Pole of the Earth, because The climate on it is not less, but even more extremal and harshs than on the poles. The temperature on the top never rises above 0 ° C. The average temperature in January is -36 ° C and may descend to -60 ° C, and in July -19 ° C (for comparison, in the North Pole in January -40 ° C, in July - about 0 ° C). Wind speed on top can reach up to 200 km / h. In addition, the oxygen content in the discharged atmosphere at a height above 8000 meters is three times less than at sea level. If the Northern and South Poles were achieved at the beginning of the twentieth century (Northern, according to various sources - in 1908-1909, South - in 1911), Everest remained uncompaired until the middle of the twentieth century (1953).

Everest is not easy to see even from afar, as he is lost in the hard-to-reach areas of the Himalayas and is overshadowed by other vertices. To just see the highest peak of the world, you need to go through a relatively large distance and climb one of the nearby peaks. From the Nepalese side, Everest is hidden behind two high mountains - Nuptsze (7879 m) and Lhotse (8516 m), so that Everest is visible enough, you need to climb the mountain of Cala Pattar (5545 m) or Gokio Ri (5483 m), from the vertices which opens a good view of the top of the world.

Everest has the shape of a triangular pyramid, which is clearly visible from the aircraft.

The southern slope of the vertex is sharp. From the array in all directions, the glaciers flow at an altitude of about 5,000 m. On the southern slope and the ribs of the pyramid, snow and ice is not held, as a result of which they are naked.

Attempts to conquer Everest began in 1921. Since that time, for 32 years, climbers from different countries have made fifteen attempts to conquer the "third pole". And only the sixteenth of them crowned victory. The last assault camp of the expedition of the Colonel John Hunt was moved to the top of the top and was at an altitude of 8500 meters. It was set at number 9 - the ninth intermediate camp on the way from the foot to the top. On May 29, 1953 at 11:30, 30 minutes of New Zelandets Edmund Hillary and Sherp Tencing Norki for the first time (according to the official version) stood at an altitude of 8848 meters - the highest top of the world. There is another version in which the participants of the Third Expedition could be the first to Everest.

Now, annually under the southern and northern slopes of Everest, teams are collected from all over the world, it is usually 300-500 people. Each of them obsessed with a dream - to conquer the most famous peak. For many of them, the ascent to Everest without exaggeration becomes the main goal of life. And without exception, it is necessary to withstand the extreme conditions of the Third Pole.

The best time to lift Everest is the beginning of May. Southeast Comb, located in Nepal, is called the South Saddle route, and the northeast ridge - Northern Saddle, begins in Tibet. These are the two most popular climbing routes. For the first time, people rose to Everest from the south.

To the foot of the mountain from the northern parties to reach the base camp on the jeep, and then - on Yaka, to an advanced base camp at an altitude of 6400 meters.

The rise of the voyage to the top of Everest takes about 2 months. It is a permanent "shuttle" up-down in many times. Up - for acclimatization, adjustment of intermediate camps, tossing the railings in complex areas. Down - for relaxation and for a new batch of cargo. At the very peak, we usually come out by one by one - everyone for himself, hoping only for its own strength. The latter, the decisive entrust of the waters lasts on average 15-20 hours. At the same time, after climbing, the climbers lose an average of 10-15 kg of their own weight, or even more.

Climbing Everest - expensive pleasure. Only permission to climb a group of 20 people from Tibet costs $ 5,500, and from Nepal - 50,000 dollars for a team of 7 people.

The history of climbing on Everest is saturated with both records and tragic events. For more than a 60-year history of the conquest of Everest, over six thousand climbers rose to the top, of which 140 Russians. During the same years, the recalcitrant mountain did not let go back more than 200 of his fans.

The highest point in the world (Jomolungma Mountain - she is Everest) is located in Asia, in the mountain system of Himalayas, on the border of China, Nepal and the Tibetan Autonomous Region (China Autonomous Region). Mountain has always been and will be a vertex, to conquer hundreds of thousands of people seek. Any self-respecting climbing and climber will be put in the end of the ultimate development point that the most enormous mountain on Earth.

Geographical location of Mount Everest

Jomolungma - the mountain, which is part of the Himalayas mountain range (the mountain range is called Mahalangur Himal). Everest is located on the territory of Nepal, Tibet, the Chinese National Republic. Roads with such mountains as Lhotse, South and North Saddle, Changze.

Himalayas mountain range is located on the territory of several Asian countries:

Attempts to count the height of the mountain

From a long time, people tried to describe the height of this amazing mountain. The first person who assumed that the mountain has a height of more than 8 thousand kilometers and is the highest point in the world was the Indian mathematician and Geometric Radhanat Sikdar, which is based only on trigonometric calculations proved an approximate height of this monumental natural structure. Being 240 kilometers from the place where Everest is located, he was able to prove the approximate highness of the mountain above the sea level, which allowed the British-Indian geodesic service to collect an expedition and measure the height of the mountain. In 1856, based on the data of the first official measurement of the height of Jomolungma, a figure of 29,000 feet was announced, which is equivalent to 8,839 meters. However, such a figure would seem not sufficiently authoritative, since its round value could indicate the inaccuracy of the measurement, so the figure of 29,002 feet came into the light.

Further, in 1950, the official expedition from China made more accurate measurements of the height and the value of 8 thousand 848 meters appeared, recognized so far as correct. Of course, after this expedition there were other attempts to describe the height. So, the Americans in 1998 with GPS announced a height of 8,850 meters, which is 2 meters higher than the official height. Further, at about the same time, the Italian geodesist ardito tees studying the top using modern radio equipment proved a height of 8,872 meters, which is 11 meters higher than usual. Despite the scientific validity of such studies, the results were still not officially accepted and according to the data for 2014 the official height of the mountain is 8,848 meters above sea level.

The status of the highest point in the world in Mount Everest would be more piquant if the mountain had been somewhere closer to Europe or America. In this case, the contrast would be visible and it would be possible to evaluate the greatness of Jomolungma in comparison with nearby hills. But the mountain is located in the mountain range of Himalayas where there are other points, and without looking at it is hard to distinguish where Everest is located and where Lhotz, whose height is 8,516 meters.

In order to better imagine the scale of Everest should be mentioned about the highest point of the Caucasian Mountains - Elbrus and Mountain Altai - Belukha. The height of the First Mountain (Elbrus), located in the Caucasus, is 5,642 meters, the height of the Beluhi is 4,506 meters. Comparing the height of these vertices with a pair of the highest points of the Himalayas and Tibet, you can present the greatness of the latest and inaccessibility of their conquest.

If you had a climbing experience (and in many cities, this type of extreme recreation is gaining popularity), then you have an idea of \u200b\u200bwhich works are worth the conquest of new and new peaks. But one thing, when you get into the heated room, with mats on the floor and instructor nearby and completely different when on a 4-thousand height struggling with my fears, overcoming the gusts of the wind throw off the climber in the abyss, crawling upstairs, literally biting in every centimeter of height . And only overcoming it is possible with confidence to say that you are really a climber.

To other points whose height exceeds 8 thousand meters, includes chogyri (8,611 meters), Kanchenjanga (8,586 meters), manaslu (8 156 meters).

It is not surprising that the highest point of the world will attract extreme lovers from all over the world. Hundreds of people arrive in Nepal to conquer the greatest peak of the world - the city of Everest. But only the units of them reaches their own goal. Locals with distrust relate to most of the visitors of their country, but still rejoice in the flow of tourists, as it allows them to make money and increase their capital.

History of entrerest

The first attempt to ascent to the height of more than 8 thousand meters was produced in 1950 by a group of French climbers. That year they were able to conquer Mount Annapurn, but it did not work out before Everest. It was the first conquest of a height of more than 8 thousand meters. Before him there were attempts to conquer such a height (these were studies of the mountain ranges of Himalayas and Karakorum), but they allowed only to reach 7,000 marks.

As regards to the Jomolungma itself, the history of attempts to her conquest has thousands of stories. The most bright of them are stories about the first ascent to height in 8320 meters using the oxygen of the American expedition; The story of Maurice Wilson, who died at an altitude of 7 with more than a thousand meters (noteworthy was that there was no special training and intended to reach the vertices only with the use of supernatural forces).

Nevertheless, the first ascent to the height of the mountain occurred in 1953, when a citizen of New Zealand Edmund Hillary, together with the resident of Nepal Tencing Northeye, conquered height, as well as using oxygen cylinders. More than 30 Sherpov took part in the work of the expedition, whose skill and experience allowed to conquer this height.

The Soviet expedition was able to conquer Everest only in 1982, but did this in a special way. First, the conquest occurred on the slope previously considered not passing, and two hill climbs fell at night. Amazing was the fact that one of the springs - Vladimir Babyberdin rose without an oxygen apparatus.

Under this link you can view Everest in real time (Works from 6-00 to 18-00 Moscow time)

) Let's remember why Everest is called Everest.

Everyone who has studied in school geography, without difficulty recall the name of the highest peak of the planet. Everest for a long time manits climbers, extremals and fans of the whole mysterious. Its height has repeatedly moved lately. Therefore, even in official materials there are three sets of numbers: 8848 m, 8850 m, 8844 m. The first one of them fell in our memory. The latter gave measurements from the Chinese side. This question is difficult, because we are talking about the height of the highest mountain of the Earth. And it is very correct that interested persons agreed to conditionally consider the height of 8848 meters in the near future.

Meanwhile, the current name of the highest mountain planet has received relatively recently, just a century ago. Tibetan monks from time immemorial called her Jomolungma - the "Goddess-Mother of the Earth". French missionaries, in the XVIII century, coming to the Himalayas, put it on the map under the name Ronclub - the so-called the Tibetan monastery built by order of the Dalai Lama on the northern slope of Mountain.

In Nepal, the highest of the mountains called Sagarmatha - "Heavenly Top". However, today the world is famous for the very name that the British gave her.

Dali in honor of a man who never rose to her top and not even approached her.

George Everest Born on July 4, 1790 in Wales, in the town of Gversvale, in the aristocratic family. For boys from secured English families of that time, a military career was typical, and George did not exception. After graduation, he entered the military school in Wolvice. George studied perfectly, especially pleased with his success teachers of mathematics. The Everest School graduated ahead of time, at the age of 16, and was sent to the service in India as a cadet-artilleryman.

Command, assessing its brilliant mathematical abilities, translated the young military in the geodesic service. In 1814, Everest went to an expedition to Java Island, where he spent two years.

In 1816, a 26-year-old officer is returned to India, and in two years he becomes deputy itself William Lambton- Head of the British Geodesic Service in India.

At this time, Lambton and his subordinates solve a truly titanic task - carrying out the geodesic shooting of India. It was not only about the country in modern borders, but also about the territories on which other states were formed, first of all, about Pakistan.

Theodolite - a measuring device used by George Everest

Features of Flora and Everest fauna

During the year, climatic conditions on Everest are considered very extreme. The coldest month is recognized January, since the average temperature ranges from -36 and to -60 ° C! But the warmer month, if it can be called it, is July, when the temperature does not fall below the election of -19 ° C. A surprising fact is that the boiling point of water on the top of the mountain is only 70 ° C. This phenomenon is due to pressure indicator, which is only 326 mbar. Usually, in the spring and winter, Jomolungma characteristic Western wind.

Extreme conditions can withstand only a small part of plants and animals. In 1924, scientists had committed an amazing discovery, as it turned out, a jump spider belonging to the genus arageomorphic was found at an altitude of about 6,700 meters. In order to survive, a small spider has to hunt a small household and flies that live within 6000 meters. But insects, in turn, feed on lichens and some kind of fungi.

As part of the expedition held in 1925, experts found about 30 species of those lichens. Also, in the area of \u200b\u200b5,600 meters, scientists discovered a mountain goose. Only some species of birds can withstand pressure on top, and as feed they use climbers food waste.

"Peak XV"

This work began in 1806, and ended only after half a century, in 1856. George Everest spent most of his life on her.

In 1823, William Lambton died, and Everest became his successor. True, in two years he squeeed a heavy disease that forced to return to England.

In Britain, however, Everest continued to engage in issues of the Geodesic Service of India - ensured the supply of new devices, solved theoretical tasks and organizational issues.

In 1830, when health problems stayed behind, George Everest returned to India, where she worked for another 13 years.

During these years, the mountain peaks of the Himalayas were recorded, but the measurement of their height was not carried out. All the vertices were assigned a code name, and Jomolungma hit this list as "Peak XV".

Reward for merit

In 1843, the 53-year-old George Everest in the rank of Colonel was resigned and returned to England. Despite the solid age, a well-deserved geodesist decided to do that before that he did not have time - the creation of a family. It must be said that scientist in this is more than succeeded, to acquire six children.

The merits of George Everest in front of the British Empire was highly rated. In 1861, he was awarded the title "Sir", and in 1862 he was elected by the Vice-President of the Royal Geographical Society.

For many years, worked in the geodesic service in India, Everest raised a whole Phariad of students, one of which, Andrew V.In 1852 he worked on the determination of the height of the Himalayan peaks. Measurements were shown that "Peak XV" is not only the highest mountain of Himalayas, but also the highest point of the globe.

The highest mountain of the world needed a suitable name. In 1865, the British Royal Geographical Society decided that in the recognition of merit in front of science and in honor of the 75th anniversary of Sir George Everest "Peak XV" must be assigned his name. In 1856, I expressed this idea in 1856, and for the nine subsequent years, the Community of English scientists came to the conclusion that Sir Everest is quite deserving.

Anniversary I didn't like this idea at first, but my colleagues insisted on their own. As a result, "Peak XV" first in English documents, and then "Everest" began to be called around the world.

Sir died, and the name lives

The memory of the merits of the academic geodesist remained only in the special literature and in the encyclopedias, but the name given the top was fixed so firmly that all its other names pushed.

In countries whose territory is directly adjacent to the Himalayas, in particular, in China and Nepal, have long been the proposals to return the top of the "historical" name. Cartographers, trying to reconcile the opposing parties, offer such an option: the mining massif receives the name of Jomolungma, and the vertex acquires the double name of Everest (Sagarmatha).

However, no matter how cool, for most people who do not oppress deep into such disputes, Everest remains Everest. It was most suitable for the highest peak of the planet turned out to be the surname of Sir-Geodesist.

It's funny that John Everest himself was Wales origin and called himself a manist. But the mountain in English transcription immediately began to call Everist. For the whole world, poorly speaking in English, she also began to be called Everest .. that with a famous stretch can be called "always resting". Again, it is interesting that George himself was nickname "Naverest" - "Never resting."

Note that Everest himself in 1857 participated in the meeting on the names and spoke out against the use of his name. In his opinion, the name poorly corresponds to local languages \u200b\u200band cannot be assigned to the natives.

First climbing jomolungma

On May 26, 1953, an attempt was perfect for raising an impregnable Everest, but Charles Evans and Tom Burdillon, the participants of the British expedition, did not reach the top of only 100 meters! The reason for this was the sharp lack of oxygen. But a few days later - May 29, Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norjei conquered an impregnable mountain. At the top of the climbers stayed for a short time, they managed to make several pictures and buried in the snow cross with a couple of chocolate chocolates.

Since Everest carries the title of the highest mountain in the world, tourists and climbers from all over the world are going at the foot of the mountain to make a difficult rise and conquer the impregnable slopes of Jomolungma. Thanks to many years of experience, professionals have a large set of secure routes. There are two most popular routes: following the northern ridge from Tibet and southeast of Nepal. The latter is considered technically easier, so it is recognized as the most popular among beginners.

Mount Everest, other Jomolungma names (Chomolungma) or Sagarmatha, the highest peak of the world. Its height has repeatedly moved lately. Therefore, even in official materials there are three sets of numbers: 8848 m, 8850 m, 8844 m. The first one of them fell in our memory. The latter gave measurements from the Chinese side.

This question is difficult, because we are talking about the height of the highest mountain of the Earth. And it is very correct that interested persons agreed to conditionally consider the height of 8848 meters in the near future.

Where did the British name come from?

Himalayas are a very old word, so called and called the highest mountains of the world. Indoorians are no longer one thousand years old. Maybe someone already gave the name and the highest top of this mountainous country? Maybe it will open with time.

Geologists believe that Everest began to form 60 million years ago, when the Indian platform began to drive to the Eurasian. Himalayas and other mountain areas of Central Asia are recognized by the young mountains.

In the late 1940s of the XIX century, English geodesists were measured by the height of the vertices located on the border of Tibet and Nepal. It was part of the great work on mapping the outskirts of Indian possessions of the United Kingdom and part of the "big game", directed against the opponent on expansion in Asia, the Russian Empire. For several years, the materials were treated for several years, only in 1856 a report appeared, which contained information that the peak under the number XV reaches a height of 29002 feet or 8840 meters. It must be said that then neither Nepal nor Tibet was then allowed to their territory of foreigners. Therefore, the measurements were carried out from the distance of 170-190 km, from the vertices of the border mountains. The error in this case is determined within 300 meters. So the accuracy was almost incredible.

The unequivocal local name, like, say, Kanchenjangi, did not find English geodesists. I was looking for bad, they just wanted to call the top with their name. However, without long discussions it could not be done. Years and only in 1865, the head of the Geodesic Services, Andrew, was able to negotiate with the Royal Geographic Society to assign the name Mounteverest. In honor of the merits of one of the most prominent researchers in this region of George Everest (1790 - 1866).

George Everest Founded in India in 1806. At first he was a cadet-artillers, then he was sent to the geodesic service. In 1818, Everest became an assistant manager, and in 1823 by the head of the GreatTrigonometricalSurvey. It was under his leadership that the next 20 years was carried out unparalleled at the time, an action on the geodesic survey of Industan from the extreme south to the Pamirs. It was an outstanding job, a real breakthrough in the development of practical geodesy. So the name of the top was given in honor of a decent person.

It's funny that John Everest himself was Wales origin and called himself a manist. But the mountain in English transcription immediately began to call Everist. For the whole world, poorly speaking in English, she also began to be called Everest .. that with a famous stretch can be called "always resting". Again, it is interesting that George himself was nickname "Naverest" - "Never resting."

Note that Everest himself in 1857 participated in the meeting on the names and spoke out against the use of his name. In his opinion, the name poorly corresponds to local languages \u200b\u200band cannot be assigned to the natives.

Results of cartographic work

And process

Or maybe all the same Gaurizancar?

Schlaguisy Brothers - Real Science Knights

In 1862, the German geographer traveler Hermann Shlaginvait after returning from Tibet, announced in Berlin that this peak had a local name of Gaurizancar. It must be said that this message was favorably adopted by the global scientific community, which did not quite agree that the highest top of the world was so simply gave the English name. Gradually, the name of Gaurizankar became generally accepted, almost everything agreed with this. Even in England. The hot supporter of the allegation in the name of the local name was Douglas Freshfild, the largest authority in geography and mountaineering.

Freshfild was the first climber in the Caucasus (1868). In 1899, he held the first Himalayan expedition "around Kanchenjangi". Together with Clinton, Dent was the first to express the idea of \u200b\u200bthe possibility and need to climb Everest. But I called it for a long time Gaurizankar ...

However, the specialists of the Indian trigonometric service did not give up. They stood on their own and had an advantage: the game happened "on their field and by their rules." At the beginning of the XXVEK, special studies were conducted, which provided the facts that Gaurizankar is a completely different peak. The eternal confrontation of the British and Germans, exacerbated at the beginning of the century, led to the fact that the case acquired a political character. On the eve of World War, England fully accepted the name "Everest".

Francis Younghazbend, the famous intelligence traveler, in the 20th century took the Everestov initiative in his reliable hands ...

And the final victory on a global scale occurred in the early 20s, when the British expeditions fell on the first bands of the newspapers and the name became known to every cultural person. Although at the same time almost everything has become clear that the peak is there, and it was long before the parish of the British. Tibetans and sherpow called the chomolungma mountain. Moreover, this name was also known in Europe. On the maps made by French preachers at the end of the XVIII century stood the name of the chumulanchma. London geographers could not not know about it!

"Call me Chomolungma!"

So the struggle continued further and continues now. The point of view of the opponents of English names in the XX century was supported by the national liberation forces of India. At a meeting of its congress (parliament), they ridiculed the British, not wanting anything to the outgoing "older brother". And the Chinese Communists, together with their Soviet colleagues, preferred the Tibetan Word of Jomolungma (according to our) or Chomolungma (in their own, more correctly). So called the peak of the world our geography textbooks. Under this name, she learned it by the boys Tencing Norki, so called her Sherpi and Tibetans living in the districts.

However, the climbing world as a whole continues to use the name Everest ... Nevertheless, the game continues. "Call me Chomolungma!" Appellez Moi Chomolungma! - Such a slogan was put forward in 2002 in France. He did not have a big response and joined the common canvas of the public struggle for the preservation of the identity of Tibet. Shears the nature of the anti-Chinese company. But for the French (I wonder if they read it like "Schomolungma") and a little anti-English.

A little later, another name appeared: Sagarmatha. It was introduced into use of the Nepalese authorities. They picked up a suitable word of Hindu sound for such a case. Sagarmatha refer to the highest top of the world. Official Nepalese documents are called the National Park, organized by her foot.

Sherpo people inhabiting the foot of the mountain, with philosophical tranquility accepted all three names. In the end, the human language is a process. And any object is called as people call it. In this case, Everest percentage of 80 "Everest" and only for the remaining 20 - Chomolungma, and almost zero - Sagarmatha. After all, his name is pronounced, above all, climbers. Or in the context of mountaineering .... and it is with the word Everest, the whole dramatic story of the struggle and victories, the history of Mallory and Irwin, Tenzing and Hillary, Messner and Bonington, Myslowsky and Balberdin, many and many others are connected ...

The story, who made the mountain alive.

The highest mountain of our planet Everest is called in different ways - and Jomolungma, and Sagarmatha. She is among the eternal snow of Himalayas, on the border of Nepal and Tibet. Her peak attracts tens of thousands of climbers and simple extremal travelers. And many of course interesting how many Km Mount Everest Height.

How many kilometers of Mount Everest make up

This mountain received its name in 1865. In those days, the Englishman George Everest held the post of the main geodesist of India. He made the greatest contribution to the study of the mountain.

For sure how many Km Everest Make up, it was named in 1852, - 8.8 kilometers or 8848 meters. Neighboring mountains Seligs are quite high - about eight kilometers each, but it is D Jomolungma that turned out to be the highest. The author of the exact height is Andrew in, student and receiver George Everest.

Another point. The highest on the planet formed about twenty millions of years ago due to the fact that the seabed was rising. The process of laying rocks does not stop and now, annually Everest along with all the Himalayas rises for five centimeters. So, possibly, when our descendants ask, how many Km Mount Everest, the answer they will already hear completely different.

Several interesting facts about Jomolungma

You can find a lot of interesting information on this amazing beautiful grief on the Internet. Here is some of them:

• every year about semi-pile people rises to Everest;
• the ascent of one person costs about 50 thousand dollars;
• rising to the peak of the mountain, the climber loses from ten to twenty kilograms;
• the first woman who conquered Everest was Japanese Dzunko Tabay (rose to the mountain in 1976).

The most difficult plot on this mountain is the last three hundred meters. This plot is called the longest mile on the planet. Here, climbers do not have the opportunity to inspire each other, because on this site is a very steep slope, covered with snow.

If you are interested in information, how many Km Mount EverestYou will probably also seem to know that at the highest point of this mountain, the wind speed is about two hundred kilometers per hour, and the air temperature is about 60 degrees of frost. And this mountain is called a mountain of death. During the climbing on the peak of Everest, about two hundred people died. Most often, people are sitting due to severe cold, lack of oxygen, gathering avalanche, heart problems, and so on.

Updated: June 21, 2016 by the author: Punisher.