Red Yar, now with. Red Yar Engels district of Saratov region, German colony in Left Bank Volga

Geography

haslo Red Yar is located on the left bank of the Routes of Buzan of the Volga Delta.

History

• Fortress Red Yar began to be built in 1650.
• The county city of Red Yar in 1925 lost city status, becoming a village.

Ancient history

Red Yar was laid in 1667 on the high cape of Buzan's left shore in the fall of the Akhtuba river, was based on the same purpose as Black Yar. The main role of the Red Yar was to "the inhabitants of the robber enterprises of the Don Cossacks, who came out of the Volga in Buzan, and from there were held in the Caspian Sea ... diligently looked to go to the sea did not give them."

According to the type of Chernoyarskaya, the wooden-earth far fortress of the Red Yar was built. From Chernoyarskaya she was distinguished only by the fact that he originally had five towers.

The base of the town is directly related to those stormy events that have captured all the lower voltages in their cycle. As is known, in the summer of 1667 after the Black Yar, the Razinktsy went unradulted on the Volga on their vessels towards Astrakhan. However, it did not intend to pass to the city of Razin, as it was well aware of the weakness of his forces for the storming of a powerful fortress. That is why his stops and turned into Buzan. And yet somewhere at the beginning of Buzansk ducts, the Cossacks had to face a detachment of S. Beklemishev, sent to them from Astrakhan. Cossacks, however, the headlong was smoothed and in early June 1667 passed by the Red Yar. This was brought about it later from the Red Yar Astrahanets Matvey Kireev: "July on the second day ... On the first hour, the days passed by the city on the other side, according to the district buckan of the river in 30 Cossacks, on the line of 30 in the Cheremshansky tract I will become from the city of the vests with three to fish catches. " Cheremshansky Stan is a cherry village, located a few kilometers below the Red Yar. Here the ruins were detained. The literature is sometimes referred to the battle of the Cossacks with the Krasnoyarsk Sagittarius. But he was not, otherwise he would inform the same Kireev. It could not take place for the reason that the city in the summer of 1667, in fact, was not yet. He was only built on the orders of the progenitor of the progenic as the Astrakhan governor Prince Ivan Khilkova. And for some strong garrison in the Red Yar, there was simply absent. It is known that the new, more than a semi-trial army under the command of I. Ruzhinsky walked after the zero, but it was late for the Red Yar. And therefore, calmly bypassing, by a semi-affected town, the Razinkic Courts went to the Caspian Sea.

XIX century

Numerous fires and redevelopment of the city, which began in 1843, did not leave anything from the fortress facilities. Time did not save and standing in the center of the town Vladimir Cathedral - one of the best buildings "Naryshkinsky" Baroque in the Lower Volga region. But this land has retained monuments of more ancient eras. Red Yar is built on one of the major gold town towns. There is an assumption that the Krasnoyarsk settlement is the ruins of the first capital of the Golden Horde - the city of Saraj. Local residents still find samples of the Goldenopa household and architectural ceramics. Something from the finds can be viewed in a small local history museum. Judging by the stories of old-timers, the builders who did not reach the Vladimir Cathedral who did not use the decorative material of the Goldenopa city. When disassembly of the cathedral, the inhabitants found many decorated colored tiles cathedral, very similar to the Goldenordinian samples, which are now stored at the local museum.

Krasnoyarsk Stitzya

• Cossack population of the city was the Krasnoyarsk village of Astrakhan troops.

Architecture

Old town architecture is modest and unpretentious. From the time of classicism, several houses came, but almost all of them are so rebuilt that the initial forms are almost impossible to guess. The two-story building of former present places has been preserved from the Lategoriest Epoch. For those who visited in Black Yar and Enotayevka, it will be doubly interesting, since, despite the later restructuring distorting his appearance, it clearly resembles the pretrial places of Black Yar and Enotaevsk. And only a rectangular frame added at the end of the top of the top windows, distinguishes the construction of red yar from similar buildings in more northern towns. Having become acquainted with all three structures, we can confidently say that the Chernoyarsk project was used in all TRX.

Interesting and wooden buildings of Red Yar. A wooden house standing next to the building in the present seats has a classically simple composition of the main facade. Pillars Pilaster, Multi-Flounce Cabinnis, Maison In three windows - everything seems to relate the structure with the widespread type of a small wooden manor house, which established himself in the cities of Russia by the end of the classical period. But in the scenery of the windows, this composition is already strongly littered with a false-Russian stylization of the second half of the XIX century.

The thread of many residential buildings of Red Yar is simple and unpretentious. But this unpretentiousness is sometimes replenished by the "work" of the design of any element of construction. And here the plasticly expressive can be a completely simple platband of the window, far from the wall of the wall, or the usual porch of the house. Such completely simple inventions, which, may not be in the inventions, are not at all reporting, nevertheless, the uniqueness of the residential buildings of this quiet old town, lost among countless humeses of a huge delta.

Famous natives

• Aristov, Averky Borisovich (1903-1973) - Soviet party and public figure
• (1904-1976) - Soviet commander, Colonel-General
• Aldamjarov, Gaziz Kamashevich (born 1947) - Kazakhstan politician

Notes

Links

• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 tons and 4 extra). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

To date, the village of Red Yar spread out almost 2500 square kilometers in the Samara region. It includes 10 volosts, and the distance to the railway from the village of Red Yar - 13 km.

The history of the village of Red Yar began in 1732, when after the decree of the Empress Anna Ivanovna began the construction of the Krasnoyarsk fortress on the right bank of the juice river, the remains of which are still located in the center of this village. It must be said that this fortress at that time was a very important object of Tsarist Russia, since the extracted sulfur reserves were fermented across the river Juice, which was very necessary for the manufacture of ammunition, as Russia then participated in the Northern War against Sweden. In addition, there were good agricultural and livestock prospects for good existence in peacetime near this fortress.

In the 19th century, the trade level has increased significantly due to increased demand for agricultural products, which Red Yar was mined in the village. It attracted even more residents there and strengthened the position of the settlement. And in 1861 the first school opens in Red Yar.
At the beginning of the 20th century, postal and telegraph branches were opened. Gradually, the settlement turned into a major shopping center. Throughout the 20th century, the number of industrial and cultural objects has increased.

And today, Red Yar is one of the most significant administrative centers of the Samara region, in which the remains of the Krasnoyarsk Fortress are located - the monument of the federal significance of the Russian Federation.

KRASNY YAR(Krasnojar, Krasnoyar, Red, German Krasnoyar, Walter, Red Columns, Caesament), now with. Red Yar Engelsky District of the Saratov region, German colony in the left bank of the Volga, at the place of failure in the Volga River Berezovka (the German name of the river - groin, from "Bach" - Creek). It was located in 410 versts from the city of Samara, 30 versts from Saratov, in 180 versts from Novouzensk, according to the trading path from Nikolaev in Saratov. From 1871 to October 1918, he was a parish village of the Krasnoyarsk volost of the Novosen County of the Samara Province. After the formation of the Labor Commune of the Germans, the Volga region of Red Yar was the administrative center of the Krasnoyarsk rural Council of Marxstadt Canton. Since 1922, after the formation of the Krasnoyarsk Canton, until 1927 was the Canton Center of the Republic of Germans of the Volga region (on January 1, 1922 32 settlements with a population of 19.8 thousand people, in 1926 - 36 settlements with a population of 22,099 people, from them Germans - 21,902 people, Russians - 63, Ukrainians - 3, other nationalities - 131 people). In 1926, the Krasnoyarsk Rural Council included with. Red Yar, high. Mosquet-1 and mosquet-2. At the end of 1927, during the administrative and territorial reform, the canton was eliminated, and the village of Red Yar was transferred to MarxShadt Canton. In 1935, the Krasnoyarsk Canton was restored.

The colony was created on July 20, 1767 as a corona colony. According to one of the versions, the name was given taking into account the peculiarities of the picturesque hilly and vegetable terrain. In Russian, Yar called a border on the banks of the rivers, the steep sublime coast, and the adjective "red" meant beautiful. According to another version, the Russian name Red Yar has a German etymology: supposedly the first colonists, surprised by the abundance of meadow grass in the fields, gave the colonies the name "Grasjahr" - herbal year (from the German words "GRAS" - Grass and Jahr - year). By decree of February 26, 1768, the name of the German colonies over the settlement was preserved the name Red Yar. The remaining applications were given to the colonies in honor of the Colonist Commissioner Caesar - "Caesament" and in honor of the first Forstegher - "Walter", but was rarely used.

The first Forstegher Christoph Walter, 37-year-old bumps, arrived by the colony from Darmstadt (Redesel) along with his wife Anna Maria and two daughters. Until 1804, Kram was crap. The founders of the Red Yar were 353 colonists (112 families), immigrants predominantly from Darmstadt, Kurplefalk, Isenburg, Franconia and other German lands. Of the 112 families, the majority were Lutherans. 16 families professed reformatization.

Each householder received from the office of guardianship in Saratov for 25 rubles, two horses, one cow, four wheels, a rope, an arc, 11 seeding ropes, two belt bridles and five sages of a hemp rope on the entrance. Bad conditions for the content of livestock and the inability of colonists with it to contact him in the first years of settlements led to a massive pedema of livestock. In the Red Yar in 1766, half of the entire cattle, allocated to the colonies.

Among the first 74 householders there were four shop artisans, a shoemaker, a chill, as well as representatives of such rare professions as a Sitz and Greasher. The rest of the first settlers were bias and, by the nature of their classes in the former homeland, quite consisted of the main goal of attracting colonists - the development of the agricultural zone in the desert steppe outskirts of Russia.

According to the revision of 1834, the colonists were endowed with the land of 15 tents per soul. For several years, the litigation of colonists with state peasants of the Pokrovskaya Sloboda, who captured the land of the colonists. Under the 10th revision of 1857, 1500 male colonists owned the land in the amount of about 5.7 tents per soul. The colonists were mainly engaged in the bias and flour production. The first mill was built in the colony back in the 1770s. The colonists were grown wheat, rye, oats, barley, potatoes, specialized in the cultivation of the most promising at the time of the grade of wheat "Beloturka". To a much lesser extent than agriculture, the inhabitants of the Red Yar were engaged in crafts and fisheries. A considerable place in the agriculture of the colonists was held by tobacco.

According to the Samara Provincial Statistical Committee, in 1910 there were 1081 yard in the village, there was a volost board, a post office, a forensic institution, a pharmacy. At a sufficiently high level there was health care, in Red Yar not only there was a Zemsky reception room, two physicians worked, three paramedics, but also an eye-eye hospital was opened. A brick plant was built in the village, a steam mill of Shardt was worked, built in 1907, as well as water and 10 windmills. By 1910, a library appeared in the village.

During the years of Soviet power, the House of Culture was opened in Red Yar, a typography was opened, a telephone station had. In the 1930s. The collective farms of Kraft and Rotfront collective farms were created, a machine-tractor station was organized, tobacco growing was revived. In September 1941, the Germans were deported from the village.

School and teaching children. In a church school, which appeared in the village since the foundation, children aged 7 to 15 years old were trained. Before the construction of the first church in 1815, worship and school classes were held in a school-prayer house. By the middle of the nineteenth century, a school was opened in the colony, and in the 1870s - Zemskaya school. By the beginning of the twentieth century, two Zemsto schools worked in the village, where Russian language was studied.

In 1900, an inspector of people's schools addressed the Lugovoi side probent I. Erbesu, which indicating that in Red Yar, 600 children account for only one Russian teacher, recommended to increase the allocations for teaching Russian language and introduce the post of Secret Teachers of Russian. According to statistical information on the state of schools in the German colonies, collected by the pilot of the left bank I. Erbes, in 1906 out of 7502 residents of the village about 1000 were children aged 7 to 15 years, which is obliged to get primary education. Attendance to school children was not one hundred percent, 85 children could not learn because of the poverty of their parents or daily employment in fishery and crafts. In 1906, 120 boys studied in the first Zemstvo school of the village, 23 girls and two teachers worked, 191 boy and 112 girls visited the second G and 112 Girls, five teachers worked here. 112 boys were studied in the church school, 325 girls and two teachers worked. All three schools were kept on the tools of the church community. During the years of Soviet power, both schools were combined and renewed in primary school. In 1923, Proftekhkol was opened in Red Yar, and in 1924 - the school of peasant youth. As of 1937 - 143 residents of the village were illiterate, and illiteracy courses were created for them.

Religion of residents and church. The colonists belonged to the Evangelical-Lutheran confession. Since 1767, the Red Yar community was part of the arrival of Rosenheim (acid). The arrival of Rosenheim (VIS) was founded in 1767. The colonies of Rosenheim were treated to him, Swede, Stall (Zutrev Kut), Enders (Ust-Karaman), Red Yar, Fisher (Caleuzeus), Schulz (meadow dirty), Reinwald (Staritsky). In 1820, Reinwald and Schultz were part of the Ringardt arrival (Osinovka), and the Fisher community was attached to the arrival of South Ekaterinenstadt. Since 1880, the village of Red Yar formed an independent arrival, the creation of which was approved by the Decree of November 20, 1880. The arrival included one church community of Red Yar.

In the first years after the establishment of the settlement, the colonists of the Red Yar carried out services in a prayer house, which had the status of the branch. The exact date of its construction is not known. He was erected to public funds in the first one or two years after the resettlement of the colonists. The tools spent the colonists were supposed to pay the state for the next ten years.

Wooden Kirch was built in Red Yar in 1815. She had branch status and was consecrated as the Church of the Holy Trinity. Over time, the old Kirk became small and could not accommodate all the parishioners, whom about 5.2 thousand people numbered by the middle of the nineteenth century. The project of the New Krasnoyarsk Church was approved by government agencies in 1857. The laying of the first stone in the foundation of the church was produced in 1859. By 1861, a new wooden church was built on the site of the old little church, she had a bench for 1500 praying. The church was consecrated on July 9, 1861.

In the appearance of the building they felt the imitation of the architecture of classicism. The church's parade attached a portico to a portico with a triangular fronton in the center of the main facade, which were brick gates, crowned with three turrets. Four massive portico columns were arranged symmetrically and were crowned with sufficiently modest doric capitals. Behind the columns in the center was the input opening and the window above it. The four-stage, the talked tower had three semicircular windows and was crowned with a three-meter cross. On the lateral facades of the building, columns were also located crowned with massive triangular frontones, the side inputs in Kirch were located behind the columns. The temple had spacious balconies of the second floor and a lush interior decoration. Near the church there was a wooden pastorate with a fligember of 1883. Construction.

Pages of the history of the church community and arrival. By 1880, the village of Red Yar consisted of more than four thousand people. The Lutheran arrival community needed his own pastore and therefore the parishioners decided to apply for the creation of a separate arrival, the foundation of which was approved in 1880. The first pastor of the parish was Karl Wilhelm Theodore Blum (1841-1906), which served until 1881 in the arrival of the clip. In 1901-1905 Karl Blum was a trump side of the Volga. The last pastor of the arrival of Wilhelm Friedrich Feldbach (1884-1970) was ordinanced in the Church of Red Yar on December 26, 1919. And until 1924 he served at the same time in the arrival of the Red Yar and the berry cannon. In 1924-1928 He was a pastor in the Lutheran community Baku, and in 1928 emigrated to Germany.

In 1929, when a campaign for removing the bells and their smelter "on the tractor column" began in the country, the bells from the church in Red Yar were removed and commissioned at the Renaissance plant, which issued the first Soviet tractor "Dwarf". In 1931, the Presidium of the CEC ASSR of the Germans Volga region received secret information from the Regional Commission for the Review of Religious Questions, according to which the church was not yet closed in the village at that time, there were 2351 believers in the church community, of which 33 were attributed to the category of dishes.

The Commission on Cults with the CEC of the ASSR of the Germans of the Volga region requested the closure of the church on January 15, 1934. Of the 1373 members of the community members 1003 spoke for the closure of the Church. The Commission on Cults decided to "offer a team of believers under a prayer house from Kulatskaya houses", and the church to use the villages to cultural needs. The CEC Presidium made a decision on the closure of the Church on February 9, 1934. The cross was removed from the church, and the club was equipped in her building. After the Great Patriotic War in the former church, which no longer had a bell tower, a cinema worked. The church was destroyed in the late 1980s.

List of pastors.Rosenheim arrival pastors (plat including) who served in the community of Red Yar. 1767-1785 - Ludwig Helm (Ludwig Helm). 1786-1788 - Laurenty Albaum (Laurentius Ahlbaum). 1788-1791 - Klaus Peter Lundberg (Klaus Peter Lundberg). 1792-1815 - Christian Friedrich Jäger (Christian Friedrich Jäger). 1816-1820 - Franz Helz (Franz Hölz). 1820-1831, Johan Heinrich Buck (Johan Heinrich Buck). 1831-1866 - Alexander Karl Augustor August Allendorf) .1867-1879. - Friedrich Wilchelm Meyer. Pastors arrival Red Yar. 1881-1905, Karl Blum. 1905-1914 - Johannes Stenzel (Johannes Stenzel). 1914-1916 - Albert Arthur Schön (Albert Arthur Schön). 1916-1919. - Wilhelm Feldbach (Wilhelm Feldbach).

Population size. In 1767, 363 foreign colonists lived in Red Yar, in 1773 they had 460, in 1788 - 537, in 1798 - 684, in 1816 - 1036, in 1834 - 1792, in 1850 G. - 2552, in 1859 - 3131, in 1883 - 4343, in 1889 - 4484 people. In 1878, 156 people emigrated to America. According to the general census of the population of the Russian Empire of 1897, 4721 people lived in Red Yar, of which 4622 Germans. As of 1905, there were 7514 people in the village, in 1910 - 7345 people. In 1909, about 400 people left the village of Siberia and the Steppe region. The parish of Red Yar in 1906 numbered 7671 parishioners. According to the All-Russian Census of the 1920th population, 6569 people lived in Red Yar, they were all Germans. In 1921, 296 was born in the village, and 896 people died, only in March 1921, 50 people died in the village. According to the cladding of the autonomous region of the Germans of the Volga region, as of January 1, 1922, 4724 people lived in Red Yar, in 1923 - 4008 people. According to the All-Russian Census of the population of 1926, the village counted 847 households (of which 834 German) with a population of 4546 people (of which 2177 men and 2369 women), including 4464 Germans (of which are 2128 men and 2336 women). In 1931, 5145 people lived in Red Yar, from them 5129 Germans, in 1939 - 4631 people.

Village today.Now with. Red Yar Engels district of the Saratov region. When visiting the Red Yar still amazed his impressive sizes, it was not by chance that the village was the canton center. Before the revolution, Red Yar was even more: 3118 people lived in the village of the All-Russian Census 2002, which is more than twice as fewer than the number of residents of the village in 1910. In 1974, a new typical modern school was built in the village . As of 2010, in secondary schools with. Red Yar studied 326 students and 29 teachers worked.

In Red Yar, the former German layout and a lot of vintage buildings, brick and wooden German houses, both private and public buildings, a pharmacy, bread shop, a mill are preserved. Most old German houses have been preserved on Y. Gagarin Street. Opposite the modern building of the House of Culture, as a hundred years ago, is a pharmacy. The former house of culture, where the department of the internal affairs is located today, was built during the existence of the Republic of Germans of the Volga region. There was a rural area on the site of the modern building of the police, on which the locals gathered on holidays.

Every year in the Red Yar there are fewer objects of German architecture. The building of the Lutheran Church in the village has not survived. Until 2008, the inhabitants of the Red Yar proudly demonstrated the conviction of the corps of the former eye medicine, which was previously known far beyond the limits of the village. The wooden body has not been used for a long time, but a huge two-story building, connected to the brick-one-storey building arch, still reminded of German colonists and attracted to the village of lovers of German architecture. In 2009, the hospital building was destroyed before the foundation. Today, only a pile of bricks and garbage has been preserved from him, next to which there is a single-storey brick building of the former eye hospital.

The pride of the village is the old building of the four-year-old German mill, who has produced the flour to the revolution for several nearby villages. It was built in 1907 and got the name of the chartite mill named its owner. The date of construction of the building is posted under the roof on the side facade, and the letters with the name of the owner who were in the same place were not preserved. Today the mill building is still used. After the deportation of the German population, they produced animal feed and moisture grain for livestock. By the end of the twentieth century, the building was in depressing condition. In 1999, a private entrepreneur S. Shuvakin and his companion from Germany bought and repaired the building, renovated the stairs, brought new Italian equipment, installed a lifting lift. Today, the mill is functioning a threshing workshop, a scattering workshop, pasta shop and bakery. On a day, the mill grinds up to 30 tons of grain, 50 people work at the enterprise.