In such a country as Italy, elongated in its configuration, deep into the Mediterranean Sea in its very center, located at the intersection of many international transport paths, which is the southern outpost of the European Economic Community on trade routes through the Mediterranean Sea, transport, both internal and External, plays a very important role. Italy has a well-developed transport network. Italy iron and highways network developed mainly in the meridional direction. Latitude communications are not enough, with the exception of the Padan Plain.
Many automobile and railways are laid on steep slopes, pass in tunnels or by numerous bridges and viaducts, so their construction and operation are very expensive. In international automotive and rail transportation, roads laid in the Alps play a large role, especially through Slim, Mon-Song, Tarvisio, Saint Gotard, Brenner and others, under which tunnels are broken. In Italy, more than 90% of passengers and more than 80% of goods are transported by road. Of 293 thousand km. Highways about half falls on Northern Italy. In Italy, 1/4 of all European motorways is concentrated (about 6 thousand km), including the oldest highway Milan Vares, built in 1924. The main transport artery of the country of the Sunway, walking through the entire Italy, from Turin through Milan, Florence, Rome, Naples to Reggio Di Calabria. Five international motorways are held through Italy's territory: London-Paris-Rome-Palermo, London-Lausanne-Milan-Brin Diazi, Rome-Berlin-Oslo-Snodan, Rome Vien Warsaw, Amsterdam Basel-Genoa. The Italian fleet has over 20 million cars, including about 18 million passengers.
Railway transport could not stand the struggle with such a powerful competitor and was in a state of crisis for a long time. Only in recent years, the state to which 82% of railways belongs, began to invest capital in their enhanced development. Some lines are upgraded, Rome-Florence (Dieretticissima) will be built on which trains can develop speeds up to 200-260 km per hour, this route is part of the future high-speed highway, linking Milan with Florence, Rome, Naples. The total length of railways is 19.8 thousand km (including spare paths), of which 10.2 thousand km is electrified.
Civil aviation is quite rapidly developing. She takes a prominent place in Western Europe. Large airports (Fiumicino near Rome, Linate near Milan) serve as important nodal centers of the international network of airlines connecting Europe with other continents. In domestic transport, airports of Naples, Palermo, Venice, Genoa are important. The country's air transport is 75% controlled by the state through the company "Alitalia".
Various values \u200b\u200bof the share of maritime transport in import and export transport in physical and value terms are due to large differences in the nature of the transported goods. Importing transportation is predominantly related to the importation of heavy cargoes such as oil, coal, ore, grain, wood and individual types of food, which with a large physical volume have a relatively smaller cost. In contrast, export transport is mainly associated with the export to the external markets of various industrial products, which, with a smaller physical volume, has a significantly higher value. For these reasons, the physical volume of imported goods is 5-6 times higher than the amount of exported goods. Italy has a wide network of large and small ports, the ship and freight turnover of which from year to year increases a wide network of large and small ports. In terms of cargo turnover ports, Italy occupies an I-E-place among the Mediterranean countries.
Italy's river transport is poorly developed in the absence of large rivers. On the canals of Venice, her lagoon and alpine lakes, small passenger vessels of type "River Trams" are running, cargo transported in small quantities.
Italy has a fairly large trading fleet in the number of vessels. He takes the eighth place among the capitalist countries of the world (after Liberia, Japan, Great Britain, Norway, Greece, the USA and Germany). Among the countries of the UES Italy, on the total gross capacity of the vessels of the merchant fleet occupies 3 place, yielding only the UK and Germany. Along with the courts that are used under the flag of Italy, Italian shipowners have a significant number of vessels registered in other countries and used in foreign markets under "convenient flags". The total number of such vessels reaches 20-25% of the total tona of the Italian Fleet. These trials in official statistical publications on the Italian trading fleet are not taken into account.
The Italian Fleet Shops are used for their foreign trade and coaster transportation through Italian ports of transit transportation of goods of neighboring countries, as well as for international transportation between foreign ports. Most of the foreign trade in Italy is transported through the chartering of foreign courts, for which significant amounts of currency are paid annually for foreign shipowners. Italian vessels still retain an increased role in international passenger transportation, which is largely supported by subsidies allocated annually.
When solving general issues in the field of maritime transportation, serious complications arise due to the lack of a single body to guide the activities and development of seaports. Moreover, a number of major and important ports (Genoa, Trieste, etc.) have their own autonomous administrations of management with a different degree of administrative and financial independence. For consideration and resolve issues emerging beyond the limits and responsibility of the Ministry of the Fleet Fleet, including on ports, some other ministries are also involved.
Recently, the ministry's activities have been expanding the activities of the Ministry of Maritime Transportation. Its activities have spread to some shipping companies enjoying subsidies of the State Institute of Industrial Development. A large role in ensuring state influence on sea transport is played by the Italian government to provide loans and various subsidies. It is based on the provision of financial assistance primarily to companies that are controlled by government organizations.
Through the seaports, there are from 80 to 90% of the volume of imported, 55-60% of export cargo and about one third of the entire volume of internal transportation of Italy. In addition, a number of ports (Trieste, Genoa, Venice) are widely used for transit transportation of foreign trade cargoes of neighboring countries.
On the coast of the mainland and islands a total of more than 144 ports. However, most of them have small size and is used mainly by cargo-passenger and fishing vessels of local destination or pleasure and sports courts.
Until 90% of the total volume of maritime transport passes through 220-25 the largest ports, each of which has an annual cargo turnover of more than 1 million tons. These ports are located in areas of large industrial and economic centers or individual large oil refineries, chemical, metallurgical and machine-building plants with which ports are closely related and which they are mainly serviced.
For 1981-1992, the total cargo turnover of Italy's ports increased 2.5 times and in 1992 amounted to 357.3 million tons, had a tendency to further growth. More than 2/3 of the total cargo turnover of ports is associated with servicing foreign trade and about one-third - with domestic transportation.
Genoa is the largest Italian port. Located in the top of the Genoese Bay of the Ligurian Sea. The total length of his berths is 22.4 km, depths in the port basins from 7 to 10 m. The semicircular pool of Vecchya, to which the ancient city blocks are descended to the amphitheater, is the oldest part of the port, where all his activities were concentrated at the beginning of the century. Now they enjoy mostly passenger ships. The Genoese port began to develop in the western direction. A long vololane formed a new artificial harbor, including deep-water avantport and several rectangular pools separated by pierces. Long-tonny vessels enjoy the eastern entrance to the port.
Immediately to the west of the port on the artificially washed territory, the largest metallurgical plant is located in Italy, and even further to the West, a major airport on the artificially created peninsula, which protects new deep-water oil and gas. Genoa - the second one (after Marseille) port on the Mediterranean Sea. In the period of the Middle Ages, Genoa was the largest trading mediator between the countries of the West and the East. After the construction in the middle of the last century, the port became the sea gate for the densely populated and economically developed valley of the software river, especially for the industrial triangle of Milan - Turin-Bologna. Genoa - port of the register of the Italian Fleet.
Naples - the main port of the southern part of the country. Located on the shore of the Tyrrhenian Bay of the Tyrrhenian Sea at the foot of the acting volcano Vesuvia. It is one of the oldest cities and tourist centers of Europe. Every year, over 2 million passengers, tourists and emigrants passes through Naples Market Stations. The waters of the port are fencing with a mole, two brewing and consists of several pools separated by short moles. The port is divided into three zones: passenger (western part), grain and general cargo (central part) and the zone of bulk and bulk cargo (the eastern part). One of the piers in the central part has the status of a freezing zone. Located after halfway between Gibraltar and Port Said Naples serves as a convenient port of the navigation for line vessels. Raw materials for oil and metallurgical plants in the vicinity of Naples, as well as their products - the main part of the cargo turnover of the Neapolitan port. The share of traditional vegetables, fruits and canned food in modern cargo turnover is small. The hardest crisis struck in the 80s the Neapolitan port due to a sharp reduction in international marine passenger traffic (the reason for which the emigration was reducing). This forced Naples to give the Brindisi to the place of the first passenger port of the country.
Venice is the main Italian port on the Adriatic Sea and one of the peculiar cities in the world. Located in the shallow water lagoon of the Venetian bay on 119 islands separated by 160 channels. The depth of entry into the lagoon, at the top of which the port is located, is: LIDO - 10.6 m, Alberoni - 9.14 m. To the Margera, a new primary port of Venice, conducts a channel available to seeding ships to 9.45 m. Passenger traffic Venice is inferior only to Naples and Genoa. The port is partially located in the western part of the city, partly on the coast of the mainland (Margera) 10 km from the city. The main part of the port turnover is to its mainland, where three industrial zones are located on the territory conquered by the sea, including over 200 industrial enterprises.
Trieste is the largest free harbor of Europe. The proximity to continental countries that does not have their own way out to the sea creates a large area of \u200b\u200bagony, including Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and other countries, therefore transit cargoes are dominated in cargo turnover. The port consists of four harbors: new, old, custom and industrial. The length of the rush front is about 20 km. The Trytyst Deepy Italian Port. After the construction of the oil and their compounds with the transalpian oil pipeline, the freight turnover increased 5 times. The industrial zone of Trieste, as well as many other Italian ports, includes oil refining and metallurgical factories.
Transport in Italy
It is impossible to travel without transport. Trains and aircraft, buses and sea connections are an integral part of the trip. If you want to visit the best places of sunny Italy, it is better to get acquainted with the culture of the country, not only to travel, but also to get acquainted with all the dancing of local public transport and movement.
How to get to Italy
After an ancient speech, the road begins with the road.
Therefore, pay attention to the level of comfort, compare prices and routes. Then, after careful consideration of the smallest things, the road will seem enjoyable and not exhaustive.
plane
Thanks to the largest Russian and Italian airlines, Transaero, S7 Siberia, Aeroflot, Meridian Muha and Alitalia, daily performed direct regular flights from Moscow to Rome, Milan, Venice, Bologna and Turin. h.
Direct flights to Pisa, Rome and Milan are also available when leaving the Northern Capital.
You can go to Italy (Rome, Trapani, Pisa, Milan) through Finland (from Lappeenranta) and Ukraine (Kiev) with Wizz Air and Runair.
trains
Do you want to ride Europe by train? Then, especially for you, the route from Moscow to Nice, who passes through Bolzano, Verona, Milan, San Remo, Bordiger and Genoa.
In a warehouse with patience and food, the journey lasts 57 hours.
bus
The smallest comfortable and too long trip to Italy can also be buses with transfers in Germany. But the cost of the trip will be the same flight by plane, and the duration of the trip will be more than two days.
Ferries from Greece
If it happened that you are going to Italy through Greece, then pay attention to the passenger ferry.
They leave the Greek ports every day and go to the destination within 10-35 hours. Some routes pass through Albania. Price from 40 to 300 euros per trip.
Fallen distance message
All the major cities of Italy, as well as areas associated with the pause of roads, including railways through which thousands of passengers and residents of the country are traveling, open new ones, seemingly famous places.
Air Transport
Each large Italian city has its own airport that takes flights over long distances.
The cost of the ticket is not far off (system of discounts for students and pensioners).
Suburban and long-distance trains
Over the past decade, the entire railway system in the country has been moderately upgraded. Thus, along with regular trains, high-speed trains begin to flee among the largest tourist and commercial centers, which for a long time can be covered at large distances.
Tickets for such high-speed trains are reserved in advance for two months, which helps prevent unpleasant situations on the road and at the railway station.
IntercityTrains or simply long-distance trains pass between large and less populated cities and stop at very small stations. Because of these stops, the journey becomes much longer than a high-speed train.
Booking tickets (Comfort on the 1st and 2nd Classes) is also possible in two months, and you will need additional payment to book a place.
Local trains on local trains, the schedule of which is overlapped with a training plan, when buying places for a ticket, do not produce only compost (on a special machine and indicates the date of the compost time, after which the ticket becomes suitable for a trip), immediately before the trip.
Such trains are uncomfortable, but the ticket price is extremely low. Local trains go for short distances - to neighboring settlements, in such a way that it stops a lot.
buses
No less comfortable than on a high-speed train, you can travel across the country with buses from the Italian company Cotral and other carriers.
Tickets must be purchased at stations located in each city. Thus, the journey from Venice to Rome is 80-100 euros, and the duration of the trip is up to 10 hours. From Rome to Naples, you come after 6 hours; Ticket price is 60 euros.
If you bought a ticket in advance, not too late - the bus can leave a few minutes before the scheduled time.
Sea Communication
Since Italy is surrounded by the sea, in each port there are ferries that deliver passengers (as well as passenger cars) to neighboring cities.
Ferry trip is pleasant, comfortable and quite profitable.
City traffic
If you find yourself in Italy, you will find the subway (Rome and Milan), trams, buses, electric trains (in large cities) and taxis. In short, there will be no problems with the movement.
Tickets for urban public transport are sold in kiosks (atas, tobacco or newspaper) on special machines (and do not change), in the subway, at the station and at the main bus stops.
At night you can buy a ticket from the driver (bus or tram), but it will cost 1 euro.
Tickets for public transport
If you buy a one trip ticket (Biglietto Semplica B.i.t.), it works 100 minutes after the first pass to any public transport.
This trip is one and a half euro. You can make an unlimited download number during the assigned minutes in the same ticket.
For those who plan on one day to get around the city, it is more profitable to buy a ticket to 6 euros (Biglietto Giornaliero B.i.g.), which is used during the day (since the movement until midnight).
Together with them weekly and three-day travel tickets.
The cost is 24 and 16.5 euros. The name of the passenger is appointed by a seven-day contract.
Travel expenses on the excursion bus: for adults - 13-16 euros, for children under 12 years old - 7 euros, for children under 5 years old - free.
Buses and trams
At night (from 3 am to 5 pm in the morning), buses pass twenty routes, which leave the stations every 30 minutes.
They also send experimental buses. The graph of their work - from 8:00 to 20:00. Night bus stops are marked by the owl. Similar work schedule and trams.
City Italian trains
Trains (both expressive and ordinary) connect airports and railway stations of large cities (Rome, Milan, Genoa, Bologna and others) to remote areas and suburbs.
The cost of transportation is 8-14 euros. Every half an hour - trains.
taxi
Caught car on the street is not accepted. Taxi is easy to book at the hotel, restaurant and even when paying. When calculating travel expenses, turn on until the driver ride to the call site, 4 euros for the first three kilometers of the route and 0.7 euros for the next.
At night, be prepared to pay for each kilometer 1.76 euros. Festive and Sunday stamps make up 0.59 euros.
Metro station
The subway is a very convenient way to quickly move around the city. In Rome, two underground trails in Milan four. Tickets are sold at all stations. The ingredients vary every five minutes.
Rent
Rent a car, bicycles (10 euro per day, from 30 euros per week) or moped (25-80 euros) makes sense when planning a visit to nearby attractions.
You can rent cars for people over 20 years with driving experience within one year with international driving and insurance. Movement in Italy is correct and very dense. Not all drivers follow the rules of the road.
Be careful on the roads and do not seduce to become as violators, the fines will be very high.
Urban transport Venice
River trams, gondolas and river taxis are held from 6 am to 11 pm. The cost of tickets varies from 8 to 50 euros.
Selecting for yourself transport mode, you decide that this is your priority: travel speed or route that takes place in places that allow you to admire the incredibly beautiful nature of Italy.
OmniWorld\u003e Italy\u003e Notes\u003e
Climate in Italy
Italy is called solar, but the weather is very cold.
The state is located on the Apenninsky Peninsula. Despite the small area, the terrain between the regions differs significantly. For this reason, as well as, largely, from north to south, the climate in Italy has many features that cannot be ignored when planning a trip. 
What to bring from Italy
When we hear "shopping in Italy", we often think about fashionable boutiques, and then remember olive oil, pasta, cheese; Someone can have associations with Venetian glasses or carnival masks.
And then? Then - we offer you a list of popular, original and just interesting souvenirs and other products you are interested in, some of which will even be very useful. 
Italian food
The first thing that comes to mind when it comes to Italian cuisine is pizza, pasta and risotto.
In this form, Italian cuisine appears in front of us at any restaurant, but it is much more diverse in the country itself, and one of its characteristics is the difference between the recipes of the same dishes in different regions of the country.
Characteristics of Italian cuisine
For kitchens in the northern regions, the consumption of meat and dairy products is characterized (only sauces of split meat are prepared, large dishes serve as a main dish), and for southern regions - vegetables and seafood.
The characteristic of the transport of Italy (modern).
Terrestrial species and air transport.
In such a country as Italy, elongated in its configuration, deep into the Mediterranean Sea in its very center, located at the intersection of many international transport paths, which is the southern outpost of the European Economic Community on trade routes through the Mediterranean Sea, transport, both internal and External, plays a very important role.
Italy has a well-developed transport network. Italy iron and highways network developed mainly in the meridional direction. Latitude communications are not enough, with the exception of the Padan Plain. Many automobile and railways are laid on steep slopes, pass in tunnels or by numerous bridges and viaducts, so their construction and operation are very expensive. In international automotive and rail transportation, roads laid in the Alps play a large role, especially through Slim, Mon-Song, Tarvisio, Saint Gotard, Brenner and others, under which tunnels are broken.
In Italy, more than 90% of passengers and more than 80% of goods are transported by road. Of 293 thousand km. Highways about half falls on Northern Italy. In Italy, 1/4 of all European motorways is concentrated (about 6 thousand km), including the oldest highway Milan Vares, built in 1924. The main transport artery of the country of the Sunway, walking through the entire Italy, from Turin through Milan, Florence, Rome, Naples to Reggio Di Calabria.
Five international motorways are held through Italy's territory: London-Paris-Rome-Palermo, London-Lausanne-Milan-Brin Diazi, Rome-Berlin-Oslo-Snodan, Rome Vien Warsaw, Amsterdam Basel-Genoa. The Italian fleet has over 20 million cars, including about 18 million passengers.
Railway transport could not stand the struggle with such a powerful competitor and was in a state of crisis for a long time. Only in recent years, the state to which 82% of railways belongs, began to invest capital in their enhanced development.
Some lines are upgraded, Rome-Florence (Dieretticissima) will be built on which trains can develop speeds up to 200-260 km per hour, this route is part of the future high-speed highway, linking Milan with Florence, Rome, Naples. The total length of railways is 19.8 thousand km (including spare paths), of which 10.2 thousand km is electrified.
With the development of the oil refining and petrochemical industry, a network of pipeline transport has grown. The total length of the main oil and gas pipelines exceeds 8 thousand km. Some of them have international significance, such as a pipeline supplying Russian gas to the north of Italy, the Tryty-Ingolstadt pipeline. The oil pipeline is laid from Genoa, Munich, Switzerland.
Civil aviation is quite rapidly developing. She takes a prominent place in Western Europe.
Large airports (Fiumicino near Rome, Linate near Milan) serve as important nodal centers of the international network of airlines connecting Europe with other continents. In domestic transport, airports of Naples, Palermo, Venice, Genoa are important. The country's air transport is 75% controlled by the state through the company "Alitalia".
River and sea transport.
Various values \u200b\u200bof the share of maritime transport in import and export transport in physical and value terms are due to large differences in the nature of the transported goods.
Importing transportation is predominantly related to the importation of heavy cargoes such as oil, coal, ore, grain, wood and individual types of food, which with a large physical volume have a relatively smaller cost. In contrast, export transport is mainly associated with the export to the external markets of various industrial products, which, with a smaller physical volume, has a significantly higher value. For these reasons, the physical volume of imported goods is 5-6 times higher than the amount of exported goods.
Italy has a wide network of large and small ports, the ship and freight turnover of which from year to year increases a wide network of large and small ports.
In terms of cargo turnover ports, Italy occupies an I-E-place among the Mediterranean countries.
Italy's river transport is poorly developed in the absence of large rivers.
On the canals of Venice, her lagoon and alpine lakes, small passenger vessels of type "River Trams" are running, cargo transported in small quantities.
Italy has a fairly large trading fleet in the number of vessels. He takes the eighth place among the capitalist countries of the world (after Liberia, Japan, Great Britain, Norway, Greece, the USA and Germany).
Among the countries of the UES Italy, on the total gross capacity of the vessels of the merchant fleet occupies 3 place, yielding only the UK and Germany. Along with the courts that are used under the flag of Italy, Italian shipowners have a significant number of vessels registered in other countries and used in foreign markets under "convenient flags". The total number of such vessels reaches 20-25% of the total tona of the Italian Fleet.
These trials in official statistical publications on the Italian trading fleet are not taken into account.
The Italian Fleet Shops are used for their foreign trade and coaster transportation through Italian ports of transit transportation of goods of neighboring countries, as well as for international transportation between foreign ports.
Most of the foreign trade in Italy is transported through the chartering of foreign courts, for which significant amounts of currency are paid annually for foreign shipowners. Italian vessels still retain an increased role in international passenger transportation, which is largely supported by subsidies allocated annually.
Along with foreign trade transport, sea transport plays an important role in ensuring the internal transport of Italy. It accounts for about one third of the entire volume of domestic transportation of the country. These carriages are usually carried out on ships under the Italian flag.
Organizational structure of the merchant fleet.
Italian fleet is characterized by a complicated organizational structure. Along with the presence of the Ministry of Commercial Fleet and several large shipping campaigns, controlled by government organizations, such as FINMARE, Joint-Stock Company SNAM and Sidemar, in Italy there are a number of other major shipping companies and several hundreds of different in the composition and nature of the activities of private shipowner and shipping companies. .
Most of the private shipowner companies enter the so-called National Federation of Independent Shipowners - Confitarma. The Ministry of Commercial Flot has limited functions that are more often manifested in solving such issues as the distribution of appropriations on the fleet, preparation of draft laws on individual issues of the merchant Fleet and navigation, general issues of material support and insurance of sailors and other issues.
Transport system Italy
Italy is one of the most economically prosperous countries in Europe. And it can be seen not only in terms of the well-being of its inhabitants, but also in terms of the quality of transport communication within the country, which is a necessary factor for business development and tourism.
Network of roads in Italy well developed And evenly located across the country, although there is some predominance of roads in the north of Italy compared to the south. However, this does not affect the quality of road transport. Thanks to the thick network of roads, 80% of cargo transportation and 90% of passenger traffic are carried out by cars.
If speak about external transportation, then sea transport prevails here.
Ships in Italy are more than a thousand and they perfectly cope with the largest cargo and distant distances.
Glad demand and on rail transportation. The thick network of railways connects the large and small towns of Italy. Like automotive, many railways were laid right on the slopes of the mountains. This explains a large number of bridges and tunnels that are on any road in all parts of the country.
Today, the Italian authorities pay special attention to railway transport, upgrading it and investing large funds in the repair of existing compositions. Not only the technical equipment of the railways undergoes changes and improvements, but increases their total. This today makes it possible to quickly and easily get into any city of Italy.
Sea transport Also plays a big role in the external and domestic transport of the country.
This is explained by the considerable length of the coastline, the general provision of Italy on the sea route, as well as the presence of the islands that are part of the country. 144 ports - so much they are numb on the shores of Italy. The largest port is Genoa, which is known worldwide. This port is a "sea gate" for the vessels of the North-West Italy and Switzerland.
The second turnover of the port after Genoa is Trieste.
He sends ships to the countries of the Middle East, East Asia and Africa. Thanks to the development of Italy, the petrochemical and oil refining industry in recent years, considerably increased freight turnover and two more large ports of the country - Taranto and Augusta. The largest passenger port of Italy is Naples, which is the center of connections with Sardinia, Sicily and other islands.
Due to the lack of large rivers in Italy, the river transport is poor here.
This can not be said about civil aviation. From Italy many flights are performed daily in a variety of world countries. The largest airports in the country are the Roman "Leonardo da Vinci", Milan Linate and Malpensa.
It is very important for Italy to ensure that all trading paths are constantly functioning and were in the best condition, since the foreign economic relations of the country are largely dependent. What does Italy import? First of all, the products of machine-building industries, agricultural goods, shoes, clothing, industrial equipment and raw materials for various industries.
The most active foreign trade is in Italy with Germany and France. The hotel business of this country serves more than 50 million tourists from around the world for the year, the entire infrastructure of Italy is ready to work for guests, so it ranks first in Western Europe by the number of places in hotels.
The main role in the external relations of the state is maritime transport.
Ports - Genoa, Venice, Trieste, etc. They provide export-import deliveries not only in Italy, but also in Germany, Switzerland, Austria and the Danube. The Italian fleet has 1,500 vessels and occupies the tenth of the world on tonnage.
Internal transport is carried out by rail. The length of railway tracks is 30.5 thousand km.
Main Railway - Milan. Railway lines have meridian meridian along the eastern and western coast of the Apennine Peninsula. The main railway line is Milan Bologna-Florence-Rome. In parallel, the first-class "Sun" highway ". By the number of motorways Italy - only for Germany in Western Europe. More than 90% of passengers and 80% of freight vehicles. In ITALY Park there are 25 million cars. In the last decade, the pipeline transport has played an important role.
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In connection with the exhaustion of the country from the north to the south, its network of iron and highways developed mainly in the meridional direction. Latitudinal communications, with the exception of Padan Plain, not enough.
Many car and railways of Italy are laid on the steep slopes of the mountains and therefore have many bridges, tunnels, which increases the cost of their operation.
In Italy, the role of road transport is exclusively great: it accounts for 75% of all land transportation of goods.
About half of the roads falls on Northern Italy, in the south of the country the road network is much smaller.
Railways are inferior by road importance, but now more capital has become in railway construction than in the motor transport.
Some main lines are dramatically allocated for technical equipment. As a result of such modernization, for example, on the Rome-Florence line, the train can develop speed up to 200 km / h.
A very important role, both in the domestic and external transport of the country plays sea transport. This is explained by the situation of Italy in the Mediterranean waterway, a large length of the coastline, the presence of islands in the country. On the shores of Italy there are 144 ports.
In cargo turnover ports, oil and other mineral raw materials prevail. The largest Italian port of Genoa is one of the most important in the whole Mediterranean. Genoa serves as a gateway to the outside world for the entire North-West of Italy, as well as for Switzerland.
The main rival and a competitor Genoa on the Adriatic - Trieste, the second in Italy on cargo turnover and one of the most important oil ports of Europe. Through Trieste, Northeast Italy is associated with other countries of the Mediterranean, the Middle and Middle East, East Africa and East Asia.
The cargo turnover of the ports of Southern Italy (Augusta and Taranto) has significantly increased, which is explained by the development of the oil refining and petrochemical industry.
One of the largest passenger ports of the country - Naples is the center of the relations of the Apennine Peninsula with Sicily, Sardinia and other Islands of Italy.
River transport in Italy is poorly developed due to the lack of large rivers. Italy civil aviation is quite rapidly developing. Aviation lines support the connection of the largest cities of Italy with many cities in Europe, as well as other continents.
The largest airports of Leonardo da Vinci near Rome, Malpensa and Linate near Milan serve as important centers of the international airline network.
For the economic development of Italy, foreign economic relations are vital.
Almost 15% of all imports is oil. Italy also imports raw materials for metallurgical and other industries industries, industrial equipment, forest, paper, various types of food. Basic export articles - engineering products, mainly vehicles, various equipment, writing and countable cars, agricultural and food products, especially fruits vegetables, canned tomatoes, cheeses, finished dress, shoes, chemistry and petrochemistry.
Especially actively trading with France and Germany. Italy annually visits 50 million foreign tourists, mainly from Germany, France, USA. In Italy, the material base has long been formed to receive a large number of tourists. By the number of places in hotels, it is in the first place in foreign Europe.
CONTENT:
1. The place of Italy and its transport in the modern world economy.
2. Natural conditions and country's natural resources.
3. Development of transport.
4. General characteristics of the economy Industrial characteristics, agricultural characteristics
5. Economic connections of Italy, carried out through
river and seaports
6. Transport characteristic (modern):
Terrestrial species and air transport.
River and sea.
Port characteristics.
7. Prospects for the development of transport of Italy and its ports.
8. Schematic maps
Physico-geographical conditions
Transport network and industry
9. List of used literature.
The place of Italy and its transport in the modern world economy.
Italy is a developed capitalist country located in the center of the Mediterranean, in the south of Western Europe and focusing not only many typical features of nature, economic, political, cultural life, but also the most important problems of both regions. In terms of the development of the economy, it belongs to the most developed countries. Modern Italy, although it does not apply to the number of great powers that have a decisive impact on the course of world events, still on the scale of economic activities is among the seven of the largest capitalist states of the world
Italy occupies a deep-populated Peninsula in the sea, adjacent to him from the north part of the mainland - the Padan Plain, bordered by the powerful Arc Alps, as well as the major islands of Sicily and Sardinia and a number of small archipelagoes and islets. By area (301 thousand square meters) Italy refers to the category of medium countries, taking third place in Western Europe (after France and Spain). In administratively, Italy is divided into 20 historically established and enshrined areas of the regions, which are divided into 94 provinces, and those in turn consist of communities over 8 thousand capital of Italy - Rim.
The land border is about 1900 km long, which is approximately coinciding with the main watershed of the Alps, separates Italy from France, Switzerland, Austria, Yugoslavia. It almost completely passes along the high mountain ranges. Among the mountains there are also lowering through which iron and fireless roads connect Italy with neighboring countries. Sea borders share territorial water of Italy and territorial waters of France, Spain, Algeria, Tunisia, Malta, Libya, Greece, Albania and Yugoslavia. In the territory of Italy, two independent miniature states - Vatican and San Marino were involved.
Washing its Mediterranean Sea and individual parts are playing a big role in Italy's life: Tyrrhenian, Adriatic and Ionian Sea. Her coastline stretches for 7500 km. Italy's sea coast is the most densely populated; There are many industrial and port cities, resorts, along the coarse and most important automotive and railways are also stretched, coastal shipping is developed, regular sea flights link Italy with European countries and other continents.
The position of Italy in the center of the Mediterranean Sea, at the crossroads of trade routes between the West and the East has always been extremely important for the country - both in the ancient times, and in the Middle Ages, and in the Renaissance Epoch, and in later times. The value of the modern economic and geographical position of Italy is determined primarily by the fact that it is the first of the developed capitalist countries of Western Europe, meets the flow of Middle Eastern oil that eats the Western European industry. In Italy, many of the most important airstairs connecting countries of Europe, America, Africa and Asia are intersecting.
The key strategic position of Italy in the Mediterranean basin attracts close attention to NATO leaders who consider this country to the central link of their military system in Southern Europe and in the whole Mediterranean. Italy is an active member of NATO. Tens of main bases of the United States are located on its territory, and the whole is pleased with the airfields, polygons and other US and NATO military facilities. Of particular importance is the island of Sicily.
Italy is closely related to many European countries, Italy is included in the majority of economic and political organizations arising from the Second World War in the process of capitalist integration of Europe. In particular, it consists of a member of the European Economic Community and Euratom.
Italy's geographical position in many ways is safe for its economic development. The Mediterranean Sea provides Italy with a convenient connection with European countries and North Africa, and after the opening in 1869, Italy's Suez Canal was on trade routes leading to the countries of South and East Asia, to East Africa, Australia. Thus, the geographical position of Italy allows it to widely use sea transport for foreign and coastal transport and at the same time develop links with its neighbors on land.
Natural conditions and natural resources.
Italy is located in moderate and most of its part - subtropical belts. This explains the wealth and diversity the most northern point of her - Betta d'Iitaly - is located in the mountains of Tyrol for 47 s.sh.; The southernmost - Cape Isola Delle Korrenti by 36.5 S.Sh. (about. Sicily) Not counting the small islands.
In physico-geographical respect, the territory of Italy is divided into three parts: the mainland, representing the Pandan lowland, the bounded by the system of alpine ridges and vertices occupying about 120 thousand km. Apennine Peninsula, elongated in the form of a 900 km boot. In the central part of the Mediterranean Sea wide from 125 to 230 km. with an area of \u200b\u200b130 thousand km; Sicily Islands, Sardinia and a number of smaller with an area of \u200b\u200babout 59 thousand km.
Separate parts of the country's peninsula and island territory are characterized by a significant sliced \u200b\u200bof the coastline, the presence of bays, bays and convenient harbors. Especially many of them on the west coast of the Peninsula, washing the Tyrrhenian Sea. These are the bays Genoese, Spice, Gaeta, Neapolitan, Salerski, etc., Savon Bay, Livorno, Civitavec Check. Here are large seaports. The coast is weaker, washed by the Adriatic Sea. The North Potion from the State Border to Rimini is replete with lagunies and wetlands, south, right up to the Gargano Peninsula, High and Right Beach Adriatic are deprived of any convenient natural harbors and bays; Only the south coast of the Adriatic Sea has separate comfortable natural bays, the main of which are Bari and Brindisi.
Italy is predominantly mountainous country. About 4/5 of her surface occupy the folded mountains of the Alpine age, their foothills and hills. The lowlands is represented by the Pandan lowland by the flow of the river according to the country in excess of 1/7 of the country, and in small areas in the coastal strip of the peninsula. Italy's relief, which is the result of complex geophysical processes, on the one hand determines the diversity of natural conditions contributing to the development of agriculture, and on the other, it narrows the area of \u200b\u200bthe land cultivated by man, and also makes it difficult and increase the development of transport links between individual parts of the country.
In the north, Italy is separated from the rest of the continent of the highest in Europe in Europe, the alpha, which stretches from the west to the east at 1200 km, bending to the northwest. The Alps are a very complex system consisting of a variety of mountain arrays and ridges separated by longitudinal and transverse valleys. The highest peaks are Mont-Blanc (4807 m. Over the UR. Sea), Monte Rose (4634 m.), Cervino (4478 m.) - Focused in the Western, most ancient part of the Alps. The Alps are a powerful barrier against the action of air masses from the north. In this powerful belt of the mountains, there are also convenient passages, which have long been used for economic relations. For example, in the Lepontinian Alps, the railway passes in the Valley of the Ticino River, then heading through the Saint Gotard Tunnel (15 km) to Switzerland and the Simplon Tunnel (20 km) to France. Railway communication with Austria is carried out through the Brenner passage in the Venice Alps along the Valley of the Isorka River, adige influx. The Alps are actively involved in the country's economic life; It uses large stocks of river energy, construction materials, metal ores and other minerals are mining, herds graze on the mountain meadows. In recent decades, the construction of high-altitude hydropower plants, roads, the rapid development of mountain tourism has increased its avalanche.
The seaside Alps are moving to the Apennine Mountains, the Furize the Ligurian Bay and stretching further through the entire Apennine Peninsula. Apennines are longer than Alps (more than 1500 km), but cannot be compared with it in height. Their highest point - Monte-Korno in the Massif Gran Sasso-d'Iitaly reaches only 2914 m above the UR. seas. The relief and the geological structure of the Apennine is complex and diverse. Mountains are located with closers with closed valleys (in Tuscany), then stretch with long chains from the North-West to the south-east (in central amennins), then disintegrated into separate arrays (in campaigns, basilicate), then go to high flat Calabria . The apennels are predominantly conglomerates, sandstones, limestones, clay shale, marbles, separate arrays and a plateau southern Italy - ancient erupted and metamorphic rocks, which are also characteristic of Sicily and Sardinia.
And in the Alps. And in the Apennines, limestones are widespread and in connection with this, the most diverse manifestations of Karst: funnels, wells, polla, grottoes, caves, disappearing under the earth of the river. Caves attract many tourists; Some have permanent air humidity, salts and medicinal dirt and are used in medicinal purposes. At the same time, the Karst causes a big damage to the farm, the desisal and dinner soil, preventing the construction of buildings and roads, causing collaps and landslides.
In Italy, the ancient and modern volcanic rocks of all types (basalts, liparites, tuffs) are widespread, especially characteristic of Tuscany, Lazio, campaigns, Sicily, Sartinia. In Italy there are volcanoes of different types and in different stages of development: extinct (Evannesk hills, Albanian Mountains), and acting (Etna, Vesuvius, Stromboli). In our days, the highest is the highest (3296 m above Ur. Sea) and powerful from Italian Volcanoes - Etna. It is erupted regularly every three - five years and even more often. South-west of Sicily from time to time, underwater eruptions occur, small islets appear, which soon blur over the sea. On an extensive space from South Tuscany to the coast of the Neapolitan Gulf, other natural phenomena associated with volcanism can be observed, - high-pressure water vapor emissions (Ischia island), carbon dioxide (dog grotto in Fleggarian fields, near Naples), hot mineral springs in Tuscany, mud volcanoes in Emilian Apennines.
The only extensive lowland of Italy is the Padan Plain, which occupies most of the pool of the software river. It gradually decreases from 400-500 m in the west to sea level in the east. As the landscapes are changed, not only the landscapes, but also the nature of the agricultural use of the territory: from fruit gardens and vineyards in the west to livestock, grain and beetroopic areas of the lower r.P. PO in the east. Pandan Plain is not only the main Hitter of Italy, but also the most urbanized and developed in business area of \u200b\u200bthe country.
With a rather large variety of minerals, Italy is quite not enough and unevenly provided with raw materials and energy resources. The deposits of many minerals are small in stocks, sprayed throughout the country, often run uncomfortable to develop. Until now, the subsoil has not yet been studied. At the same time, some deposits are developed with such deep antiquity that they are still depleted or already exhausted and abandoned. Thus, in 1982, iron ore mining was completely stopped in the country, including on Elba Island, on which the iron was extruded yet.
Significantly richer Italy lead-zinc ores with admixtures of silver and other metals. These deposits are associated with a crystal and metamorphic array of Sardinia and with Triassic limestones of the Eastern Alps. The Tuscany region is rich in reserves of pyrite and mercury ore - kinovari, in the reserves of which Italy ranks second in the world; In Devonian limestones, Sardinia surrounded the antimony ores. The sulfur deposits, known since the times of ancient Rome, are focused mainly in the Caltanissetta area on Sicily Island. Italy is rich in various construction and finishing materials (marble, granite, tuff, etc.). Marble is mined in a number of places, but especially in the area of \u200b\u200bCarrara. According to the reserves of other types of raw materials, Italy's territory is poor. In small quantities there is an anthracite in the Valle d'Aosta, colloidal lignites in Tuscany, peat and peat lignites. In central Italy and Liguria there are small deposits of manganese. Boxites, for a long time mined from Karsta Spadin of Apulia, are now almost exhausted. On Sicily Island there are reserves of potash and stone salt, asphalt, bitumen.
In the post-war years, quite significant (for Italy) oil resources are revealed - in the Pandan lowland, in the Alpine Previation band, as well as on Sicily Island. The addition to them are bituminous slates, on the island of Sicily in the Ragusa area, San Valentino in the area of \u200b\u200bAbruzzo-E-Molizo, as well as in the Frosinone (Lazio) area. On Sardinia, in Tuscany, Umbria there are small deposits of brown and low-quality coal. Own energy resources satisfy the needs of Italy by no more than 15%. Under these conditions, the country's natural gas field is very important for the economy of the country of natural gas, usually dissolved in water, which is impregnated with loose tertiary and quaternary deposits of Pandan lowland in the lower river and its underwater continuation - the continuous shelf of the Adriatic Sea. The gas was also found in sandstones, Mergeli, the shales of the northern, central and southern Apennine, in Sicily and her shores and the shelf of the Ionian Sea. The overall disadvantage of energy resources used on thermal power plants is somewhat referred to the presence of sufficiently rich hydropower stocks in the country.
Transportation (allocation of marine).
Transport.
The most important branch of the sphere of circulation. Transportation of goods and labor is that part of the sphere of circulation, which is a continuation of the process of production in the field of circulation.
In Italy, transport is evolving in accordance with the same trends that are observed in other European countries - in particular, the proportion of road transport increases, mainly due to the reduction of the share of railway transport. This is explained by the fact that road transport is more mobile, it requires smaller costs of auxiliary services and minimizes transshipment work, since it delivers goods directly to the destination (these are the possibilities that marine and rail transport).
The difference between Italy is that here and in the internal transport of goods, an exceptionally high proportion acquired road transport, and the share of all other types of transport fell to an extremely low level.
A similar deep-specific situation in the transport of Italy is explained by the special impact on this industry. The fact is that the industry of Italian industry, as an automotive, rubber, oil refining and building materials industry develop most quickly, developing the most quickly. Industries producing railway rolling stock slowly develop their production. Therefore, the first group of industries and monopolies operating in it without much difficulty was able to give the road direction to the development of Italian transport.
The development of sea transport Italy.
In Italy, the boundaries of which by more than 90% are washed by seas and in which most of the territory is seaside areas, in the domestic transport of passengers and especially cargoes, the sea cooker fleet is also important. The sectors of Italian transport are of great interest to the sea fleet, which is The largest international carrier is essential for the development of Italian foreign trade. Through the seaports passes 90% of the goods entering Italy and 55-60% in exports. Italy commercial fleet performs the most important national economic functions. This is the main reason that it is under the control of the state in its overwhelming part.
In the 70s, the importance of sea transport and maritime transportation for the economy of Italy and first of all for its foreign trade increased due to the shifts in the country's energy balance (more than 86% of the common energy needs are satisfied due to the importation of oil and gas). Shoots In recent years in the structure of industry and foreign trade, caused changes in the Italian fleet in the ratio between different types of ships. The rapid development of the oil refinery caused a rapid growth of the tank fleet. The drop in the value of stone coal in the energy facility caused a drop in the share of the dry cargo fleet. In addition, American coal used in Italy is delivered, as a rule, on American courts.
Fleet Italy.
Italy's merchant fleet in the postwar years has undergone significant quantitative and general structural changes. They, on the one hand, were caused by the conclusion from the exploitation of obsolete and highly worn-out vessels, and on the other side, the replenishment of the fleet with new, larger and modern ships. Changes in the composition and structure of the Fleet of Italy for the period 1874 to 1983 are characterized by the following data.
years
total number
total compatible.
in
tom
numbers
e.
thousand reg. tons
tankers
balkers
ore
other. SU vessels
hogr
val.VMest Reg.ton
%
%
val.VMest Reg.ton
%
1974
1421,00
5708,00
1982,00
34,8
1027
17,6
2699
47,6
1975
1413,00
5701,00
1989,00
34,9
1091
19,3
2621
45,8
1976
1403,00
5851,00
2113,00
37
1191
20,4
2492
42,6
1977
1445,00
6219,00
2140,00
34,5
1506
24,2
2573
44,3
1978
1490,00
6624,00
2414,00
36,5
1674
25,3
2536
38,2
1979
1552,00
7038,00
2573,00
36,5
1900
27
2565
36,5
1980
1639,00
7448,00
2721,00
36,5
2089
28,1
2638
35,4
1981
1690,00
8139,00
3027,00
37,2
2455
30,1
2657
32,7
1982
1684,00
8187,00
3119,00
38
2510
30,7
2558
31,3
1983
1726,00
8867,00
3437,00
37,7
2866
32,4
2564
29,9
From the given data it follows that over 10 years, the specific value of the tonnage of the balkers and rudozos increased, and the share of all other dry cargo ships has decreased.
As of July 1, 1983, tankers, balkers, rudozles and combined vessels accounted for 70.1% of the total gross capacity of all shipping ships in Italy. Despite the replenishment of the merchant fleet noted above, new and medium tonnage courts continue to prevail.
As of July 1, 1983, more than half (57.9%) of all maritime ships had gross capacity up to 1000 reg. Tons, with only 4.45% of the total gross capacity of the fleet accounted for their share. Many of these vessels have long service life and are subject to gradual replacement by newer ships. At the same date in the shopping fleet, there were only 23 vessel with a gross capacity of more than 50 thousand reg. Tons with a service life of less than 4 years.
Most of the Italian courts as the main engines had diesel and diesel electrical installations. Courts with steam engines constitute 14.5% of the total number of maritime courts.
Brief information on the characteristics of the main groups of transport ships.
The sea vessels occurring in Italy as of July 1, 1983 on the main types and appointment was distributed as follows.
types of ships
courts
total gross accommodation, reg. tons
specific meaning. OVV,%
1. Tankers for the transport of oil and petroleum products
344
3449184
2,98
2.Gazi
26
133027
2,01
3. Tankers for liquid chemicals
17
21070
3,23
4. Combined vessels
21
1145231
5,86
5. Balkkers and Rudozia
93
1721040
3,24
6.Shoguft for translation. gene. cargo
663
1289842
1,84
7. Container shocks and ro-ro
6
69661
1,9
8.Passazhir courts
25
533288
17,77
9. Parmers, etc.
157
334784
7,99
10.Shekopromyovy
225
90847
1,3
11.Busira
213
47199
4,34
12.Rech
33
30760
-
Total
1726
8867205
2,86
Tanker fleet. For the transport of oil and petroleum products, there are 320 tankers with a total gross capacity of 3,437,391 reg. T (common deadweight 5 901 231 tons). For coastal transport and bunker operations, there were 24 small vessels with a total gross capacity of 11793 reg. Ton. More than half of the tanker fleet capacity is submitted by ships of less than nine years old, incl. 11 tankers gross capacity 40-50 thousand reg. Tons each and 10 tankers gross capacity of 50-140 thousand reg. tons every age less than 4 years.
Gas carriers and vessels for transportation of liquid chemicals. For transportation of liquefied gas, there were 26 small vessels with a total gross capacity of 133,027 reg. tons. Some of these vessels are used for transportation from Algeria to the southern ports of Europe. For transportation of liquid chemicals there are 17 small ships with a total gross capacity of 21 070 reg. tons.
Combined vessels, balkers and rudose. This is the second largest group of cargo ships. There are 114 vessels total gross capacity 2 866 271 reg. tons (total deadweight 4 859 207 t.). The composition of this group is: 21 combined vessel with a total gross capacity1 145 231 reg. Tons and 93 Rudovoza, Balker and Rudovoza Sumy Balker. Gross Capacity 1 721 040 Reg. tons.
A group of dry cargo vessels (including cargo-passenger ships) is the most numerous in which there are 663 vessels of various types and appointments with a total gross capacity of 10876 reg. tons. Most of this group represent small vessels gross capacity up to 2000 reg. tons each. Replenishment of this group with new courts are made in a limited scale and mainly multipurpose driving ships, including those adapted for partial transportation of containers.
Container shipments and container trailer (RO-RO). As of July 1, 1083, this group had 6 ships with a total gross capacity of 69,661 reg. tons. This group was replenished with container workers, which are used for transportation in the Far Eastern and Australian lines.
Passenger, ferry and other cargo-passenger ships. In the Fleet of Italy, there are 25 major passenger ships with a total gross capacity of 533.3 thousand reg. tons. As part of this group of 157 ferry and other cargo-passenger ships with a total gross capacity of 337.8 thousand reg. Tons, which are mainly used to maintain domestic transport, and only a minor part of them work in the near international lines in the Mediterranean zone.
The merchant fleet of Italy was replenished with new courts of predominantly Italian buildings. Placing orders abroad is allowed only for separate large-tonnant ships, for the construction of which in Italy there is no sufficient equipment, experience and for other reasons. According to March 1983, Italy on tonnage of the construction vessels for its national fleet occupied the 5th place (after the UK, Liberia, Japan and Norway).
Economy of Italy.
Italy joined the path of capitalist development later than the United Kingdom and France, at the end of the XIX century, after the political association ending in 1870. However, the economic development of the country, which inhibited by strong remnants of feudalism, poverty of the peasantry, the weakness of the fuel and raw material base was slowly.
On the eve of World War I, Italy remained a backward agrarian country. Only Northern Italy has allocated a higher level of economic development: there was a developed industry, agriculture was more intense.
Despite economic weakness, the Italian bourgeoisie took an active part in the struggle for the redistribution of peace. The policy of the arms race gave impetus to the development of heavy industry. New development received new industries, aviation, electrical, chemical (in particular, production of artificial silk). The Second World War inflicted the economy of Italy's great damage. Nevertheless, in the post-war period, the Italian industry developed quite high rates. The growth of industrial production is more due to the influx of foreign capital.
Italy on its economic situation occupies an interim position between the most economically developed capitalist countries led by the United States and Germany and countries with an average level of development of productive forces. For a share in the capitalist industrial production of the world (5% in 1985), it stands in fifth place after the United States, Japan, Germany and France. But in the sizes of national income per resident, Italy is inferior not only to these countries, but also to many others, surpassing in Western Europe only Greece, Spain and Ireland.
As well as in other highly developed countries, in Italy, the industry is the leading sphere of the economy, although it employs a smaller part of the economically active population than in the intensive and disproportionately growing sector of services. The cost of industrial products four times exceeds the cost of agricultural production, which is 5.5 times less than capital annually than in industry. Industrial products are sharply dominated in Italian exports.
A significant part of the national riches of Italy is in the hands of monopolies, 11 of them are among the largest concerns of the world. They prevail in the chemical and electrical industry ("Montadison"), in the automotive (Fiat), as well as in rubber ("Pirelli").
At the same time, there is a great many medium, small and smallest firms in the country, mainly in the light and food industry, as well as in the production of household electrical engineering, equipment for the processing of synthetic materials, in some subproduces of machine-tooling. Starting from the 70s, a tendency to reduce large and enhance the role of small and medium-sized firms and enterprises is noticeable.
The Italian state is actively and in various forms interferes in the country's economy: its specialized bodies participate in joint-stock companies as holders of a controlling stake in shares, industrial enterprises are created in accordance with various government programs. The state has become the largest entrepreneur in the country. His position in energy, metallurgy, shipbuilding is especially strong. He owns many light industry enterprises. Nationalized and largest banks. In terms of development pace, the public sector exceeds the development of the Italian economy as a whole. In modern conditions, the state intervention in the economy does not boil down to helping individual monopolistic associations to develop the least profitable or requiring particularly large investments in the industry. The main goal of state intervention is to ensure the continuity of the reproduction process, to preserve and strengthen the capitalist system in the country.
A new important feature of the development of state-monopoly capitalism in Italy was the national long-term programming of the economy, which reflects the increased degree of concentration and centralization of production and capital, strengthening monopolization and nationalization of the economy. Some branches (transport, communications, public works, etc.) are funded mainly on the basis of economic programs. The largest and permanent and permanent program from 1950 is aimed at the development of the South's economy.
The Government of Italy encourages the inflow of foreign capital, which plays an important role in the country's farm. Most of the investment is aimed at mechanical engineering, chemistry and energy, a significant proportion is invested in the scope of services. Capital prevails from the USA, France, Germany, Great Britain, Switzerland, Liechtenstein.
Many parties of the economic life of Italy are determined by its participation in the UES. The specialization of production formed within the UES forced the Italian economy to adapt to new market conditions and accelerated its structural transformations. In the system of the common market, Italy acts as a country importer of industrial products (mainly machinery and equipment) and minor foods (fruits, vegetables, wine) and at the same time as a country importer of major food and main types of mineral and agricultural raw materials for its industry.
As in other countries, in Italy, the farm has been developing spontaneously and unevenly. The "economic miracle" of the 60s, when, at the rate of industrial development, Italy was inferior only by Japan, turned out to be short-lived. He followed the decline and then the most severe energy and general economic crisis 1973-1975. In 1982, the farm of the country again entered the strip of crisis: the gross national product is reduced (-1.2% in 1983), inflation increases, the amount of foreign trade, the level of personal consumption of the population is reduced, the unemployment is growing, the cost of living. The capacity of the industries - was in 1983 the lowest for the entire post-war period - 71%.
Starting from the crisis 70s in Italy, a new phenomenon has spread - the so-called hidden economy: in many industries bypass collective contracts, tax legislation, etc. Not registered enterprises operate anywhere. They work unemployed, women interested in incomplete working day or homework, students and pensioners who need additional earnings. Preserves all its sharpness of the age-old problem of the disproportionate development of individual parts of the country, the contrast between the level of economic and social development of the North and Southern Italy.
General characteristic industry.
The general condition, the pace and nature of the development of the Italian economy are determined by its most important sphere - the industry, which accounts for about 2/5 people employed and the same share of national income. Italy is highlighted in an extremely low share of the mining and high proportion of the manufacturing industry among those employed, main capital and especially in the total value of industrial products. This is due to the absence of any significant reserves in the country of the most important minerals.
The Italian manufacturing industry works mainly on imported raw materials. The heavy industry prevails, the main role in which is belonging to mechanical engineering. Electricity, metallurgy, chemistry and petrochemistry have also developed significantly.
As a result, the leading role in the recent decades of the energy base occurred in recent decades has moved from hydropower and imported coal to oil, which provides more than 60% of the energy consumed. It follows natural gas (15.5%), stone coal and lignites (8.5%), hydropower (7.6%) and atomic energy (0.3%). At the same time, Italy is forced to import almost all the oil consumed, 80% of solid fuel and 44% of natural gas.
The most powerful oil refining industry in Western Europe has grown on the importance of oil. Italy is one of the largest exporters of petroleum products in Western Europe. The energy crisis forced the way of saving energy resources in general and oil in particular. In the 1980s, the total power of the oil refining industry of Italy decreased from 206 million tons. Crude oil per year in 1980 to 150 million tons. In 1983, several factories were closed.
A vital role in the economy of the country plays the electric power industry. The installed capacity of power plants in the amount is 49.4 million km, of which 64.4% fall on thermal power plants, 32% on hydroelectric power plants and GESP, 2.6% - at atomic and 1% on geothermal. Every year, 180-190 billion kWh of electricity is produced in the country. Most of the electricity is obtained on thermal power plants working mainly on fuel oil, the first place was given by the HPP, as water resources are almost completely exhausted. In recent years, hydroaccumulative stations have been preferred in Italy. Italy was a pioneer in the construction of GESS (1908). The world's first geothermal power plants (1905 g) appeared at the same time. In the 1960s, Italy, one of the first to begin to build large nuclear power plants. There are 4 NPP in the country with a total capacity of 1.4 million kW.
The dependence on the import of fuel and raw materials is very significant in ferrous metallurgy. In 1986, 10.3 million tons were paid in the country. Cast iron and about 22 million tons. become. Italy takes 5th place on the smelting. Metallurgical plants are placed either near ports or sales markets - large mechanical engineering centers. It is in the port centers that the four largest cycle combine owned by the Fincider (Genoa-Krannyano, Pyombino, Naples Banoli and Taranto. Most steel-smelting and steel-rolling factories are concentrated in the old industrial cities of the North-West. In the foothills of the Alps and Alpine valleys are placed electrometallurgical enterprises. To the global market, Italian black metallurgy is mainly with thin cold-rolled steel and steel pipes. In the production of pipes, Italy occupies 4th place in the world. In recent years, Italian black metallurgy is experiencing significant difficulties in its development in connection with The fact that the "common market" under pressure from the United States decided to limit steel-smelting production in the countries "dozens".
In the production of non-ferrous and light metals, those sectors are allocated, which are better provided with local ore reserves - aluminum, lead, zinc and mercury wave. In the crisis years, aluminum will decreased from 274 thousand tons in 1986 to 194 thousand tons in 1988. Most aluminum plants are located on the rich electricity northeast.
The lead-zinc industry processes bridge polymetallic ores and local. The energy-intensive gas smelting is located near large power plants (in the cities of Porto Margera, Monteponi, Porto Web, Crotone). Leadovilk plants are grouped mainly on Sardinia, near the deposits of polymetallic ores.
In recent years, Italy has lost the world championship in the production of mercury in Spain. This ancient production was rebuilt in accordance with environmental requirements and today is produced about 2 thousand tons. in year.
Using the rich deposits of Dolomites ITALY came out at one of the first places in the world of magnesium. In 1986, 85 thousand tons of magnesium ores were mined and 7.8 thousand tons were paid. Magnesium.
The leading industry of the Italian industry is mechanical engineering. It employs 2.2 million. Schelovka, it gives 1/4 of all manufacturing products and 2/5 Italian exports. Italy is one of the largest vendors of cars to the world market. The size of production stands on the 5th place. Mechanical engineering is characterized by a high concentration of production and capital and is in the hands of a few major associations producing complex and diverse products. The most developed export engineering (production of cars, electric locomotives, cars, shipbuilding). Most of the automotive production was monopolized by Fiat Concern - the most powerful of private firms in Italy and one of the largest monopolies in the world. The concern plants are scattered across the country and produce small and microllates cars, trucks, buses, various engines, airplanes, vessels, locomotives, tractors, metro equipment, power plants, airports.
A little place in the automotive production left Fiat to other firms - "Ferrari", "Macerati", "Liancha", the state company Alpha Romeo. Almost all plants are located in the industrial centers of the North. Several plants produce motorcycles and scooters. At one of the first places in the world, Italy is worth the production of bicycles and mopeds.
In the depths of the centuries, the origins of Italian shipbuilding are lost. The development of this traditional industry is due to historical reasons and geographical conditions. In recent years, orders for tankers have dramatically decreased, more container ships, mixed-type ships, specialized courts for underwater drilling and underwater studies are required.
About 85% of all shipbuilding capacity belongs to the State Group "FINNOTERY". The largest shipwood in the country is in Monfalcone on the Adriatic Sea, as well as in Trieste, Venice, Ancona. The oldest district of Italian shipbuilding is the Ligurian Coast (Genoa, Livorno, Spice). In the south, the main shipbuilding centers are Naples, Taranto, Messina, Palermo, Castellamar di Stabia.
Etc.................
Movement in Italy - right-hand (steering wheel on the left).
Italy has a developed chain of iron and highways. More than 90% of passengers and over 80% of cargo are transported by cars. In external transportation prevails sea transport.
In the domestic transport of goods and passengers, road transport plays, in second place - rail. In terms of electrification of railways, the country occupies one of the first places in the world.
In Italy, 1/4 of all European motorways is concentrated (about 7 thousand km), including the oldest motorway Milan - Vares, built in 1924.
The main transport artery of the country of the Sunway, walking through the entire Italy, from Turin through Milan, Florence, Rome, Naples to Reggio Di Calabria.
Five international motorways are held through Italy's territory: London-Paris-Rome-Palermo, London-Lausanne-Milan-Brin Diazi, Rome-Berlin-Oslo-Snodan, Rome Vien Warsaw, Amsterdam Basel-Genoa.
About half of the roads falls on Northern Italy, in the south of the country the road network is much smaller.
Public transport
In Italy, a developed bus and railway network of public transport. Almost any point of the country will not be difficult to get. There are also Metropolitan: Milan, Rome, Naples, Catania, Turin, Genoa, Baria, Palermo.
City bus is the main public transport in Italy. The bus entrance is carried out only through the back door with the inscription: "Salita", and the output is through the front with the inscription: "US-CITA". Going to the bus, you must prosecate your ticket in a special - yellow or orange - a composter located at the entrance. The driver does not sell tickets, they must be purchased in advance in automatic cash desks, tobacco kiosks "Tabacceria" with a black and yellow sign and letter "T". Also, tickets can be bought in the subway and some bars.
On all types of public transport (including on the railway within the city) there are alone and the same tickets. One trip for 75 minutes from the time of the ticket composting allows any transplants to another type of transport. In the subway, such a ticket can be used only once. There are also travel on the day, week, month, year.
Tourist ticket for one day (BIG) costs 3-5 EUR and gives the right to unlimited trips in any form of public transport. A week ticket ("SETTIMANALE" or CIS) costs 12 EUR. You can only buy it in the ATAC kiosks.
Taxi
Catch a taxi in Italy on the street, as a rule, not accepted. In cities there are special parking on squares, at the metro stations, train stations, etc. But the easiest way to order a taxi by phone from the hotel, restaurant or bar; If you do not know the language, then ask an employee to call you a car, the word Taxi is understood everywhere.
The fare is ~ 1 EUR / km Plus Call Call ~ 3 EUR. Trips are paid in the counter, but after 22 hours, on holidays and Sunday, as well as in the presence of a baggage or a trip to another city there is an additional charge. Tips are welcome, usually the sum is rounded to an integer number of euro.
In each official taxi there is a special sign in English, which shows additional charges for luggage, passing at night, on Sundays and holidays or the road to the airport.
Metro
The metro of Rome is two branches. Line and 18 km long connects the city center from Ottaviano near the Vatican with an eastern outskirt of the city, passing through Cinecitta (Anagnia). The line B passes to the north to urban stains (Rebbibia) and to EUR, the modern industrial complex in the south. Lines intersect at Termini. You can buy a special ticket, it is called "big", you can drive both by bus and the subway during the day along any line.
Milan's metro is readable in Italy. MM consists of two branches (1 and 2) and serves the city and outskirts. Tourists usually enjoy 1 to south near Stazione Centrale via Piazza del Maria Della Grazie. Tickets are sold in machine guns at each station and are valid for 1 hour. 10 min. The ticket of one day allows you to use all types of transport.
Aviation transport
All the major cities of Italy are connected by air lines, both with all countries of the world and among themselves.
Flights are much more expensive than railway and bus, but when traveling to long distances is better to use the plane.
Railway transport
The extensive national network of railways links many cities of the country, in the north it is more dense, road transport is stronger in the south.
Trains - mostly modern and comfortable. Inside the country and beyond the speed trains - "Espresso" (Espresso), supere-speed - "Rapid" (Rapide), direct - "Dierto" (Di-Retto), suburban - "Regional" (Regio-Nale) and local "Local" (Locale). There are both sleeping and seats, and the cost of the first and second classes is distinguished by almost twice.
There are several types of trains: R - Regionale (regional, with a common interior that makes all stops), IC - Intercity (long-distance, with a compartment for 4-6 passengers), ES - eurostar (between cities, better travel service, shared salon , higher price), EC - EUROCITY (between the cities of Italy and Europe, coupe for 4-6 passengers), Espresso (expressings without stopping).
On the railway there is a flexible system of discounts and benefits. Tourists, expecting for a long stay in Italy and assume traveling around the country, it is worth purchasing a card "Italy Rail-Card" (Italy Rail-Card) or "Italy Flexi-Card" (ITALY FLEXI-Card) on 4, 8, 12 or 30 days. Such cards are sold at railway stations or travel agencies.
Also note that the number of the place in the ticket is affixed only when booking, and when buying a ticket at the checkout (no booking), you have to be rather disturbed and borrow in the car any free place. In the midst of the tourist season there is not enough places, and passengers are often standing in the aisles. Also before landing, do not forget to prosecate a ticket in a special composter on the platform, otherwise it will be considered invalid.
More information about railway traffic in Italy can be obtained on site: www.trenitalia.com
Water transport
In Italy, the boundaries of which by more than 90% are washed by seas and in which most of the territory is seaside areas, in the domestic transport of passengers and especially cargo, the sea fleet also has important.
Through the seaports passes 90% of the goods entering Italy and 55-60% in exports. The largest Italian port of Genoa is one of the most important in the whole Mediterranean. Genoa serves as a gateway to the outside world for the entire North-West of Italy, as well as for Switzerland. The main rival and a competitor Genoa on the Adriatic - Trieste, the second in Italy on cargo turnover and one of the most important oil ports of Europe. Through Trieste, Northeast Italy is associated with other countries of the Mediterranean, the Middle and Middle East, East Africa and East Asia.
River transport in Italy is poorly developed (except for Venice, of course) due to the lack of large rivers and is represented mainly by gondolas and river taxis.
Car rental
To rent a car, we need a driver's license of an international sample, a credit card (or in some cases a cash pledge), the driver must be at least 21 years old.
When booking a car, you can also overpay and take Full Insurance service (full insurance, from 10 EUR per day), which includes payment of any scratches and criticism that drivers can purchase on a trip.
If the car gave you a full gasoline tank, then you should also return it with a full tank. For an additional fee, you can conquer about the individual location of the car.
Helpful information
Speed \u200b\u200blimit in Italy These are: the city is 50 km / h, the public roads are 90 km / h, Superstrada 100 km / h, Autostrada 130 km / h. As a rule, the high-speed mode on highways control AutoVELOX devices, automatically photographing violators cars.
It is worth noting that penalties for drunk driving are very high. The permissible level of blood alcohol is not more than 0.8 ppm (one glass of dry wine or beer mug). We do not advise you to neglect these rules, because in Italy it is even punished in the form of a prison sentence.
Road police in Italy principled and incorruptible. Even behind a hint of a bribe, a motorist can pay a vehicle. It is useless to argue with policemen - "For the discussion", a fine can be increased almost twice.
Penalties for violation of traffic rules are quite high - for the fare on the red light will have to pay about 50 euros, for incorrect parking - from 25 to 70 euros, for speeding - from 33 to 131 euros. Penalties are usually paid in place.
If you are going to travel in Italy by car, then you should know that the roads in Italy are divided into three types: highways (AutoStrade), superstrade (SuperStrade) and public roads (STA-TALE).
Travel by major modern highways paid. The freeways are marked with green signs with a white letter "A", accompanied by a number. At the entrance to the freeway, you need to get a ticket, and at the congress you pay it. Also, travel can be paid with the "Viacard" or Telepass (Telepass) cards, which are purchased at payment points or at service stations.
Along the motorways built "autogryl-lee" (Autogrill), where cafes, gas stations, toilets, supermarkets, ATMs and much more are located.
In the major cities of the street of the historic center at certain hours closed for cars, the problem of parking is also very acute. Italian drivers are often parked on any free patch, not very worried about the actions of the police. Tourists are not recommended for themselves - and the rolling machines themselves (especially with the number signs of other regions) immediately attract the attention of the police, and "emerged places" for such erzats parking, as a rule, are not known. It is forbidden to park on parking lots limited by yellow line. Parking, limited blue line - paid, white - free or paid through the counter (Disco ORARIO, time limit - 30, 60 or 90 minutes). Near hotels, as she was put, allowed to leave the car for a short time, but each institution has its own rules - somewhere there is own parking, and it is forbidden to put cars at the entrance, somewhere in the courtyard or the nearest alley.
The gas station in the urban feature is usually operating from 8.00 to 13.00 and from 14.30 to 19.30, however, on country tracks, almost all filling stations work around the clock. In large cities there are a mini-gas stations, which are 1-2 automaton installed literally on a patch. There are no service personnel at such stations, all actions are made by the driver, payment by credit card.
Right-hand (steering wheel left).
Italy has a developed chain of iron and highways. More than 90% of passengers and over 80% of cargo are transported by cars. In external transportation prevails sea transport.
In the domestic transport of goods and passengers, road transport plays, in second place - rail. In terms of electrification of railways, the country occupies one of the first places in the world.
In Italy, 1/4 of all European motorways is concentrated (about 7 thousand km), including the oldest motorway Milan - Vares, built in 1924.
The main transport artery of the country of the Sunway, walking through the entire Italy, from Turin through Milan, Florence, Rome, Naples to Reggio Di Calabria.
Five international motorways are held through Italy's territory: London-Paris-Rome-Palermo, London-Lausanne-Milan-Brin Diazi, Rome-Berlin-Oslo-Snodan, Rome Vien Warsaw, Amsterdam Basel-Genoa.
About half of the roads falls on Northern Italy, in the south of the country the road network is much smaller.
Last changes: 27.01.2013
Public transport
In Italy, a developed bus and railway network of public transport. Almost any point of the country will not be difficult to get. There are also Metropolitan: Milan, Rome, Naples, Catania, Turin, Genoa, Baria, Palermo.City bus is the main public transport in Italy. The bus entrance is carried out only through the back door with the inscription: "Salita", and the output is through the front with the inscription: "US-CITA". Going to the bus, you must prosecate your ticket in a special - yellow or orange - a composter located at the entrance. The driver does not sell tickets, they must be purchased in advance in automatic cash desks, tobacco kiosks "Tabacceria" with a black and yellow sign and letter "T". Also, tickets can be bought in the subway and some bars.
On all types of public transport (including on the railway within the city) there are alone and the same tickets. One trip for 75 minutes from the time of the ticket composting allows any transplants to another type of transport. In the subway, such a ticket can be used only once. There are also travel on the day, week, month, year.
Tourist ticket for one day (BIG) costs 3-5 EUR and gives the right to unlimited trips in any form of public transport. A week ticket ("SETTIMANALE" or CIS) costs 12 EUR. You can only buy it in the ATAC kiosks.
Last changes: 25.04.2010
Taxi
Catch a taxi in Italy on the street, as a rule, not accepted. In cities there are special parking on squares, at the metro stations, train stations, etc. But the easiest way to order a taxi by phone from the hotel, restaurant or bar; If you do not know the language, then ask an employee to call you a car, the word Taxi is understood everywhere.The fare is ~ 1 EUR / km Plus Call Call ~ 3 EUR. Trips are paid in the counter, but after 22 hours, on holidays and Sunday, as well as in the presence of a baggage or a trip to another city there is an additional charge. Tips are welcome, usually the sum is rounded to an integer number of euro.
In each official taxi there is a special sign in English, which shows additional charges for luggage, passing at night, on Sundays and holidays or the road to the airport.
Keep in mind that in most cases taxi drivers do not know English and best write the address you need on paper in advance.
Last changes: 04.06.2010
Metro
Metropolitan Rome represents two branches. Line and 18 km long connects the city center from Ottaviano near the Vatican with an eastern outskirt of the city, passing through Cinecitta (Anagnia). The line B passes to the north to urban stains (Rebbibia) and to EUR, the modern industrial complex in the south. Lines intersect at Termini. You can buy a special ticket, it is called "big", you can drive both by bus and the subway during the day along any line.Metro Milan. Reads the best in Italy. MM consists of two branches (1 and 2) and serves the city and outskirts. Tourists usually enjoy 1 to south near Stazione Centrale via Piazza del Maria Della Grazie. Tickets are sold in machine guns at each station and are valid for 1 hour. 10 min. The ticket of one day allows you to use all types of transport.
Last changes: 04.06.2010
Aviation transport
All the major cities of Italy are connected by air lines, both with all countries of the world and among themselves.Flights are much more expensive than railway and bus, but when traveling to long distances is better to use the plane.
Last changes: 04.06.2010
Railway transport
The extensive national network of railways links many cities of the country, in the north it is more dense, road transport is stronger in the south.Trains - mostly modern and comfortable. Inside the country and beyond the speed trains - "Espresso" (Espresso), supere-speed - "Rapid" (Rapide), direct - "Dierto" (Di-Retto), suburban - "Regional" (Regio-Nale) and local "Local" (Locale). There are both sleeping and seats, and the cost of the first and second classes is distinguished by almost twice.
There are several types of trains: R - Regionale (regional, with a common interior that makes all stops), IC - Intercity (long-distance, with a compartment for 4-6 passengers), ES - eurostar (between cities, better travel service, shared salon , higher price), EC - EUROCITY (between the cities of Italy and Europe, coupe for 4-6 passengers), Espresso (expressings without stopping).
On the railway there is a flexible system of discounts and benefits. Tourists, expecting for a long stay in Italy and assume traveling around the country, it is worth purchasing a card "Italy Rail-Card" (Italy Rail-Card) or "Italy Flexi-Card" (ITALY FLEXI-Card) on 4, 8, 12 or 30 days. Such cards are sold at railway stations or travel agencies.
Also note that the number of the place in the ticket is affixed only when booking, and when buying a ticket at the checkout (no booking), you have to be rather disturbed and borrow in the car any free place. In the midst of the tourist season there is not enough places, and passengers are often standing in the aisles. Also before landing, do not forget to prosecate a ticket in a special composter on the platform, otherwise it will be considered invalid.
More information about railway traffic in Italy can be obtained on site: www.trenitalia.com
Last changes: 27.01.2013
Water transport
In Italy, the boundaries of which by more than 90% are washed by seas and in which most of the territory is seaside areas, in the domestic transport of passengers and especially cargo, the sea fleet also has important.Through the seaports passes 90% of the goods entering Italy and 55-60% in exports. The largest Italian port of Genoa is one of the most important in the whole Mediterranean. Genoa serves as a gateway to the outside world for the entire North-West of Italy, as well as for Switzerland. The main rival and a competitor Genoa on the Adriatic - Trieste, the second in Italy on cargo turnover and one of the most important oil ports of Europe. Through Trieste, Northeast Italy is associated with other countries of the Mediterranean, the Middle and Middle East, East Africa and East Asia.
River transport in Italy is poorly developed (except for Venice, of course) due to the lack of large rivers and is represented mainly by gondolas and river taxis.
Last changes: 04.06.2010
Car rental
To rent a car, we need a driver's license of an international sample, a credit card (or in some cases a cash pledge), the driver must be at least 21 years old.When booking a car, you can also overpay and take Full Insurance service (full insurance, from 10 EUR per day), which includes payment of any scratches and criticism that drivers can purchase on a trip.
If the car gave you a full gasoline tank, then you should also return it with a full tank. For an additional fee, you can conquer about the individual location of the car.
Last changes: 04.06.2010
Useful
Speed \u200b\u200blimit in Italy These are: the city is 50 km / h, the public roads are 90 km / h, Superstrada 100 km / h, Autostrada 130 km / h. As a rule, the high-speed mode on highways control AutoVELOX devices, automatically photographing violators cars.It is worth noting that penalties for drunk driving are very high. The permissible level of blood alcohol is not more than 0.8 ppm (one glass of dry wine or beer mug). We do not advise you to neglect these rules, because in Italy it is even punished in the form of a prison sentence.
Road police in Italy principled and incorruptible. Even behind a hint of a bribe, a motorist can pay a vehicle. It is useless to argue with policemen - "For the discussion", a fine can be increased almost twice.
Penalties for violation of traffic rules are quite high - for the fare on the red light will have to pay about 50 euros, for incorrect parking - from 25 to 70 euros, for speeding - from 33 to 131 euros. Penalties are usually paid in place.
If you are going to travel in Italy by car, then you should know that the roads in Italy are divided into three types: highways (AutoStrade), superstrade (SuperStrade) and public roads (STA-TALE).
Travel by major modern highways paid. The freeways are marked with green signs with a white letter "A", accompanied by a number. At the entrance to the freeway, you need to get a ticket, and at the congress you pay it. Also, travel can be paid with the "Viacard" or Telepass (Telepass) cards, which are purchased at payment points or at service stations.
Along the motorways built "autogryl-lee" (Autogrill), where cafes, gas stations, toilets, supermarkets, ATMs and much more are located.
In the major cities of the street of the historic center at certain hours closed for cars, the problem of parking is also very acute. Italian drivers are often parked on any free patch, not very worried about the actions of the police. Tourists are not recommended for themselves - and the rolling machines themselves (especially with the number signs of other regions) immediately attract the attention of the police, and "emerged places" for such erzats parking, as a rule, are not known. It is forbidden to park on parking lots limited by yellow line. Parking, limited blue line - paid, white - free or paid through the counter (Disco ORARIO, time limit - 30, 60 or 90 minutes). Near hotels, as she was put, allowed to leave the car for a short time, but each institution has its own rules - somewhere there is own parking, and it is forbidden to put cars at the entrance, somewhere in the courtyard or the nearest alley.
The gas station in the urban feature is usually operating from 8.00 to 13.00 and from 14.30 to 19.30, however, on country tracks, almost all filling stations work around the clock. In large cities there are a mini-gas stations, which are 1-2 automaton installed literally on a patch. There are no service personnel at such stations, all actions are made by the driver, payment by credit card.
By bus, train or ferry, you can get into almost anywhere in Italy. For longer distances, it is more convenient to fly by plane.
Own car gives more freedom, but remember that gasoline and motorway movement in Italy are very expensive. The optimal solution is to move on public transport between big cities and ride on a personal car only outside the city.
Water transport
Navi - large ferries of Sicily and Sardinia, Traghetti - small ferries and aliscafi run between the small islands. The main points of the landing of passengers in Sardinia are, Livorno, Civitavec Cheek and; In Sicily - and Villa San Giovanni in Calabria. Arrival points in Sardinia are Cagliari, Arabax, Olbia and Porto Torres; In Sicily - and Messina.
Detailed information about all ferry services Italy can be found here on the site lists all routes, there are links to companies in which you can book trips and buy tickets.
Tirrenia Navigazioni (0810 171 998; www.tirrenia.it) serves almost all Italian ports. There are also companies such as Grandi Navi Veloci, Superfast, Ventouris and Montenegro Lines.
Many ferry trips occur at night. You can choose a place in a 2/3 / 4-seater cabin or even a separate Poltrona chair. The Deck class implies that you can sit or sleep on the deck or in the shared halls. Almost all ferries transport cars.
Hitchhiker in Italy
In Italy, this is a rather rare phenomenon. Public transport is quite reliable, and most Italians prefer to use it, and not by cars. Catch the travelers are unsafe, especially women.
Buses and trams - Popular public transport in Italy
Bus services in Italy are represented by many companies. They cover both local routes and long-distance connections. It's not always cheaper to go on the bus than by train, but in terms of moving to a small town. The bus is a very winble option.
Route schedules can be found in local tourist bureau. In major cities, most bus companies have ticket cash regulations or offices. In some villages, tickets for buses sell in the buses themselves or in bars. Please note that buses are always sent on time.
Book tickets not necessarily. This is relevant only in the peak of the tourist season and for long journeys.
Metro and buses tickets
Ticket you follow to landing for the bus and give it to check. For violations, a fine is given in place (about 50 euros).
In Rome, Milan, Naples and Turin running the subway. The situation with tickets here is the same as on buses.
In each city, the big one or small, the effective urban and intercity bus network, which even reaches the most distant villages. Tickets can be bought in tobacco and newsstands, in ticket office and automata at bus stations. One ticket costs about 1 euro. Also, almost everywhere there are shares for day tourist tickets.
Cars and motorcycles
In Italy, a network of motorways, which can be recognized on a white road sign and on a green background. North and South connects Del Sole - this track extends from Milan to Reggio di Calabria (A1 from Milan B, A2 from Rome B and A3 from Naples to Reggio Di Calabria).
For travel on most motorways charged. You can pay in cash or credit card. To avoid queues, buy a prepaid card (Vicard). They are sold at ACI banks and offices. Nominal - 25, 50 and 75 euros. You can use such a card throughout Italy. For more information on road harvest, call 800 26 92 69 or go to the website www.autostrade.it
Strade Statal - Such roads are presented on the maps S or CC signs. This is two, go four-band highways, for which traffic moves not fast, especially in mountainous areas. Strade Provinciali - Road Roads connecting small villages. Strade Locali is local roads that may not be laid.
Trains - the fastest and most convenient type of transport in Italy
Trains in Italy are relatively inexpensive compared to other European countries. This is a fast and convenient type of transport.
Railways are almost completely jumped with the state, they are serviced by a partially privatized company TRENITALIA (800 89 20 21 in Italian; www.trenitalia.com). And there are private railway lines.
In Italy, there are several types of trains. Some of them stop at all stations, for example, regional go of interregional trains, and faster compounds - InterCity (IC) or faster Eurostar Italia (ES) are stopped only in large cities.
Almost at each station there are either storage chambers or lockers. Cameras that watch guard guards are usually open either from 6:00 to 00:00 or around the clock. The cost is 3 euros for a place.
Classes and Travel Costs
Places in most Italian trains are divided into the first and second classes. Ticket 1 class stands just less than two tickets of grade 2.
For a trip to Intercity or on Eurostar trains, a surcharge is charged in size from 3 to 16 euros, a distance defined length. The cost of the Eurostar ticket includes extra charge and booking. Topical prices for routes can be found on the website of TRENITALIA.
To the cost of night crossings it is worth adding a surcharge for a bed - about 20 euros.
Book tickets are not so necessary, but desirable, so on popular routes tickets are bought quickly. Pre-order will cost you in 3 euros. Eurostar trains tickets should always be booked.
You can order a train ticket in most travel agencies, on the Internet. You can also buy a ticket, arriving at the station in advance. For the sale of tickets for Eurostar trains, special cash regulations are discharged at some stations.
Carta Verde can be bought at all major stations. This card costs 40 euros and is valid for a year. It gives the right to a 10% discount on domestic flights in Germany and 25% for long-distance. Carta d'Argento costs 30 euros and offers 15% discount on internal and 25% for long-distance flights.
Public transport within the city
All major cities are well developed by the transport systems of buses and the subway. Nevertheless, in Venice, for example, the only option of movement - on Vaporretto (small passenger ferries) or on foot.
Taxi
Taxi parking is at railway and bus stations. Vote "on the roads illegally. If you called a taxi by phone, keep in mind that the counter began to work when you called, and not when you got into the car. The minimum price for taxi drivers - from 2.33 to 4.91 euros, depending on the time of day, plus 0.78 euros per kilometer (in Rome this price is 1.29 euros), and as a result, the shortest trips around the city will cost in the amount of 10 to 15 euros. In one taxi you can go no more than 4-5 people.
Air Transport
Large local airlines are Air One (Phone: 199 207 080; Alitalia (Phone: 06 22 22; www.flyairone.it); and Meridiana (Phone: 89 29 28; www.flyairone.it); Ryanair (phone: 899 678 910; www.flyairone.it); also has domestic flights in Italy.
The main airports of the country are located in Rome, Pisa, Milan, Bologna, Genoa, Naples, Venice, Catania, and Cagliari.
Bicycles
The whole country rides on the bikes. There is no special rules, but it is recommended to wear helmets and turn on the headlights. On motorways, it is impossible to ride bicycles. If you are planning to take your bike on holiday in Italy, consult with an airline for additional costs. To transport the bike should be disassembled and packaged. Do not forget to bring spare parts and repair tools with you.
If the train is a bicycle icon, it means that you can carry "two-wheeled friends". It is cheaper to buy a separate ticket for a bike, it costs 3.5 to 12 euros for Intercity, Eurostar trains and Euronight. This ticket is valid within 24 hours, which is quite economical. Disassembled and packaged bicycles can take free of charge at night trains, and you can always spend them on the ferries without additional boards.
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