Megalithic buildings of the ancient world. The most famous megaliths of Russia (50 photos)

Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Megalithi (from mega ... and Greek Líthos - stone), structures from large blocks of wild or roughly treated stone. These include dolmens, mengirs, crumb, stone boxes, covered galleries. M. Wide all over the world, except Australia, mainly in the seaside areas. In Europe, M. is mainly dated of the Eneolita and Bronze Age (3-2 millenniums BC), with the exception of England, where M. belong to the era of Neolith. Purpose M. It is not always possible to install. Mostly, they served for burials or were associated with a funeral cult. Apparently, M. - community structures. Their construction represented for primitive techniques the most complex task and required the unification of the large masses of people.

LIT.: ARTSYOVSKIY A.V., Introduction to archeology, 3 ed., M., 1947; Notherle L., humanity in prehistoric times, translation from Czech, St. Petersburg, 1898; OberMayer G., Prehistoric Man, Translation from German, St. Petersburg, 1913.

Megalithi
Megaliths Megalites or Megalithic monuments are prehistoric structures of selected stone blocks or plates, stone (neolithic), bronze, acceptance and later eras, who served either by tombs or monuments or shrines, and these different types are partly moving in one sudden. M. Monuments are especially numerous and diverse in Brittany, where they used to be at other locals, they were noticed at themselves (in the previous time they were called "Druidov", i.e. served by the religious goals of Druids or Gallic priests); Therefore, the correspondence of such monuments is used, by the advantage of the names borrowed from the Breton Language, it is Mengir (MEN - a stone, MR-annular, high) - a high standing stone, which has simulated, is likely to spend some kind of events or persons, or to designate a known one; Dolmen (DOL - Table, Men - Stone) - Camera of 4 standing idleness between the plates, covered on top of the Bolshogorizontal fuel; Cromleh (Crom - Circle) - a circle of stones, independent or surrounding dolmen. Special types of M. Monument to the Cameras with corridors (Allees Couvertes, for example in Provence); rows of stones (Alignements, for example, in the carnac, in Brittany, pulling the influence and more; cups - big boulders of the sick-shaped deepening recesses Sometimes served, it seems, for religious (sacrificial) purposes; Swinging stones (Pierres Branlantes) - is supplied by a narrow plane so that they can easily drive into oscillation, but with its colossality remaining in the same form in the timberies (also, apparently, Natural origin, although a person sometimes contribute to their installation); box-like graves (from the major damned in the pit); boob-shaped graves-of stones located in such a way that it turns out the outline of the boat, sometimes very large, and with transverse partitions simulating as it were For seating (such graves are known in Sweden and the Baltic region; they served to change the Vikings and others). M. Merture Just more in France, Vispania and Balearic O-Wah, in England, in North. Germany, in Algeria, Vallestin, we have in the Crimea and in the Caucasus, also in some places in Siberia (Mengirs of Icromlechi in the Minusinsk Territory), in Mongolia ("Olinded Stones", i.e., with sisces of deer), etc. In some localities India Dolmen, Cromlechi, etc. rise to the present. In addition to overalls on prehistoric archeology, cf. Ferguson, "Rude Stonemonuments" (L., 1872; It is important for many facts and drawings, but the basic idea is incorrectly, it is on the desire to include almost all of these monuments of a cystoric era); Carthailac "La France Prehislorique" (1893). D. L.
F. Brokgauz, I.A. Efron. encyclopedic Dictionary

Megalithi
- Buildings from huge roughly treated stones, the first architectural structures of primitive society; Appeared in the Bronze era. There are three types: a) Dolmen - quadrangular structures of large stone plates set on the edge and plane overlapped. Served by tombs, less often housing; b) Mengira - vertical poles covered with relief, sometimes decorated in the form of a person's figures (stone women in southern Russia, Siberia), an animal; c) Cromlehi is the most complex structures of antiquity. Usually, these are mengirors installed on a large platform with concentric circles around the sacrificial stone, sometimes pairly covered with a stove. These are the first cult facilities. One of the most famous Cromlekhov - Stonehenge in England (1900 - 1500 Gg. BC).
World of dictionaries

Megalithi (from mega ... and Greek Lithos - stone) - ancient facilities from large blocks of stone, sometimes rudely treated. Often served for burials or were associated with a burial cult, but it was not possible to accurately determine their appointment. In all likelihood, Megalites are community structures, since their construction required the joint efforts of so many people. European megalites are dated the epoch of the Eneolita and the Bronze Age (3-2 millennium BC), with the exception of England, where they relate to the era of Neolith. Completed worldwide, except Australia (the artificial origin of the world's largest stone monolith of Uluru in the Australian desert (perimeter 9 km, height 348 m) has not been proven).

Megalites include various types of buildings, including dolmens (several giant blocks covered with similar stove from above), mengirons (single vertically standing stones), cromlehi (group of mengirins forming (semi) circle), Taula, stone boxes, covered galleries and Dr.

Many different hypotheses were put on about the meaning of megalithites. The most common is that the buildings were ancient altars, temples, tombs or observatory. Among the most exotic, it is possible to mention the hypothesis that dolmen served as housing for animals or dwarfs. The burial under the facilities, as a rule, were made markedly later than the megalith himself was erected.

In Russia, most of megaliths are known on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.

The last findings of mysterious structures occurred in Altai and Under Ryazan. In the south of the Chelyabinsk region, a historic park is functioning - the settlement of Arkim, open 15 years ago by students and teachers of the Archaeological Laboratory of ChelSU under the leadership of GB. Zdanovich. Cultural archaeological complex (remnants of ancient standings and settlements, funeral and cult facilities in the form of earthlings, stone fences and stella, etc.) enters the so-called "country country", the steppe area of \u200b\u200bthe Southern Urals, where in the XX-XVII centuries to Our era flourished the bright civilization of the Bronze Age, the contemporary of the pyramids of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt and the famous Palaces of Creto-Mikan culture. It was established that Arkim is one of the ancient observatories of the world, similar to Stonehenge.

The sanctuary during excavations on the Spasskaya Luke in the Ryazan region in Central Russia, on a hill over the merger of two rivers - Oki and Pert, archaeologists found at the beginning of the XXI century.

The age of a cult building, located on the top of the hill, is 4,000 years old. The device of the monument brought archaeologists to the idea of \u200b\u200bhis astronomical purpose, and the objects found indicate the place of religious rites that had the place here.

The circumference with a diameter of seven meters is indicated by the columns of the half-meter thickness, between which the same distance. In the center of the circle a large rectangular pit and a pillar. Wooden poles are not preserved, but rounded pits are distinguished in the ground clearly, from which they were sticking out. At the edges of the site - two more pits with pillars. A few meters to the east, another pit with a similar pillar, and in the south there is a pillar, which was discovered in a few years earlier. Within the circumference, two pairs of pillars form a gate, in which, if you look at them from the center, the sunset is visible in summer. Another pillar, behind a circular fence, indicates the sunrise of the shone.

The size of the holes range from 44 to 46 cm to 75 by 56 cm. In the central pit lay a small ceramic vessel of the bronze era with a thin ornament: a zigzag resembling the rays of the sun, and wavy lines - a water symbol. Externally, the vessel resembles the products of the steppe peoples who lived in the south of Eurasia. In the center of one of the pits with a pillar outside the capital, fragments of long bones and teeth of man were dug, probable traces of the sacrifice. In 1979, another expedition was carried out at this place, its employees laid the trench and missed everything on some meter, to open some poles, the value of which remained incomprehensible.

As the scientists of the Gorno-Altai State University (Gaga), working on the preparation of the map of archaeological monuments of mountain altai, using GPS receivers and satellite remote sensing data, many ancient archaeological monuments and megalithic facilities on the territory of the high-altitude dock plateau (Kurgan, Stelites, Barbals, Stone calculations, Megaliths like the famous Stonehenge) are subject to strict spatial pattern. They have orientation from north to south, are at a certain distance from each other and are tied to certain geological and geographical conditions. That is, the ancient builders consciously placed the ritual and funeral complexes under certain conditions. According to the researchers, they were used for orientation in space (when driving along the caravan trails) or, possibly, in some astronomical cults.

To the most famous megalithic facilities, in addition to Stonehenge, include: Temple in Baalbek (Lebanon), Dolmen La Roche-O-Fe in Brittany, complex in Karnaca (Egypt).
Text: Olga Portugalova.
From the site of the newspaper.ru.

Early Megalithic Constructions of Malaya Asia

Large ceremonial facilities of the IX millennium BC. e. Were found in Malaya Asia. They belong to the era of the emergence of agriculture and cattle breeding in society, under the influence of which the Middle Eastern and European neolithic occurred directly from it. The structures are large in terms of structure based on megalithic columns (from 3 m or more) from the monolithic tested stone. The most ancient of the now famous are the temples of Göbekley-Tepe and Nevaly-Chori. In Goebekly, there are currently excavations of only four temples of about two dozen. The diameter of some reaches 30 m. On columns there are bas-relief images of animals (foxes, boars, lions, birds, snakes and scorpions). Although these temples are the most ancient megalithic buildings on Earth, it is unknown, what attitude they have to European megaliths.

European megalithi

Megaliths are distributed throughout the world mainly in the seaside areas. In Europe, they are mainly dated the epoch of the Eneolyt and the Bronze Age (3 - 2 thousand BC), with the exception of the British Isles, Portugal and France, where Megaliths belong to the Neolithic era (for example, Carroumor in Ireland, Almendrish in Portugal, Barnen in Brittany and Bugong Necropolis in the Department of Poitu - Charente, France). Megalithic monuments are especially numerous and diverse in Brittany. Also, a large number of megaliths are found on the Mediterranean coast of Spain, in Portugal, parts of France, on the west coast of England, in Ireland, Denmark, on the southern coast of Sweden and in Israel. At the beginning of the 20th century, the opinion was widespread that all megaliths belonged to one global megalithic culture, but modern research and dating methods refute this assumption.

The most common megalithic structure of Europe - Dolmen - is a camera or a crypt from standing vertically sudden monoliths, on which one or more large flat stones constituting the "roof". Many of them, although not all, contain the remains of the buried inside the people. Was the burial location of the construction, or people were sacrificed, were buried inside due to the performance of them here some rites during their lives were either left in dolmena for some other reason - unknown. Dolmen is the common name of such a construction, in different languages \u200b\u200band dialects of Europe, it can also have other names, for example, crude (in Wales), Anta (in Portugal) or Statzone (on Sardinia).

The second most common type of megalithic burial is a corridor tomb. Usually it consists of a rectangular, round or crucible chamber with a flat or protruding roof along the edges of the roof to which a long direct passage leads. The whole design from above covers the ground forming the semblance of the mound, the inside of which opens the inlet of the stone block. Sometimes on the edge of the Kurgan bordered by a stone border. The most wonderful examples are Bru-Barin in Ireland, Bryn-Kelly di in Wales, Maishau in the Orcane Islands and Gavrini in Brittany.

The third type is a variety of tomb in the form of galleries, for example, North-Kotsward. In the plan, they have axial symmetry and consist of a series of cameras covered with the mounds of the elongated form. Also separate or combined into groups of mengirs and stone circles are also common, which in Russian-language literature is also called crumbs, like Wales Dolmen. The last type includes Stonehenge, Avbury, Broadgar Circle and hundreds of other similar monuments. Like Mengira, they had the meaning of astronomical devices for observing the Sun and Moon and are usually not so ancient as megalithic burials.

Types of megalithic facilities

* Mengir is a single vertically standing stone up to 20 m height.
* Cromlech is a group of mengirov, forming a circle or semicircle.
* Dolmen - a construction of a huge stone set on several other stones (similar to the gate).
* Taula - a stone structure in the form of the letter "T".
* Trilit - a structures of a stone block installed on two vertically standing stone.
* Seide - including a structure from stone.
* Cairn - Stone Kurgan with one or more rooms.
* Covered gallery
* Boat grave
* Olinstone - massive dying stone plates with drawings (most often a deer).

Purpose

The purpose of Megaliths can not always be installed. For the most part, they, according to some scientists, served for burials or were associated with a funeral cult. There are other opinions. Apparently megalithites - community structures (a function - socializing). Their construction represented for primitive techniques the most complex task and required the unification of the large masses of people.

Some megalithic structures, such as a complex of more than 3,000 stones in Karnaca (Brittany), France, were important ceremonial centers associated with the cult of the dead. Other Megalithic complexes were used to determine the time of astronomical events, such as solstice and equinox.

In the Nubata Playa region in the Nubian desert, a megalithic structure was found that served for astronomical purposes. This construction is 1000 years older than Stonehenge, which is also considered a peculiar prehistoric observatory.

Among the listed ruins are the greatest interests of the three walls ("fortresses") of Saxauman with a length of about 600 m. The first and second walls reach a height of 10 m, the third - 5 m. The lower (first) wall consists of andesite and diorite blocks weighing from 100 to 200 tons. The largest of them has dimensions of 9 x 5 m x 4 m. The blocks of the second and third walls are slightly smaller than the blocks of the first tier.

But those and others are so accurately adjusted to each other that even the blade of the knife is impossible to push between them. In addition, all blocks are polyhedra of a rather complicated form. They cut down in a quarry, lying 20 km from Saksauman. During these 20 km awayseveral gorges, steep lifts and descents!

Cusco
In Cusco there are remnants of cycloic walls, isolated from huge stone blocks, also filigined fitted to each other. One of these buildings is the Inca Palace.

Olitantambo
In the Ollantaytambo, the giant building blocks from Andesita and Pink Powfire are located at the base of the Sun Temple, the preserved fragments of the rear wall and the gate of the temple 10 niches, the "sacred zone" (in scattered form) and the first row of the terraces. They are also found in different hard-to-reach valve r. Urubamba. Locals call them "tired stones" (Piedras Cansadas).

The site "Living Ethics in Germany" provides a truly fantastic hypothesis that the ancient builders of South American megalithic structures softened the rock material to a jelly-like state with their mental energy. Then they cut it into huge blocks of arbitrary shape, they were transported by air to the place of construction with the help of telekinease, and there they laid them into the walls, configuring one to another by the same method of softening the rock blocks to a plastic substance, giving them the desired form on the spot. Only in this way it is possible to explain the strange form that the Giant buildings of Olitantambo, the Palace of Inca in Cusco, Saksauaman's walls, Razvalin Tiaanako, Ahu's Testaments on Easter Island and other similar buildings.

Read my work "Siddhi forces and the causes of superhuman abilities of predecessors of people"

Giant monolithic sculptures South America and O. Pasha

In addition to the ruins, an important part of the megalithic culture of South America are giant monolithic sculptures in Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, on. Easter, as well as "Olmek's heads" in Mexico. The height of such sculptures reaches 7-10 m, and weight 20 or more tons. Height Height ranges from 2 to 3 m with weight up to 40 tons.

MOAI and AHU - Megalithic facilities of Easter Island

Especially a large number of sculptures - MOAI - is on about. Easter. Their 887. The biggest ones are on the slopevolcano early raracca. They are immersed in sediment, accumulated on the island for his long history. Some Moakes used to stand on stone pedestals - Ahu. The total number of AHU exceeds 300. Their size ranges from several tens of meters to 200 m.
The largest Moa "El Giant" (El Gigante) has a height of 21.6 m. It is in a quarry early raracca and weigh about 150 tons (according to other data, 270 tons). The largest Moi "Paro" (Paro), standing on the pedestal, is located on the Ahu Te Pito Kura (Ahu Te Pito Kura). Its height reaches 10 m, and the weight is about 80 tons. The height of the MOAI, scattered along the slope of the volcano, early raracca is also about 10 m.

Sculpture of heads of people and animals on the Plateau Marcaguashi

In one row with ruins and giant sculptures, you can put huge sculpture of the heads of people with features of Europeans and blacks, as well as images of monkeys, turtles, cows, horses, elephants, lions and camels on the altitude of about 4 km of Marcaguashi Plateau in Peru. About the ancient age of these images indicate at least two facts. First, the "engraved" animals on the plateau never lived at such a height. Secondly, most of them disappeared from the American continent long before the appearance of Europeans there - from 10-12 to 150-200 thousand years ago.

Stone balls from granite and obsidian Central America and Mexico

The following evidence of the existence of highly developed civilizations in Decolumbovaya America is stone balls from granite and obsidian in Mexico, Costa Rica, Guatemala and the United States (New Mexico). Among them are real giants with a diameter of up to 3 m.The determination of the absolute age of Mexican obsidian balls showed that they were formedin the tertiary period "Even before the appearance of a person" (no later than 2 million years ago). Trying to find an explanation for this, the American scientist R. Smith expressed the hypothesis that they had a natural way from volcanic ash.

Megalithic facilities of the Middle East

Baalbek in Lebanon
The ruins of megalithic structures and other ancient archaeological monuments are also known far beyond the American continent. The most majestic of them are the ruins of Baalbek in Lebanon. The weight of each of the three stone blocks in the trilitone, located in the base of the Ancient Romans of the Temple of Jupiter, is 750 tons. The surfaces of the blocks are perfectly processed, and their dimensions simply amaze: 19.1 x 4.3 x 5.6 m. And these monoliths are located ... in an eight meter height! They rest on blocks slightly smaller.

In Polkilometer south of the temple of Jupiter from the ground at an angle of 30grad. figures the world's largest processed stone - southern or maternal - weighing about 1200 tons and dimensions of 21.5 x 4.8 x 4.2 m
The author of the books "The Gods of the New Millennium" and "Path of Phoenix" Alan Elford inquired in specialists in the tolls of transes, is it possible to raise such a huddle. Those answered in the affirmative, but at the same time they added that it would be possible to move with the block only if you put a lifting crane on a tracked move and make a good way. So, such a technique was the builders of the founding of Baalbek?

In addition to . All photos are made on the territory of the former USSR

Megalites, huge structures made of massive stone blocks, are found in our country. In Russia, there are many such structures, only they are known not as the famous Stonehenge in the UK or
Olitantambo in Peru. With the ancient megalithic facilities found in Russia, we will get to know further.

First
why start a trip it is Mount Vottovaara - the highest point
West Karelian elevation - 417.3 m above sea level. Area
mount 6 square meters. km.
The place is just full of strange artifacts after which
you begin to think about the ancient highly developed technologies by
stone processing, let's look at the photo.

Mount Vottovaara.
Scattered blocks Megalithites.

The near block of sleep at an angle of 90 degrees or the game of nature?

how
laser spent :) Geologists believe that cracks and faults,
formed as a result of a strong earthquake of about 9 thousand years
back. The same planes of stones - the result of the properties of the local breed -
quartzite, the structure of which and sets so smooth planes when
split.

So nevertheless nature or guide? Let's look closer.

More
it looks like perfectly cut blocks tightly adjacent to each other.
It is difficult to imagine an ancient ancestor with a copper chisel that somewhere on
mount pulls such smooth blocks.

Good angle, perfectly smooth wall.

Who lost the ball?)

Here, clearly without high technologies on the stone processing, there was no nature or yet the game of nature? :)

Ural. Ridge Quarks

Mount Pidan.
At first glance, it looks like nothing noticeable bunch of stones of the cramped cliff.

But approaching closer becomes more like megalithic masonry.

Looking
between the blocks, where the stones were less susceptible to the influence of erosion from
wind and rain can be seen a man-made and how smooth faces are preserved.

In the place where the joints of the blocks went smoothly smooth sleep and the technology of laying these blocks opens.

Some blocks reach tens of tons weighing.

Despite the colossal destruction, many fragments have been preserved well enough to classify them as building materials.

And this all nature created how scientists say.

This is most likely a product of natural stone formation processes and its uneven erosion. Different inclusion density can manifest itself in a result of greater wear resistance.
More like stinging stone wax)

Stone city in Perm Territory.
By
versions of scientists, stone city - this is the mouth of the river in the Perm
sea \u200b\u200bmillions years ago, this is explained beautiful and smoothly, under
straight corners, pulling stones, neat their masonry and
perpendicular to each other "Duks" "mouths".

Stone city.

See which smooth sides of Megaliths, as if Spinal.

Again, the old method look between the blocks inside the masonry, look at the far unit in the center, smooth slice along the entire length of the block.

They say somewhere on the Kola Peninsula there is this pool cut right in the rock.

In the south of Western Siberia in Mountain Shoria in the Mezhdrachensky district there is a small geological village called pebbles.
IN
this village lives several educated talented geologists. it
Alexander Bespalov, Vyacheslav Honotkin and others. These people all their lives
engaged in research by the mountain systems of Western Siberia. One day they
stumbled in the mountains on strange megalithic facilities that for
you could not explain myself. These were walls laid out of gigantic
stone blocks and strange buildings with vertically established
stone obeliski. On the Internet, they contacted George Sidorov,
so the first expedition was collected.

Mountain Shoria.
Some
granite blocks at the bottom were folded from red granite, they were crowned
granite blocks of gray, and above lay polygonal laying from various
blocks, both red granite and gray.

Granite
in some places melted from the impact of huge temperatures and
light under the weight of the upper rows. Kungurov would say about this that it
traces of reflow from thermonuclear explosion :)

The wall is composed of polygonal masonry from multicolored blocks.

The size of the blocks is impressive, one of the versions, the find is a man-made structure of over 100 thousand years.

On the
photo George Sidorov, in his opinion all this megalithic structure
may be the ruins of an ancient power station or energy-centrally,
which translated seismic energy into some other.

Again
looking inside the masonry where the blocks were less susceptible to erosion, visible
smooth straight face, look like two blocks lie tightly, here is better
a man is visible.

Polygonal masonry.

Mountain Shoria. Huge blocks.
on the
department of Radio Physics in Tomsk State University
demonstrated photos on the screen, told about various types
masonry, about stone castles, which are bonded by giant granite blocks
and not a single scientist physicist said that all this has a natural
origin. Most of all they were surprised how the ancient raise
giant stone blocks on the height of more than 1000 meters and there
install them on a special platform.

Then
in the Tomsk branch of RGO photos studied scientists geologists and geographers. AND
those and others came to the conclusion that the presented artifacts are
man-made.

Slyov
they asked to comment on the find. And what did he say? What all
the found artifacts are nothing more than wersowed at right angles
rocks. That nothing man is not here. Just a game of nature, no more.
After these words, I am not surprised why the LAI does not study Russian megalites.

Between blocks.

For comparison on the left megalite in Baalbek, on the right Megalith in a mountain shore, it seems the author one :)

Mount Shaman not far from. Nizhnetambovskoe, Khabarovsk region.

Ancient megalithic masonry.

Again between the blocks there is a better guide and straight lines.

Big block megalith.

Large block megalite on small stones, so do for better seismic resistance.

Megalithic masonry reminds Mountain Shore.

Kabardino-Balkaria, Cave in the Baksan Gorge.
First
you need to squeeze in a hole with a size of 40 by 120 cm, then descend on
verop on a narrow vertical mine. It forms two parallel
stone plates. 9 meters - the first "knee": LAZ goes away and
immediately breaks down again. Already here you will cover absolute silence -
outside, neither sound penetrates. 23 meters in depth - and new
"knee". To reach the bottom of the cave, you need to overcome more than 80 meters,
and it will go on a whole hour. But, by passing the "bottle of neck", you
we will find yourself in a huge room, which researchers called "Flag".
Inside, we will see the treated walls of tuff and granite, isolated from
correct, tightly fitted to each other overwhelmed megalites.

Descent to the cave.

Clearly seen the verge of blocks and seams between them.

Smooth masonry affects and the seams are clearly adjusted to each other.

Three-grinded blocks diverged a little.

Barely noticeable block seams on the left lunar wall and on the wall behind it.

how do you seams?

Turning the cave at an angle of 90 degrees. Two large megalithic bloc stand on each other.

Technologies
stone processing amazed, and more striking the comment of the head
plot of Kabardino-Balkarian Geological and Exploration Expedition Faith
Davidenko, but she realist and believes that everything has done in the forces
conclusion: "Tufa is a cluster of volcanic emission products -
ash, scraps of lava, volcanic glass and to a small extent,
wheels of breeds, cateter walls. Emission material for
the accumulation was hot and therefore cracks were formed during the frozen
separately - that is, the entire touched array turned out to be as if broken into
blocks. The deepening found in the village of Zyukovo village is
one of these cracks of the gravitational separation for which
characterized smooth surfaces of contact ", but this is the boss
geological exploration expedition, she is probably clearer.

The scheme of the structure.

At the finale a little fiction) Araculsky Shikhan, a strange building in the middle of the forest. I have everything, kick :)

Petrified litas with ripples on the shores of the Calm.

Sayan megaliths. Kuturchinskoe Belogorier:

To someone needs to explain that these are not the remains, namely the remains of the facilities of the ancient, unknown to us civilization?

I hope you see everything yourself? No need to comment?

It,. Of course, difficult. It is difficult to imagine how this building looked earlier, but you imagine how thousands, tens of thousands of years, day after day Skalf rushed wind, sand, water, temperature changes, lighting change, glaciers, earthquakes (seismicallyactive area, there is even an extinct volcano). The sharp corners were stepping out, straight ribs smoothed, and here we see what we see.

The climate in these places is very stern, in such a climate from Machu Picchu would have left the same thing on this photo, I do not doubt it.

Hold this arch mentally, and imagine a vaulted ceiling over your head. Impressive dimensions of "corridor"?

It is built absolutely in accordance with the seismic resistance technology, which is applied in the Meso-American megalithic structures, and in the "Temple" in the Middle East: at the base of small blocks, they are larger on them, and the top is not important. Small - work like a shock absorber, and polygonal masonry is the best invention of bricklayers for all times. It can be destroyed by a piece of a piece of piece, or a powerful explosion, after which Kurubnik appears on the site of monolith - a stone river out of fragments.

These structures are also so poorly identified as "man-made" that they have been subjected to powerful effects from changing the landscape itself. Mountains "breathe", constantly changes the heights and deviations from the horizontal.

Pay attention to the sun ... Yes! The very "Megandavid", which is considered to be a symbol of Judaism!

Only bearing supports are preserved.

On the surface of the globe, with the exception of Australia, there are many mysterious and ancient buildings. Modern studies have shown that they were erected in the era of Neolithic, Eneolyta and had previously thought that they all represent one common culture, but today more and more scientists subjected this theory of doubt.

So, who and why such megalithic structures were created? Why do they have one form or that form? Where can I see these monuments of ancient culture?

Before considering and studying megalithic structures, you need to understand which elements they can consist. Today it is customary to consider the smallest unit of designs of this type of megalith. This term was officially introduced into the scientific terminology in 1867, with the filing of the English specialist A. Herbert. The word "Megalith" Greek, translated into Russian means "big stone".

Exact and comprehensive definition, what is megaliths, until there is. Today, under this concept, the ancient structures made of stone blocks, plates or simple blocks of various sizes without the use of any cementing or binding compositions and solutions is implied. The simplest type of megalithic structures consisting of just one block is mengir.

Main features of megalithic structures

In different epochs, various peoples erected huge structures from large stones, blocks and slabs. The temple in Baalbek and the Egyptian pyramids are also megaliths, just not accepted them. Thus, megalithic structures are different designs created by different ancient civilizations and consisting of large stones or plates.

However, all structures considered by Megaliths have a number of features that unite them:

1. All of them are composed of stones, blocks and slabs of gigantic sizes, the weight of which can be from several tens of kilograms to hundreds of tons.

2. Ancient megalithic structures were erected from strong and resistant to the destruction of rocks: limestones, andesites, basalts, diorites and others.

3. During construction, cement was not used - nor in a solution for fastening, nor for the manufacture of blocks.

4. In most buildings, the surface of the blocks, of which they are folded, carefully processed, and the boulders themselves are tightly adjusted to each other. The accuracy is such that between two megalithic blocks from volcanic rocks, the blade of the knife cannot be shuffled.

5. Quite often preserved fragments of megalithic buildings later civilizations used as a foundation for their own buildings, which is clearly visible in buildings on in Jerusalem.

When were created?

Most megalithic facilities located in the UK, Ireland and other Western European countries are dated V-IV millennia BC. e. Located on the territory of our country, the most ancient megalithic facilities belong to IV -II millennia to R. Kh.

All variety of megalithic buildings can be conditionally divided into two large groups:

• funeral;
• not funeral:
• profanny;
• sacral.

If the funeral megaliths are increasingly less clear, then here's about the appointment of corrupt structures, such as various gigantic calculations of walls and roads, combat and residential towers, scientists are building hypotheses.

There are no accurate and reliable information about how the ancient people were used sacral megalithic facilities: mengirs, crumbs and others.

What are they?

The most common types of megaliths are:

• mengira - single, vertically installed stones heights up to 20 meters;
• cromlekh - combining several mengiros around the largest, forming semicircle or circle;
• dolmen - the most common type of megaliths in Europe, are one or more large stone plates laid on other boulders or boulders;
• the covered gallery is one of the varieties of dolmen interconnected;
• trilit is a stone structure consisting of two or more vertical and one laid on them from above horizontally, stones;
• taula - stone construction in the form of a Russian letter "T";
• cairn, also known as "Guri" or "Tour" - an underground or ground construction, posted in the form of a cone from a variety of stones;
• stone rows are vertically and parallel blocks of stone;
• seide - stone boulder or block, established by one or another people in a special place, as a rule, on the hill, for various mystical ceremonies.

Only the most famous types of megalitic structures are listed here. Let us dwell in more detail on some of them.

Translated from Breton to Russian means "Stone Table".

As a rule, consists of three stones, one of which lies on two vertically mounted, in the form of the letter "P". Ancient people during the construction of such structures did not adhere to some uniform scheme, so the variants of dolmen carrying various functions are the set. The most famous megalithic structures of this type are located on the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of Africa and Europe, in India, Scandinavia, in the Caucasus.

Trilit

One of the subspecies of the dollar consisting of three stones, scientists consider trilitis. As a rule, such a term is applied not to separately located megaliths, but to monuments that are components of more complex structures. For example, in such a well-known megalithic complex, as Stonehenge, the central part consists of five trilites.

Another kind of megalithic buildings is Cairn, or a tour. This is a cone-shaped embankment of stones, although in Ireland under this name they understand the design of only five stones. They can be located both on the surface of the earth and under it. In scientific community under Cairny, most often meant megalithic structures underground: maze, galleries and funeral cameras.

The oldest and simplest type of megalithic facilities - Mengira. These are single, vertically mounted massive boulders or stones. From ordinary, natural stone blocks, mengirs are distinguished by the surface with the traces of processing and the fact that their vertical size is always more horizontal. They can be both separately standing in the composition of complex megalithic complexes.

In the Caucasus, Mengiram was attached to the shape of fish and called Visap. On the territory of modern France, quite a few anthropomorphic moalites are preserved in Crimea and the Black Sea region - stone women.

Postmegalithic mengirms are also created by the culture crosses and stone crosses.

Cromlech

Several mengirins installed in the form of a semicircular or circumference and covered on top of stone plates are called crumb. The most famous example is Stonehenge.

However, besides round, cromlechs meet and rectangular, such as, for example, in Morbian or Khakassia. On the island of Malta, the temple complexes-croms are built in the form of "petals". Not only a stone was used for the creation of such megalithic structures, but also a tree, which was confirmed by the finds obtained during archaeological work in the English county of Norfolk.

"Volati stones of Lapland"

The most common megalithic structures of Russia, oddly sounds, - seids are huge boulders installed on small stands. Sometimes the main block is decorated with one or several small stones folded in the Pyramid. This kind of megalithov is widespread from the shores of Onega and Ladoga lakes up to the coast of the Barents Sea, that is, throughout the part of Russia.

On and in Karelia, there are seings in size from several tens of centimeters to six meters and weighing from a dozen kilograms to several tons, depending on the rock, from which they are manufactured. In addition to the Russian North, quite a lot of megalites of this species are found in the Taiga regions of Finland, North and Central Norway, the mountains of Sweden.

Seys can be single, group and mass, including a dozen to several hundred megaliths.