All about the pyramid of Heops. For what and how the pyramids were built in ancient Egypt

21.08.2020

) And Heliopol for the Millennium to the foundation of Cairo. For more than three thousand years (before the construction of the Cathedral in Lincoln, England, Ok. 1300)

The Great Pyramid was the highest built on Earth. Since 1979, as many other pyramids of the complex " Memphis and its necropolis - the area of \u200b\u200bthe pyramids from Giza to Dakhsura"Is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Age of pyramid

The architect of the Great Pyramid is Chemiow, Vizier and the nephew of Heops. He also wore the title "Managing all the construction plants of Pharaoh." It is assumed that the construction launched twenty years (the time of the Board of Heops) ended at about 2540 to N. e.

unknown, Public Domain

Existing methods of dating the start of construction of the pyramid are divided into historical, astronomical and radiocarbon. In Egypt, officially established (2009) and the date began to start the construction of the Hoeop Pyramid - August 23, 2560 BC. e. Such a date was obtained using the Astronomical method of Kate Spence (University of Cambridge). However, this method and the dates obtained with it were criticized by many egyptologists.

Dates according to other dating methods: 2720 BC e. (Stephen Hak, University of Nebraska), 2577 BC. e. (Juan Antonio Belmont, University of Astrophysics in Canary) and 2708 BC. e. (Pollux, University of Bauman). The radiocarbon method gives the range from 2680 BC. e. up to 2850 BC e. Therefore, there are no serious confirmations to the "birthday" of the pyramid, as Egyptologists cannot fall into what year construction began.

The first mentions of the pyramid

The mystery remains a complete lack of mentioning the pyramid in Egyptian papyrus. The first descriptions are found at the Greek historian of Herodota (V century BC) and in the ancient Arab legends. Herodotus reported (at a minimum, after 2 millennia after the advent of the Great Pyramid), that she was erected with pharaoh-despot named Heops (Greek. Koufou.), Raissed 50 years that 100 thousand people were employed on construction. For twenty years, and that the pyramid is in honor of Heops, but not his grave. True grave is burial near the pyramid. Herodotus brought erroneous information about the sizes of the pyramid, and also mentioned the medium pyramid of Plateau Giza, that she was erected by Heops's daughter, which sold himself, and that each building stone corresponded to the man to whom she was given.

Appearance

The pyramid is called "Ahet-Huf" - Horizon Hofu (or more accurately "referring to the sky - (this) huof"). Consists of limestone and granite blocks. It was built on a natural limestone hill. After the pyramid lost several layers of cladding, this hill is partially visible on the eastern, northern and southern sides of the pyramid.

Despite the fact that Heops's pyramid is the highest and most voluminous of all Egyptian pyramids, still Pharaoh Snofer built pyramids in Maidum and in Dakhshut (broken pyramid and), the total mass of which is estimated at 8.4 million tons.

Rigelus, CC BY-SA 3.0

Initially, the pyramid was lined with more solid than the main blocks, white limestone. The top of the pyramid was crowned gilded stone - Pyramidion (Dr. Egypt. - Benben). Facing shining in the sun with peach color, as if "the shining miracle myself seemed to gave all his rays."

In 1168, Arabs looted and burned Cairo. Residents of Cairo removed the cladding with the pyramid in order to build new homes.

Franck Monnier, Public Domain

Bending party

When the sun moves around the pyramid, you can notice the irregularities of the walls - the concaveness of the central part of the walls. Perhaps the cause of this is erosion or damage as a result of the fall of the stone cladding. It is also possible that it was specially done during construction.

Franck Monnier, Public Domain

According to Vito Marajolo (Vito Maragiooglio) and Cherep Rinaldi (Celeste Rinaldi), the Pyramid of Micheryina no longer has such concavation of the parties. I.E.S. Edwards explains this feature by the fact that the central part of each side over time simply went inside from a large mass of stone blocks.

VIVANT DENON, DOMINIQUE, PUBLIC DOMAIN

As in the XVIII century, when this phenomenon was opened, today there is still a satisfactory explanation for this feature of architecture.

Tilt angle

To accurately determine the initial parameters of the pyramid is not possible, since its edges and surfaces are currently mostly dismantled and destroyed. This makes it difficult to calculate the exact angle of inclination. In addition, its symmetry itself is not ideal, so with different dimensions there are deviations in numbers.

Peter Janoshi, Mark Leger, Miroslav Werner, Zaakhi Havass, Alberto Sylotti, who believe that the length of the parties can be from 230.33 to 230.37 m. Knowing the length of the side and the angle at the base The height of the pyramid was calculated - from 146.59 to 146.60 m. The slope of the pyramid is 51 ° 50 ", which corresponds to the sek (the ancient Egyptian unit of tilt measurement, which is defined as the ratio of half the base to height) in 5 ½ palms. Taking into account the fact that In one elbow (cube) 7 palms, it turns out that with such a selected selected, the double ratio of the base to height is 22/7, the approximation of the number of pi is well known with ancient times. which, apparently, it turned out randomly, since other pyramids were chosen Other values \u200b\u200bfor the sequence.

Franck Monnier, Public Domain

The study of the geometry of the Great Pyramid does not give an unequivocal answer to the question of the initial proportions of this structure. It is assumed that the Egyptians had an idea of \u200b\u200bthe "gold section" and the number of Pi, which were reflected in the proportions of the pyramid: So, the ratio of height to half the perimeter of the base is 14/22 (height \u003d 280 elbows, and the base \u003d 220 elbows, the base point \u003d 2 × 220 elbow; 280/440 \u003d 14/22). For the first time in world history, these quantities were used in the construction of a pyramid in Maidum. However, for the pyramids of late epochs, these proportions have no longer applied anywhere, as, for example, some have altitude ratios to the base, like 6/5 (pink pyramid), 4/3 (Hefren pyramid) or 7/5 (pyramid pyramid).

Some of theories consider the Pyramid of the Astronomical Observatory. It is alleged that the corridors of the pyramids accurately indicate the "Polar Star" of that time - Tuban, the Sirius ventilation corridors - at the Sirius star, and from the Northern side - on the star Alnik.

Internal structure

The entrance to the pyramid is at an altitude of 15.63 meters on the north side. The input form stone plates laid in the form of the arch, but this is a structure that was inside the pyramid - the true entrance is not preserved. The true entrance to the pyramid is most likely closed by a stone stopper. A description of such a traffic jam can be found at Strabo, it can also be a look at it, based on the preserved plate, which closed the upper entrance to the broken pyramid of the Snofer, Huefs's father. Today, tourists fall inside the pyramid through a 17-meter break, which in 820 Baghdad Caliph Abdullah al-Mamun is 10 meters below. He hoped to find the impenetrable Treasures of Pharaoh, but found a layer of dust thick in half an elbow there.

Inside the pyramid of Heops there are three burial chambers, located one above the other.

Yucatan, CC BY-SA 4.0

Burial "Yama"

A downward corridor of 105 m long, running under the tilt of 26 ° 26'46, leads to a horizontal corridor with a length of 8.9 m, leading to the camera 5 . Located below the ground level in the rock limestone base, it remained unfinished. The size of the chamber is 14 × 8.1 m, it is elongated from the east to the west. Height reaches 3.5 m, the ceiling has a large crack. The southern wall of the chamber has a well depth of about 3 m, from which a narrow LAZ (0.7 × 0.7 m in section) is stretched in the southern direction to 16 m in the southern direction.

john and Edgar Morton, Public Domain

John Perring Engineers and Howard Wiz (Richard William Howard VYSE) At the beginning of the XIX century, the floor was cleared in the chamber in the chamber and pulled a well depth 11.6 m, in which they hoped to detect the hidden burial room. They were based on Herodota's testimonies that claimed that the body of Heops is located on the island surrounded by a channel in a hidden underground chamber.

Their excavations did not lead to anything. Late studies have shown that the camera was thrown in progress, and the funeral cameras were decided to arrange in the center of the pyramid itself.

Photos taken in 1910

john and Edgar Morton, Public Domain

Ascending Corridor and Chamber of the Queen

From the first third of the descending passage (after 18 m from the main entrance) Up under the same angle of 26.5 ° goes south of the upstream ( 6 ) about 40 m long, ending at the bottom of the big gallery ( 9 ).

At its beginning, the ascending pass contains 3 large cubic granite "traffic jams", which are outside, from a downward passage, were disguised as a limestone unit that fell during the works of al-Mamuna. Thus, the previous ones about 3 thousand years have believed that there are no other premises in a large pyramid, except for the downstream passage and an underground chamber. Al-Mamuan could not break through these traffic jams and he just won in a softer limestone bypassing to the right of them. This passage is used so far. For traffic jams, there are two main theories, one of them is based on the fact that the upstream has corks installed at the beginning of construction and, thus, this passage was sealed with them from the very beginning. The second claims that the current narrowing of the walls is caused by an earthquake, and the plugs were before that within a large gallery and were used to seal the passage only after Pharaoh's funerals.

FRANCK MONNIER, GNU 1.2

An important mystery of this section of the ascending pass is that in the place where traffic jams are now located, in a full-sized, albeit a shortened model of the pyramid moves - the so-called test corridors north of the big pyramid - there is no bog, and at once three corridors, the third of which is the vertical tunnel. Since the plugs still could not move from the spot, the question is whether there are vertical Lases over them, it remains open.

JON BODSWORTH, GREEN COPYRIGHT

In the middle of the upstream passage, the wall design has a feature: in three places the so-called "frame stones" are installed - that is, the square through the entire length is pierced three monoliths. The appointment of these stones is unknown. There are several small niches in the area of \u200b\u200bthe frame stones.

john and Edgar Morton, Public Domain

In the second burial chamber, a horizontal corridor with a length of 35 m and a height of 1.75 m in southern direction, the walls of this horizontal corridor are composed of very large limestone blocks, which are applied fake "seams", imitating masonry from smaller blocks . Behind the western wall of the passage there are cavities filled with sand.

The second chamber is traditionally referred to as the "Queen chamber", although the Faux of Pharaohov was buried in separate small pyramids. The "Tsaritsa chamber", lined with limestone, has 5.74 meters from east to west and 5.23 meters from north to south; Its maximum height is 6.22 meters. There is a high niche in the eastern wall of the chamber.

Grotto, Big Gallery and Chamber of Pharaoh

JON BODSWORTH, GREEN COPYRIGHT

Grotto ( 12 ) Located on the "junction" of the stone masonry of the pyramid and a small, about 9 meters high, a hill on limestone plateau lying at the base of a large pyramid. The walls of the grotto are partially fortified by the ancient stone masonry, and since its separate stones are too large, there is a suggestion that the grotto existed on the Giza Plateau as an independent structure is still long before the construction of the pyramids, and the evacuation mines itself was built by the location of the grotto. However, taking into account the fact that Mine was drowned in the already laid masonry, and did not laid out, as he says its wrong round section, the question arises of how builders managed to accurately go to the grotto.

JON BODSWORTH, GREEN COPYRIGHT

The big gallery continues the upstream. Its height is 8.53 m, it is rectangular in a section, with a bit narrowing up (t. N. "False arch") walls, a high inclined tunnel with a length of 46.6 m. In the middle of a large gallery almost along the entire length goes correctly in the section Square deepening The size of 1 meter width and a depth of 60 cm, and on both side protrusions there are 27 pairs of deepening unclear destinations. The deepening ends t. N. The "big step" is a high horizontal protrusion, a platform of 1 × 2 meters at the end of a large gallery, immediately before Laz in the "hallway" - the pre-booth. The playground has a pair of similar recesses of the ramp, recesses at the corners at the wall (28th and last pair of BG decks). Through the "entrance hall", LAZ leads the funeral "king's lined in the black granite", where the empty granite sarcophagus is placed. Sarcophagus lid is missing. The ventilation mines have mouths in the King Camera on the South and Northern Walls at an altitude of about a meter from the floor level. The mouth of South Ventshacht is badly damaged, the northern appears intact. Paul, ceiling, the walls of the camera do not have any decorations or holes or elements of attaching anything related to the construction of the pyramid. The ceiling plates all bunt along the southern wall and do not fall inside the room only due to the clamping weight of the overlying blocks.

john and Edgar Morton, Public Domain

Over the "King Camera" there are five unloading cavities with a total height of 17 m, between which there are monolithic granite slabs with a thickness of about 2 m, and above is the boulder overlap of limestone. It is believed that their purpose is to distribute the weight of the overlying layers of the pyramid (about a million tons) to protect the "king chamber" from the pressure. In these voids, graffiti were found left, probably workers.

Ventilation channels

From the King Camera and the Tsaritsa Cameras in the North and South directions (first horizontally, then obliquely up) the so-called "ventilation" channels width 20-25 cm. At the same time, the channels of the King Camera, known since the XVII century, Through, they are open and below and from above (on the edges of the pyramid), while the lower ends of the channels of the "Queen chamber" separates about 13 cm from the wall surface, they were found when climbing in 1872. The upper ends of these channels do not reach the surface of about 12 meters. The top ends of the channels of the Queen Chamber are closed by stone "Guntenbreak" doors, each with two copper handles. Copper handles were sealed with gypsum seals (not survived, but traces remained). In the South Ventshachte "The door" was found in 1993 using a tele-controlled robot "Lock II"; The bending of the northern mine did not allow to detect the same "door" by this robot. In 2002, with the help of a new modification of the robot in the southern "door", a hole was drilled, but there was a small cavity with a length of 18 centimeters and another stone "door". What is next is still unknown. This robot confirmed the presence of a similar "door" at the end of the northern canal, but it did not drill it. In 2010, the new robot was able to push the drilled hole in the southern "door" a snake-shaped camera and found that the copper "handles" from the side of the "doors" are decorated in the form of neat loops, and on the floor of the "ventilation" mines are applied with separate ocher icons on the floor. Currently, the most common version is that the purpose of the "ventilation" channels was religious and is associated with the submission of the Egyptians about the Soul Travel. And the "door" at the end of the channel is nothing but the door to the afterlife. That is why it does not enter the surface of the pyramid. Pyramid Queen Meritites (G1B)

Heops Pyramid (Hufu)
Great Pyramid Giza
arab. الهرم الأكبر or هرم خوفو
english Great Pyramid of Giza, Pyramid of Khufu or Pyramid of Cheops

Statistical data

Height (today): ≈ 138.75 m
The angle of inclination of the side face (now): 51 ° 50 "
Length of the side edge (initially): 230.33 m (by calculations) or about 440 royal elbows
Length of the side edge (now): about 225 m
Length of the base of the base of the pyramid: South - 230.454 m; North - 230.253 m; West - 230.357 m; East - 230,394 m
The base area (initially): ≈ 53,000 m² (5.3 hectares)
Side surface of the pyramid (initially): ≈ 85,500 m²
Perimeter base: 922 m
The total volume of the pyramid without deducting cavities inside the pyramid (initially): ≈ 2.58 million m³
The total volume of the pyramid minus all known cavities (initially): 2.50 million m³
Middle volume of stone blocks: 1,147 m³
The middle mass of stone blocks: 2.5 t
The most difficult stone block: about 35 tons - located above the entrance to the King Camera.
The number of averaged volume blocks does not exceed 1.65 million (2.50 million m³ - 0.6 million m³ of rock base inside the pyramid \u003d 1.9 million m³ / 1.147 m³ \u003d 1.65 million blocks of the specified volume can physically fit in the pyramid without taking into account the volume of the solution in inter-block seams); The attribution to the 20-year construction period * 300 business days per year * 10 working hours per day * 60 minutes in an hour leads to the speed of laying (and delivery to the construction site) - near the block in two minutes.
According to calculations, the total weight of the pyramid is about 4 million tons (1.65 million blocks x 2.5 tons)
The base of the pyramid is resting on the natural rocky elevation height in the center of about 12-14 m and occupies, according to the latest data, at least 23% of the original volume of the pyramid

Study history

Recent research

There is a version that is trying to explain the exact fit of individual blocks when building a pyramid in that the blocks were created from the concrete of the material by a gradual raising of formwork and the manufacture of blocks immediately on the ground - from here and the accuracy of fitting. This version was offered the French chemist, Professor J. Daviditz. Professor Daviditz in the middle of the twentieth century developed a way to create the so-called geopolymer concrete. Daviditz suggested that his discovery could be known to the creators of the pyramids. Subsequently conducted studies refuted this theory.

There are also devoted to the pyramids of the unscientific work of some researchers, such as Erich von Danikin and Christopher Dann ("Mystery of Ancient Egyptian Machines", 1984), relying on the outdated information of Sir William Flinders Putrice from the book "Pyramids and Temples Giza" (1883).

Around the pyramid

Pharaoh boats

Near the pyramids, seven holes were discovered with real ancient Egyptian boats disassembled into parts.

The first of these vessels called "" or "Sunny areas" was discovered in 1954 by the Egyptian architect Kamael El-Mallah and the archaeologist Zaka Nur.

The boat was from the cedar and did not have a single trail from the nails for fastening the elements. The boat consisted of 1224 parts, they managed to mount the restorer Ahmed Yussef Mustafa only in 1968.

Boat sizes: Length - 43.3 m, width - 5.6 m, and a sediment is 1.50 m. On the south side of the pyramid of Cheops, the museum of this boat is open.

Hope's Pyramid Construction History

The beginning of the construction of the pyramid is approximately 2560 before our era. The architect was Heemion, the nephew of Pharaoh Heops, who ruled by all the construction sites of the ancient kingdom at that time. For the construction of the pyramid of Heops, not less than 20 years old, at the same time, according to different estimates, more than one hundred thousand people were involved. The project demanded titanic efforts: workers mined blocks for construction in another place, in the rocks, delivered them along the river and raised the tilt plane to the top of the pyramid on wooden sled. More than 2.5 million granite and limestone blocks needed more than 2.5 million granite and limestone blocks, and at the very top, a gold-plated stone was installed, which attached the color of the sun's sun rays. But in the 2nd century, when Arabs destroyed Cairo, local residents disassembled all the facing of the pyramid to build their homes.

For almost three millennia, Heops pyramid occupied the first place on the ground in height, giving the palm of the championship only in 1300 to the Cathedral of the Lincoln Cathedral. Now the height of the pyramid is 138 m, it decreased compared to the initial 8 m, and the base area is more than 5 hectares.

Hope's Pyramid is worshiped by local residents as a shrine, and annually on August 23, the Egyptians celebrate the day of its construction. Why Augustus chose, no one knows, because there are no historical facts confirming it.

Heops pyramid device

Inside the hoeing pyramid, the three burial chambers are of the greatest interest, which are one above the other in the strict vertical. The lowest left unfinished, the second belongs to the wife of Pharaoh, and the third is heeops himself.

To travel by corridors, tracks with steps were laid for the convenience of tourists, railing was made and covered.

Heopse pyramid transverse section

1. Main input
2. The entrance that Al-Mamun has done
3. Crossroads, "Cork" and Al-Mamuna Tunnel Made "Bypass"
4. Downward corridor
5. Unfinished underground chamber
6. Ascending corridor

7. "Tsaritsa Camera" with outgoing "air ducts"
8. Horizontal tunnel

10. Chamber of Pharaoh with "air ducts"
11. Precamer
12. Grotto

Entrance to the pyramid

The entrance to the pyramid of Heops is an arc formed from stone slabs, and is located on the north side, at an altitude of 15 m 63 cm. Previously, it was laid by a granite cork, but it was not preserved to this day. In 820, Khalif Abdullah al-Mamoun decided to find treasure in the pyramid and did a seventeenthimeter break below the historical entrance by 10 meters. The Baghdad ruler did not find anything, but in our days, tourists enter the pyramid through this tunnel.

When al-Mamoon pierced his passage, the limestone's lumping closed the entrance to another corridor - ascending, and three granite tubes remained behind the limestone. Since on the point of connecting two corridors, downward and ascending, a vertical tunnel was discovered, it was put forward to the assumption that the plugs from the granite were downwards, so as to seal the tomb after the funeral of the Egyptian king.

Burial "Yama"

A downward corridor, the length of which is 105 meters, descends under the ground under the tilt of 26 ° 26'46 and rests on another corridor with a length of 8.9 m, leading to chamber 5 and located horizontally. Here is an unfinished chamber of 14 × 8.1 m in size, in shape stretched from the east to the west. For a long time it was believed that there are no other premises in the pyramid, except for this corridor and the camera, but it turned out otherwise. The height of the chamber reaches 3.5 m. The southern wall of the chamber has a well depth of about 3 m, from which narrow LAZ (0.7 × 0.7 m in section) is stretched in the southern direction at 16 m (0.7 × 0.7 m in cross section).

John Perring Engineers and Howard Wize (Richard William Howard VYSE) At the beginning of the XIX century, the floor was dismantled in the chamber and pulled a well depth 11.6 m, in which they hoped to detect a hidden burial room. They were based on the testimony of Herodotus, who claimed that the body of Heops is located on the island surrounded by a channel in a hidden underground chamber. Their excavations did not lead to anything. Late studies have shown that the camera was broken in progress, and the funeral cameras were decided to arrange in the center of the pyramid itself.

Interior of the funeral pit, photo 1910

Ascending Corridor and Chamber of the Queen

From the first third of the descending passage (after 18 m from the main entrance) Up under the same angle of 26.5 ° goes to the south of the rising pass (6) with a length of about 40 m, ending at the bottom of a large gallery (9).

At its beginning, the ascending pass contains 3 large cubic granite "traffic jams", which are outside, from a downward passage, were disguised as a limestone unit that fell during the works of al-Mamuna. It turned out that almost 3 thousand years of scientists were confident that in a large pyramid there are no other premises, except for the downstream passage and an underground chamber. Al-Mamuan could not break through these traffic jams, and he simply won in a softer limestone bypassing to the right of them.

In the second burial chamber, a horizontal corridor with a length of 35 m and 1.75 m with a height of 1.75 m is found in the southern direction. It is traditionally referred to as the chamber of the queen, although according to the rigging of Pharaohov, was buried in separate small pyramids. The "Tsaritsa chamber", lined with limestone, has 5.74 meters from east to west and 5.23 meters from north to south; Its maximum height is 6.22 meters. There is a high niche in the eastern wall of the chamber.

Grotto, Big Gallery and Chamber of Pharaoh

Another branch from the lower part of the big gallery is a narrow almost vertical mine with a height of about 60 m, leading to the bottom of the downward pass. There is a suggestion that it was intended to evacuate workers or priests, completing the "sealing" of the main passage to the "king chamber". In approximately in the middle, it is small, most likely, the natural expansion is the "grotto" of the wrong shape, in which several people could fit from the strength. The grotto (12) is located on the "junction" of the stone masonry of the pyramid and a small, about 9 meters high, a hill on limestone plateau, lying at the base of a large pyramid. The walls of the grotto are partially fortified by the ancient stone masonry, and since its separate stones are too large, there is a suggestion that the grotto existed on the Giza Plateau as an independent structure is still long before the construction of the pyramids, and the evacuation mines itself was built by the location of the grotto. However, taking into account the fact that Mine was drowned in the already laid masonry, and did not laid out, as he says its wrong round section, the question arises of how builders managed to accurately go to the grotto.

The big gallery continues the upstream. Its height is 8.53 m, it is rectangular in a section, with a bit narrowing up ("false arch") walls, a high inclined tunnel with a length of 46.6 m. In the middle of a large gallery almost along the entire length, it is correct in the section a square deepening width 1 meter and a depth of 60 cm, and on both side speakers there are 27 pairs of deepening unknown destinations. The deepening ends with a "big step" - a high horizontal protrusion, a platform of 1x2 meters, at the end of a large gallery, immediately before Laz in the "hallway" - the pre-unit. The playground has a pair of similar deepening ramps, recesses at the corners at the wall. Through the "entrance hall", LAZ leads a funeral "king's lined in the black granite", where empty granite sarcophagus is located.

Over the King Camera is discovered in the XIX century. Five discharge cavities with a total height of 17 m, between which there are monolithic plates with a thickness of about 2 m, and above - a double overlap. Their purpose is to distribute the weight of the overlying layers of the pyramid (about a million tons) to protect from the pressure of the King Camera. In these voids, graffiti were found left, probably workers.

From cameras to the north and south leads the network of ventilation channels. Channels from the Chamber of Queen do not reach the surface of the pyramid by 12 meters, and the channels from the Chamber of Pharaoh come to the surface. No other pyramid of such branches found. Scientists did not come to a unanimous opinion if they were built for ventilation or are related to the ideas of the Egyptians about the afterlife. At the top ends of the channels there are doors, most likely symbolizing the entrance to another world. In addition, the channels point to stars: Sirius, Tuban, Alnika, which makes it possible to assume that the pyramid of Heops had an astronomical purpose.

Surroundings of Heops Pyramid

The eastern face of the pyramid of Heops is 3 small pyramids of his wives and family members. They are located from north to south, according to the size: the base of the base of each construction is 0.5 meters less than the previous one. They are well preserved inside, the time partially destroyed only the external cladding. Nearby you can see the foundation of the clock temple of the huof, inside which the drawings depicting the ritual executed by Pharaoh were found, he wore name to combine both lands.

Pharaoh boats

Hope's pyramid - the central figure of the complex of buildings, the location of which had a ritual value. The procession with the late pharaoh was transferred by the Nile on the West Bank on numerous delicates. In the lower church, to which the rooks were swimming, the first part of the funeral ceremony began. Next, the procession was headed to the upper temple, where the chapel and the altar were located. To the west of the upper temple, the pyramid itself was located.

On each side of the pyramid in the rocks, the rooks were lit on the roots on which Pharaoh should have traveling around the afterlime world.

In 1954, the archaeologist Zaku Nur discovered the first boat, called the solar rook. It was made from the Lebanese cedar, consisted of 1224 parts, while not having traces of fastening and compound. Its dimensions: Length is 43 m and width 5.5 m. The restoration of the rook was spent 16 years.

On the south side of the pyramid of Heops, the museum of this boat is open.

The second boat was found in a mine located east of the place of finding the first rook. A camera was lowered to the mine, which showed traces of insects on a boat, so it was decided not to raise it and seal the mine. Such a decision was accepted by a scientist Eshimuro from Vasneda University.

In total, seven holes were discovered with real ancient Egyptian boats disassembled into parts.

Video: 5 unscrewd secrets Pyramids of Egypt

How to get

If you want to see the great pyramid of Heops, you need to arrive in Cairo. But there are practically no direct flights from Russia and will have to make a transplant in Europe. Without transplant, you can fly to Sharm el-Sheikh, and from there to overcome 500 kilometers to Cairo. You can reach the destination on a comfortable bus, the time on the way is approximately 6 hours, and you can continue the path by plane, they fly to Cairo every half hour. In Egypt, it is very loyal to Russian tourists, a visa can be obtained directly at the airport after landing. It will cost $ 25 and is issued for a month.

Where to stay

If your goal is the treasures of antiquity and you came to the pyramids, then choose the hotel you can both in Giza and in the center of Cairo. Comfortable hotels with all the benefits of civilization are represented in the amount of almost two hundred. In addition, Cairo has many attractions, it is a city of contrasts: modern skyscrapers and ancient minarets, noisy motley bazaars and nightclubs, neon nights and quiet palm gardens.

Memo to tourists

Do not forget that Egypt is a Muslim state. Men should simply not notice Egyptians, because even an innocent touch can be regarded as a harassment. Women must follow the rules in clothing. Modesty and modestly modesty, minimum of bare parts of the body.

For organized excursions to pyramids, tickets can be purchased at any hotel.

The pyramid zone is open to visit in the summer from 8 hours to 17, in winter - it works for half an hour less, the cost of the input ticket is about 8 euros.

Museums are paid separately: to inspect the solar boats for 5 euros.

For entry into the pyramid of Heops, you will take 13 euros, the inspection of the pyramid of Hefren will cost cheaper - 2.6 euros. Here is a very low passage and be prepared for the fact that 100 meters you will have to go in a semi-bent position.

Other pyramids, such as wives and mothers Hefren, can be inspecting for free by presenting an entrance ticket to the zone.

The best time for their inspection is morning, immediately after opening. It is strictly forbidden to climb the pyramids, chop out a piece of memory and write "here was ...". Penalty for this you can pay such that it will exceed the cost of your trip.

If you want to capture yourself to the background of the pyramid or just surroundings, prepare 1 euro for the right of shooting, inside the pyramids is prohibited. If you are offered to take a picture, do not agree and do not give the camera to anyone in your hands, otherwise you will have to redeem it back.

Tickets for visiting the pyramids are limited: 150 pieces are sold at 8 am and as much as at 13 o'clock. Two ticket office work: one at the main entrance, the second is at the Sphinx.

Each of the pyramids is closed for restoration work once a year, so all you are unlikely to see.

If there is no desire to walk around the Giza zone, you can rent a camel. Its cost will depend on your ability to bargain. But keep in mind that all prices will not be played at once, and when you roll, it turns out that you have to pay and for getting off the camel.

Delicate advice: the toilet is located in the Sunny Boat Museum.

On the territory of the area of \u200b\u200bthe pyramids are cafeteria, where you can have a good dinner.

Daily in the evenings there is a light-sound show with a duration of one hour. It passes in different languages: Arabic, English, Japanese, Spanish, French. On Sundays, the show is held in Russian. It is recommended to divide visiting the pyramids and visiting the show for two days, otherwise you will not be able to accommodate so many impressions.

Pyramid Pharaoh Hofa.(Heops - Greek version of this Egyptian name) is the most famous and most famous Egyptian pyramid.

First of all, because she is the highest pyramid From ever built in the world. Secondly, it became for other pharaohs of the ancient Egypt a kind of standard and a sample during the construction of their own tombs.

Of course, the tombs - the term is sufficiently conditional, since there is no evidence that they directly served as graves for the Mummy Pharaohs, but at the same time, there is every reason to consider them part of the burial-ritual complexes.

Where is the pyramid of Heops

It was erected on a stone plateau near the village of Giza, now the suburb of the capital of modern Egypt - Cairo. It is this construction that comes first to mind when we hear the words: "Egyptian pyramids", "Pyramids of Egypt", "Great Pyramids", "Miracle of Light".

Many people who were not previously in Egypt believe that the Great Pyramids of Giza (Heops, Hefren and Micheer) are located somewhere far in the desert, and therefore, first heading on the road Sharia Al-Ahram (Avenue Pyramid) to the West, They are surprised to see that gigantic figures rise against the background of remote buildings.

The ancient monuments are now actually within the limits of Big Cairo. On the recommendation of scientists, certain measures are being taken to stop the further expansion of the city in this direction to preserve the famous pyramid complex.

When the pyramid of Heops was built

The question of when this great pyramid was built in Giza, applies to the number of widely discussed issues for a long time - from the very beginning of the origin of Egyptology as science.

Initially, the Egyptologists - historians and archaeologists - were serious discrepancies in her eyes. However, as scientific knowledge accumulates as a result of archaeological excavations, the analysis of the found artifacts, the study of the entire complex of documents in professional Egyptology began to prevail the next point of view. This amazing architectural facility is the highest pyramid in the world - was built during the reign of Pharaoh of the IV Dynasty of Heops (approx. 2585-2566 BC).

Some scientific schools believe that the time of the reign of Heops falls on the XXVII century BC. Despite certain discrepancies in the date of dating, it can be stated that according to historical science, it was built in the XXVII or XXVI centuries BC. That is, the age of the pyramid of Cheops is about 4,600 years.

It would be strange if such an opinion dominated and among the general public, which was vividly interested in Egyptian antiquities, starting from the first publications of the XIX century Egyptologists. This interest does not fade and after 200 years.

Among the lovers of the history of ancient Egypt, two large groups can be distinguished - those who relieve the findings of professional egyptologists, and those who are focused on more "exotic theories" of the origin of these structures, including the pyramid of Heops. The second group of views is based on a complex and systemic analysis of all the huge material accumulated by Egyptology as a science (for this you need a lot of time and preparation), but on the inherent human nature, the thirst for the miracle.

The pyramids themselves, especially Cheops, are perceived by them as a miracle without any quotes. The argument of scientists seems to them, on the one hand, too complicated, on the other - too "landed", and therefore does not convince. It seems a much more "cooler" the theory of creating ancient megasofans by aliens or, for example, some mysterious civilization, which lived long before the time of the Egyptian pharaohs, which had incomprehensible um with technical capabilities.

The paradox of the human psyche in the fact that it is much easier to believe in a miracle than to recognize things more or less ordinary. But this is a separate conversation. It remains only to note that unscientific theories in relation to the history and monuments of ancient Egypt. The age of the pyramid of Heops is called from many tens of thousands of years to 6-7 thousand years, that is, according to these theories, this construction was built much earlier than traditional Egyptology believes.

With all the attractiveness and, unconditional, of interest, all these concepts have one global drawback - they are based on some assumptions that, in turn, are not supported by anything. That is, for novels in the style of Fantasy, they are suitable, but for more or less serious consideration - no.

Pyramid sizes

What are hope's pyramid sizes? It would seem that the answer to it is very easy to get, it is only necessary to take a lineup of a harder and just to merry. However, in fact, not everything is so simple.

For nearly five thousand years after construction, the construction has suffered a lot both from natural cataclysms and from the barbaric actions of the people themselves. The top of this architectural and construction miracle initially walked pyramidion - the stone is also a pyramidal shape, carved, presumably, from red granite. It is not now, as not and the overwhelming number of facing plates that covered its walls. These polished plates attached to the highest pyramid, according to the testimony of Herodotus, gray-yellow color and shine.

Measurements made with the help of modern equipment showed that its height was after the completion of the construction of 146.5 meters, but even losing 9 meters of height, it remains the highest stone structure on Earth.

The main dimensions of the pyramid of Heops and its parts:

Height: 146.5 m (currently 137 m)

Side length: 230.38 m (initially 232, 5 m).

Tilt of the Parties: 51 ° 50 "

Big Gallery:

Height: 8.48 to 8.74 m

Length 47.85 M.

Tilt: 26 ° 16 "40"

Chamber of Queen:

Height: 6.26 m

Length: 5.76 m

Width: 5.23 m

Chamber of the Tsar:

Height: 5.84 m

Length: 10.49 m

Width: 5.42 m

Road:

Length: 825 m

Pits boats (in the northeastern and southeastern corners of the pyramid):

Depth: 8 m

Length 52 M.

Width: 7.5 m

Inside the pyramid of Heops Pharaoh

Heads tomb, like all the pyramids of the III and IV dynasties, is almost a solid monolith made from stone blocks. The inner premises of the pyramids occupy a completely insignificant volume compared to the volume of the pyramid itself. However, heopse Pyramid Interior Also surprises with its engineering solutions and execution skill. It is more complicated than the inner structure of the Egyptian pyramids that were built after it.

Inside the structure there are 4 main premises, which received the following names in the Egyptological literature: the House of King (king), the Queen Chamber (Queen), the Underground Chamber (unfinished) and a large gallery.

The entrance is located on its north side, at an altitude of 16 meters above the ground. When the first scientists - researchers of the antiquities of Egypt - the French - met the height, then they had 12 meters - the base of the pyramid at the end of the XIX century was strongly listed as sand. The original entrance is above the entrance to which tourists are now used (he is pierced by Mamluki Califa al-Mamuna in the IX century. N.E, since they could not find an entrance to the entrance, hidden, then under existently facing plates).

Lady Heops.

The tomb of Heops, like all the pyramid complexes of ancient Egypt, was surrounded by a wall, from which some ruins were left now. In the southern direction, not far from the wall, in 1954, two large holes were found lined with stones, in which wooden boats were in disassembled form - sacred solar Pharaohs.

Poons with boats were closed with huge stone blocks of limestone weighing up to 16 tons. One of the boats is restored (it took 16 years of painstaking Labor) and put up for Furnishing in a pavilion specially built for this purpose next to an ancient object.

The rook is made mainly from the Lebanese cedar using individual local wood species. Its length is 43.5 meters, and the width is 9 meters. The second boat was left in place, making consisting of further destruction. Later there were also three empty docks repeating the form of the rook.

Construction of a pyramid complex

With the exception of several internal chambers and corridors, the cheek's tomb is completely built of dense stone, mostly from limestone. Its construction is a unique phenomenon in the history of human civilization.

It is accurately oriented on the sides of the world. The deviation is only 3 "43"! And modern builders could be proud of such accuracy.

Now the creation of Cheops contains 201 series of stone blocks, and once there were from 215 to 220 rows. The height of the first row itself is the largest - it equals 1.5 meters, the second row is already less in height - 1.25 m, the third - 1.2 m, the fourth - 1.1 m. Further, the height of the series is even less, as a rule, from 65 to 90 cm. Closer to the top The height of the blocks is reduced to 55 cm.

According to modern estimates (and the first one who took up such calculations was Napoleon) about 2,300,000 (2 million 300 thousand) stone blocks and slabs went to the Great Construction. The stone blocks necessary for construction were cut down as not far from the site of construction and in limestone rocks, towering on the eastern (opposite) bank of the Nile.

For the facing of the main object of the Headstone Memorial, sandstone slabs mined in quarries are also relatively close to the mining of limestone. The length of the slabs of the lines of the lower rows reached 1.5 m and decreased to 75 cm in the next. According to the calculations of everything for the cladding it took about 115,500 plates.

Sand and limestone blocks were transported through the Nile on the transport vessels, and they were sacheling on large wooden salads, moved on stone rollers and balls. Granite, used in the construction and finishing of internal corridors and cameras, was also delivered by the Nile, but from afar - from the south, from the surroundings of the present Aswan, located at a distance of about one thousand kilometers from the construction site.

Ancient builders to build such Mahine, had to move and raise the volume of stones, which is about 6 (six) million tons by weight. In order to transport such a load today by rail, it would take 100 thousand railway platforms (such as a 4-axis platform for heavy-duty containers, model 13-470, a carrying capacity of 60 tons) loaded to the maximum.

And yet, the most difficult and challenging work was not delivery and transportation to the construction site of stone blocks, and their immediate prey in the quarries by cutting down and further grinding to the exact dimensions. At that time, they had not yet learned to make iron and steel guns - the Iron Age was ahead. Egyptians in the middle of the 3th millennium BC. I did not know even bronze. They made their tools from almost pure copper, so the tools quickly fascinated and came into disrepair. And, of course, copper was dear. Judging by the archaeological finds, therefore the stone weapons from the silica were widely used: blades of knives, drill, teeth for saws, etc. That is, the stone was treated with a stone, though, more solid than processed.

The average volume of blocks, of which the tomb of the cheops is complex is approximately equal to one cubic meter, the weight is about 2.5 tons. But came across the blocks as an exception, weighing and 50 tons. For comparison, this is the weight of the modern tank T-90 "Vladimir". To lift and drag even the smallest of these blocks with one bare hands it is impossible: for this you need as many people that they simply cannot fit around. We needed certain technical means for lifting and transferring these blocks: all sorts of levers and rollers, goats and sleigh, strong ropes and, of course, a huge number of people who had to pull these ropes, straining all their strength. But the unlimited power of Pharaoh Heops, the resources that the Vladyka of Egypt had the resources - human and material, allowed him to attract tens of thousands of people to the construction of his own tomb at the same time.

How many years Heopsy grudge was built

According to Herodota's testimony, it was built about twenty years. Modern studies and calculations show that an ancient Greek thinker and historian called a very real figure of the duration of the construction of the highest stone structure in the world.

Who built it

Fantastic hypothesis about the mythical giants, aliens from space and even about the inhabitants of the mysterious Atlantis we will leave alone. Who built a pyramid of Heops According to historical science? Somehow it happened that the view is quite common that it (this opinion is usually applied to other Egypt's pyramids) slaves built.

However, scientific evidence sufficiently confidently say that these objects are more importantly the result of the Egyptians, which were not slaves. Of course, it is also impossible to call free in the full sense of this word - these were people who were under the authority of Sanovnikov, priests, and, of course, Pharaoh.

In the construction process there were cyclic periods associated with the annual spill of the Nile. At this time, thousands and thousands of peasants were attracted to the construction, which performed unskilled work on dragging and moving stone blocks.

Masters who worked in quarries, carvers and stone polishers worked constantly, all year round. It was the work that they knew how to do, for which they received food, shelter, clothes, etc. Construction experience, skills and work techniques were transmitted from generation to generation.

The total number of builders of such an important object for cheops during the spill of Nile reached 100 thousand people. This figure was first led Herodotus, but modern calculations and finds of archeology show that it is fairly plausible.

But in whose head the architectural idea of \u200b\u200bsuch a grand constructure was born? Who was able to organize the work of thousands and thousands of people for several decades? From the depths of the centuries to us the name of this great person came. His name was Heemion. He was a dignitary and Vizier under Pharaoh Heopse.

His tomb is located near the western side of the tomb of Heops himself. We reached us the statue of this architecture, which was found in his tomb. Interestingly, Hemion and other builders of the pyramids were, so to speak, part-time architects. Along with the management of construction, they performed a majority of other duties. The profession of architect in ancient Egypt has not acquired the status of an independent activity.

Sample construction skill and creative genius

The ancient builders of both this and other pyramids took care of everything. For example, the crypts in the depths of the masonry or the dungeons had ventilation channels. The inner premises of the Pyramid Pharaoh Heops were supplied with air through two small sections of the channel, which passed through the entire stroke of the structure, and left the eighty-fifth layer of stone masonry from the southern and north sides of this miracle of the world.

Although the first Europeans who studied the pyramids faced the fact that in the underground moves of the tomb of Heops, it was difficult to breathe due to front and suffocating air, it happened not because the ventilation was not, but because over the past five thousand years, ventilation moves They beat the dust and waste of the vital activity of volatile mice and other living organisms - insects, bacteria that found suitable conditions here. One of the undeclined while the secrets of the Heops pyramid is that such channels go from the Queen Chamber, but ... they do not go out (cm. Internal room scheme at the top).

Water protection was also thought out. For facing masonry, the blocks were elected particularly carefully. In the case of needing, the stone was additionally left on the spot, and then grinding. Therefore, the stones were flooded with each other so tightly that the water simply could not get between them. All the fledging water gathered at the bottom of the cuvetch. Cuvettes are made with a bias in the direction of deeper dual channels, with which the cuvettes are connected. Thus, the water was assigned to the tombs and their grounds. Only about the three largest pyramids of Giza discovered about 300 such gallery and cuvettes for receiving rainwater.

For many centuries, the pyramid complexes of Giza stand with damaged cladows due to the first place of human vandalism, and not natural cataclysms. And you can only be surprised by the stock of the strength that the ancient builders in their creations.

The ritual-funeral Memorial of Heops has remained largely an unsurpassed model of "pyramid architecture" for the entire era of the construction of such objects.

In a word, at all, a great pyramid in Giza back in time was recognized as one of the main miracles of the world. Without any technical supervision, the ancient Egyptians built their amazing creations so that they still stand, which cannot be said about many and many relatively modern designs, which building and engineering miscalculations and shortcomings led to death and destruction.

One of the greatest buildings of the ancient world is located in Egypt. This structure, since the end of the construction, is striking with its greatness and impeccable geometry. No wonder the ancient Greeks included the Hope's pyramid into their list of seven wonders of the world. This is the only miracle preserved until today.

The pyramid of Heops became a real masterpiece. Modern researchers are affected by the rigor of proportions and accuracy of geometric sizes with which the ancient Egyptians coped brilliantly. Some Egyptologists seriously believe that the builders of the 26th century before the PC could not build such a structure for 22 years. They adhere to the theory of extraterrestrial origin of the pyramids.

The point of view of these researchers has the right to exist, especially since the arguments submitted by them sometimes put in the impasse of opponents. The location of the pyramid and its proportions are so accurate that for location in accordance with the parties of the world, would require the most accurate geodesic devices from modern builders. If the exact location of the Heopse pyramid on the sides of the light is an accident, then the random is very happy.

The current proportion of the pyramid of Heops, or Houf, not those that were originally. Scientists managed to determine that the maximum height of the pyramid in 2568 to PC was 146.6 meters. The ratio of height and base is thus 3.14 ...., that is, the number "pi" from geometry. The case in the accuracy in which the ratio repeats the number "PI". This accuracy is six marks after the comma. This value did not know Archimedes, he would have envied such accuracy, undoubtedly.

On the day of completion of the construction of the Hope's pyramid was 146.6 meters high. However, now, its height is significantly less initial. For such a decrease, there are two reasons. One natural character - erosion. The second reason is artificial. His name is a man ...

In 1301, Cairo survived the earthquake. Most of the houses turned into a pile of garbage. The same fate suffered a mosque with skillful minarets. After the first shock, Cairo's authorities turned to the real storehouse of building materials - pagan's pyramids. They were seduced by polished lime slabs, which pyramids were posted. Walking along the path of the least resistance, by reducing overhead costs, the Arabs began to remove the outer cladding of the pyramids. Now only part of the cladding on the upper tiers of the pyramid of Hefren has been preserved. On the pyramid of Heops outdoor facing was left.

As a result of the barbaric dismantling, the height of the highest pyramid in Egypt has decreased by eight more than eight meters. Today's sources talking about height pyramid do not shine uniformity. The difference consists of 10-20 centimeters. On the one hand, such a discrepancy of the data perturbs pedants, accuracy lovers. On the other hand, 10-20 centimeters now do not determine anything. After all, the initial proportions are broken irretrievably and forever.

Arabs, who broke up the pyramids, were not asked by subtle scientific issues. They were not interested in theories that put forward modern scientists. They were interested in a momentous solution of household problems. Without hesitations, they caused damage to one of the seven wonders of the world. We can post for a long time on the Arabs of the early 14th century. We can complain on inaccuracies in determining the present height of the pyramid. We can build hypotheses regarding the creators of the pyramids. But the pyramids are still. They continue their existence and survive us with our emotions. They will continue to delight and lead to the thrill visitors who will violate their centuries-old peace.

Heops Pyramid (Hufu)

Hopeca's pyramid is included in the complex of the largest Egyptian pyramids located on the Giza Plateau. These grand constructions, together with Hefren and Micrine pyramids, as well as the majestic Sphinx, is the so-called pyramid complex in Giza. As many scientists believe, the location of the pyramids and sphinx within this complex is by no means random, and is due not only to the desire of ancient builders to create a holistic composition of these grandiose structures.

One of the earliest hypotheses viewed the Egyptian (and others) pyramids as the tombs, from where and the names went: the Camera King (Pharaoh) and the Tsaritsa chamber. However, according to many modern Egyptology scientists, the pyramid of Heops as the tomb has never been used, and had a completely different purpose.

Some Egyptologists believe that the pyramid is a repository of the standards of ancient measures and weights, as well as a model of well-known linear and temporal measurements, which are characteristic of the Earth and are based on the principle of rotation of the polar axis. It is considered confirmed that that (or those), who led the construction of the pyramid, possessed absolutely accurate knowledge about such things that were opened by humanity significantly later. These include: the length of the circumference of the globe, the longitude of the year, the average value of the Earth's orbit during its rotation around the Sun, the specific density of the globe, acceleration of gravity, the speed of light and much more. And all these knowledge, one way or another, are laid, allegedly, in the pyramid.

It is believed that the pyramid is a kind of calendar. It is almost proven that it serves both theodolitis, and a compass, and such accuracy that the most modern compasses can be treated with it.

Another hypothesis believes that not only in the parameters of the pyramid itself, but also in its individual structures there are many important mathematical quantities and relations, for example, the number "PI", and the parameters of the king chamber are combined with "sacred" triangles with parties 3-4-5 . It is believed that the corners and angular coefficients of the pyramid reflect the most advanced ideas about trigonometric values, and the contours of the pyramid with practical accuracy include the proportions of the "golden section".

There is a hypothesis that considers the peyramid of Heops as an astronomical observatory, and on another hypothesis, the Great Pyramid was used to initiate the highest steps of secret knowledge, as well as for the storage of these knowledge. At the same time, a person dedicated to secret knowledge was located in the sarcophagus.

The official theory says that Hemion, Vizier and the nephew of Heops are considered to be an architect of the Great Pyramid. He also wore the title "Managing all the construction plants of Pharaoh." Construction under his leadership continued twenty years and ended at about 2540 BC. e. In Egypt, the date began to start the construction of the Hoeop Pyramid - August 23, 2470 to N. e.

However, there are other assumptions. Thus, the Arabic historian Ibrahim-Ben Ibn Vassuff Shah believed that the Pyramids of Giza were erected by the ancillary king named Saurid. Abu Zadeh El Bahi writes about some inscription, which says that the Great Pyramid of Heops was built about 73,000 years ago. Ibn Batuta argued (and not only) that the pyramids built Hermes Tristmegist, etc. It is very interesting to the hypothesis of the Russian scientist Sergey Proskuryakova, who believes that the pyramids were built by aliens from Sirius and that the architect Hemoon himself was from Sirius. Vladimir Babanin also believes that the pyramids were built by aliens from Sirius, and possibly with the DIA Constellation of the Swan in the time immemorial times, but during Heops, the pyramids were renovated.

It logically looks like that in any case the pyramids were erected after a pole displacement occurred on Earth, otherwise it would be impossible to orient pyramids with such incredible accuracy, which they are located today.

Initially, the height pyramid height was 146.6 meters. But time ruthlessly dissolved 7 meters and 85 centimeters is a majestic design. Uncomplicated calculations will be shown that now the pyramid has a height of 138 meters and 75 centimeters.

The perimeter of the pyramid is 922 meters, the base area is 53,000 square meters (comparable to an area of \u200b\u200b10 soccer fields). Scientists considered the total weight of the pyramid, which amounted to more than 5 million tons.

The pyramid consists of more than 2.2 million large stone blocks of limestone, granite and basalt, the average weight of each of which is about 2.5 tons. In total, in the pyramid 210 rows of blocks. The hardest unit weighs about 15 tons. The base is a rock exaltation, the height of which is 9 meters. Initially, the surface of the pyramid was a smooth surface, because It was covered with a special material.

The entrance to the pyramid is at an altitude of 15.63 meters on the north side. The input form stone plates laid in the form of the arch. This entrance to the pyramid was covered with a granite cork.

Today, tourists get inside the pyramid through a 17m break, which did Califa Abu Jafar Al-Ma'moun in 820. He hoped to find the impenetrable Treasures of Pharaoh, but found a layer of dust thick in half an elbow there.

Inside the pyramid of Heops there are three burial chambers, located one above the other.