Biography
Life on the island
Alexandra Selkiga had some things needed for survival: an ax, a gun, a stock of gunpowder, etc. suffering from loneliness, Selkirk got used to the island and acquired gradually the necessary survival skills. At first, his diet was scarce - he fed on mollusks, but over time, was mastered and discovered on the island of wild home goats. Once people lived here who brought these animals with them, but after they left the island - goats were wild. He hunted them, thereby adding meat so necessary for him to his diet. Soon Selkirk tamed them and received milk from them. From herce cultures, he discovered wild dime, cabbage and black pepper, as well as some berries.
The risk for him was the rats, but wild cats previously brought on people lived on his happiness on the island. In their company, he could sleep calmly, not afraid of rodents. Selkirk built two huts from a medicinal tree. His porch reserves approached the end, and he was forced to hunt goats without a gun. Pursuing them, he somehow just so faded his pursuit that he did not notice the breakdown, from which he fell and was failing so for a while, miraculously survived.
In order not to forget English, he constantly read the Bible out loud. Not to say that he was a pious person - so he heard a human voice. When his clothes began to wear out, he began to use goat skins for her. Being the son of the Kozhevnik, Selkirk knew well how to extract the skins. After his shoes were worn out, he did not make him new, because his legs, drove from the corner, allowed to walk without shoes. He also found old hoops from the barrels and was able to make some kind of knife.
One day, two vessels, which were spanish, and England and Spain were arrived at the island, and England and Spain were enemies. Selkiga could arrest or kill at all, as he was a caper, and he took a hard one for himself to hide from the Spaniards.
Salvation came to him on February 1, 1709. It was the English vessel "Duke", with Captain Woods Rogers, who called Selkirk Governor of the island.
Robinson's life Cruise in the novel of the defo's novel was more colorful and rich events. After a long year of loneliness, the hermit managed to make a friend who did not happen to Selkir. I did not meet Alexander and bloodthirsty cannibals, as described in the book.
Directly in honor of the sailor was named nearby from Robins-Cruzo Island Alexander Selkirk. In 2008, scientists of the British Society of Post-Drug Archeology found a parking place Alexander Selkirk. The finds of archaeologists suggest that, being on the island, the sailor built two shala and the supervisory item from which the passing ships could be seen. There was also found a pair of navigation devices of the early XVIII century, which believed to belong to Selkir: the captain of the ship, found the Scottish, mentioned that together with a person on board were raised and some mathematical instruments.
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Excerpt characterizing Selkirk, Alexander
So strangely suddenly for Natasha showed this meek, gentle, sincere voice.- Let's not talk, my friend, I will tell him everything; But I ask you about one - consider me with your friend, and if you need help, the Council will simply need to fill out your soul to someone - not now, and when you have clearly in the shower - remember me. - He took and kissed her hand. "I will be happy if I will be able to ..." - Pierre embarrassed.
- Do not speak with me like this: I do not stand it! I screamed Natasha and wanted to leave the room, but Pierre kept her hand. He knew that he needed something else to tell her. But when he said it, he was surprised himself for his words.
"Stop, stop, all life ahead for you," he said to her.
- For me? Not! Everything disappeared for me, "she said with shame and self-respect.
- Everything is lost? - he repeated. - If I were not me, but the most beautiful, the most intelligible and the best person in the world, and would be free, I would ask the hands and love of yours on my lap.
Natasha for the first time after many days I cried with tears of gratitude and lunizing and looking at Pierre came out of the room.
Pierre, too, after her, almost ran into the front, holding tears of subsidiaries and happiness, who gave him her throat, not to get into the sleeves, put on a fur coat and sat down in Sani.
- Now where to order? - asked Kucher.
"Where to? Asked Pierre. Where can I go now? Is it really to the club or guests? " All people seemed so pitiful, so poor in comparison with the feeling of death and love he experienced; In comparison with the softened, thankful look, with which she was the last time because of the tears looked at him.
"To go home," said Pierre, despite the ten degrees of frost swallowing the fur coat on his broad, happily breathing his chest.
It was frosty and clear. Over dirty, hawk streets, over black roofs stood dark, starry sky. Pierre, just looking at the sky, did not feel offensive it all the earthly in comparison with his height on which his soul was located. At the entrance to the Arbat area, the huge space of the Star Dark Sky opened the eyes of Pierre. Almost in the middle of this sky over the Prechistensky boulevard, surrounded by the stars, ranging from all sides, but differing from all proximity to the ground, white light, and the long, raised tails, stood a huge bright comet of 1812 year, the same comet that foreshadowed As they said, all sorts of horrors and the end of the world. But in Pierre, the bright star, this with a long radiant tail did not excite any terrible feeling. Opposite Pierre joyfully, wet away from tears, looked at this bright star, which, as if, with an inexpressible speed of flights of immeasurable spaces along a parabolic line, suddenly, as an altered arrow in the ground, it was closed here to one place favorites, in the Black Sky, And he stopped, vigorously raising the tail up, lighting and playing with its white light between countless other flickering stars. Pierre seemed that this star fully responded to what was in his bloomed to a new life, softened and encouraged soul.
Since the end of 1811, increased weapons and concentration of the forces of Western Europe began, and in 1812 these forces are millions of people (counting those who transported and fed the army) moved from the West to the East, to the borders of Russia, to which exactly the same since 1811 Year of year, Russia was tightened. On June 12, the forces of Western Europe crossed the borders of Russia, and the war began, that is, the event was made against the human mind and the whole human nature. Millions of people committed each other against a friend such an innumerable amount of atrocities, deceptions, betrayal, theft, fakes and the issue of fake appliances, robbery, arson and murders, which in whole centuries will not collect the chronicle of all vessels of the world and which, during this period, people who committed them did not look like crimes.
What made this extraordinary event? What were the reasons for him? Historians with naive confidence say that the reasons for this event were resentment caused by the Duke of Oldenburg, non-compliance with the continental system, the power of Napoleon, the hardness of Alexander, the mistakes of diplomats, etc.
Consequently, it was worth only mettern, Rumyantsev or Talleran, between access and rout, it's good to try and write a view of a piece of paper or Napoleon to write to Alexander: Monsieur Mon Frere, Je Consens a Rendre Le Duche Au Duc D "Oldenbourg, [My brother's brother, I agree Return the Duke of the Oldenburg Duke.] - And the war would not have.
It is clear that this was the case of contemporaries. It is clear that Napoleon seemed that the cause of the war was the intrigue of England (as he said it on the island of St. Helena); It is clear that the members of the British Chamber seemed that the cause of the war was the dominance of Napoleon; that the prince of Oldenburg seemed that the cause of the war was the violence committed against him; that the merchants seemed that the cause of the war was the continental system that ruined Europe that the old soldiers and generals seemed to ensure that the main reason was the need to consult them into business; The legitimists of that time is that it was necessary to restore Les Bons Principles [good principles], and the diplomats of that time is that everything happened because the Union of Russia with Austria in 1809 was not skillfully hidden from Napoleon and that uncomfortable was written by Memorandum for No. 178. It is clear that these and even countless, infinite number of reasons, the number of which depends on the countless difference of points of view, was presented to contemporaries; But for us - descendants contemplating in all its volume the enforcement of the events and oppressing in his simple and terrible meaning, the reasons for these are insufficient. It is not clear to us that millions of people Christians kill and torment each other, because Napoleon was dominated by Alexander, the politics of England Hitra and Duke of Oldenburg offended. It is impossible to understand what communication these circumstances are with the very fact of killing and violence; Why, due to the fact that the duke is offended, thousands of people from the other edge of Europe were killed and ruined people of Smolensk and Moscow provinces and were killed by them.
In childhood, we were all probably read about the book D. Defo on Robinsone Cruzo,
dreamed of getting the same uninhabited island, as well as the main character, experience their own strength,
check character.
that such a fabulous place where there are mountains covered with tropical forests and picturesque valleys,
and deserted magnificent beaches, and mountain streams with purest water,
and the ocean bays with purple-blue water, simply can not be.
It turned out that such a beautiful and secluded place exists.
This is the island of Robinson Cruzo, which is located in the Juan Fernandez archipelago.
In 1703 Alexander Selkirk, 26 Summer Scottish Sailor, appeared on Mas-A-Tierra,
serving Botatman on the "Senk Por" gallery, which quarreled with the captain and went ashore
"At your own request."
It is so recorded in the ship's magazine.
Selkirk was planted on a uninhabited island, which is part of the Juan Fernandez archipelago,
where he spent more than four years in full solitude.
It was his story who served as a source of inspiration by Daniel Defo, and he wrote a wonderful
book with a long name:
"Life and amazing adventures of Robinson Cruzo, a sailor from York, who lived twenty-eight years
in full alone on the uninhabited island off the coast of America near the mouth of the Orinoco River,
where he was thrown by shipwreeling, during which the entire carriage crew,
in addition, he died, with the statement of his unexpected liberation pirates written by him. "
Britain, or rather London at the beginning of the XVIII century, was the city of wealth and terrifying poverty.
Everyone was amazed by diseases, even the most healthy rarely managed to live to mature age.
This age, was a century of marine pirates.
The sea furred more pirates than in any other period of history.
In this turbulent time in a small Scottish place, a guy named Alexander Silkerk lived.
In 1695, the church elder accused him of unworthy behavior.
Father wanted the Son to continue his case, but the stretch of the skin did not attract the stubborn guy.
Alexander was a wayward man and at the age of 15 went to London,
rather on the ship and went to the sea. After eight years, Alexander Selkirk returned to London.
He became a hardened and experienced navigator. At that time, the War was for the Spanish inheritance
England with allies fought with Spain and France.
Fighting parties actively used kaperism, essentially piracy against the enemy ships.
Kapper was gained at their ships of sailors thirsty wealth and adventure.
Alexander Selkarka entered the fleet of flotilla, which was going to swim in the Pacific Ocean.
She walked 1703 year.
Three ship went to the southern sea for Spanish gold.
The commander of the compound was the famous caper William Dampier.
Twenty-year-old Alexander Selkirk hurried to the ship "Sink Ports",
the captain of which was a young English gentleman Thomas Stredling.
The squadron moved to the south, Ohibaya Cape Horn, and then north to the Pacific Ocean.
These were the favorite hunting grounds of English caper.
Maenilla Gallows, Spanish ships delivering valuable goods
from the Far East.
Alexander Selkircian held the position of ship boat camman.
Robinson Island Cruzo
But at the beginning of the XVIII century, navigators did not know how to accurately measure longitude and could be lost.
Selkirk and the captain often argued about the location and course of the ship.
The Scottish navigator considered the streets incompetent.
Gradually, the living conditions for "Sink Ports" became terrifying.
Qing and other diseases mowed the crew. On ships, freshwater reserves were on the outcome.
The only hope of navigators was to find the islands of the Archipelago of Juan Fernandez off the coast of Chile
and replenish there stocks of water and food.
Disputes Alexander Selkirk and Captain turned into open hostility.
The Scottish navigator was convinced that the corpus of the ship was not reliable
and that it will power if they do not arrive towards the repairs.
Stredling did not want to listen to him.
Caperies have already stayed at sea for a year and did not capture any prey, so the crew of the rebel.
And the Selkirk was an instigator.
Then Captain Stredling ordered him to the shackles and quit it.
Robinson Island Cruz
In September 1704, Sink Ports got to the islands of the archipelago Juan Fernandez.
From the crew of 90 people remained 42.
Scottish navigator demanded that he was landed as shore, assuming
that many sailors join him, but he was mistaken. Nobody supported him.
Captain ordered to give Alexander Selkirku rifle, a little powder, some of the supplies,
there are only two portions of food and leave it on the shore.
Having lost courage, Silkerk began to begging to be taken back on board,
but Stredling turned and sailed away
Alexander Selkarka presentation did not have how much he would have to spend alone on the island.
A year could pass, while some ship will appear in the sea.
In reality, his tests lasted much longer.
The island, where he was left by the British called Cumberland Bay.
Alexander Selkarka spent the days looking out for the ship on the horizon.
First Selkirk settled in a small cave on the shore to be able to constantly
watch the horizon.
When the food ended, he went around the coastline in search of turtles and oysters and wandered,
as if in the fog collecting wreckage left by the old visitors of the island.
He fell into deep depression.
The first eight months he fought for longing and horror from thoughts that he was thrown
one on such a deserted place.
Selkirka had no desire to do something. He just did nothing.
Previously, the island attended by people and one of the consequences of these visits were rats.
They died with ships and multiplied. They seemed everywhere.
Alexander Selkark was hiding in his home, fleeing these predators.
Strange sounds at night led him to horror, but these sounds were just a roar of sea cats
in the near shore and endless windwake.
The feeling of helplessness tormented him a few days, then weeks and months, went time.
He weakened. Something needed to change and as soon as possible.
And Alexander from depression moved to the survival regime, and one of the catalysts of this was
what he fell ill. He was very disturbed by the stomach disorder.
It forced the navigator to focus, and he began to make it.
He built asylum, and his fresh water appeared.
Alexander Selkarka built a place for overnight stay and the kitchen, he even decided the problem of rats with cats.
He began to better use his scarce property.
He drew attention to the fact that it became its most valuable resource -
on the goats spreading on the island.
A family business helped him - he knew how to treat the skin.
And the Selkirk received a beautiful soft and durable material. He made good clothes.
He wore a costume with a hood, pants to knees and shoes.
Over time, he has changed both physically and psychologically.
The warlike sailor turned into a bearded survival specialist with a savage appearance.
Selkigka had a half-tone powder - it was a means for breeding fire,
but he was not enough for a long time. While the navigator remained gunpowder, he killed the goats with hundreds.
In July 1706, the days of hunting goats ended.
Alexander pursued the goat and fell from the cliff, which he did not suspect, since he was hidden by bushes.
He fell from great height and received such injuries that hardly survived.
Alexander Selkirk lay a fault without any hope that someone helps him.
He got a strong concussion of the brain.
With great difficulty, he got to his hut, and then did not leave it 10 days.
Nightmare vision was sworn in the brain of the brave navigator.
Selkirk turned out to be prudent and made in advance the reserves of water and food in case of such an incident.
Selkirk slowly recovered and did everything necessary for survival.
After this incident, Alexander did not just kill goats, he caught them and cried,
so that they could not go far. He understood what should do it to survive.
Years passed. 1707 came when he saw Sails.
He lived for about four years, did the hour of his liberation close?
But the ship was Spanish - it was his deadly enemies. Selkirk saved from them.
The Spaniards went away by destroying his camp. Selkirk built it again.
By that time he was already at all, the fallen spirit of man, as when he was thrown on the island.
Now Alexander Selkarka felt on the island as at home and was experienced and strong in spirit.
He found a lot of applications with submituers.
For example, from the bladder of the goat, drying it before, he made a vessel for water,
and from the found hoop from the barrel, the cutting tool forged.
He found black pepper and cabbage.
Alexander Selkirk also found spiritual food on the pages of the Bible,
he used this book for the sinking of Psalms, so as not to forget the gift of speech.
He became the owner of his world.
He spread a fire, and the navigators saw him, although they were one and a half kilometers from the island.
The moment of liberation finally came.
A few minutes later, after the sailors landed, from coastal bushes carefully
the bearded man looked out of the marine winds, like a savage.
He introduced himself as Alexander Selkirk. Skar struck sailors.
They practically did not understand Selkiga, as he spoke to the halves of words.
Woods Rogers - the captain of the ship that removed Selkirka from the island,
also walked under the pirate (caper) flag. He could not stay indifferent to the fate of Selkirka.
But before you take it on board, he agreed that the Scotsman tells him his story in very detailed.
Since then, the young captain could often be seen in the company with Alexander,
who did not bother on bright colors, talking about how tamed the semi-dog goats,
as a housing was built, learned to get fire, as the bible learned from the crust to the crust.
In response, Woods clearly pleased Selkirka by the fact that soon after Sentridge despair from the island,
throwing him, he ran into a submarine rock, proportion to himself and sank.
Parts of the sailors managed to escape on other islands of the archipelago, but they were lucky much more,
than "Robinzon" - soon they picked up the ship.
On trouble he was Spanish, so the British challenged into the shackles and sent to Peru,
where they put in prison for sea robbery.
Private sailors received a period of five years, and the captain (with whom Alexander quarreled) all ten.
Two more years passed before Alexander Selkirk saw England, where there was no more than eight years.
During the swimming pool, Selkirk convinced Captain Rogers in that he was well versed in the navigator,
and he not only appointed him to her former position, but also paid Kush - about 800 pounds.
For those times it was good money.
Robinson Cruise Cave. Chile.
He began to write about him. He began to wear a subtle cloth and drove a company with London Elite.
In the end, Selkirk returned to his native town, bought himself a house, married.
But sometimes, he suddenly became dark, notice, longing for uninhabited island,
it seemed that he did not let him go.
To brighten your life, Alexander, at the nearest hill to home, built a home,
similar to what he had on the island, but it was a weak like of the former hut.
In the same river it was impossible to enter twice.
On the shore seemed boring.
Meanwhile, Captain Woods Rogers turned out to be a very romantic person.
For a while he left his campaigns to the sea and engaged in writing.
He sat down for the book, which called the "Travel around the World",
and after some time she was finished.
The publisher did the work, especially the part in which the wonderful
salvation Alexander Selkirk.
This book had a certain success, in any case, she got into the hands known by that time
the writer Daniel Defo, who "did not bother" to create his novel based on the book Woods Rogers.
Daniel Defo was looking for meetings with Selkir.
The hero of the novel and the writer, most likely met in one of the Taverns Bristol
(Although, many researchers believe that this is fiction).
In 1717, Alexander Selkirk leaves a luckless spouse and goes to another marine
expedition, again on a pirate ship.
And Daniel Defo began writing a novel. He became his most famous work.
The book "Life and Adventures of Robinson Cruzo" appeared in April 1719.
She immediately became a bestseller.
The first 1000 copies were sold instantly.
Today, 300 years later, Roman Robinson Cruzo is still published by more than three stars.
The genius of the book manifested itself in the fact that Daniel Defo changed the genuine history of Alexander Celkirk
and gave a soul of a friend and companion.
The trail of barefoot legs on the sand opened that he is not alone. This is known to many even those who have not read the book.
But Selkirk was completely alone.
Alexander Selkarka supported relations not with people, but with goats and cats.
10 years after the publication of the book, the life of Defo turned to the worst, and by 1731 he fell into poverty
and hid from lenders.
Daniel defo died at the age of 71 and was buried in London.
His masterpiece of centuries was published, and more than 5,000 publications came out.
Only the "Bible" is transferred to a greater number of languages.
the novel of Defo, Robinson Cruzo lived to old age and died peacefully,
getting to paradise to angels society.
True Alexander Selkir is less fortunate.
Stormy life suddenly ended at the age of 41.
The only thing that came to him comrades - not to quit at the sea to eat sharks,
and buried on the shore, in the African Ghana.
Then she was called the Golden Beach, and the island off the coast of Chile, on which Alexander Selkirk
he spent four years, named not in his honor, and in honor of the book hero, whose prototype he appeared.
16.09.2010 - 20:59
Even those who have never read the famous book of Daniel Defo, know who is such a Robinson Cruzo - this name has long become nominated. Meanwhile, Robinzon had a prototype, which actually spent several heavy years on a desert island. The name of this man Alexander Selkirk - and his adventures are also very fascinating ...
Pirate Selkirk
Selkirk appeared in 1676 in the Scottish town of Largo. His father was a shoe, and the boy spent his own in the workshop, playing skin trimming and slices of ducts. The shoe craft seemed incredibly boring - because Largo is located on the seashore, and local heroes were sailors, often collected in the "Red Lion" tavern, standing near the house of the Selkirkov. When the boy has grown, he often ran into the tavern, where he was heard by the stories of the seaside wolves - about distant countries, storms, unprecedented adventures ...
At the age of 18, Alexander told his father that she was not going to continue his work, but he wants to become a sailor. He got a sailor to the ship departing in Africa. And the adventures were not forced to wait - pirates attacked the ship. The young sailor was captured and was sold to slavery. This is a rather dark strip in the life of Selkirk - apparently, he himself was engaged in piracy, because a few years later he returned home - with a gold earring in the ear, in luxurious clothes and during money.
But he was not sitting at home, and Alexander was looking for a ship at which you can go to the sea again. In 1703, he read in the newspaper that the famous captain William Dampir is going to sail on several ships in West India for gold.
Selkirk immediately went to the navigator and was accepted by Botatman on the 16-cannger gallery "Sankrov". At first, swimming took place without special adventures, except for the death of the Captain of the vessel. The Dampier appointed a new captain - Thomas Stredling, who was distinguished by the hard character and the unlucky Selkirka from the very beginning. Becoming the captain, he fucked up to Bottchman, and heavy quarrels often broke out between them.
In 1704, the ship reached the Juan Fernandez archipelago, located 700 km from the Chilean coast. Here the dumpier expects to replenish the stocks of fresh water. The relationship between the Selkir and Stredlings was completely fulfilled by the time. It is not known, according to his will or orders of the captain, Selkarka was planted on one of the islands of the archipelago. In the ship's magazine it was written that Alexander Selkirk left for his own request, but as it was in fact - no one knows.
One way or another, but the Selkirk received a boat, food reserves, guns, gunpowder and bullets, tobacco, ax, knife and boiler and even the Bible and went to a small uninhabited Island of Mas-A-Tierra.
Sailor in goat skins
In these latitudes often came the ships, which gave the Scottish hope to return home in the near future. He landed on the island and began the arrangement of his new life - in full solitude. It turned out that many wild goats dwell on Mas-A-Thierra, and while Selkirka had bullets and gunpowder, he does not threaten his hungry death. But the ships did not appear, and then the sailor had to think about the future - suddenly the saving ship will not fit the archipelago.
Selkirk began to explore his island more carefully. It turned out that its dimensions are 20 kilometers in length and 5 width. The island covered the thick vegetation in which various birds lived and small animals. On the shore there were seals and turtles. There were various fish and lobs in the sea.
Hunger Selkirka did not threaten, but his beginning to torment loneliness. There was fear that the ship never comes, and he is doomed to spend his whole life here. Also more often Selkirk regretted that he failed to blame with the captain, and therefore was here ... However, the sailor did not know that Sankpor soon after he left him, crashed, and the team died.
Selkirk each climbed to the highest mountain of the island and climbed the clock into a lifeless horizon. But the ship did not appear, and the sailor began to engage in other affairs. He built two huts of logs and leaves and carefully equipped them. In one of the hut, he slept and rested, and the second served him kitchen.
There was time, life gradually got up, but the reserves of gunpowders were melted and, moreover, wear was worn out. Then the Selkirk with the help of a rusty nail, she sewed his clothes from goat skins.
The kitchenware Selkir did himself from coconut walnuts, masters from a tree shelves and chests in which she kept her utensils. He learned the fire to get friction, but problems began with meat - the gunpowder ended, and it became impossible to kill the goats. Selkirk tried to catch them with bare hands, but the goats ran faster. Once during the hunt, trying to catch the goat, the sailor fell into the abyss and three days lay there unconscious. After that, the Scot began to trim the tendon of feet in the goat, which was why they were lost the incision and became more accessible to the unarmed hunter.
The real disaster for him became, which in many divorced on the island. They were again on the hut, walked all that they could. Fortunately, there were wild cats on it from ships on the island. Selkirk began taking these wild animals, which he successfully opened. Gradually, the sailor used to his position. Healthy climate and everyday work strengthened his strength and health. He no longer experienced the flour loneliness, who won it at the beginning of his stay on the island.
Robinzon Island
For more than four years, and at the beginning of 1709, the loneliness of Selkiga was finally broken. On January 31, he saw a sail on the horizon - the ship was approaching the island. From him, a sailor boat was despair, which began to delelito row straight to the island. These were the first people he saw the Selkirk after so many years.
The sailors were stunned by having met on the Wildlock of a man, overgrown with hair, dressed in goat skins, who could not say a word, but only mock - Selkirk could not pronounce a word. He was taken aboard the ship - the British vessel "Dewk". Only a few days later, the Scotman was able to tell who he was and what happened to him.
On February 14, the ship was outlined from the anchor and went on the road - Dewuk made a long and dangerous raid in seven seas. Therefore, immediately go home Selkir did not happen - he had to get around the world on the "Dewuk". And only thirty-three months later, October 14, 1711, he returned to England, becoming the captain by the captain of the Incriz sailboat during the campaign.
When Londoners learned about the adventures of their countryman, Selkirk became the popular personality of the British capital. But a few, who did not know the colorfully and brightly talk about the experience, he quickly bored the public. Then he went to his native Largo.
They met him at first welcome. Then the attitude towards him has changed. Staying on the island did not pass without a trace: the gloomy look and the sullen gaze of Selcarg. They scared people, silence and closedness annoyed. A few years later, Selkirk returned to the fleet, became a lieutenant "in the service of His Majesty King UK." He was instructed to command the ship "Weimaus".
During the next navigation to the shores of West Africa in 1720, Selkirk died of a tropical fever and was buried with the Military Humans. The island, on which the sailor lived for several years, is now called Robinson Island. And the island neighboring with him wears the name of Alexander Selkirk.
Interestingly, quite recently, in 2008, on the island of Robinson, scientists of the British Society of Post-Isnevian Archeology were first discovered by the parking lot of Alexander Selkirk - the remains of two huts and the observation point, standing on which he looked at the sea hoping to see the sail ...
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Which of us in childhood did not read the novels of Robert Stevenson, Jules Verne or Daniel Defo? In the fascinating world of overseas countries and extraordinary adventures, we plunged on the pages of the "Treasure Island", the "Mysterious Island" and, of course, "Robinson Cruzo", not particularly thinking about how so famously swirling plots are based on. Only mature, we learned that genuine events that became the basis for writing these novels were no less interesting and dramatic.
On a small street of the Scottish town of Largo, which is located near the North Sea itself, and today you can see an old house, in a niche above the door of which stands the figure of a person in clothes from the skins and with a gun in his hands. Tourists often peek here to see the place where Alexander Selkirk was born in 1676 - a sailor who became a prototype of all Robinson Kruzo. If you go to the house, you can see the chest and the Selkiga pistols, as well as the Cup, handled them from coconut.
Bug Battcan
From the end of the XVII century, Alexander served on the shy "Blue Poru" from the flotilla of the English caper and explorer William Dumpyr. Being a good boatswain, Selkirk did not differ in the presence of character, which led to frequent conflicts with captain, sometimes very fierce. It ended in that after another clash, Alexander himself demanded that he was landed for the nearest island. So it was done - receiving a gun and a minimum of supplies, Selkirk turned out to be completely longer.
The land sheltered him was small, about 97 square meters. KM, Mas-A-Tierra Island, lying in the Pacific Ocean 350 miles from the shores. Miles in 80 from him was the island of Mas-A-Fuera. Both islands were opened by about a century before the Spanish Conquistor Juan Fernandez. Subsequently, this traveler, leaving on peace, settled himself on the island of Mas-A-Thierra in a company of several Indian families. The island's land turned out to be fertile, fresh water was also in prosperity, and in the sea, the fish. Indians started goats and foresters. However, for a long time on the island, Fernandez did not strengthen - Zakokhav, moved to the mainland. The island economy has declined. Following the owner left the island and the Indians, throwing their livestock and bird. So it was certainly possible to survive on these Paradise Islands. But full of the rhinence from the big world strongly pressed on the psyche. The company Indians Fernandez did not help at all.
What did Selkirk count, demanding his exile from the ship and going to live on the island in full solitude? Floating in these places earlier, he knew that the vessels regularly enter the Mas-A-A-Thierra to replenish the reserves of fresh water, and he believed that on the first of them he would leave his temporary refuge. But he was mistaken: the situation has changed, and now the sailors preferred Mas-A-Fuera, where the sources were even more powerful. This error requested Country for loneliness years. Leaving him on the island have long forgot about him. And he continued the struggle for his own survival. He is certainly lucky: the abundance of wild goats, foresters, fish and wild fruit ensured him a completely decent diet.
Precious memoirs
When the clothing was worn out, he came to making her goat skins. It was possible and continuously supporting the fire. So stretched days over the day. Four years later, when, finally, a couple of ships appeared in a small distance from the island. However, Nadezhda, the Kohlkirki was in the heart of Selkirk, soon fade - the ships went under the Spanish flag. The Spaniards were sworn enemies of Britain, and therefore, the Scottish did not have to count on their mercy. In addition, his caper past could emerge ... so instead of catching towards people, he hid in the depths of the island and did not show up until the ships were moved from the coast. One God knows what this act cost him.
After some time, from the board passing by the English ship "Duke" under the command of Captain Woodza Rogers, a fire was noticed on the shore of Mas-A-A-Thierra and sent a boat to the island. The sailors who came to the shore enthusiastically met the Selkirk, almost already lost hope for a return from his voluntary expulsion. Despite such a long loneliness and hermitting, he did not bother, no one vinyl. Ironically, the William Dumpier turned out to be at the Irony of Fate. They talked friendly with Alexander, remembered the past. The Dampir told about how one day he, going to the Island Unknown to him in search of water, met a lonely Indian there. It turned out that three years earlier, pirates forgot here, on which he was servant. Perhaps this is the unfortunate, about which the Dampier told (as well as about the Selkir) in his published notes, served as the Presentation of Friday.
In general, the notes of this caper-intellectual were very entertaining. Their echoes can be seen in the works of Walter Scott, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defo. The latter, having learned the history of Selkirk from the dumpier, met the prototype of his future hero in the beer, where Alexander became regulars. People came here to listen to his extraordinary adventures of first mouth. And Selkirk for good treats did not bother. Probably, it is precisely these meetings in the beer who called in defo a thought about the big novel. And he sat down. Taking as the basis of the history of Selkirk, the defio has been significantly modified. He "settled" on the island of Tobago in the Atlantic is not four, but for as many as 28 years. Friday at defo - not forgotten on the island of Indian, and Black Aboriginal, almost eaten by tribesmen. The surname for the hero he borrowed from his school friend - Timothy Cruzo.
Traces on Earth
It was not easy for the fate of the island abandoned by his only inhabitant - Selkir. During the war with Spain, English Admiral George An-Son turned Mas-A-Tierra to a well-fortified base for raids on Spanish colonies located on the west coast of South America. After the end of the war in 1750, the Spaniards returned to the island and built their coastal fortifications there. But they stood only a year, and then were destroyed by powerful tsunami. Later, the island was transformed into prison for criminals from Chile, and Ecuador.
At the beginning of the XIX century, the prison stopped existence. Only small fishermen remained on the island, whose descendants still live here. That's just the island itself changed the name. After the novel of Defo and his hero found worldwide fame, Mas-A-Thierra was renamed Robinson-Cruzo Island. At the same time, the name of Alexander Selkigark was assigned to the island of Mas-A-Fuera, at which, however, Selkirk has never been. Under these names of the island today you can find today on the world map. Both islands belong to the Juan-Fernian archipelago and belong to Chile, whose government has conceived to turn them into a tourist facility and even gonna build a small airport on one of the islands. Under the new, 2004, a training ship of the Far Eastern University "Nadezhda" was suitable for the island. All that cadets saw is a tiny settlement near the Pier and Radomachet with Telantenne Tarves.
Alexander Selkirk died from the yellow fever on board the ship "Weimut", where he was recruited by Lieutenant, the charter sit on the shore. This happened on December 13, 1721, so he lived only 45 years old. A monument was established to his century an anniversary in Largo - the same figure in the niche of the house mentioned at the beginning of this article. Daniel Defo's famous survived his prototype of his hero for 10 years. After a short period of deafening glory related to the exit to the light "Robinson", the writer was in oblivion, despite the fact that he wrote a few more books. Including, by the way, the continuation of the adventures of Robinson Cruzo, where the action takes place in the Russian Empire.
He died in poverty, hiding from numerous lenders. Only after almost 140 years after the death of Defo, the London newspaper Christian World organized a collection of funds to the monument to the writer. Now the granite monument can be seen on the London Cemetery of Bunhill Fields. And on the shore of Mas-A-Tierra, where Alexander Selkirk first stepped on him, English sailors in 1868 installed Obelisk, where they managed to set out almost all his epic.
Selkark, Alexander
Figurine depicting Alexander Selkirka
Alexander Selkirk, Study. Selkirk (eng. Alexander Selkirk, Selcraig- December 13) - Scottish sailor, who spent 4 years and 4 months (in 1704-1709) on the uninhabited Island of Mas-A-Tierra (now - Robinson Cruzo), which is part of the Juan Fernandez archipelago, located in the Pacific, 640 kilometers from Chile's coast. He served as a prototype of the literary hero of Roman Daniel Defo - Robinson Cruzo.
Biography
The 27-year-old boatswain of the ship "SNC POR", which was part of the flotilla under the command of William Dumpyr, went to the shores of South America in 1704. Hot-tempered and wayward, he constantly engaged in conflicts with the captain of the ship by Stradling. After another quarrel, which occurred near the island of Mas-A-A-Tierra, Selkirk demanded that he was planted; The captain immediately satisfied his demand. True, later, the sailor asked Captain to cancel his order, but he was inexorable, and Selkirk was able to leave the island only more than four years.
Returning in the native town of Largo, Selkirk at first lived calmly; Visited the beer, where he told about his adventures. Judging by the memoirs of contemporaries, he was a good storytelle. So, Sir Richard Stil in 1713 marked in the journal "Englishman" that "he is very interested to listen to, he soberly thinks and very vividly describes the stay of the soul at different stages such a long loneliness."
However, Selkirk could not adapt to the new setting. He entered the royal fleet in the rank of Lieutenant and died on board the Royal Ship "Weimut". According to the records of the ship's journal, death has arrived at 8 pm on December 13, 1721, the reason for it was most likely a yellow fever. Selkirk was buried at sea off the coast of West Africa.
Directly in honor of the sailor was named nearby from Robinson Island Cruzo Alexander Selkirka Island.
Categories:
- Personalia: Scotland
- Sailors
- Left on uninhabited island
- Prototypes of literary characters
- Personalia alphabetic
- Born in 1676
- Dead in 1721
- Robinson Crusoe
- Died from Yellow Fever
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Figurine depicting Alexander Selkirka Alexander Selkirk, the Standard. Selkirk (eng. Alexander Selkirk, Selcraig, 1676 December 13, 1721) Scottish sailor, spent several years (released in 1709) on the uninhabited island of Mas and Tierra (now ... ... Wikipedia
Selkirk, Alexander Figurine, depicting Alexander Selkirka Alexander Selkirk, Standard. Selkirk (eng. Alexander Selkirk, Selcraig, 1676 December 13, 1721) Scottish sailor, spent several years (released in 1709) ... Wikipedia
Geographic Encyclopedia
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Alexander Selkirk - Island in the group about the Second World War Juan Fernandez, Pacific Ocean, Chile's possession. Named in 1960 in honor of the English, the sailor Alexander Selkirk, who in 1704 after a quarrel with the captain of the vessel was planted on this island and spent five years on it. Adventures… … Toponymic Dictionary
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Robinson Crusoe - Island in the group about the Second World War Juan Fernandez, Pacific Ocean, Chile's possession. Named in 1960 in honor of the hero of the famous work of Daniel Defo, although the events described in the novel occurred at the next oh. Alexander Selkirk. Until 1960, the island was called Mos ... ... Toponymic Dictionary
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