What are the travelers and what they opened. Great travelers: list, discoveries and interesting facts

10.04.2021

Russian travelers and geographers made a great contribution to the knowledge of our planet. First of all, they studied the colossal territory of our Motherland, which is the sixth part of all sushi. The set of land in all parts of the world and the islands of the World Ocean is first applied to the Russian card. They first visited Alaska, on small shiphs performed heroic swimming in the Arctic, the first to penetrate the Antarctic, collected information about the deserts of Iran and India, they were investigated and described by Mongolia, Tibet, Western China, brought to the map a considerable part of Africa and South America. The names of many Russian researchers are captured in geographical names on the world map.

A selection of Afanasia Nikitin's story opens. The time to which the recording of his journey "walking for the three seas" was a significant for Russia - there was an association of feudal principalities in a centralized Russian state. Nikitin's notes are interesting not only as the first reliable description of India XV century, compiled by Europeans, but also as a document that reflects important changes in Russia.

It is difficult to say to what time the person's acquaintance relates to the Polar Countries. It is known that in the XII - HV centuries, Novgorod residents were debited and mastered the coast of the Kola Peninsula and the Beach of the White Sea. Pomoro opened a number of islands in the North Arctic Ocean: new land, KGUEV, Bear, Spitsbergen. After the campaign of Ermak in 1581-1584, the development of Russian Siberia began. In 1586, Tyumensky Ostrog was built on the Turing River, then the Tobolsky town was erected, which became the main support center of the first settlers. In 1601, by going for the stone (Ural), the Russians founded the mangazea - \u200b\u200ba major trading city. In 1630, several detachments of the Cossacks-Zemlip moved on Lena. Going along Lena, they went to the "Holy Sea" (Arctic Ocean).

In 1684, Fedor Popov took a swim from the mouth of Kolyma to the East, Semen Dejnev went with him (the path of Fyodor Popov was repeated only in 200 years of Nordsheld). At the beginning of the XIX century, the industrialist Ya. Sannikov discovered ancient crosses on the island of pillars. And on the island of the boiler room, ancient winter-certificate was found that in the HChi century, the Russian sailors took the ice swimming far into the ocean in their boats.

The new page in the Russian sea route studies was inscribed as a result of the tireless works of a number of expeditions, equipped according to Peter's plan 1 1st Kamchatka expedition (1725 - 1730) confirmed the hypothesis that azna and ahheric were separated by the strait, but since Berng turned back without reached Lo Alaskn, the presence of the Strait was questioned. In 1732 it was decided to send a second, more significant expedition to the Pacific Ocean. Two ships had to go to America, and two others to Japan. At the same time, an expedition was sent to the Arctic Ocean to clarify the possibility of swimming along the shores of Sibnry. This expedition entered the story under the title of the Great Northern Expedition.

RUSSIAN SEAPTERS V.N. V. Lasinius, S. Muravyev, P. Lasinius, S. Muravyev, D. Shetsyn, D. Feremov, F. Minin, Khariton and Dmitry Lapteva quite accurately inflicted the Northern Siberia areas and were convinced of the impossibility of regular time Shipping in the east of the Arctic Ocean. The ships of the Bering and Chirikov detachment - accounts "St. Peter "and" St. Paul "for the first time approached the shores of North-West America and caused them to the map; Outlied Aleutian and Commander Islands. The 2nd Kamchatka Expedition finally confirmed the presence of a strait between America and Asia.

For two hundred years (before the expedition of the Taimyr and Vaigach ships in 1910-1915), the hydrographic data drawn up by the participants of the Great Northern Expedition remained the only instruction for navigation to the places.

The object of the study was both the islands of New Earth, Vaigach, Kongyev. In 1767, F. Motes explored a new land, and in 1821 - 1824 F. Litke. The case started by the mobility and the liter continued to b 1832 by P. Pakhtusov and A. Tsivly. In 1912, on the ship "St. Foca "went to the pole of George Sedov. He managed to beat the northern tip of the new land.

A decent place in the development of the Arctic belongs to Admiral S. Makarov, his theory of conquering an ice ocean with icebreakers. "To the pole, the motto of Makarova was. In order to improve the navigation and establishment of regular flights of Russian courts from the ports of the Baltic States to the shores of the Pacific, round-the-world swimming of I. Kruzenshtern and Y. Lysyansky were undertaken. A huge research work was held on the way, the richest scientific material was assembled, extensive little-known areas of the Pacific Ocean were studied in detail.

After Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, V. Golovin, he studied Kamchatka in detail, and adjacent islands in detail. The second world swimming at the Kamchatka gate, which V. Golovin performed, enriched world science with major geographical discoveries.

B 1819 after a long and thorough preparation of NZ Kronstadt, a South Polar Expedition went to the East and Mirny Military Sluts and Lazarev and Bellnssgausen headed. On January 29, 1821, the ships were seen by the shore, called the land of Alexander I. It was Antarctica - the greatest opening of the nineteenth century. Expedition, spending in the wounded 751 day, passed more than 90 thousand kilometers and opened 29 islands, as well as the Coral RNF.

The whole pleiad of geographers explored the mountain ranges and deserts of Central Asia. A somewhat particularly in a number of geographers is the name of the Humanist N. Miklukho-Maclay, a scientist. The purpose of penetrating not into the depths of the ocean and do not go through the uncomfortable: lands, but to penetrate into the depths of human society on Earth.

The goal of the proposed selection of postcards is to briefly familiarize the reader with the activities of Russian geographers research and tell about a huge contribution made by NMH into world geographic science, as the latitude of the problems set, so N by the number and significance of discoveries.
P. Pavlin

Athanasius Nikitin

"Delightened geographers did not know that the honor of one of the oldest European travels described in India belongs to Russia John the century. While Vasco da Gama only thought about the possibility of finding the way from Africa to the Industan, our Tver has already traveled on the shores of Malobar. " So, N. Karamzin responded about the notes of the Russian merchant XV century, Athanasius Nikitina "Going in three seas". Coming out of Tver in the summer of L466, the caravan of commercial ships under the leadership of Athanasius Nikitin went down the Volga and Caspian to Baku. Further the path lay through Persia to India on the Malobar coast.
Indians appreciated nikitin friendly. Responding to him confidence, they willingly devoted him in particular their life and customs. Athanasius Nikitin in three years has collected the most interesting information about the "Bakhmaniyev state", the largest Power of India XV century. "Walking for the three seas" was highly appreciated by contemporaries: in 1472, the traveler's diary was inscribed in the chronicle of the Russian state.

Ivan Moskvitin

After defeated in 1598, Khan Kuchum "Siberian Earth" (Western Siberia) was included in the Russian state. And, of course, the desire to explore the areas rich in the "soft rhullard" yes "fish tooth". Cossacks of 31 people in 1639 under the start of Ivan Yuryevich Moskvitin, drawning from the locals (EVENOV) that there are Lama (Okhotsk Sea) from the Lamjur mountain range, dragged the wolf through the mountains of the boat and, descending on boats on the river Ulle, went to Okhotsk Sea. At the mouth of the hives, they set a few of the wrongs, they were pregnant and dug them. It was the first settlement of Russians on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. The pioneers mastered the harsh Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, removing from the shores of at times at 500 - 700 kilometers.
Information about the "New Earths" was made to the Yakut "painting rivers and names to people on which the river people live." Russian Cossacks modified modestly: "Before Lama, Iduchi was fed with a tree, a border, roots, on Lama, on rivers, you can get a lot of fish and can be used."

Erofey Khabarov
Camping on Amur

Erofey Khabarov

Fascinated by the stories about the wealth of the Amur Land, Khabarov appealed to the Yakut governor with a request to send him at the head of the Cossacks of Cossacks. The voevod suggested Khabarov not only to collect Yasak, but also describe the life of the local peoples, draw up "drawings" (cards) of the area and describe natural conditions. Getting at the beginning of the boats on the rivers of the Lena Basin, Khabarov recorded: "In the thresholds of the tackle, Slopers broke, people were hurt ...". It was still hard to pass through the snow-covered edge of the ridge, when, by watering the boat to the nars, had to drag them with the wolf. Khabarov made a number of campaigns in the Amur region and a rich Dauria land in 1649 - 1651. In one of the reports, he writes: "And the rivers live a lot of many tungs, and Dauri people are gorgeous on the great river Amur, and in the great Amur river Kalushka, and sturgeon, and all the fish a lot against the Volga. And in the hails and uluses, there are great pies, forests on the Great River are dark, big, sable and any beast. And in the ground, gold and silver can be seen. "

Semen Dezhnev
Opening of the Strait between Asia and America

Semen Dezhnev

"Mangazeysian move" - \u200b\u200bthe path from the mouth of the Northern Dvina, Mezheni to the Obuba is a bright page in the history of Russian maritime travel. By this way, Ustyuzhanin Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev "went" to Siberia. In 1643, he headed the detachment that went on Kolyma to Kolyma and then to the East. According to Dezhnev, the "large stone nose" (the very northeast point of the Asian mainland) was suitable for three kochess: Fedot Alekseeva (Popova), Seeds Dezhnev and Gerasim Ankidinova. "And that nose came out in the sea much further and the people of Chukhchi good live on it ...", - notes Dezhnev in his "outpiration". Losing Koch Ankidinov, Dezhnev and Popov turned the south ships and entered the strait separating Asia from America. Fog, frequent in these places, did not give them the opportunity to see Alaska.
Thanks to this expedition, the image of Northeast Asia appeared on the "drawing of the Siberian Earth" in 1667. The name of Dezhnev is crowned with the glove of the opening of the Strait between Asia and America, the Chukotka Peninsula, Anadyr region.

Vitus Bering and A.I. Chirikov
1st and 2nd Kamchatka expeditions

Vitus Bering and A.I. Chirikov

When the Russian Empire stretches AT Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, it was time to accurately designate her borders and outlines of the seashores. To this end, Peter I decided to send an expedition to the Pacific Ocean. It was necessary to figure out not only the issue of borders and scientific "smoke", but also to open sea routes to trade with the "golden", on the presentation of that time, Japan. The boss of the 1st Kamchatka Expedition (1725-1730) was appointed Vitus Bering, Dane, who served in Russia for many years, and Aleksey Ilyich Chirikov.
Bering bypassed the eastern shore of Kamchatka, the southern and eastern bank of Chukotka, opened the islands of St. Lawrence. Having passed in the Chukchi sea to the latitude of 6718 "and seeing that the" land more north does not extend ", Bering, despite the proposal of Alexei Ilyich Chirikov to continue the path further to the north, found the question of the availability of the strait between Asia and America permitted positively and turned back. In St. Petersburg, the results of the expedition were recognized as unsatisfactory. Bering received instructions for a new navigation. The instruction identified the volume and objectives of the 2nd Kamchatka and the associated Great Northern Expeditions (1733 - 1743), which was instructed to produce a description of the entire northern and eastern coasts of Siberia, familiarize themselves with Shores of America and Japan and finally find out the question of the Strait between Asia and America. The main tasks of the expedition were fulfilled. The filming materials made during expeditions used cartographers for two centuries.

H. Laptev and S. Gelylskin

In 1730, the Bering returned from Kamchatka began to equip an expandment expedition (2-K\u003e Kamchatka): Single Court Send along the Pacific Oxap to Japan and Ameriva, while others at the Arctic Ocean to describe and put a map of the coast of Northern Armovito\u003e H\u003e Ocean. The expedition in the north of Russia lasted 10 LST (from 1733 to the L743 year) and in its tasks, the size of the covered territories, the results were rightfully called the Great Expedition. The expedition consisted of separate land and nautical detachments that had bases in the mouths of large RCK of the North of Siberia. Its participants were Khariton and Dmitry Laptev, S. Chelyuskin, S. Malygin, V. Pronchishchev and many others. All of them showed unparalleled courage and perseverance in achieving the goal. As a result, a huge material on the nature of the northern seas was assembled, a thousand kilometers of the coast of the Northern Ocean coast, large territories of the North of Russia, the life and life of them inhabiting them are investigated and described.

I.F. Trrusenshtern and Yu.F. Lisky
The first Russian round-the-world journey

I.F. Trrusenshtern and Yu.F. Lisky

By the beginning of the XIX century, there was a need to establish regular flights of Russian courts from the ports of the Baltic States to Russian ports in the Pacific Ocean. In 1802, the maritime ministry adopted the proposal of Captain-Lieutenant I. F. Kruzenshtern to organize the first Russian round-the-world expedition (1803 - 1806). The purpose of the expedition was: delivery of goods to Russian ownership in North America and to Kamchatka, the establishment of trade relations with Japan and China, research in the tropical part of the Pacific and near Russian possessions. Yu. F. Lisya was appointed assistant Kruzenshtern. The expedition has had two ships "Hope" and "Neva". During the trip, a world map was clarified, a number of islands were opened, numerous oceanographic studies were produced. Special attention is paid to the descriptions of life, morals, households, social resources of the residents of Sakhalin and Kamchatka. Kruzenchtern was composed of "South Sea Atlas" - the most accurate for that time.

F.F. BELLINSGAUZEN and M.P.Lazarev
Opening Antarctica

F.F. BELLINSGAUZEN and M.P.Lazarev

In 1819, two military gaters were published from Kronstadt: "East" and "Mirny" under the command of Faddeevich Bellingshausen and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev. The expeditions had to solve an ancient riddle of southern mainland. Overcoming enormous diving difficulties under the sails in the ice setting, ships approached Antarctica. According to the Satellite of Lazarev on the expedition of Michman Novosilskiy, "Russian was granted the honor for the first time to raise the corner of the curtain hiding a remote, mysterious south, and prove that behind the ice washed, his walking, islands and land." On January 10, 1821, Sailors of the "Peace" and "East" simultaneously saw the island, which was called Peter I.. Then was discovered by the shore called by the shore of Alexander 1.

F.P.Litka
Study of the new land

F.P.Litka

A major contribution to the study of the new land belongs to the navigator Admiral Fyodor Petrovich Litke, who during the expeditions in 1821-1824, for the first time after the Barents, inspected and inflicted the entire West Bank of the New Earth, the Murmansk coast, explored the eastern part of the Barents and the White Seas. In 1826 - 1829, on the Senjavin Sluts, Litke, leading a round-the-world expedition, explored and laid on the map of the island of the Caroline Archipelago, held a shot of the island of Bonin. Fyodor Petrovich Litke was one of the creators of the Russian geographical society. In his honor, the Gold Medal was established.

G.I.nevela

In the info Admiral G, I. Nevelsky, according to the results of a swim in 1848-1849, on transport "Baikal" recorded: "... We are open
1) that Sakhalin is an island separating from the mainland by a 4 mile stripper and having a smallest depth of 5 soil;
2) that the entrance to Cupid from the North from the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk and from the south of the Tatar Strait, as well as a message through the Amur Liman Seas of Japanese and Okhotsky is available for maritime courts;
3) that in the south-west shore of the Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Sea is extensive closed from all winds of the raid, named by me by the Bay of St. Nicholas ... "
Many saw in the act non-worm banging violation of the instructions. After all, Nikolai 1 prescribed: "The question of Amur, as the river is useless, leave." The special committee threatened to degrade Nevelsky to sailors. But he still managed to prove the need to create an Amur expedition (1850 - 1855), which examined the huge spaces of the Amur region and Sakhalin Islands. In 1854, Primorsky Krai was attached to Russia.

P.P. Semenov Tyan-Shan

Traveling the Great Russian researcher Peter Petrovich Semenov-Tyan-Shansky marked the beginning of the new period of study of Central and Central Asia. The results of studies of the scientist showed that Tianzhan Mountains are not volcanic origin. During the expedition, he collected a large mineralogical collection, herbarium, a collection of insects and mollusks, valuable ethnographic material. An artist P. Kosharov, who made a huge amount of sketching of those places for which an expedition was held at great assistance to a geographer's scientist.
The well-known Soviet geographer Y. Shakalsky wrote: "For us, old employees of society, the names of Peter Petrovich and the Geographical Society are inseparable." For more than 40 years, Semenov-Tian-Shan head headed the Russian geographical society and was the direct organizer and ideological leader of the expeditions of N. Przhevalsky, Potanina, P. Kozlov and many others.

N.M.Przhelvsky

"In the history of science there are scientists, ideas and works of which are a whole epoch. This scientist belongs to Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky, "E. Murzaev wrote about the traveler. The routes of expeditions of the Great Russian traveler (from 1867 to 1888) cover the huge spaces of Central Asia. Przhevalsky was the first to describe the deserts of Gobi, Ordos, Dzungaria and Kashgar, the first suggested that the Gausty Desert is a huge bowl with the predominance of rocky and clay soils. He denied the theory of the famous geographer and traveler of Humboldt on the mesh direction of the central ridges of Tibetan Highlands, proving them a predominantly latitudinal direction. They first described the ridges of the Kuene Luna system, the system of nancing ridges was opened, a number of ridges of Humboldt, Columbus, Przhevalsky, and others were opened.
In expeditions, the scientist collected wonderful collections of flora and the fauna of Central Asia. His herbaria, among which there were plants of the Unicum, had 15 - 16 thousand plants. Przhevalsky collected a huge collection of animals. They discovered and described a wild camel and a wild horse, which was named Przhevalsky.

N.N. Miklukho-Maclay

Akademik L. Berg: "While other geographers discovered new, accredited unknown land, Miklukho-Maclay, sought first of all to open a person among the" primitive "studied, that is not affected by the European culture of peoples " You can hardly rather characterize the goal that the life of an outstanding Russian traveler is devoted to.
In 1871, the Russian Corvette "Vityaz" landed a scientist ashore for New Guinea (now Shore Maclay), where he lived among Papuans for 15 months. "Man from the Moon," as the natives called him, courage and trust, throwing the weapon, sought the location and love of Papuans. Micallomaclay became their faithful friend with whom they parted with tears.
The traveler brought home diaries, sketches, collections that contain valuable ethnographic material. Nikolai Nikolayevich Miklukho-Maclay diaries were published only after the October Revolution.

S.O. Makarov

Among the famous Russian Flotovodians, the name of Stepan Osipovich Makarova - Admiral, a talented scientist, a tireless polar explorer. 33-year-old Makarov, commanding the ship "Taman", on his personal initiative, engaged in the study of the flow in the Bosphorus Strait. He made more than 5 thousand observations invented by them by the instrument - a fluctuometer and proved the presence of two opposing currents: the upper, from the Black Sea, and the lower, from the Mediterranean Sea. Floating on Korvette "Vityaz", Makarov continued hydrological observations on all navigation routes: measured the temperature and density of water in various depths, investigated the flows in different layers. The scientist systematized the study of expeditions in the Pacific Ocean in the two-volume work "Vityaz" and "Pacific Ocean" (1894), which was awarded the Academy of Sciences and the Gold Medal of the Russian Geographical Society. Stepan Osipovich Makarov also owns the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating the world's first powerful icebreaker "Ermak".

PKKozlov

Fifteen years spent an outstanding researcher in expeditions on deserts and cities of Central Asia. On horseback, on foot and camels, it was made through the most remote and hard-to-reach areas. The length of his travels is over 40 thousand km. Peter Kuzmich Kozlov belongs to one of the most outstanding archaeological discoveries of the twentieth century: the find of the dead city of Hara-Hoto in the sands of Mongolia and the Kurgan-burial grounds of the ancient Gunns in Mongolian Altai; He explored and described the largest Asian River - Mekong, in 1905 the first of the Europeans met and talked with Dalai Lama, then in Mongolia. An unforgettable impression remained at Kozlov when opening Hara-Hoto. Excavations glorified the Russian geographer to the whole world. Here were discovered by manuscripts, books, paintings, household items and cults of the XI - XII centuries of our era. During the expeditions, the scientist gathered the most valuable materials about geology, climate, vegetation and the animal world of Tibet and the little-known or completely unknown Eastotibetic tribes.

G.Y.Sedov
Path to the North Pole

G.Y.Sedov

On February 2, 1914, the famous Parliamentary researcher Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov left the last wintering in the Bay of the Quiet Island of Gucker. Almost a year and a half, Sedov expedition, published NZ Arkhangelsk on the ship "St. Foka "in August 1912, sought to break through the ice to the North Pole. But the attempt ended in failure. On February 20, 1914, without reaching the island of Rudolf, Sedov died and was buried at Cape AUC of this island.
However, according to Nansen, there are already some materials received by a brave researcher on a new earth, fully paid off the entire expedition, their scientific value is so great.

If you think that all outstanding wanderers remained in the era of great geographical discoveries, we hurry you to convince: Amazing travels are committed by our contemporaries. It is about these people who will be speech.

Photo: background-pictures.picphotos.net.

If we talk about great travelers of our time, then it is impossible to go around the side of the unique talent of Fedor Filippovich Konyukhov to conquer the fact that, at first glance, it is impossible to conquer. Today, Konyukhov is the first of the best travelers of the planet, which the Northern and South Poles will be submitted, the highest peaks of the world, the sea and oceans. In its asset, more than forty expeditions in the most inaccessible places of our planet.

The descendant of the Nordic Poms from the Arkhangelsk province was born on the shore of the Azov Sea in the fishing village of Chkalovo. His irrepressible thirst for knowledge led to the fact that at the age of 15, Fyodor was overwhelmed by the Azov Sea in a fishing boat. It was the first step towards great accomplishments. For the next twenty years, Konyukhov takes part in expeditions to the North and South Poles, conquers the highest peaks, makes four round-the-world travel, participates in the race on dog sledding, fifteen times crosses the Atlantic Ocean. In 2002, the traveler committed a single swimming through the Atlantic on a vein boat and installed the record. More recently, on May 31, 2014, Konyukhov met in Australia immediately with several records. The famous Russian became the first one who recruit the Pacific Ocean from the continent to the continent. It cannot be said that Fyodor Filippovich is a person, loaned only on travels. In addition to the nautical school in the asset of the Great Traveler, the Belarusian Art School in Bobruisk and a modern Humanitarian University in Moscow. In 1983, Fedor Konyukhov became the youngest member of the Union of Artists of the USSR. He is also the author of twelve books about his own experience overcoming the difficulties of wanderings. Upon completion of the legendary transition through the Pacific Ocean, Konyukhov said that it was not going to stop on the achieved. In his plans, new projects: Flying around the light on a balloon, round-the-world swimming in 80 days at the Jules Cup Verne on a killery yacht with a crew, dive into the Mariana Wpadin.

Today, this young English traveler, the TV presenter and the writer is known for the multi-million audience thanks to the most rated television broadcast on the Discovery Channel. In October 2006, the transfer of "Survive at any cost" began to go to the broadcast with his participation. The goal of the TV presenter is not only to entertain the viewer, but also give valuable advice and recommendations that can come in handy in unforeseen situations.

Bear in the UK was born in the family of hereditary diplomats, he received a wonderful education in the Elite School of Ladgrow and the University of London. Parents did not prevent her son's passion to sailing, climbing and martial arts. But the skills of endurance and the ability to survive the future traveler received in the army, where he mastered the jumps with parachute and mountaineering. These skills helped him subsequently achieve the cherished goal - conquering Everest. This event occurred at the very end of the last century, in 1998. BEAR GRILLS has simply irrepressible energy. The list of his travels is huge. From 2000 to 2007, he sailed around the British islands in thirty days to collect funds for the British Royal Society of Salvation on Waters; Relocation on an inflatable boat North Atlantic; On an airplane with a steam engine, Angel flew over the waterfall, took part in the ball at an altitude of more than seven thousand meters; At the paraglider flew over the Himalayas ... In 2008, the traveler went at the head of the expedition, organized with the aim of climbing one of the most remote unrelated peaks in Antarctica. Almost all expeditions in which Gills participates, are charitable.

If you think that distant wanderings are the prerogative of a strong half of humanity, they are deeply mistaken. And this young American Ebby Sunderland has proven, which at the age of 16 has made a round-world journey on the yacht. Interestingly, Ebby's parents not only allowed her to make such a risky enterprise, but also helped to prepare for him. It should be noted that the father of the girl is a professional sailor.

On January 23, 2010, the yacht came out of the port Marina del Rey that in California. Unfortunately, the first swimming was unsuccessful. The second attempt took place on February 6th. Very soon Abby reported damage to the hull of the yacht and engine malfunction. At this time she was between Australia and Africa, 2 thousand miles from the coast. After that, the connection with the girl was interrupted, and nothing was known about her. The search operation was unsuccessful, and Abby recognized missing. However, a month from the yacht, a disaster signal was received from the southern part of the Indian Ocean. After 11 hours of searching by Australian rescuers in the zone of a strong storm, a yacht was discovered in which, fortunately, there was a whole and unsatible ebby. Survive her helped a large stock of products and water. The girl reported that all the time after the last session of communication she had to overcome the storm, and she physically could not reach the connection and send the radiogram. An example of Abby inspires the bold spirit to experience their capabilities and not stop there.

One of the most original travelers of modernity spent on his unusual journey around the world of whole thirteen years of life. Non-standard situation was that Jason refused to achieve a civilization in the form of any technique. In his round-the-world journey, a former British cleaner went with a bicycle, boat and ... rollers!

Photo: Mikaelstrandberg.com.

The expedition started from Greenwich in 1994. A 27-year-old Lewis chose his friend Steve Smith to their partners. In February 1995, travelers got to the United States. After 111 days of swimming, friends decided to cross the states separately. In 1996, Lewis traveled on the rollers knocks the car. Nine months he spent in the hospital. After recovering Lewis goes to Hawaii, and from there on the pedal boat sails to Australia. In the Solomon Islands, he fell into the epicenter of the Civil War, and the Alligator attacked him off the coast of Australia. Upon arrival in Australia, Lewis interrupts the journey due to financial difficulties and works for some time in the funeral bureau and sells T-shirts. In 2005, he moves to Singapore, from there to China, from which he moved to India. Having drove the country by bike, the Briton by March 2007 gets to Africa. The rest of the path of Lewis passes through Europe. On a bicycle, he drove through Romania, Bulgaria, Austria, Germany and Belgium, then swam through La Mans and returned to London in October 2007, completing his unique journey around the world. James Lewis has proven to the world and himself that there is no limit to human capabilities.

Photo: Mikaelstrandberg.com.

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Italian traveler Marco Polo (1254-1324). In 1271-75, he traveled to China, where she lived. 17 years. In 1292-95, the sea returned to Italy. Written from his words "Book" (1298) is one of the first sources of Knowledge of Europeans about the Center., Vost. and south. Asia.

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This is the period in the history of mankind, which began in the XV century and lasted until the XVII century, during which Europeans opened new lands and sea routes to Africa, America, Asia and Oceania in search of new trading partners and sources of goods who have been in great demand in Europe. Historians usually correlate "great geographical discoveries" with pioneer long-range marines of Portuguese and Spanish travelers in search of alternative trade routes in India for gold, silver and spices.

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He was the first of reliably known travelers crossed the Atlantic Ocean and walked in the Caribbean. He marked the beginning of the opening of the mainland of South America. He opened all the great antilles (Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, etc.), small antilles and oh. Trinidad. In his first expedition, he shredded 3 vessels: "Santa - Maria", "Pinta", "Ninya". Total Columbus made 4 travel to America. In honor of Columbus, called the state in South America - Colombia Mount Cristobal Colombia in Colombia. The Federal District of Columbia in the United States. Columbia River in the USA and Canada. Cities in USA Columbus and Columbia. Streets in Volgograd and Astrakhan, Square in New York and Zelenovach. Hood John Vanderlery. Planting Columbus in America.

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The pioneer of America Columbus can be called with reservations. Even in the Middle Ages on the territory of North America, Icelandic Vikings were, but outside Scandinavia did not know anything about it. It is the expedition of Columbus that made information about America by universal heritage. The first island from the Bahamas was opened on October 12, 1492. Map of four expeditions of Columbus. Queen Isabella Castilskaya and Columbus Monument Columbus in Bremerhafen in Germany Copy of the Santa Maria Ship.

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Florentine traveler. It is believed that he got it nicknamed or called himself so in honor of the already named continent. As a navigator took part in the expeditions to new lands in 1499, using Columbus cards, and gave them the name of Venezuela - Little Venice, opened the Amazon Delta and also put on the map 22 of the object. In 1500-1504, two more travels from Portugal to the lands of the new continent. From 1505 served in the Spanish service for traveling to India. According to legend, Christopher Columbus believed until the end of his days in what opened a new way to India. But soon the view was spread that it was not open India, but a new mainland. One of their first supporters of this version was Amerigo Vespucci, whose name has gained a new part of the world. It is believed that the term "new light" himself could be offered in 1503 the same Vespucci, but such an opinion is disputed.

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He participated in the exploration of the second and third expedition of Columbus, supported friendly relations with him. According to the stories of contemporaries, Amergo was an extremely fair, smart and observant person. He possessed the writer's talent, quite often exaggerated, talking about the nature and people of new lands, but never talk about the heads of expeditions and about their role in these expeditions. In honor of Amerigo, Vespucci was called: the three-plated educational frigate, laid off in February 1931 in Naples. Airport in the Italian city of Florence. The main street in the city of Lima, the capital of Chile. Bridge, transbolic across the Arno River in the Italian city of Florence. Section of the Arno River Embankment in Florence. American Vespecius

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Portuguese navigator, known as the first European, which made a sea trip to India. On July 8, 1497, 4 vessels were released from Lisbon: 2 large three-volume ship "San Gabriel" (flagship vessel) and "San Raphael", a light karavel "Berry" and a transport vessel for transporting supplies. The straightening was the best maps and navigation instruments. In honor of the Brazilian football club named the city in Goa the longest bridge in Europe in Lisbon. Adidas Football Sword Model is named after ship magazine on the ship. Monument of Vasco da Gamma in front of the church in the city of Sinish.

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Only 5 years before the death of Da Gamma received land possessions and the county title. Returned after the expedition only 2 ship in September1499. Nevertheless, from a financial point of view, the expedition was unusually successful - the revenue of goods brought from India increased by 60 times used to the expedition costs. Padran - a stone pillar depicting the royal coat of arms of Portugal and the inscription - put in the sign of the transition of the territory under the management of Portugal. Padran at Cape of Good Hope.

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English Military Sailor, Researcher, Cartographer, Member of the Royal Society. He headed three expeditions on the study of the World Ocean, all were around the world. Surveyed and inflicted on the East Coast of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Quiet, Indian and Atlantic Oceans. February 14, 1779 was killed by residents of the Hawaiian Islands. After military operation, some parts of the body Cook were returned by the Aboriginal and buried to the sea. 1st Expedition - Vessel "Endeavor" 2nd Expedition - 2 vessel "Resolved" and "Edvecher" 3rd expedition - 2 vessels "resolve" and "Discovery" in honor of Cook named: the shed between Osh New Zealand. Islands in the Pacific Ocean. Mountain on O-Wah N. Zeland. Kuktown in Australia. Bay off the coast of Alaska. In honor of "Indebore", the Apollo-12 spacecraft module was named.

Russian navigators, along with European, are the most famous pioneers who opened new continents, sites of mountain ranges and extensive waters. They became the discovers of significant geographic objects, made the first steps in the development of hard-to-reach territories, made round-the-world travels. So who are the conquerors of the seas, and what exactly did the world know thanks to them?

Athanasius Nikitin - the very first Russian traveler

Athanasius Nikitin is considered to be the first Russian traveler who managed to visit India and Persia (1468-1474, according to other data 1466-1472). On the way back, he visited Somalia, Turkey, Muscat. Based on the travels of Athanasius, the notes were "walking for the three seas", which became in demand and unique historical and literary benefits. These recordings were first in the history of Russia a book, made not in the format of the story of pilgrimage, but describing the political, economic and cultural features of the territories.

He was able to prove that even being a member of the poor peasant family, it is possible to become a famous researcher and traveler. Its name is the streets, embankments in several Russian cities, a motor ship, a passenger train and airborne.

Semen Dejnev, founded Anadyr Ostrog

Cossack Ataman Semen Dejnev was an Arctic navigator, who became the discoverer of a number of geographic objects. Wherever Semen Ivanovich served, everywhere he sought to study the new and previously unknown. He was even able to cross the East Siberian Sea on a homemade nomad, having passed the path from Indigir to Alasey.

In 1643, as part of the detachment of researchers, Semyon Ivanovich opened a Kolyma, where the city of Middle Midkolmisk was founded with his associates. A year later, Semyon Denhev continued his expedition, held along Bering Strait (who did not yet have this name) and opened the easiest point of the mainland, called Dezhnev's cape. Also, his name is the island, peninsula, bay, village.

In 1648, Dezhnev again went on the road. His vessel was crashed in the waters located in the southern part of the Anadyr River. Robing on skis, sailors went up the river and stayed on the winter. Subsequently, this place appeared on geographical maps and received the name Anadyr Ostrog. According to the results of the expedition, the traveler was able to make detailed descriptions, make a map of those places.

Vitus Ionassen Bering, who organized an expedition to Kamchatka

Two Kamchatka expeditions entered the history of the marine discoveries of Vitus Bering and his companion Alexei Chirikov. During the first trip, the navigators conducted a study and were able to supplement the geographical satin of objects located in Northeast Asia and on the Pacific Coast of Kamchatka.

The discovery of Kamchatka and Lake Peninsulas, the Bay of Kamchatka, Cross, Karaginsky, the Bay of the holding, Islands of St. Lawrence is also the merit of Bering and Chirikov. At the same time, another strait was found and described, which later became known as Bering.

The second expedition was undertaken by them to search for the path to North America and the study of the Pacific Islands. In this journey, Bering and Chirikov laid the Petropavlovsky Ostrog. He got his name from the united names of their ships ("Saint Peter" and "Saint Paul) and later became the city of Petropavlovsky-Kamchatsky.

On the approach to the shores of America, like-minded ships lost each other from sight, a strong fog said. "Saint Peter", managed by Bering, fell to the west coast of America, but got into the strongest storm on the way back - the ship was thrown into the island. On him and passed the last minutes of the life of Vitus Bering, and the island later began to wear his name. Chirikov, on his ship, also reached America, but fully completed his swimming, finding several Aleutian ridges on the way back.

Khariton and Dmitry Laptev and their "Name" Sea

The Hariton cousins \u200b\u200band Dmitry Laptev were like-minded people and assistants of Vitus Bering. It was he who appointed Dmitry by the commander of the Irkutsk ship, and his double-boat "Yakutsk" led Khariton. They took part in the Great Northern Expedition, the purpose of which was to study and precisely describe and put the Russian shores of the ocean, from the Ugra ball to Kamchatka.

Each brothers made a significant contribution to the development of new territories. Dmitry became the first navigator who shot the shores from the mouth of Lena to the mouth of Kolyma. He made detailed maps of these places, taking the basis of mathematical calculations and astronomical data.

Hariton Laptev with his associates led to the study of the most northern sect of the coast of Siberia. It was he who determined the sizes and outlines of the huge Peninsula Taimyr - performed the shooting of the Eastern coast, was able to identify the exact coordinates of the coastal islands. The expedition took place in difficult conditions - a large amount of ice, snow tumans, a ration, ice captivity - a lot had to survive the team of Hyriton Laptev. But they continued to work. In this expedition, the assistant Lapteva Chelyuskin discovered the Cape, who was subsequently named after him.

Noting the great contribution of Laptev in the development of new territories, members of the Russian Geographical Society decided to call them named one of the largest seas of the Arctic. Also in honor of Dmitry, there is a strait between the mainland and the island of Big Lyakhovsky, and the name of the Hyriton wears the Western coast of Taimyr Island.

Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky - organizers of the first Russian round-the-world swimming

Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky - the first Russian navigators who have committed a world journey. Their expedition lasted three years (began in 1803 and ended in 1806). They with their teams went on the road on two ships, which wearing the names "Hope" and "Neva". Travelers passed through the Atlantic Ocean, entered the water of the Pacific Ocean. On them sailors fell to the Kuril Islands, Kamchatka and Sakhalin.

This journey made it possible to collect important information. Based on data mined by navigators, a detailed map of the Pacific Ocean was compiled. Another important outcome of the first Russian round-the-world expedition was the data obtained about the flora and fauna smoked and Kamchatka, local residents, their customs and cultural traditions.

During his travel, the sailors have moved the equator and the maritime traditions could not leave this event without the famous ritual - the sailor, disguised in Neptune, welcomed Krusenstern and asked why his ship had arrived there, where never had the Russian flag. What was the answer that they are here exclusively for the glory and development of domestic science.

Vasily Golovin - the first navigator, who managed to rescue from the Japanese captivity

Russian navigator Vasily Golinov led the two round-the-world expeditions. In 1806, he, being in the rank of lieutenant, received a new appointment and became the commander of the "Diana" gateway. Interestingly, this is the only case in the history of the Russian fleet, when the control of the ship was entrusted with Lieutenant.

The leadership set the goal of the circular expedition to study the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, with particular attention to the one part that is located within the native country. The path "Diana" was not easy. The slut was the island of Tristan-da-kun, Cape has passed hope and entered the port who belonged to the British. Here the ship was detained by the authorities. The British told the head about the beginning of the war between the two countries. The Russian ship was not declared captured, but also to leave the team bay was not allowed. After spending more than a year in this position, in mid-May 1809 "Diana", led by the head, tried to escape that the sailors successfully managed - the ship arrived at Kamchatka.

The next responsible task is the head of the head in 1811 - he had to compile the descriptions of the Shartar and Kuril Islands, the shores of the Tatar Strait. During his trip, he was accused of non-compliance with the principles of Sakoku and captured by the Japanese for more than 2 years. It was possible to rescue the team from captivity only due to the good relations of one of the Russian maritime officers and an influential Japanese merchant, who was able to convince his government in the harmless intentions of Russians. It is worth noting that before that no one in history from the Japanese capture was returned.

In 1817-1819, Vasily Mikhailovich made another round-the-world journey at the Kamchatka ship specifically built for this.

Fadda Bellinshausen and Mikhail Lazarev - Antarctica Points

The captain of the second rank of Faddey Bellinshausen was determined to find the truth in the matter of the existence of the sixth mainland. In 1819, he went out into the open sea, thoroughly prepared two slut - "peaceful" and "east". The last commanded his like-minded people Mikhail Lazarev. The first round-the-world Antarctic expedition set themselves other tasks. In addition to finding irrefutable facts confirming or refuting the existence of Antarctica, travelers were going to explore the water area of \u200b\u200bthe three oceans - the quiet, Atlantic and Indian.

The results of this expedition exceeded all expectations. For 751 days she lasted, Bellinshausen and Lazarev were able to make several significant geographical discoveries. Of course, the most important one is the existence of Antarctica, this historical event occurred on January 28, 1820. Also, during the trip, there were already two dozen-dozen islands were found on a map, sketches were created with the views of the Antarctic, the images of the representatives of the Antarctic fauna.

Interestingly, attempts to open Antarctica did not happen once, but none of them were crowned with success. European navigators believed that either she was not, or it was located in places, which simply impossible to get along the sea. But Russian travelers had enough perseverance and purposefulness, so the names of Bellinshausen and Lazareva are made to the lists of the greatest seafarers of the world.

There are modern travelers. One of them .

Whoever read about the brave wanderers of the Middle Ages who tried to open more favorable trading tracks or perpetuate their name, with delight represents how it happened. Employed sea lovers feel the smell of sea water and see the open sails of frigates. Most of all surprises how great travelers could experience their adventures in reality, showing so much perseverance and resourcefulness. Thanks to them, the world recognized about new lands and oceans.

Reality of dangerous travel

It is a pity that in fact the great travelers could not always feel the taste of romance: their vessels were crashed, and the whole team could get sick in those days. The seafarers who ventured new discoveries themselves had to endure deprivation, they often overtook death. There is nothing surprising that today they admire their courage and decisiveness so much! One way or another, thanks to some of the travelers, new continents were opened, and one of them made a priceless contribution to the World Geography. With the help of historical documents that contain eyewitness records or marked from ship logs, we can have plausible information about their wanders. However, it is very sorry that great geographical travelers rarely achieved that what was striving for.

Christopher Columbus in pursuit of spices and gold

It will be about a man who dreamed of all his life to go to the distant swimming. Like any other, who turned out to be in his place, he understood that without financial support he could not do, and it was not so easy to find it with the rich and did not want to share their finances of the monarchs. Where did the desperate traveler wanted to go? He wanted to find the shortest Western way to India, which at that time was famous for its spices, appreciated by the weight of gold.

Trying to prove his rightness, Columbus continued to repeatedly come to the Spanish King and the Queen for a long eight years. It is worth noting that in his plan there were a lot of flaws. Despite the fact that scientists have already been convinced of the shag-shaped form of the Earth, the question was which the Strip of World Ocean separates Europe from Asia. As subsequently it turned out, Christopher made two gross mistakes. First, he assumed that the territory of Asia occupies a much larger area than it was indeed. Secondly, a quarter of the Columbus underestimated the size of our planet.

First expedition Columbus

Whatever it was, "knock and open you": the expedition was approved, three ships were equipped with swimming. Enontending Spanish monarchs have been eager for not only profitable trading paths - they were enjoyed by the idea that the eastern countries to turn into Catholicism. And on August 3, 1492 about 90 people went to distant swimming. They sailed a lot of nautical miles, but the rich lands were not shown on the horizon. Columbus constantly had to reassure his team, sometimes even inhaling real distances in the tightened journey. And now, finally, as it might seem, they have achieved their goal! Where did our tireless seafarers get?

The land that his team reached was the Bahamian Islands. There, and then there were naked natives, and the tropical climate had a rest. But in any case, it was not at all that for which the great travelers went to the path, leaving their homes and families. After a two-week recreation, the navigators went further and reached Cuba. Columbus could not calm down due to the fact that he could not find any spices or gold.

Further Odyssey continued to the east, where the cherished gold was discovered. It happened on the island to which Columbus gave the name of La Isla Espanyola (now Espanyola). Christopher Columbus has already dreamed of how these lands will be subordinate to the Spanish crown. He was waiting for home and huge honors, as well as another journey.

Subsequent expeditions Columbus

Next year, together with Columbus, a whole Armada went, consisting of 17 ships and more than 1,200 people. There were many soldiers and priests among people. The Spaniards wanted to turn new lands in the colony, and the residents to make Catholics. Columbus still wanted to achieve the shores of India.

Two subsequent swimming in Eastern India just slightly increased the happiness of the navigator. Be that as it may, the naval paths that were marked by him, the colonization of the whole continent - North America. Thanks to his achievements, the world turned upside down.

Vasco da Gama - Great Maritime

Vasco da Gama lived a little earlier Columbus, and has already opened the way to India, rich Africa. Cooking for his long journey began long before his appearance on the light - how this case was different from what was happening with Columbus! Portuguese monarchs understood the importance of trading in spices. Manuel I - the King of Portugal - believed that only a person who, as one historian expressed, could be at the head of the expedition, "combined the courage of a soldier with the cunning of the merchant and the tact of the diplomat." According to the king, it was Vasco da Gama who approached this role.

According to natural skills and enterprise, this person was very different from Columbus - he knew his work well, he understood where he was swimming. The first expedition, although it was associated with certain difficulties, ended with success - Vasco da Gama concluded peaceful relations and an agreement with the Indian ruler about the sale of spices. The delighted King of Portugal immediately ordered the organization of subsequent expeditions. Thus, thanks to this courageous person, a new seaway from Europe in Asia was opened.

Over the centuries, various people lived, who achieved very much in natural science and geography. If we talk about the achievements of our compatriots, then the first great Russian traveler who is immediately remembered is Nikolai Miklukho-Maclay. Although his achievements, of course, do not put in one row with the merits of Christopher Columbus, James Cook, Vasco da Gama or Amerigo Vespucci. It is especially interesting to conclusion that the cultural and racial signs and the differences of peoples are due to the natural and social environment.

Among other Russian travelers who made a certain contribution to the development of geography, Fedor Konyukhova, Yuri Senkevich, Ivan Papanina, Nikolai Przhevalsky, Athanasius Nikitina, Yerofey Khabarova, Vitus Bering and many others. The life of each of them is a long journey full of rich events.

Huge thirst for knowledge invested in man

A question may arise: where do people have such a sharp need for something unknown and distant? The fact is that since childhood in man laid the need to learn the world around, explore it, find answers to questions: "What is the meaning of life? What are we doing on our planet?" We are all essentially in the soul - "great" travelers and discovers. We are so arranged, you can even say, so created to constantly know the world around. We are not accidentally located on Earth and very much different from animals, no matter how some of them seek to prove that we have occurred from the brothers of our smaller. About the desire of a person since childhood to learn the world around the world is written. One of these stories was written by M. Zoshchenko - "Great Travelers". Next, I would like to briefly tell you what kind of book.

M. Zoshchenko, "Great Travelers"

In every person, adult or completely a child, lives his Columbus or Vasco da Gama. Already since childhood, we can observe how the child wants to know the world around. Zoshchenko's story "Great Travelers" tells about three children who gathered in the distant around the world. They took many different things that were very difficult to carry, and which in the end turned into unnecessary trash. This short instructive story teaches children that knowledge needs for great achievements. The history of Zoshchenko "Great Travelers" is a masterpiece in miniature.

Instead of imprisonment

As we see, in each of us there is a huge thrust for the unexplored - whether you are a great Russian traveler or an ordinary person. Everyone seeks to find answers to the burning questions. Great travelers and their discoveries only prove this simple and very important truth. In the meantime, regardless of whether we will overcome long distances during our short life or not, each of us will begin and finish their earthly journey, complete adventures and a lifetime. The question is only one thing: what will we open during this wandering and let's leave after yourself?