Mount KMV. Resorts of Russia: Caucasian Mineral Waters

22.06.2021

Being in the south of the European part of the USSR, almost at the same distance from the Black and Caspian Seas, the Kavmin court area is conveniently located relative to the country's localities and has good transport links with them. In administrative terms, it is part of the Stavropol Territory of the RSFSR, occupying almost completely a pre-saying area, part of mineralodsky, small sites of Georgievsky and Malokarachayevsky (Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous region).

Population. Caucasian mineral waters are one of the densely inhabited territories of the North Caucasus (the average population density exceeds 150 people per square meters. Km).

More than 400 thousand people live in cities and towns of urban type - mostly Russians, Ukrainians, Armenians, Karachai, Circassians, Abazines, Ossetians, Kabardians and representatives of other peoples and the nationalities of our country. Specialization of resorts determines the specificity of employment.

The resort and tourist economy includes about 100 sanatoriums, boarding houses, the turbases, therefore at the enterprises of the industry, every fourth of Kavminvavod workers is busy. And in general, more than half of the working population of the district is connected with the service of vacationers.

The profession of a doctor became mass in the resorts of Caucasian mineral waters. In the pre-revolutionary time, units of doctors lived here, the bulk of them arrived here for the period of the holiday season. Now Kavminsky's resorts are constantly busy thousands of doctors and nurses.

Industry and agricultural production. Traditional industrial production in the area of \u200b\u200bBalneological resorts is bottling of mineral waters. For the first time, mineral water bottling was carried out here in 1847 by decree of Count Vorontsov - 300 Essentukskaya bottles were poly (No. 4). In 1873, bottling in Essentuki was resumed on a specially built algae. In 1896, a plant for the production of liquid carbon dioxide was built in Kislovodsk and the bottling of Narzan in the bottle was built. In addition, the mineral waters of Slavyanovsky and Smirnovsky sources in Zheleznovodsk were bottled. In 1913, all enterprises Kavminvod produced 9.6 million bottles of mineral water. The production of Narzan, which at the International Exhibition in Reims (France) received the highest award increased especially rapidly. Most of the products of mineral water bottling enterprises were exported to other areas of Russia and exported to Western European countries, Turkey and Iran.

Now three local factory and workshop produce more than 200 million bottles of mineral water every year. The healing waters of Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk, Essentukov, Zheleznovodsk are known to the whole world. In the future, with the construction of a new plant on bottling of mineral water, the release of this product the kid will double. At all corners of the country and abroad, the products of Kislovodskaya and Pyatigorsk souvenir factories, the factory, and Pyatigorsk souvenirs are taken away; Souvenir in the mineral waters of souvenirs are also manufactured by the Factories of art products, goals when promoted complexes. The range of products of these enterprises is wide - these are traditional glasses for drinking mineral water, and products from Melchior, horns, porcelain, crystal, carved caskets. Since 1896, in the village of Anzhevsky (near mineral waters), there is the largest glass plant in the North Caucasus for the production of bottles for bottling mineral water.

Food, sewing, knitwear, shoes, furniture, building materials, agricultural machines - here is not a complete list of products produced by industrial enterprises Kavminvod.

Agriculture of this area is focused mainly to meet the needs of vacationers. In its structure, the proportion of vegetable growing, dairy and meat animal husbandry. Resorts are large consumers of dietary meat. In the suburbs there are powerful poultry farms, including "Beshtahorets", "Kolzegorskaya", "Pyatigorskaya". They give the third part of the eggs produced in Stavropol.

The area produces the sixth part of the edge of the edge, of which one third is in the closed soil. Almost all winter and early spring to the table of vacationers deliver fresh vegetables from greenhouse vegetables "Greenhouse", "Kislovodsky" and others. The largest enterprise of the closed soil is the plant "Flowers of Stavropol", delivering to the trading network of resorts and beyond their limits of tens of thousands of colors. In the farms of the foothill region, dozens of thousands of tons of milk, meat, vegetables, fruits for ensuring rest in the resorts produce.

Transport. Through the territory of the district there are electrified highways Moscow-Baku with branches of Kislovodsk and Zheleznovodsk, asphalt roadway Rostov-Baku. Mineral water airport is linked by direct airlines with all major centers of the Soviet Union. 13 days was required to get from Moscow to Kavminval resorts in the past century. Nowadays, the airliner delivers passengers from the capital in two hours. From the airport to resort cities is less than an hour ride by bus or taxi.

To come from the airport to the city of resorts, you can use the services of the railway. Urban bus should be reached by train station in Mineralnye waters, from where the suburban trains go to Kislovodsk 70 minutes, to Essentukov 45 minutes and to Pyatigorsk half an hour. Those who are going to relax in Zheleznovodsk, at the Beshtau station you need to make a transplant.

In the south of the Stavropol Territory, in the foothills of the Grand Caucasian Range there is an amazing place - Caucasian Mineralnye Vody. This spa area is at the junction of the Mineralodian inclined plain and the northern slopes of the Caucasian Ridge exactly in the middle between the Caspian and the Black Seas. On the one hand, the region is surrounded by snow vertices, and on the other hand, the arid Caspiana steppes. All this forms a very valuable medical climate, appreciated by the resortolists and resting. Interestingly, the French Cote d'Azur and Spanish Adriatic lie almost on one latitude with Kavminvodami.

Usually, Kavminvodami consider agglomeration of Pyatigorsk, Essentukov, Kislovodsk, Zheleznovodsk and mineral waters. Although geographically KMV is much more. Starting from the foot of Elbrus in the south and ending in the area of \u200b\u200bthe city of Mineralnye Vody, the region of Caucasian Mineral Waters covers the length of more than five hundred thousand hectares.

Given this, the KMV region can be attributed to the average, because the maximum height above sea level reaches 2592 meters (Plateau Bermamat).

Conditionally can be divided by KMB into two climatic zones: southern and north. Kislovodsk will be to the first, - there are more sunny days and almost no strong winds. This is a climate with pronounced features of continental lowland. Kislovodsk is located in a natural hollow, from all sides of the mountains, which detain clouds. Due to this, the sun shines in Kislovodsk 300 days a year. This is one of the most sunny cities in the world.

Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk can be attributed to the northern part of the KMV, here is also very sunny and warm, but the humidity and the amount of precipitation above. Although, quite often, it is possible to observe how it rains in one of the cities of the resort, and in other cities it is clear and sunny. The weather can change several times a day. It happens very quickly. In the people, such a saying is even walking: "North Caucasus - keep gloves about stock."

Winter in the Caucasian Mineral Waters Warm; Snow rarely lies longer than ten days. Snow in winter is less likely than the rain. In the fall, often warm weather is standing until the end of November. The proximity of the Greater Caucasian Range and a large number of green plantings soften the summer heat. Spring is usually early: in April-May, many residents and vacationers are already beginning to swim in rivers and lakes.

History of the resort

The first relatively accurate information about the mineral waters of the Caucasus appear in 1717, when Peter I gives the task of the Life Medica, Dr. Schever to find and explore hot water near the first Russian fortress, the graters called later by Braginski. In his report, Schuber described the sources in the lands of Pyatigorsky Circassians, as Kabardians were previously called in Russia. From that moment on, the study of therapeutic properties of Kavminodsky mineral springs begins. Unfortunately, after Peter's death, all undertakings on the development of KMV resorts were stopped.

In 1780, Konstantinogorsk fortress was founded at the foot of Mashuk Mount. The soldiers first noticed the healing properties of hot springs of the future of Pyatigorsk. For the study of mineral sources, the Academy of Sciences sends the doctor of Medicine Peter Simon Pallas. During the year he studied therapeutic properties of water. In addition to Pyatigorsk sources, Pallas also explored the Kislovodsky Narzan. It was noted that the water breaks out from under the ground with great strength and is able to raise a person batheing in it.

After the report of P. S. Pallas, the KMV region acquires fame. Here for treatment come from the most remote corners of Russia.

In 1803, Alexander I, his resort status for the Caucasian mineral waters, enshrines the Caucasian mineral waters. Allocated allocations for the arrangement and development of the resort. Despite state support, the resort develops weakly. Medical hospitals are in running. Aristocracy prefers to ride foreign resorts. So, according to the data for 1860, about 160 million rubles were spent Russian in foreign resorts.

In order to correct the situation, in 1861, Caucasian mineral waters were leased by the Novoselsky entrepreneur, and after A. M. Baikov. It did not give the desired results, and in two years the resort returns again to the government.

Resort's development

In the sixties of the XIX century, serious work on the study of the balneological features of Caucasian resorts and mineral springs are held by the researchers and researchers and Batalin. A geological committee is being created, which conducts a comprehensive study of the subsoil. 1893 is marked by the opening of the railway branch, tied all the city of the resort with the Vladikavkaz branch. As a result, the resort is rapidly gaining popularity. By 1914, the number of vacationers increases more than 45 times. This year, Caucasian mineral waters visited more than 100,000 people.

In 1919, the Kavminvodsk resorts receive a security certificate and the status of "socially significant." Decree, signed by V. I. Lenin, saves infrastructure from looting.

In 1920, a Balneological Institute has been created in Pyatigorsk, which exists to this day. The Institute is engaged in the study of balneological factors in the treatment and prevention of various diseases.

During World War II, all sanatoriums and spa pensions took the wounded.

Resort today

Today, about a hundred sanatorium works in the region, which for the year visits more seven hundred thousand people.

You can come to rest at any time of the year, but if you plan to come in the summer, it is better to think about the purchase of the tickets in advance. They say, in Soviet times in the summer in the cities of Kavminvod, the number of people in the cities have tripled at the expense of rest. Of course, such popularity is explained not only by therapeutic factors. One Narzan will not be fed. In the region a large number of cafes for every taste and color. Probably, only here you can taste dishes of a wide variety of peoples: Russian, Kabardian, Jewish, Azerbaijani, Turkish, Ossetian, Karachayevskaya, Armenian, Chinese, Japanese and even Vietnamese cuisine - choose, compare, evaluate. I am sure in each you will find something to taste. And yet, try not to get confused in a variety of ways of cooking kebabs and remember the main differences. After all, if you forget, you will have to repeat the entire course again, and the time of one trigger may not be enough.

If you are tired of culinary delights, then know: there is where to get the spiritual food on Kavminvoda. Each city has a theater. In Pyatigorsk, this is the Stavropol State Regional Operetta (previously he was called the Theater of the Music Comedy). In Essentuki, this is the concert hall named after F. I. Shalyapin. In Kislovodsk, I recommend visiting the philharmonic. This is one of the oldest concert institutions in Russia. In the Pyatigorsk Park them. Kirov, in addition to the attractions, there is also a concert venue "Cameton". And 3D cinemas so much that it makes no sense to list them here.

In any of the KMV resorts cities, numerous bowling and billiards are at your service, as well as nightclubs with discos until the morning.

In addition to the attractions to Kmbed, the attention of holidaymakers are offered more than a hundred different excursions, both one-day and calculated for several days. Excursion routes are the most diverse: there are also honey waterfalls, and Arkhyz, the ancient city of Magas (where the most ancient Christian temples in Russia are located), trout farms and mountain skiing, the cave of permafrost or the Tempean male monastery. Just do not count. It is very difficult to choose the excursions "with the go." Therefore, it is best to read about them in advance, see reviews, photos and decide on the choice.

In each self-respecting itself, the Kavminvodskaya resort city has its own park, at least one lake and picturesque therapeutic terns.

Terrekur: From French Terrain - terrain and German KUR - treatment, the method of sanatorium-resort treatment, which suggests dosage loads in the form of pedestrian walks.

These are impregnated not only by the present story, but also literary. The bronze kisa Vorobyaninov still asks alms near the Gukasov's coffee house, which opposite the Lermontov Gallery, and his partner Ostap-Suleiman-Berta-Maria-Bender-Bay so sells tickets near the failed.

Pictures of CMV

On Kavminvodakh, 17 unique mountains of Laccolites 1, each mountain has its own legend and a special charm. Be sure to be visited at least one of them. If you are not able to climb on foot, then the cable car is laid to the temple of the air (Kislovodsk) and on the top of the Mashuk (Pyatigorsk). The Pyatigorsky lift is considered the fastest in Europe. In clear weather, the Panoramas of the Big Caucasus Range, which you never forget are opening. It is said that the Caucasian Mineralnye Waters should come only for the sake of the species opening from there. And you can, breaking away from the ground on the paraglider, enjoy the panorama and feeling of free flight.

You will definitely like it. Arriving in the summer, you will definitely want to return: admire the mountains in the autumn colors or wander through the snow-covered parks. Here at any time of the year you can correct health and find a lesson in the shower.

1 Mountain laccolite - It is possible to be viewed as a "failed volcano", since Magma could not break out and only lifted the top layer of sedimentary rocks, frozen under it in the form of a dome or hemisphere, often mung-shaped outlines. (Geographic Encyclopedia).

Beautiful video about Caucasian Mineral waters

Performed: Zabolotnaya Christina and Kolesnikova Yana

Caucasian Mineralnye Vody is one of the most populated territories of the North Caucasus. The average population density is more than 150 people per 1 km 2.

Caucasian Mineralnye Waters include 7 cities:

Kislovodsk

Essentuki

Pyatigorsk

Zheleznovodsk

Lermontov

Mineral water

Georgievsk.

As well as 3 district - pre-saying, Mineralovo and Georgievsky.

Caucasian mineral waters are more than 500 thousand hectares (5.3 thousand square meters), located on the territory of three constituent entities of the Russian Federation within the borders of the Mining and Sanitary Security County:

in the Stavropol Territory - Cities and Resorts Georgievsk, Mineralnye Vody, Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk, Lermontov, Essentuki, Kislovodsk.

There is a region in the south of the European part of Russia, almost at the same distance from the Black and Caspian seas, - within the junction of the mineralodes of the inclined plain and the northern slopes of the Big Caucasus.

in Kabardino-Balkaria - the Solsky district, - 9% (therapeutic mud of the lake Tambukan, the Valley of Narzanov and the other);

in Karachay-Cherkessia - Malokarachayevsky and Prikubansky districts, - 33% of the territory (zone of formation of mineral sources).

History.

Relief

The relief of the Caucasian Mineral Waters begins at the foot of Elbrus, where the rocky ridge with a number of vertices is clearly distinguished. The dissected relief that creates a wide variety of landscapes is explained by a long development and complex geological structure of the territory. The northern part of the Caucasian mineral waters is open, it is reviving the mountain-laccoliths - the failed volcanoes: Magma could not pass the sediment and frozen in the form of domes. The southern part of the area is cut in deep gorges and beams. All local mountains are laccolites, that is, stone pit. About 10 million years ago, the formation of mountains began in the area. Magma climbed the narrow cracks in the earth's crust, making his way up, raised the layers of the Earth and somewhere to do the surface. On other mountains, lava masses were exposed at the expense of the process of weathering and blur. Temperatures for powerful eruptions lacked. But a set of chemical elements and minerals, filled with these stone pit, turned out to be unique and identified the amazing variety of mineral waters of future resort cities.

Caucasian Mineral Waters

Coat of arms of the region

Map of region.

Caucasian Mineral Waters (Kavminvoda, KMB) - a group of resorts of federal significance in the Stavropol Territory; The specially protected ECOLOGO-resort region of the Russian Federation, having a coordinating administration. Direct state administration of this region is entrusted to the Administration of Caucasian Mineral Waters, the head of which is appointed by the President of the Russian Federation on the submission of the Governor of the Stavropol Territory.

Through the territory of the district there is an electrified railway Moscow - Rostov - Baku with a branch to Kislovodsk (and a branch for Zheleznovodsk), asphalt federal motorway Rostov - Baku. Mineral water airport connects the KMV region with direct airlines with all major centers of the Russian Federation, neighboring countries, and also fulfills flights to foreign countries.

Geography

in administrative-territorial

Region-agglomeration Caucasian mineral waters having an area of \u200b\u200bmore than 500 thousand hectares (5.3 thousand square meters), located on the territory of three constituent entities of the Russian Federation within the borders of the Mining and Sanitary Security County:

in the Stavropol Territory - Cities and Resorts Georgievsk, Mineralnye Vody (including the resort Kumagorsk and resort terrain Naguta), Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk, Lermontov, Essentuki, Kislovodsk, as well as the actual areas of Georgievsky, Mineralovodsky and pre-saying, - 58% of the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe region;
in Kabardino-Balkaria - the Solsky district, - 9% (therapeutic mud of the lake Tambukan, the Valley of Narzanov and the other);
in Karachay-Cherkessia - Malokarachayevsky and Prikubansky districts, - 33% of the territory (zone of formation of mineral sources).

The regional center of KMV with the place of stay of the coordinating administration is the city of Essentuki. Earlier, this status belonged to the city of Pyatigorsk, even earlier - Georgievsk.
At the same time, the regime of special nature management in neighboring territories is also carried out by state bodies of the republics.
The head of the Kavmintor administration in accordance with the Regulation is the first deputy chairman of the Government of the Stavropol Territory by office.

Physico-geographical characteristics (location)

The Caucasian Mineral Waters area occupies the southern part of the Stavropol Territory and is located on the northern slopes of the Chief Caucasus Range, just a couple of tens of km from Elbrus. The other here seems to earth, others - the sky. From afar, motionless white clouds are visible, which, when approached, turn out to be snowy vertices of the Caucasian Mountains. The southern borders of the district are the foothills of Elbrus, the valley of the Khasaut and Malki rivers; in the West - the upper shovels of the Eshkakon rivers and a depressing; The city of mineral waters are served by the Northern Border of the Area, followed by the steppe spaces of the Precaucasia.

According to hydromineral resources, the region includes:

in the south: carbon dioxide waters of the Upper and Nizhny Berezovsky in Berezovsky Gorge, Rodnika Beloveodsky and White in the upper reaches of the Alcono Gorge (Richushka Belovodskaya Beach), Malka Gorge - sources of TKHABZASHKHOPS (in the area of \u200b\u200bKamennevoyansky), source of Seraphim Sarovsky with healing spring water (on the northern slopes of Ginal ), Narzanov Valley, Cheget Lahransky, Lahran Narzans [Kichmalkinskoe Plateau, Mount Ullu-Lahran (1883 m)], Source (Khasautsky) in the area small. Bermamy (2644 m) and the village of Khasaut (in the south-west; in the Far South (adjacent to Elbrus) Source of Junghelli).
in the West: in the Kum Gorge - carbon dioxide water of the Kum deposit in the Red-East (village of Red East) and Suvorov Kupassy, \u200b\u200bsources in the upper rebuilding and kum river at the Gumbashi Pass, and Eastern Goodgor (2489 m) on the Eskakon River (Nizhny Ecakonsky and Upper Ecskonsky; tract Kant-Tukele?); On the watershed - sources in the village of Sellinsky Michurinsky and Coldrodnikovskoye (at the village of Happy), and on the northern slopes of the pasture ridge in the coal beam (above the leshozes, the coal cottage and the Bekzevskaya Dacha - in Karachay-Cherkessia).
in the north: at the Kumagorksk resort, nuclear sources in the balneological nuclear resort area (springs in the village of Nagochsky, Soluno-Dmitrievsky (Art. Naguvskaya - Plant for bottling min. waters of one of the largest in the edge of the naked field (250 million bottles per year, 80- e)), here are the mineral springs of a camel).
in the East: Lyssogorsk Sources (Bald Mountain, including Batalinsky), as well as St. George Bathing.

History

KMV is one of the oldest resort regions in Russia. The first written information on its mineral springs is found at the doctor of the city of Schever (1717), which was sent by Peter I for the mineral examination clauses North Caucasus. The first detailed descriptions are made by I. A. Guldenztedt (1773), and then P. S. Pallas (1793). After studying the hot spring in Pyatigorsk (1801) and the conclusions of the Special Commission on the possibility of using Minvod with therapeutic target (1802) by Decree of Alexander I dated April 24, 1803, the provision on the Kavminvodes was approved when historical rescript was signed on the recognition of the state importance of Caucasian Mineral Waters And the need for their device, "and their official existence of as a resort area began.
The first information about the Tambukan lake was also reported by I. A. Guldenztedt (1770s), however, the use of its healing dirt began significantly later (from 1886 in Pyatigorsk and Essentuki, then in Zheleznovodsk). Initially KMV attracted a limited number of patients, mainly from the military and nobility. Resort development plans did not exist; The management of the KMV was usually imposed on the military administration. Only a few of the administrators showed interest in Kavminvodam.

The history of the development of this unique resort region of the Russian Federation was characterized by takeoffs and drops, with the transition from public administration to a private counterparty. Long distances from the central cities of the Russian Empire, when those who wish to get on hot, iron and acidic waters were forced to make the most real journey on horseback crews duration of one and a half or two months, military operations in the Caucasus, the uncomfortableness of the sources and resorts themselves - all this created certain difficulties in Development of Caucasian Mineral Waters. According to the memories of contemporaries, at the beginning of the XIX century, guests on hot waters lived in Kalmyk kibits, specially directed here for the summer holiday season. Mobilical work on the arrangement of Kavminvant of outstanding Russian patriots (in alphabetical order):

Johann K. and Joseph K. Bernardazzi
G. A. Emanuel
A. P. Nelyubin
M. V. Sergeev
N. N. Slavyanova
S. A. Smirnova
V. V. Khvaschinsky

and many others allowed step by step to turn them into a well-known balneological resort of Russia. In Soviet times, Caucasian mineral waters have become a popular forge of health of the population of the Soviet Union. In 1990, about 1 million people were resting at the All-Union Resort [Kavmingroup] from all over the country and from abroad.

But at the same time a rapid rate went to the growth of the local population (see below - agglomeration). All of this began to create a large anthropogenic load on the environment of KMV (see Pyatigorsk). Some mineral deficit began to be felt. The excessive development of the industry in the resort cities that are not related to therapeutic and wellness (sanatorium-resort) targets, the use of pesticides and synthetic fertilizers in agriculture also represented a real threat to contamination of the hydromineral wealth of a unique resort. It could not be disturbed by representatives of the resortology, the leadership of the Stavropol Territory, the Russian government.
That is why the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation B. N. Yeltsin was signed on March 27, 1992, according to which Kavminvoda is a specially protected Ecological resort region of the Russian Federation. In it, the goals of the region's creation were directly identified - the preservation of the natural wealth of the KMV resorts is a world-famous locality with unique health and medical factors, unique historical and cultural appearance.

Mountains Kavmintorv

Above all resorts is located Kislovodsk (817-1063 m), the remaining resorts are approximately at one height: Essentuki - by the flow of p. Cake (600-640 m), Pyatigorsk - at the foot of the city of Mashuk (510-630 m), Zheleznovodsk - in the valley between Beshtau and Iron, on the lowering slopes (600-650 m). Vegetation is represented mainly by arrays of dubovo-human forests alternating with meadow steppes; In the foothills, steppe and forest-steppe vegetation, which in the mountains (at an altitude of 800-1100 m) is replaced by broad forest forests (beech, oak, hrybro).

The relief of the Caucasian Mineral Waters begins at the foot of Elbrus, where the rocky ridge with a number of vertices is clearly distinguished. In the western and southern part of KMV Mount Cool, in places with sheer ledges are broken down to the south (the depth of these cliffs reaches 1000 m), and the northern long slopes slightly (hollow) are tilted and merged with the foothill plain. These are the ridges pasture and rocky. River valleys they are divided into a number of mountain arrays. The pasture ridge within Kavminvant is cut into two parts: Western (Ridge Borgustan, Daryinskie Heights of the Borgastane Range) rises at 1200-1300 m, and the eastern (Ginal Range) has an absolute mark of the top of the upper ginala 1542 m. Rocks on the spurs of the ridges are decorated with niches, openwork arches, carved columns from sandstone. South of the pasture stretched a rocky ridge with tops big and Small Bermamat (2592 and 2644 m (the highest point of KMV), 30 km to Elbrus; Early in the morning on Bermamate, it is sometimes possible to observe the so-called Brockken Ghost). Bermamat Plateau, as well as Zhammaz Ridge (Shijatmaz (Shatzharatmaz) 2127 m, Astronomical Station Gao RAS (2072 m), scientific base of the Institute of Physics atmosphere of Russia) and Kichmalkinskoe plateau (Mnglaya 2055 m), below between which in the picturesque valley of the Khasaut River at an altitude of 1300 m above sea level is the Narzanov Valley - about 20 mineral springs (34 km south of Kislovodsk, in the southern foothills of the Rocky Range of the Grand Caucasus), - Talked in the direction of Kislovodsk and rest in the steep leisure of the pasture ridge. South of the rocky ridge towards Elbrus, extensive Plateau of the Bember stretches (with the Mountain of the Behazyn 2364 m). In absolute altitudes, the KMV territory refers to the middleings, the maximum amplitude of heights is 2464 m (and taking into account Elbrus - 5462 m, II, after Kabardino-Balkaria).
The dissected relief that creates a wide variety of landscapes is explained by a long development and complex geological structure of the territory.

Geology

The Kavminvant region is located within the closure of the Stavropol Hills (Pre-Bureau) and the Northern Slops and the North Caucasus Forn. This is the center of the Caucasus, where the long-term geological history, along with folded and vertical movements, occurred horizontal movements. Its territory from all sides is bold with huge deep faults. The origin of the laccolites is associated with faults. These mountains were formed by a gradual lift or tectonic extrusion through the thickness of sedimental sediments of a viscous, cooled lava. Volcanic bodies are cooled even in our time. Based on the north of the reservoir plains in the very bottom, Paleozoic crumpled in the folds and penetrated by the cores of the acids of the rocks of the breed: quartz-chlorite slates, quartzites, granites. The most ancient region of the district can be seen in the Valley of the Alconiovka River south of Kislovodsk, 4-5 km above the castle, one of the local attractions. Here we come to the surface of pink and red granites, which is determined in 220-230 million years. In the mesozoic time, the granites that were destroyed on the surface were destroyed and formed a powerful (up to 50 m) layer of weathering cortex, consisting of quartz crystals, field spat, mica. There are strokes - "Stones with a secret." The splits are such a stone, it is possible to detect inside white calcite crystals, sowing of gray opal and translucent chalcedone. The sedimentary deposits of Jurassic and chalk seas having a capacity of more than 1000 m can be examined on the southern slopes of the Borgastuan and Ginal Ranges. Here they come to the surface of brownish gray and yellowish limestone, dolomites, red glands. These are famous red and gray stones (see Park). On the mountain of hot in Pyatigorsk, you can see the diverse form of the deposition of travertine - a stone that arose during the evaporation of mineral water. In the travertine are visible petrified leaves, twigs. The karst is developed here, which is also found on the rocky and pasture ridges. With the peculiarities of the geological structure of the roller, the amazing phenomenon of the "summer marzlot", explained by the seasonal circulation of air in the cracks of the mountains.

With all the diversity of the composition of the waters and the nature of deposits, Mineral Sources of KMV are closely connected with the generality of the geological conditions of education and the general history of development on their basis of the group of famous, the oldest resorts in Russia.
The presence of mineral springs is associated with a complex of sedimentary formations of the Meso -Cinezoic age, hollow-inverted with Yu on C from the Greater Caucasus to the Stavropol Hills. From the point of view of the ability of the accumulation and movement of groundwater, immersed to the north of the Meso-Cenozoic breed form a large artesian slope, the main nutrition area of \u200b\u200bwhich coincides with the exit area of \u200b\u200bthe oldest metamorphic rocks. Of the several aquifers are most abundant: the Titon aquifer complex, a flow rate of 0.1-10 l / s, the depth of occurrence from 260 m (rr Kislovodsk) to 1000 m (Essentuki); Valanzhinsky Complex, Retreat of St. 15 l / s, depth of 170 m (Kislovodsk) to 800 m (Essentuki); the pharmaceutical complex, a flow rate of 10 l / s, the greatest depth of up to 500 m (Essentuki); Upper apel complex, a flow rate up to 5 l / s, the depth of up to 300 m (the total flow rate of the most abundant is about 3-3.5 million liters per day). Of great importance in the hydrogeology of the area have faults and the introduction of magmatic rocks (intrusion), which form peculiar dome-shaped mountains-laccolite (Mashuk, Beshtau, iron, roller, snake, etc.). With the zones of tectonic disorders, as well as with the contacts of intrusion and sedimentary rocks, separate deposits of mineral waters (Berezovskoye, Kislovodskoye, Kumskoye, Essentukskoe, Pyatigorskoe, Zheleznovodskoye, Hague, Kumagorskoye, and others are connected, and a large number of outputs of various mineral sources. The resources of the groundwater of CMB (fresh and mineral) are formed mainly due to infiltration of atmospheric precipitation (in the mountains of the Big Caucasus). Part of the groundwater is enriched with gases (carbon dioxide) formed under high temperature conditions. The formation of composition of mineral waters proceeds with significant participation of the leaching processes of accommodating rocks, cationic metabolism and mixing; This last process has a particularly widespread development in the upper parts of the cut, where the deep high-ridden portions of water come from the foundation from the foundation. Thustering less mineralized flows and partially mixed with them, the ascending water here form the final chemical and temperature appearance of MINDVAN DISTRICT.

Climate

Along with the mineral waters, the KMV resort resources are a favorable climate of the central and southwestern parts of the region, used for climatotherapy.
The Kavminvod region climate has long been highly appreciated by the resortists and is successfully used as a therapeutic factor. The main advantages of the local climate are associated with a large number of sunny days - in Kislovodsk only 37-40 days a year can be without the sun. Here is relatively dry, the wet air masses from the Black Sea do not reach here - they are delayed by the main Caucasian ridge.

A variety of relief creates a difference in the climate of the KMV resorts, and is formed under the influence of a number of factors: the difference in the high-rise position of cities, the protection of the mountains determines the features of the microclimate. The prevention nature of the terrain and the proximity of the snow vertices of the Chief Caucasus Range on the one hand, and on the other hand, the neighborhood of arid steppes and semi-deserts of the Caspian coast determine the continental traits of the climate of this region. In terms of climatic conditions, the Kavmintor region can be divided into two zones: the South Kislovodsk district with the features of the continental climate of the lowland, and the North-Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk with typical features of the steppe zone. The most favorable, according to medical climatology, is the southern zone.

Region of the resorts Zheleznovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki - a climatic zone with plenty of heat and moderate precipitation. The average annual amount of precipitation within 600 mm is predominantly in the spring and early summer. Compared to the southern zone here, as a rule, above the average annual air temperature, relative humidity at 65-71%, the number of days with fogs and without the sun 85-92 (dense fogs are characteristic of winter), days with precipitation 120-160, and frosty Days about 90. Cloudy days with fogs and frost are in the autumn-winter period, which creates a contrast to Kislovodsky. In Pyatigorsk, the summer warm, winter is moderately soft (a third of winter days with rains, thaws, fogs). The climate of Zheleznovodsk corresponds to the mountain forest and moderately dry climate of the Middle Age Alps. The number of solar shine hours is relatively large here, but the greens and constantly blowing winds soften the heat. The Essentuki climate is distinguished by contrast - summer here is roast, dry, winter frosty, often raining. Spring and autumn are clearly pronounced. Kislovodsk is famous for the climatic resort, where a clear dry weather prevails due to the closed conditions of the hollow; For example, winter in Kislovodsk is "frost and sun, a wonderful day," the sun shines 300 days a year.

The air temperature depends on the height of the place and season of the year. The average temperature of January in Pyatigorsk -4.0 ° C, in Kislovodsk -3.9 °. Temperature of July, respectively + 22 ° and + 19 °.
The amount of precipitation decreases from the mountains to the plains: on Bermamate - 724 mm, in Kislovodsk - 599 mm, in Pyatigorsk - 472 mm; Less than them in Essentuki. More than 85% of all precipitation falls in the form of rain (the rains prevail over the snowfall). Snow cover is low and unstable, the snow falls and quickly melts. In Kislovodsk, snow cover lies continuously on average up to 10 days. More than half of the winters take place at all without snow cover.
The greatest cloudiness on the plains is marked in winter; In the mountains (Kislovodsk, Bermamat, Valley Narzanov), on the contrary, the most clear winter months.

The KMV resorts are a wind regime favorable for climate treatment. Here are frequent in the winter, especially in the Kislovodskaya basin in winter (the average annual wind speed in Kislovodsk is 2.4 m / s). In the mountains, for example, on Bermamate, there are strong winds - more than 15 m / s.
The best time of the year for rest and traveling on Kavminvodas - Later Summer and Autumn. It is sunny, dry, rich in fruits and bright landscape paints.

Natural resources

Hydromineral, Balneological Resources

The basis of KMB resort resources is min. Waters of various composition, on the basis of which the so-called North Caucasian recreational-dealerious area originated.

In the composition and quality of their climate-balneological resources, concentrated on a relatively compact territory, on wealth and diversity of mineral springs, the resort region of Russia - Kavminvoda - do not have analogues on the entire Euro-Asian continent, and the world; For chemical wealth and diversity, quality and healing properties, sources of mineral waters are extremely varied and have no equal. The origin, the formation and properties of mineral waters are associated with Pyatigorshi laccoliths and high-mountain regions of the North Caucasus, where groundwater is formed. Atmospheric precipitates falling in the mountains, as well as melting water penetrate the thickness of rocks into greater depths, mineralized, heated, are saturated with gases and go to the surface on cracks in river valleys. By chemical composition and use for the treatment of water for the most part - low and medium-mineralized with salts from 2 to 15 g / l. The greatest mineralization of the Bataline and Lyssogorsk sources is 21 g / l.
In a small area (546.5 thousand hectares), unique hydromineral wealth are concentrated, an excellent bouquet of healing mineral waters with approved operational reserves of 15.6 thousand cubic meters per day. According to 2001, 2.2 thousand m³ per day is mined and used. At the same time, 1.5 thousand m 3 / day (68%) were left for drinking and balneological treatment, and 0.7 thousand m 3 / day (32%) - on the industrial bottling of therapeutic and medical and dining water.
Within the district of mining and sanitary protection there are 24 fields and a plot. Conditionally, several separate deposits can be distinguished: Kislovodskoye, Essentukskoe, Pyatigorskoye, Beshtaugorskoe, Inoshetsevskoye, Zheleznovodskoye, Zmeikinskoye, Lyothsogo, Red-East, Kumagorskoe, nuclear resort area, etc. From the general approved reserves in category A + B within the Stavropol Territory concentrated 13706 , 8 m³ per day, within the boundaries of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic - 1910.0 m³ per day (13.9%). In addition, promising reserves (by category C 1 + C 2 + P) are 7629.9 m 3 per day. Of the 5 hydrochemical provinces of underground mineral waters, 3 were characteristic of our region: the province of carbon dioxide (at the Mashukhorsk deposit in Pyatigorsk, for example., This is the 1st, 2nd and 4th Pyatigorsky types), radon waters (3rd type) , and nitrogen and nitrogen-metaneous waters (5th Pyatigorsky Type).
At the same time, the mining museum is called Pyatigorsk for the exceptional variety of mineral springs focused on a small area around Mashuk Mountain. These are famous hot hydrogen sulfide water, carbon dioxide (Pyatigorsk Narzans), radon waters, Essentuk's mineral waters (fourth Pyatigorsky type), nitrogen-methane water. The unique solo-alkaline waters of the Essentuk resort (Essentuki-4, Essentuki-17) are famous for the whole world. Dolomite, sulphate and simple Narzana Kislovodsk are widely known. You are invaluable to treat a large number of diseases of carbon dioxide sulfate-carbonate calcium-sodium (Smirnovskaya and Slavic waters), as well as bitter and salty waters of Bataline and Lyssogorsk sources. Almost the entire spectrum of human diseases can be treated in Caucasian mineral waters.

More than 50 enterprises and specialized workshops are engaged in industrial bottling of mineral waters in the specially protected ecological resort region. For 2001, 200642.6 thousand liters of mineral water were manufactured and implemented. Due to this, the healing properties of our waters know well in all regions of the country and abroad.

The unique wealth of Caucasian mineral waters are therapeutic rape and mud of Tambukanian [at the boundary of the edge and Kabardino-Balkaria] and Lyssogorsk mineral lakes. The Tambukan lake is powered in mainly rain and thawed waters, and since it is located in a arid steppe zone, it is subjected to cyclical changes in the water surface. The area of \u200b\u200bthe aqueous mirror is about 180 (230) ha, the depth of 1.5 to 3.1 m. The water of the lake is a ray of sulfate-chloride sodium-magnesium composition (mineralization 50-60 g / l). The overall operational reserves of the most valuable black and dark gray mud are 1600 thousand cubic meters. m. (Stocks of silo dirt (contains 0.4% hydrogen sulfide) in the lake are estimated at 2.3 million tons). Mud is used in Kavminvant resort institutions (most widely in Pyatigorsk and Essentuki; in Zheleznovodsk, equally extent rape and dirt of Lyssogorsk [Inrostevsky] lakes; in Kumagorsk, sulphide-baby dirt used for mud, mining from a small salt lake located on the territory Resort), as well as spa-resort institutions of Dolinsk (Nalchik), Sernovodsk and North Ossetia. Therapeutic dirt is also sent to the medical and recreational institutions of Moscow, Rostov, Volgograd, Sochi.
In addition, the dirt is obtained by therapeutic (so-called. Biostimulating) drug [type of fibs, peeloidin], which preserves its healing properties and can be used in extracurient conditions.

Caucasian Mineralovodsk Agglomeration

The core of the Caucasian mineral water is the Caucasian and Mineralovodskaya polycentrician urban agglomeration, uniting the cities of Kislovodsk, Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk, Lermontov, Mineral Waters. The Caucasian and Mineralovodskaya agglomeration has 946,000 (2010 census) (only in the territory of the Stavropol Territory, including the city (658000) and the rural population (288000) of the foothill, Georgievsky and Mineralovodsky districts), surpassing the size of Stavropol, is the largest in the Stavropol Territory and SPFO. The transport and economic center of the agglomeration is the city of mineral waters. The largest city of Agglomeration Pyatigorsk is the center formed in the 2010 North Caucasus Federal District.

The administrative center of the particularly protected ecological-resort region Caucasian Mineralnye Vody is in Essentuki.

Caucasian mineral waters are one of the most populous territories of the North Caucasus; The average population density exceeds 150 people per 1 km 2.

Features

Caucasian Mineralnye Vody is the largest and one of the oldest resort regions of the Russian Federation. Over 130 mineral springs and large stocks of Lake Lake Tambukan (and Lisogorsk Lake) make a CMB of a unique balneological resort. The KMV region is distinguished by picturesque natural landscapes, a mountain healing climate and is famous for its enterprises of the sanatorium-resort complex in Russia. Their main specialization is the provision of medical and wellness services, the treatment of world-famous waters and mineral mud. Also, land plots located on the territory of the KMV (within the borders of the Sanitary (Mining and Sanitary) Protection of the KMV resort) are the lands of specially protected natural territories. The fact of assigning land plots to the land of highly protected natural territories (lands of resorts) means the impossibility of providing him with the ownership of society due to the attribution of it to land plots limited in the turnover (subparagraph 1 of paragraph 5 of article 27 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation, paragraph 8 of Article 28 of the Law about privatization)

Notes

Literature

A. M. Prokhorov (ch. Ed.) Caucasian Mineral Waters //

According to some of the most worthy and great Russian writers, poets: "Who did not breathe the mountain Caucasian air - he did not live ..".

In this article we will tell about Caucasian mineral waters. The good this resort of the Caucasus and that unique in min. waters

Caucasus is not just a mountain, gorgeous nature, springs, sources, eagles over the gorges, viper on mountain roads between Rhododendron Rhodendron places, the Caucasus is a special spirit, a special culture, this does not meet anywhere else, harsh, wild, proud, very beautiful, In some places a virgin region.

Caucasian mineral waters are a group of resorts of federal significance in the Stavropol Territory, a particularly protected Ecological resort region of the Russian Federation.

South of the European part of Russia. The resort includes cities and territories:

"Region-agglomeration Caucasian mineral waters having an area of \u200b\u200bmore than 500 thousand hectares (5.3 thousand square meters), located on the territory of the three constituent entities of the Russian Federation within the borders of the Mining and Sanitary Security County:

in the Stavropol Territory - cities and resort cities Georgievsk, mineral waters (including the resort of Kumagorsk and Naguta resort), Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk, Lermontov, Essentuki, Kislovodsk, as well as the actual areas of Georgievsky, Mineralovo and Pre-region, - 58% of the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe region;

in Kabardino-Balkaria - the Solsky district, - 9% (therapeutic mud of the lake Tambukan, the Valley of Narzanov and the other);

in Karachay-Cherkessia - Malokarachayevsky and the Skubansky districts, - 33% of the territory (zone of formation of mineral sources). "

The location of the resort, gently say, gorgeous:

"The Caucasian Mineral Waters area occupies the southern part of the Stavropol Territory and is located on the northern slopes of the Chief Caucasus Range, just a couple of tens of km from Elbrus. The other here seems to earth, others - the sky.

From afar, motionless white clouds are visible, which, when approached, turn out to be snowy vertices of the Caucasian Mountains. The southern borders of the district are the foothills of Elbrus, the valley of the Khasaut and Malki rivers; in the West - the upper shovels of the Eshkakon rivers and a depressing; The northern border of the district is the city of mineral waters, followed by the steppe spaces of the Precaucasia. "

Very near the Stavropol Territory, famous resorts of the Krasnodar Territory, Sochi:

"In the West and South-West, the Stavropol Territory borders the Krasnodar Territory, in the north-west with the Rostov region, in the north and northeast with Kalmykia, in the east with Dagestan, in the south-east with the Chechen Republic, in southern North Ossetia Alania, Karachay-Circassian and Kabardino-Balkarian republics. "

Caucasian Mineral Water Resorts in Video:

In Caucasian mineral waters, many sources of mineral waters, because the region is not easy to be called. The name of the most important city is Essentuki - is a few decades for a couple of decades.

And the driver really possesses therapeutic properties, unlike that products, which are clogged shopping shelves.

In addition, there are many springs in the region, waterfalls, salt, mud sources.

The resort has existed since the beginning of the 18th century, more precisely, the first mention of it is dated to this time. All forces were sent to the arrangement of the region, so in the 20th century the resort became the largest in Russia, and the most healing.

The most famous cities and resorts of Caucasian Mineral Waters:

Kumagorsk

Nazhby

Zheleznovodsk

Pyatigorsk

Essentuki

Kislovodsk

Kislovodsk The highest high resort, it is located at an altitude of 817-1063 m above sea level, the lowest mountain dot kislovodsk - 750 m above sea level, and the highest - 1409 m (on a large saddle in the Kislodsky Park).

"Kislovodsk is located in the south of the Stavropol Territory, almost on the border with Karachay-Cherkessia and Kabardino-Balkaria, 65 km from Elbrus Mountain.

The city is located in a small and cozy picturesque valley, surrounded by the slopes of the main Caucasus ridge and formed by the gorges of two merging rivers - Olkhovka and Berezovka, flowing into the river depress. The length of the valley from the south-east to the North-West is about 7 km. "

Almost always good weather here:"The climate of the Kavminvod region has long been highly appreciated by the resortologists and is successfully used as a therapeutic factor. The main advantages of the local climate are associated with a large number of sunny days - in Kislovodsk only 37-40 days a year can be without the sun.

Here is relatively dry, the wet air masses from the Black Sea do not reach here - they are delayed by the main Caucasian ridge. "

« By the number of sunny days, Kislovodsk is not inferior to the best resorts of the world.On average, for the year, the number of clear days in Kislovodsk is about 150, while in Pyatigorsk - 98, in Zheleznovodsk - 112, and in Essentuki - 117. The number of cloudy days is also small - an average of 61 days per year.

The air in Kislovodsk is always clean, mostly dry and invigorating. Kislovodsk stands out among other resorts Kavminvodvodvod, mostly quiet, without strong winds with weather and low humidity in winter, which fluctuates from 56 to 70%, which has a beneficial effect on the well-being of the resort workers. "

In January, there were 18 degrees of heat, minus temperatures reached 20 degrees, but much more often the temperature at this time of the year is here about zero or "light minus". The hottest months - July, August, temperature, depending on finding near or in the remoteness of mountains, snowy gorges, from 4-5 degrees Celsius to 37 degrees of heat.

All the resorts of Caucasian Mineral Waters are primarily therapeutic, but Kislovodsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk - especially. After Sochi Kislovodsk the second city by the number of health resorts, sanatoriums.

A third of all therapeutic and preventive institutions of the region is here. In Kislovodsk there is a source of a famous acidic mineral water - Narzan.

Built on the site of the former fortress, the city is now replete with green plantings and fruit gardens, in numbers - a very small town: 130 thousand people.

Most Kislovodsk resistants have a healing profile on the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, nerve diseases and respiratory organs.

In addition to healthcare, mineral springs and other beauty of the city, one of the brightest attractions is a resort park, its area is 948 hectares, which is comparable to the huge city parks in Europe and the world.

"The park is located on both sides of the Olkhovka River and contains over 250 species of trees and shrubs, including cedar, fir, birch, pine, spruce, black walnut, Chinese Pavlonia, cork tree, etc. In the alpine part of the park on the Alpine meadows grow more 800 species of grassy plants.

The park contains nurseries of ornamental plants, greenhouses. Over 80 varieties of abundant blooming roses are planted at the "Rose Square" and in the "Rose Valley". In the park, proteins were acclimatized, trustingly taking food from the hands of people, various species of birds.

The monument of nature is the red stones, which go out in several places of the park and are sandstones, having a red-brown color and a variety of weathered forms. "

The park has a route for the Medical Walking - Terrekur. And in Kislovodsk itself several dozen major and popular sanatoriums.

Despite the fact that the resorts and cities are located close to each other - the atmosphere in them is quite different. So, in Zheleznovodsk, another air, a little different climate - compared to the rest of the Caucasian Mineral Waters resorts.

"Zheleznovodsk - The most dynamically developing resort Kavminvant. In 2003, he was awarded the title "The Best City of Russia" among small cities.

The climate here is mountain forest, similar to the medium Alps climate. Long-term meteorological observations made it possible to attribute it to mining and forest average alpine, moderately dry.

Air is saturated with oxygen and wood phytoncides. Moderately hot summer with cool nights, a large number of sunny days with weak refreshments, winter is not cold. "

Zheleznovodsk population is only about 25 thousand people, but despite the small number of residents - the city in truth is a pearl not only among the resorts of the Stavropol Territory, but also of all Russia.

Yes, there are few residents, and guests are more: so, the health resort (about two dozen sanatoriums) of Zheleznovodsk can take up to 80 thousand tourists. The direction of treatment is mainly - diseases of the digestive, kidney organs, metabolic disorders.

Over 20 sources of mineral waters and several mud.

Pyatigorskmore, so let's say, "is amazed by industrialization" than small in the number of citizens and remote cities of Stavropol. In Pyatigorsk, about 145 thousand inhabitants, well developed industry, trade, scientific sphere.

"The city of Mashuk is located in the city (993.7 m, with a 112-meter television tower with a 112-meter TV) and its spurs.

The climate in Pyatigorsk is characterized by soft winter and hot summer. Thanks to a large number of water resources and a soft climate, the city has picturesque reservoirs, forest belts and parks.

The resort area rich in underground sources of mineral waters is relatively poor in surface water resources.

The tourist infrastructure of the resort of Pyatigorsk includes:

More than 30 resort health care facilities. Annually, there are over 200 thousand people per year (225-250 thousand people per year in 16 sanatoriums and 7 pension - in the II half - the end of the 80s);

43 tourist firms and organizations;

17 hotels;

The city and Pyatigors have tremendous tourist potential and have the right to compete with leading European resorts and balneological health resorts. "

In Pyatigorsk, many museums, theaters, historical monuments, libraries, beautiful places. In the city of Parks, fountains.

"The surrounding mountains decorate natural forests in which mighty oaks and snow-white birchs, honey beef and linden grow, and the dogs, hawthorn, rosehip, Barbaris, Ryabina blush on the autumn.

The animal world due to the proximity of the city is not so diverse, but tourists invariably please the proteins that can be found even in small squares in the very center of the city. On the pond of the Kirov Park in the summer Swans float. "

The population of about 105 thousand people, many resistant, more than 20 mineral springs, the main direction of treatment - "diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, liver and metabolism."

Festivals are held in Essentuki, cultural events, there are a lot of cultural institutions.

The resorts of Caucasian mineral waters are not good to wear this name: the main attraction and the main treasure of the region are sources of mineral waters. And if someone was not here - then all the mineral water drank everything.

In 2000, almost 500 thousand people were restored here and corrected their health.

The program "Genius Places" describes the attractions of the Caucasian Mineral Waters:

Caucasian mineral waters in the first places in popularity among Russians among Russian resorts:

"The Association of Tour Operators of Russia (Ator) analyzed the most popular directions of domestic tourism in the summer of 2014, the resorts of the Krasnodar Territory (Sochi, Anapa, Gelendzhik, Tuapse) were on the first line of the ranking (Sochi, Anapa, Gelendzhik, Tuapse), on the second - Crimea, at the third, fourth and fifth line, Caucasian mineral waters are located, Golden Ring and Karelia, respectively, Baikal took the sixth position. "