History of the walls of the Kremlin. Moscow Kremlin - Holding Crown of Russia

22.02.2021

Moscow Kremlin is the main attraction of the capital of Russia, which has a large historical, architectural and socio-political value.

There is a Kremlin in the very center of the city on a high Borovitsky hill near the Moscow River. From one side there is a Red Square, on the other - Alexandrovsky Garden.

How to get to the Moscow Kremlin, which Kremlin sights see the first place to buy entrance tickets, about working, excursions and many other things in this article.

History of Moscow Kremlin

The first on the territory of the modern Kremlin was settled in the Finno-Ugric tribes still in the Bronze Age. In the first century, Borovitsky Hill, which was at the intersection of important trade routes, occupied Vyatichi, and in 1156, according to the will of Prince, Yuri Dolgoruky, a typical Russian fortress with defensive fortifications - earthwoods with frequencies surrounded by deep moat was built here.

Until the middle of the 14th century, the Moscow Kremlin was wooden. With the Grand Duza, Dmitry Donskoy his walls and the towers were replaced with white-named, vending until the end of the 15th century.

Under the leadership of Italian masters in 1485-1516, new powerful fortifications from buried bricks were erected - towers and gear walls thick from three to six and a half meters, which we have the opportunity to admire and now.

Architectural ensemble

The architectural ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin makes up the golden evaluatorsky, the Arkhangelsk and Assumption Cathedrals, the Patriarch Chambers, the Church of the Chamber of Commerce, the Granovy Chamber, the Bell Tower Ivan the Great. In the XVII century, a terman palace was erected, at about the same Tower of the Kremlin acquired a modern appearance. In the XVIII century Arsenal, the Senate, the Big Kremlin Palace and the Armory of the Chamber appeared.

Unfortunately, the most ancient Savior Savior Savior on Bor, built in the 1330th and destroyed in 1933, the miracles of the monastery, founded in the 1365th and demolished in 1929, the Ascension Monastery, the Small Nikolaev palace and many other buildings. In total, during the years of Soviet power, from the 54st Kremlin structures, "alive" remains only 26.

Nevertheless, in 1990, the Kremlin was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Photo - Excursion on the territory

Entrance to the territory is carried out through Kutafye Tower, topped with a beautiful openwork "crown".

Before you get to the Kremlin, you need to buy tickets in the pavilion from dark glass, which is located nearby in the Alexandrovsky Garden, pass through the "Frame" of the metal detector and the procedure for inspection of personal belongings. Large bags, suitcases and backpacks will have to be passed into the storage chamber.

Kutafia Tower, previously surrounded by the river and the moat, defended approaches to the Trinity Tower.

After passing through the Trinity Bridge, let's look at the multi-tiered Troitskaya Tower and on the other hand. Her height is 80 meters, it is the highest tower of the Kremlin.

On the right in the photo - arsenal, erected by order of Peter the first. It was assumed that the building would be used as a military warehouse and trophy repository. Nowadays, the administrative services of the Kremlin Comferential Comfusion and the barracks of the presidential regiment are deployed here.

Left - the State Kremlin Palace (earlier - the Palace of Congresses), built in 1961. The main Christmas tree of the country is held here, concerts and ballet performances are held.

The walls of the arsenal contain historical tools - the collection of old Russian and foreign cannons, military trophies of the Patriotic War of 1812.

Now let's go to the Senate Square.

The building of the Senate, built on the project of architect M.F. Kazakova, has a triangle shape. In Soviet years, there was a working office and apartment V.I. Lenin, Workers Cabinets I.V. Stalin, L.I. Brezhneva, M.S. Gorbachev. Nowadays, the Senate contains the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation.

The appearance of about the same point in the other side - to Trinity Square and the Kremlin Cathedrals.

The king cannon, to look at which it is necessary to, stands at the Trinity Square and Patriarch Chambers with the Church of the Twelve Apostles.

The powerful gun was manufactured in 1586. This is the largest gun in the world, an outstanding sample of Russian weapons art. Its caliber is 890 mm, weight - 40 tons.

At the foot of the bell tower there is another giant - a king bell, cast in the 18th century. Its weight is 202 tons, diameter - 6.6 meters. The king of the bell was cast right away, in the territory of Ivanovo Square. A piece from the bell slept during a large fire in the Kremlin.

From the south side to the Ivanovo Square, the Big Kremlin Square and the Tainitsky Garden are adjacent.

Unfortunately, it is impossible to walk all over the garden - this is a regime object. But still, something interesting is visible: for example, an aviary for falcons-Sapsanov, Hawk-wellkeepers and Filin, which is kept specifically to chase raven and pigeons. Or here is the helicopter platform for the president and the Prime Minister, equipped not so long ago.

The view from the square to the ensemble of the bell tower Ivan the Great. The highest building of Moscow, the Kremlin Bell Tower has become in Boris Godunov, who ordered it to be addressed in 1600 to a height of 81 m. You can go upstairs in the summer, buying a separate ticket.

From April to October on Saturdays at 12-00 at the Cathedral Square, the ceremonial of the equestrian and hiking divorce of the presidential regiment passes. Viewing the ceremonial is included in the price of a single ticket to visit the territory of the Kremlin and the Council of Museums of the Cathedral Square.

Assumption Cathedral, built on the project of the Italian architect Aristotle Phiorewanti, four centuries was the main temple of Russia - here they were married to the kingdom Ivan the Terrible and other kings, the emperors were crowned. Many Patriarchs and Metropolitans are buried in the Assumption Cathedral.

In the photo - the Arkhangelsk Cathedral, erected in 1505-1508 in honor of Archangel Mikhail Venetsian Alasis New.

Entrance to the Archangel Cathedral. In the Temple-Tsarist Tsarrotnica there are 54 burials of the saints, princes, kings and their wives, including St. Tsarevich Dmitry Uglichsky, Moscow Princes Vasily Dark, Dmitry Donskoy, Ivan Kalita, kings Ivan Grozny and Alexey Mikhailovich.

Annunciation Cathedral - one of their oldest in the Kremlin territory, was built by Pskov masters in 1484-1489. A small temple size was used as the house church of Russian sovereigns.

In the blockage of the Annunciation Cathedral there is an interesting exhibition "Vlasts and antiquities of the Moscow Kremlin".

The Granovy Chamber, one of the oldest civilian buildings of Moscow, in the royal times served as the main front desk, a place for meetings of the Boyar City Council, the meetings of the Zemsky Cathedrals. Now this is the representative of the residence of the President of the Russian Federation.

The grain chamber is called, since it is lined with blocks having 4 faces.

In the corner of the Cathedral Square, the Veroshospassky Cathedral is located, part of the ancient terman palace, the eastern facade of the Golden Tsaritsyn Chamber and the church of the county - the house temple of Moscow Metropolitans and Patriarchs.

From the Cathedral Square we move to the Greater Kremlin Palace, built in the 19th century. The Palace ensemble includes about 700 rooms, including Georgievsky, Vladimir, Andreevsky, Aleksandrovsky and Catherine Hall, the Golden Tsaritsyn Chamber, Malachite Foye, the Cabinet and the Bedroom of Emperors, Nine Churches and the Terem Palace.

Since the Big Kremlin Palace is a parade residence of the President of the Russian Federation, it is possible to get there only as part of the group from the organization by prior request filed in a month.

Near the BKD there is a weapon chamber - a museum with immetic wealth: old gold and silver jewelry and other products, weapons, armor, state regalia, a collection of carriages. Here you can see the monoma hat, scepters, powers, thrones, coronation dresses and parade royal clothes.

In the same building there is a diamond fund - the national treasury of Russia, the repository of precious stones and nuggets, the front jewelry jewelry of the Russian kings and emperors. It is here that the large imperial crown is located on the occasion of Catherine II coronation. The crown is decorated with 5000 diamonds, 75 large pearls and a very large rare dark red spinel gem.

View from the Armory of the Water Road, Borovitskaya Tower and the Church of Christ the Savior.

The funny palace - the chambers of Boyhar Miloslavsky are better visible from the Alexander Garden, it is located at the Kremlin wall between Trinity and the Commandant Tower. In 1672, fun here were suitable - ideas for the fun of the kings, which gave the name of the Palace. With Peter the first, a police order was located in a rash palace, and in our days, the services of the commandanta.

How to get to the Kremlin

By public transport: Nearest metro stations - Lenin Library, Alexandrovsky Garden, Borovitskaya and Arbatsky Blue Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line. Also before the Kremlin it is easy to walk from many central stations: a ochered row, the area of \u200b\u200brevolution, theater and others.

Opening hours

Territory of the Kremlin and Cathedral Museums of Cathedral Square:

from May 16 to September 30 - daily, except Thursday, from 9-30 to 18-00 (cash registers work from 9-00 to 16-30)
from October 1 to May 15 - daily, except Thursday, from 10-00 to 17-00 (cash registers work from 9-30 to 16-00)

The Armory Works on sessions from 10-00 to 18-00 daily, except Thursday. The beginning of the sessions - 10-00, 12-00, 14-30, 16-30

Diamond Fund - daily, except Thursday, from 10-00 to 17-20 on sessions. Break - from 13-00 to 14-00. The duration of the session is 40 minutes. Tickets for morning sessions start at 9-00, for evening - at 13-00. Morning sessions: 10-00, 10-20, 10-40, 11-00, 11-20, 12-00, 12-20. Evening sessions: 14-00, 15-00, 15-20, 16-00, 16-20, 16-40, 17-00, 17-20.

On holidays, the diamond fund does not work. Read more about the mode of operation - on the official website: gokhran.ru/ru/diamond-fund/contacts.phtml

Rarely, but it happens that access to the Kremlin is closed in connection with solemn events, meetings of heads of foreign countries, receptions on the occasion of public holidays and other events.

Ticket price

Single ticket (territory, cathedrals, exhibitions) - Visit to the territory of the Kremlin, Cathedral Museums of the Cathedral Square, the exhibition halls of the Patriarchal Chambers, the exhibition "Vlasts and the Antiquities of the Moscow Kremlin" in the focus of the Annunciation Cathedral, exhibitions of a wooden sculpture in the church of the rizpunity, exposition in the exhibition of the Arkhangelsk Cathedral:

adults - 500 rubles
russian students and retirees - 250 rubles, without the possibility of inspection of museums (only territory) - free
children under 16, members of large families, disabled days of the 1st and 2nd groups and a friend Preferential categories of citizens - for free
for persons who have not reached 18 years old, the second Tuesday of each month is free
in the days of cultural heritage, a single ticket is free for everyone

Unified tickets for sale online on the official website of the Moscow Kremlin Kreml.ru (except free and preferential) and at the office in the Alexandrovsky Garden on the day of visiting.

- Visit is carried out on a separate ticket, the price includes audiogide:

adults - 700 rubles
russian students and pensioners - 350 rubles
children under 16, members of large families, disabled days of the 1st and 2nd groups and other preferential categories of citizens - for free

Admission tickets to the weapon chamber are sold on the day of visits in the presence of tickets at the box office in the Alexandrovsky Garden and via the Internet on the official website of the Moscow Kremlin Kreml.ru (except free and preferential).

Attention! Acquisition of online tickets to a specific session does not guarantee the receipt of additional free or preferential tickets on the same session on the day of visiting the museum. Free and preferential tickets are issued only if they have them at the box office, in the order of the general queue. The museum throughput does not allow to allocate an unlimited ticket for each session.

Diamond fund - You can buy tickets at the box office number 4 and No. 5 in the Alexandrovsky Garden on the day of visits to a certain session. The ticket price includes a tour.

adults - 500 rubles
schoolchildren, students, pensioners, members of large families - 100 rubles
disabled children, disabled persons with disabilities 1 and 2 groups and other preferential categories of citizens - free

The number of tickets for each session is limited.

If you want to visit only the Armory Chamber and / or the Diamond Fund - the entrance is possible through the Borovitskaya Tower.

The queue in the box office and the admission is least in the cold season on weekdays, most of all - in the warm season in good weather on weekends, especially on Saturday in the first half of the day - because of the opportunity to see the ceremonial of the lattice guard at the Cathedral Square.

Excursions

The Kremlin excursion center offers review and thematic excursions through the territory of the Kremlin, the Armory Chamber, Museum Cathedrals and Museum Expositions for organized groups and individual visitors as part of the national team.

Prices for excursions in the Moscow Kremlin, the order of registration and payment of excursions, see the official website: Kreml.ru

Free Mobile Guide on the Kremlin - Izi.Travel/ru/7CCE-MOSKVA-KREML/RU

Photography

Amateur photo and video filming in the museums, the weapon ward and the diamond fund is prohibited.

His Majesty, Moskovsky Kremlin. Sing 13.sten and towers

The Kremlin Wall is a brick wall surrounding the Moscow Kremlin. Erected on the site of the white-stone wall Dmitry Donskoy in 1485-1516 by Italian ("Fryazhi") architects. The total length of the walls is 2235 m, height from 5 to 19 m, thickness - from 3.5 to 6.5 m. In terms of the wall, the irregular triangle is formed.

The top of the walls along the pawnshop tradition is decorated with teeth in the shape of a swallow tail, all the teeth along the top of the wall - 1045. Most teeth have slick-like loopholes. The walls are arranged wide, overlapped ambrusura arches. With the outer side of the wall are smooth, with the inner decorated with arched niches - the traditional technique, designed to alleviate and strengthen the construction of the structure.

Existing walls and towers were built in 1485-1516. The overall length of the walls is 2235 m, height from 5 to 19 m, thickness - from 3.5 to 6.5 m.

In terms of the wall form an irregular triangle. The top of the wall is decorated with teeth in the shape of a swallow tail, all the teeth at the top of the wall - 1045. Most teeth have slick-like loopholes. The walls are arranged wide, overlapped ambrusura arches. From the outside of the wall is smooth, with the inner - decorated with arched niches - the traditional reception, designed to alleviate and strengthen the construction of the structure.

Kivchenko Aleksey d. (1851-96). Ivan the Great

With Ivan III and his successor to Vasily III, the construction of the walls of the Kremlin was headed by architect Anton Fryazin, Marco Fryazin, Pietro Antonio Solari and Aleviz Fryazin Old.

Moscow Kremlin at the beginning of the XVII century.

Brick walls were put on the line of white-named, with a small retreat outside. Starting from the Spasskaya Tower, the territory of the Kremlin was enlarged in the east direction. Approximately 20 years after the construction of the Kremlin Wall, the Kurtinskaya Wall was attached to her, hugging the whole China city.

For the construction of walls and towers, large (30x14x17 cm or 31x15x9 cm) brick weighing up to 8 kg each were used. The front walls were laid out of the bricks, which were filled with a white stone. The highest walls were erected along the Red Square, where there was no natural water barrier

Fedor Alekseev. View in the Kremlin at the Spassky Gate. About 1800
Initially inside the wall through all the towers there was a pass-through pass, overlapped with cylindrical crops. Most of the passage was covered with construction trash in time, a plot between Konstantino-Eleninskaya and Nabataya Tower was preserved. There were also caches and aisles under the walls, in some cases emerging far from the line of fortifications

View of Zamoskvorechye due to walls in 1848

At the beginning of the XVIII century, the Neglinnaya River was reserved further from the Western Wall, along which it flowed initially.

At the same time, the initially existing trees roofs of the walls were burned. In 1702-1736, part of the wall was dismantled for the construction of the Arsenal building, later reconstituted.

Modern chimes were made by brothers Nikolai and Ivan Bududop in 1851-1852 and installed on 8-10 tiers of the Spasskaya Tower. From that time, the chimes were performed at 12 and 6 o'clock "March of the Preobrazhensky regiment", and at 3 and 9 hours of the "Kohl Sovlin, our Lord in Zion" Dmitry Bortnyansky, who sounded over Red Square until 1917. Initially, the playing shaft of the chimes wanted to gain the anthem of Russia "God, Tsar I", however, Nikolai I did not allow this, stating that "Kurats can play any songs except the hymn."

In 1771-1773, for the construction of the Kremlin Palace on the project V. I. Bazhenova, part of the southern wall between Beclemishevskaya and the Annunciation tower was also dealt with, which was later restored. The Kremlin's undermining by the French (1812) was a heavy damage to the walls, especially the walls along the Neglinnaya were injured. Repair and restoration of fortifications were carried out from 1817 to 1822 years.

In 1866-1870, the restoration of the walls and the Kremlin towers were restored by architects N. A. Shokhin, P. A. Gerasimov, f. F. Richter, who sought to make buildings their initial species. At the same time, many authentic parts were then lost and replaced by inaccurate copies.

The survey and partial restoration of the walls was carried out in 1931-1936. The following restoration of the walls and towers of the Kremlin passed in 1946-1953. In its course they were cleared and repaired by the walls, the brains and parapets were restored. The restoration commission included prominent scientists and restorers: I. E. Grabar, V. N. Lazarev, M. V. Alpatov, P. D. Korin, D. P. Sukhov and others

"Nasyakovka" of the Kremlin Wall. 2012

"Nasyakovka" of the Kremlin Wall of the International (Far) and Townist (neighbor) towers. 2012

The Kremlin Wall between the Blagoveshchenskaya and Taneitskoy Towers has a vertical ledge and a reduced step of two teeth, as if when construction from different sides was mistaken in the dock. This "error" divides the wall between the towers in an exemplary ratio of 1 to 2, counting from Blagoveshchenskaya.

The northeast segment of the wall, which overlooks the northern part of the Red Square, serves as a Columbarium for the urn with the rush of the communist movement of the ISovetsky state. Many of them are also buried in the ground along this segment of the wall. In the post-Soviet period, the question of the need to transfer necropolis to another place from political, religious and other considerations was repeatedly raised.

Moscow Kremlin has 20 towers. Three towers (Beklemishevskaya, waterfront and angular arsenal), standing in the corners of the triangle, have a round cross section, the rest is square.
Most towers are made in a single architectural style led by them in the second half of the XVII century. From the general ensemble, the Nikolskaya Tower is distinguished, which at the beginning of the XIX century has been rebuilt with a globical style

The list is composed, ranging from the southeast corner of the Kremlin wall, counterclockwise.
Three towers, standing in the corners of the triangle, have a round cross section, the rest is square. The highest tower is Troitskaya, it has a height of 79.3 m.
,

Spasskaya, Nabataya, Konstantino-Elegenic, Trinity, Borovitskaya, Blagoveshchenskaya and Petrovskaya Tower had shootouts on the walls. Initially inside the wall through all the towers there was a pass-through pass, overlapped with cylindrical crops. Most of the passage was covered with construction trash in time, a plot between Konstantino-Eleninskaya and Nabataya Tower was preserved. There were also caches and aisles under the walls, in some cases emerged far beyond the line of fortifications.

At the beginning of the XVIII century, the Nehlinnaya was reserved further from the walls. To install new guns on the towers there were rasaws of loopholes. At the same time, the originally existing blood roofs were burned.

In 1702-1736, part of the wall was disassembled for the construction of Arsenal, later restored. In 1771-1773, for the construction of the Kremlin Palace on the project V. I. Bazhenova, part of the southern wall between Beclemishevskaya and the Annunciation tower was also dealt with, which was later restored.

Hem of the Moscow Kremlin in the XVII century Picture of Sergei Glushkov

In 1802-1805, a major overhaul of the towers was carried out, during which almost all the granted shooters were dismantled. The war of 1812 inflicted the walls of heavy damage, the Nikolskaya Tower, towers and walls along Neglinnaya were affected. Repair and recovery of umbiations were conducted from 1817 to 1822 years. During the repair work to the appearance of Borovitskaya and the waterway towers, pseudo-native decoration details were added

In 1866-1870, the restoration of the walls and towers of the Kremlin was restored by the architects N. A. Shokhin, P. A. Gerasimov, F. F. Richter, who were striving to put their initial species. In the process of restoration with the Borhivitsky tower, pseudo-neutic decorative parts disappeared, however, many elements of genuine parts of walls and towers of the Kremlin were lost and replaced by inaccurate copies. Damage to the towers and walls was applied during alterations of the second half of the XIX century during the adaptation of their premises under the shopping needs

The Nikolskaya and Beklemishevsky towers affected during the revolution were repaired in 1918. The survey and partial restoration of the walls was carried out in 1931-1936. In 1935-1937, Ruby five-pointed stars were installed on five towers.

Approximately such a Kremlin found Napoleon

The next restoration of the walls and towers of the Kremlin was carried out in 1946-1953, during which they were cleared and repaired by the walls, the brains and parapets were restored, the details were revealed on a number of towers, the tops of the Spasskaya, Trinity and Nikolsky towers of the leaf copper. The restoration commission included prominent scientists and restorers: I. E. Grabar, in. N. Lazarev, M. V. Alpatov, P. D. Korin, D. P. Sukhov and others.

Beklimyshevskaya

Tactax is known as Moskvoretskaya - the Wall Tower of the Moscow Kremlin. Located in the southeastern corner of the Kremlin triangle, near the Moscow River and Moskvoretsky Bridge. The name comes from the courtyard Boyarina I.N. Beklemisheva, who was located inside the Kremlin near the tower. After the execution of Beklemishev Vasily III yard together with the tower was used as a prison for an optocobal boyars. Located near the compound of the Moscow River with the moat, the tower performed an important defensive function, covering, among other things, the ferrod and crossing the Moscow river.

The high round tower was built in 1487-1488 on the project of the Italian architect Marco Ruffo. The main cylinder is located on a white-edged crook with a semicircular roller in the articulation.

The tower has four tiers with the possibility of circular shelling: three tiers of round vaulted rooms and upper tiers, where the machine is arranged and a combat site. The tower was arranged a well and a cache-rumor to prevent the subpople. In 1680, octague with a narrow tent and two ruma rumors was prescribed above the main cylinder. The tower tower does not have internal overlaps.

Under Peter I, in 1707, the tower was converted to defense against the Swedes. In particular, the tower loopholes were raised to install more powerful guns in them (restored at the initial form during the restoration in 1949).

View of Beklemishevskaya (Moskvoretsky) Tower 1890-1900

The Beklemishevskaya Tower is one of the few kremlin towers, which are practically not rebuilt. After the invasion of Napoleon, the Bekleyashev Tower was renovated. Also, during the storming of the Kremlin, the Bolsheviks in 1917, the Upper Tatrick was shot down by a shell (in 1920 he was restored by the architect I.V. Rylsky).
Eastern Wall Eastern Wall of the Kremlin passes along Red Square

Konstantino-Elenin Tower

Previously, Timofeevskaya - Tower of the Walls of the Moscow Kremlin. Located on the eastern side of the Kremlin, above the Beklemishev tower.

The tower was built in 1490 by the Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari (Peter Fryazine) on the site of Timofeevsky gate of the Belocamean Kremlin Dmitry Donskoy. The modern name tower received after the construction nearby in the Kremlin in the XVII century Konstantin and Elena church (the church was dismantled in 1928).

Moscow dungeon. End of the XVI century (Konstantino-Elegenian Gate of the Moscow Dental at the turn of the XVI and XVII centuries)

The tower was intended to protect the entrances to the pier on the Moscow River and the nearby streets of the Great Posad, going towards the charge: the All-History (now Barbarka) and the Great (who later became the Mokrinsky lane, and now there are no disappeared). Initially, the Konstantino-Elelenian tower was a pass, with a lifting bridge through ditch and a tanning string (an additional tower connected to the main bridge). After 1508, the second rejected shooter was completed.

In the 1680s, an arched fere chimney with a slender tower was used over the main square four. After loss at the end of the XVII century, the Great Street of its value was closed, and the tower tower and the lower tower tier turned into prison. In 1707, the Boynets of the Konstantino-Elenin Tower were raised for more powerful guns. In the XVIII century, the grooves and the bridge and the bridge were demolished.

Konstantino-Elegenin Tower 1882-1996 Photographer Brenzhevsky I.F.

The arch of the laid gate, partially closed by late layers, is still clearly visible on the facade of the Tower from the side of Vasilyevsky descent, as well as a deepening for the comradized icons and traces of vertical slots for the lifting bridge levers.

On the top platform of the main four, the machine is arranged, inside it is divided into two tiers, overlapped with brick vaults. The first tier earlier served for travel, and the second was used for office space. Put on the top platform of the tower - along the narrow staircase located in the thickness.

Konstantino-Elenin Tower from the Wall of the Kremlin

The tower was restored in the 1950s and 1970s.
Through Timofeevsky Gate, located in antiquity at the site of the Konstantino-Elenin Tower, Dmitry Donskoy

Nabotaya tower

Nabataya Tower - Tower of the Walls of the Moscow Kremlin. Located on the slope of the Kremlin Hill in the opposite of Basil Blessed. The name comes from the Spassky bell hanging on it, which served for the fire alarm.

This preserving ancient tower forms was built in 1495. The main four is completed with parapet. Its interior consists of two tiers: lower with flat overlapping and numerous rooms, with stairs and rims, providing outdoor access, and top with closed arch.

Nabot Tower of the Moscow Kremlin. 1882-1896.

In 1680, the top arched fourthike and a tent with an observation tower was prescribed on the tower. Chetverik is open in the cavity of the tent. Details and finishing of the top four and the tent (brick semi-colonctions of the four and observation tower with blonde capitals and belts) remind the completion of the arsenal tower.
In total, there were three Nabotic Bells in the Kremlin: Spassky (on the Battle Tower), Trinity and Tainitsky.

By decree Alexei Mikhailovich from 1668, the inflated signals were regulated:
. In the event of a fire in the Kremlin "beat all three Nabaths in both edges, the Poscro"
. With a fire in the China City "beat into one Spassky Nabath in one edge, soon"
. With a fire in a white city - "beat to Spassky in both edges and in Nabath, that on the Trinity Bridge in both edges of Potache"
. With a fire in the earthen city beat to Nabat on the Tainytskaya Tower "Quiet custom"
In 1771, during a plague riot, the rebels hit the Spassky Nabath and thus gathered Muscovites to the Kremlin. At the end of the Bunta, Catherine II ordered to remove the language of the bell. Over 30 years old, the bell saved on the tower without a language. In 1803, the bell was moved to Arsenal, and in 1821 - in the Armory of the Chamber, where it is hanging in the lobby.
The inscriptions on the bell report: "On 1714 of July 6, this vulgar bell was poured from the old violence of the bell of whose Kremlin of the city to the Spassk gate. Weight in it 150 PUD "," Lil This Bell Master Ivan Motorin ".
In the 1970s, the infringement tower began to be launched due to the loss of the soil of density and the cracked foundation. After the screed of the base of the tower with metal hoops and the strengthening of the soil, the roll was able to stop. However, the tower still deviates from the vertical one meter.
Tsarskaya Tower

The tsarist tower is the smallest and smallest tower of the Moscow Kremlin, built in 1680.
Strictly speaking, this is not a tower, but a stone Terem, the tent vested on the wall. Once there was a small wooden turret, with which, according to the legend, King Ivan IV (Grozny) loved to watch the events that took place on Red Square - hence the name of the tower.
White belts on the pillars, high pyramids in the corners with gilded flags, a tent, ending with a gilded elegant vane - all this gives the tower a view of a fabulous terme

A small turret is put straight on the wall in the 1980s of the XVII century (that is, almost two centuries later than the rest of the towers) between the Spasskaya and the Battle Tower of the Kremlin. Her octahedral tent on the jug-like pillars is reminded by the rustling of stone residential chorus spread at this time.

The name of the tower is associated with the legend, according to which she served as a kind of canopy over the royal throne, from where the Sovereign of All Russia could watch the events on Red Square (hence the name of the tower) from the Kremlin's walls.

Senate Tower

The Senate Tower is one of the steels of the Wall of the Moscow Kremlin. Located on the eastern side of the Kremlin by Granpas and Nikolskaya Tower.

Built in 1491 by architect Pietro Antonio Solari. The name tower received after the end of construction in the Kremlin in 1787 in the Senate Palace. Until that time did not have a special name. In 1680, a stone tent ended with a golden weather vane was prescribed over the tower. Inside the tower has three tiers of vaulted premises. Tower height 34 meters

In 1918, the sculptor S. T. Konyenkov's board "fallen for peace and the fraternity of peoples" was installed on the tower. In the 1920s, the board was removed and moved to the Russian Museum. In 1924, the Mausoleum of Lenin was built in front of the tower on Red Square. In 1948, a passage to Mausoleum was made from the tower so that members of the CPSU Central Committee could pass on the stands straight from the Kremlin, bypassing the Red Square.
Nikolskaya Tower

Proprietary icon of St. Nichola Mozhaysky

Built in 1491 by the project of the Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari. It is most likely that the name tower received on the icon of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, located on the eastern facade. A number of researchers believe that the tower was named by the monastery of Nikola's old, who was not far from the ancient Nikolskaya street.

Nikolsky Gate of the Kremlin and Alevizov Korekesev, students. 800s.

In 1612, it was through the gate of the Nikolskaya and Spassky towers, the national militia, headed by Prince, Dmitry Pozharskiy and Kuzmma, on November 1, solemnly entered the Kremlin (on October 27, an agreement was signed on the surrender of the Polish garrison). In antiquity, the clock was placed on the tower, the latter mention of which refers to 1614.

In the fire of 1737, the Nikolskaya Tower burned down and after recovery under the leadership of I. F. Michurinoprobrobrabeli baroque decor, as well as the initial design of Arsenal. By 1780, the tower was prescribed. I. Blanco Round top with a low tent.

In 1805-1806, the tower was overhauled by architectics. I. Ruska, together with A. N. Bakarev: The former superstructure over the four was replaced by a gothic riding-eyed with a high white-named tent and openwork decorations. Gothic appearance is the main difference between the Nikolskaya Tower from other Kremlin towers.

In 1812, the Nikolskaya Tower suffered in an explosion, left from Moscow by the French, Arsenal: The tent hit, part of the travel gate was hit, however, part of the Chetserik, with the Nikola Mozhaysk, Nikola's compere icon was not touched

Nikolskaya Tower, 1883

Mend about the miracle soon reached the emperor. Arriving to Moscow, Alexander I personally became interested in the safety of the icon and commanded first of all to restore the tower, and under the icon hang a marble board, the words for which he himself wrote: "In 1812, during the enemy invasion, Sia's stronghold was almost all destroyed by the head of the enemy; But wonderful power of God of St. The image of the Great Relief of God, St. Nicholas, Zea drawn on Kamen itself, and not a Tokmo the most image, but also the glass, covered by it, the lantern with the binding remained unharmed. Who is God's God, Yako is our God! You are God, creating wonders: Diven God in his saints "

Restored tower in 1816-1819 for the project of the architect Osipa Ivanovich Bow. During the restoration, some changes were made, both in the design and in the architecture of the tower.
At the suggestion of the architect F. K. Sokolovabelocamned tent was replaced by iron on the frame, and four white-named fials were installed in the corners of the chimeka to add a gothic appearance. The architect V. A. Bakarev participated in the recovery of the tower. The tower was painted white.

Next to Nikolsky gates were one-eyed chapels. On the left was the chapel of Nicholas Wonderworker, right - Alexander Nevsky chapel. Initially wooden, then the stone chapel was repeatedly rebuilt, the last time in 1883. The chapels belonged to the Kazan Cathedral.

The destruction of the Kremlin in 1812. Nikolskaya Tower, Arzenal Ruins, Arsenal Tower

The responsibilities of the presidents of the chapel included care for the restless lampada near the Nikola Mozhaisk's noticeable icon. Above the entrances in the chapel was the image of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God. Both chapels were demolished in 1925.

Aquarel. And.A.Visis. 1852.

At the end of October 1917, the tower and gate suffered greatly as a result of artillery shelling, the architect N. V. Markovnikov was restored in 1918. During the restoration of 1918, it was repainted from white to the general brick color of the Kremlin wall.

The marble board with the words of Alexander I was dismantled. On October 26, 1935, a semi-color star was installed on the tatchel of the Nikolskaya Tower instead of a double-headed eagle. In 1937, a selection star was replaced with a modern Ruby. The star of the Nikolskaya Tower has the largest faces on one ray - 12.

Nikolsky Gate, November 1917

During the restoration of the tower in 1919, with a noticeable image, it was removed to the most ancient drawing and embroidered tracks from bullets and fragments. In 1920-1922, on the initiative of the restoration department, the later paintings of the angels on the parties to the central image were liquidated; The fresco of Nikolai Mozhaysky as indicated in 1925 in one of the documents "remains only partially"

Until 2010, the noteworthy icon was considered lost
.
On May 11, 2010, Chairman of the Foundation Andrei First-Called Vladimir Yakunin was reported on the discovery of ancient icons on the Spasskaya and the Nikolsky Towers of the Kremlin, hidden by plaster in their kyota in Soviet times

On July 5, 2010, restoration work began at the Nikolskaya Tower. In the future, to protect the proprietary icon from rain, snow and other negative impacts, it is planned to make glazing with a natural ventilation system or kyot.
October 28, 2010 Restoration work was finally completed.

Corner Arsenal Tower

The angular Arsenal Tower (Dogkin) is the most powerful tower of the Moscow Kremlin. She completed the defense line from the Red Square and controlled the crossing over the River Neglinnaya to the trade

Erected in 1492 by the Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari (about 1450-1493). From the moment of construction, for a long time the tower was called a dog in the nearby Yard Dogian boy; The modern name received after the construction of the Arsenal Buildings in the XVIII century. Initially, the dog's tower was the highest tower of the Kremlin

In the past, she performed not only defense functions. In the tower there was a digger, in the case of the siege could use the garrison of the fortress. From the corner of the Arsenal Tower there was a secret move to the River Neglinnaya, and seven rows of boysnitis had its sixteen; The move and the loopholes were laid, probably in the 1670-1680s with a device of an expanding book of the base applied by a semicircle to the original wall

In 1672-1686, an eight-marched tent on a stepped base was erected over the tower, which ended in an open-air eight with a ball and a vane. In 1707, Peter I, during the preparation of Moscow, to the defense of the Swedes gave an order to fasten the remaining unrelated five tiers of tower boys for the installation of artillery.

In 1812, during the explosion by the French troops of Arsenal, cracks were formed in the walls of the tower and a sentigious tower collapsed.

Soon the tower was restored in the former forms of the architect O. I. Bov. In 1894, the tower was repaired, alteration of interiors and its adaptation to accommodate the Moscow provincial archive. In 1948-1950, during the restoration of the tower, they were restored in the initial forms located in six levels of ambrusura

Average Arsenal Tower

The average arsenal tower is the Tower of the Moscow Kremlin, located on the northwestern side of the Kremlin Wall, stretching along the Alexander Garden.

The tower was built in 1493-1495 on the north-western side of the Kremlin Wall, on the site of the corner tower of Time Dmitry Donskoy. In the XV-XVI centuries near the tower on the River Neglinnaya were dams. In the 1680s, she received completion - an open ferechka with a tetrol tent, finished through a hollow with a ball.

The tower received its current name when erecting the Arsenal building at the beginning of the XVIII century. Previously, it was called face - from the Facade dissected on the verge. In 1821, when he was broken down by the Alexandrovsky Garden at the foot of the Tower on the project O. I. Bov, an entertainment grotto was built.

Kremlin in the morning
2007

Used photos of Ilya Varlamov "Walking along the Kremlin Wall", Wikimedia
(To be continued)

Today's facilities were built mostly in 1485-1495 The years is not a place of dilapidated white-stone walls, erected in 1366.
Fortress with twenty towersconnected by walls, has a triangular shape.
Three angular towers Have a round shape for conducting a circular shelling, the rest are square, very different from one another.
Kremlin Wall Length 2335 m, The height is 8-19 m, and its thickness is 3.5-6.5 m.
Towers are inherent in the details characteristic of italian architecture The time that is not surprising, as they built their Italian architects.
IN task names Reflects their history and history of the place.

The towers of the Moscow Kremlin with isochi tents and walls with teeth in the form of "swallow tails" are indispensable elements of the panorama of the capital. In place where the Kremlin stands, the settlement was from ancient times. This location is very profitable: on a high Borovitsky hill, in the confluence of two rivers - Moscow-River and Neglinnaya. The first fortifications that appeared here were wooden. And in 1366-1368, Prince Dmitry Donskaya built the first white-mounted Moscow Kremlin. The walls and towers that appear before us now are the basis of its fortification structures built in 1485-1495. Italian architects on the site of the former, dilapidated white-stone walls.

Kremlin Construction Technique and Fortress Plan

Twenty-Kremlin towers connected by the walls, form an irregular triangle with an area of \u200b\u200b27.5 hectares. Strengthening were built with the most modern military technologies of the XV century. The towers are behind the walls of the walls so that the warriors can not only lead the shelling, but also control the situation in close proximity to the walls. At the corners, round towers (waterway, Moskvoretskaya and Arsenal) were erected - such a form was chosen both due to their greater strength and to keep a circular shelling. In them, it was possible to arrange hidden wells with water. Most towers are squares at the base, but they differ quite very much from each other, depending on their purpose. Travel towers (Spasskaya, Borovitskaya, Trinity and others), erected on the axes leading to the Kremlin roads were the most powerful and well fortified. The towers were endowed with the symbolic meaning of protection, the protection of the Kremlin from penetrating the evil, unclean forces. Therefore, over the gates of some towers and today you can see icons.

Most towers were attached groovers - fortification structures, which were taken out for the fortress walls or for the ditch for additional defense. This type of fortification quite responded to the requirements of the end of the XV century. One-Kutafya was preserved from the Trenznitz towers, covering the Trinity and in our time, which serves as the main entrance for tourists to the Kremlin. With the construction of the fortifications, different measures were provided against the attack of the enemy. This, for example, a device of secret underground strokes that are out of the walls to protect the city from the subcoops. Inside the walls, a through tunnel was built for the rapid movement of defenders.

The length of the walls of the Moscow Kremlin is 2235 meters, the wall thickness ranges from 3.5 to 6.5 meters, and the height is from 8 to 19 meters. The highest walls are located from the Red Square, where there was no natural Oh water barrier. The walls were not based immediately, their construction began with the southeastern part (by the Moscow River), continued to the east and the West was completed in 1516. From the south side, the oldest Kremlin Tower was erected - Tainitskaya.

Interesting and self-construction technique itself. The walls were built on the foundation of the former, white-named, the material was a large red brick, which was laid out the front walls, and the gaps were pushed by the residues of the collapsed day walls of Dmitry Donskoy. So since 1485, the Walls of the Moscow Kremlin acquired the recognizable color. The towers were erected by visitors of Italian architects (phryazes, as they were then called): Pietro Antonio Solari, Marco Ruffo, Aleviz di Karkano. This explains their unusual, strange appearance for that time. The fact is that the registration of boys in the form of famous "swallow tails" was a typical detail of North-Thawed architecture, characteristic of buildings in the cities where the ruling "party" were death - supporters of rapprochement with the emperor (unlike Gutev, supporters of Pope, who decorated Walls of their cities with a direct completion). These teeth were not only an ornament: they fured out the upper battleships.

The angular and travel towers after the next fire were decorated in the XVII century stone tents with flora. They performed the function of sentigious steps, the signal bells were located there. In the second half of the XVIII century. Famous Russian architects V.I. Bazhenov performed the project of the Kremlin Palace - a large-scale building in a classic style resembling the architecture of French palaces. The project was proposed to be seduced by a turden the slide, leading to the cathedrals - this place would be one of the first "Gulbić" in Europe. To build such a huge structure, it was necessary to carry a third of the Kremlin walls. On one site, which is located in the Moscow River, work began on the disintegration of fortifications, but soon due to the growing worst huge costs, this project was minimized. In the XIX century During the invasion of Napoleon to Moscow, not only the palaces and temples of the Kremlin, but also the Kremlin walls were seriously damaged. Architect who was engaged in the restoration of the victims of the Kremlin towers, was O.I. Beauvais (ironically, the Italian is also).

Spasskaya Tower and Kremlin Kurats

Special mention deserves the most famous of all Kremlin Tessel - Spasskaya, built in 1491 Pietro Antonio Solari. Through her, sovereigns went to the Kremlin and godded gods. From the XV century We reached us only by dedicational white plates, which are narrated by Cyrillic (from the Kremlin) and on Latin (from the side of Red Square) about the order and construction of this tower. Its general view and decoration were then much more modest: she was almost twice as little, and she was originally called Frolovsky, along the Church of Flora and Lavra. The Spasskaya Tower began to be called on the well-known all-Russian Savior icon, which was posted on the entrance in the middle of the XVII century. She was considered lost, but in 2010 it turned out that in Soviet times she was just stucked by plaster. In the XVII century The tower of one of the first was prescribed by multi-tiered elegant riding. And the history of the clock on the Spasskaya Tower deserves a separate story.

The first hours on the Kremlin, still white-named towers were installed in 1404 by Lazarre Serbin. In the XVII century, the Spasskaya Tower acquired thanks to the leaving of Scotland Christopher Galovery, very unusual hours. They were an arrow in the form of a sun with a rotating dial, which was noted 17 hours. The famous Kremlin chimes, which can be seen today belong to the middle of the XIX century. They were met by watchmakers, brothers by the name Bathotop - the founders of the company of the same name. At different times, the chimes published different melodies. Since 1770, it was a song "Ah, my dear Augustine", from the middle of the XIX century. - "If we are famous for our Lord in Zion," after the revolution, the clock began to play "International", and since 2000 it is possible to hear the famous passage from the opera Glinka "life for the king". Currently, the hourly mechanism occupies as many as three floors, and until 1937, this watch was manually cast-iron.

Famous towers of the Kremlin and the history of their names

Let's stop in more detail on the history of some towers. As already mentioned, the corner towers are most important for the defense and in general. The water tower was built by Anton Fryazin in 1488. In the XVII century The tower was equipped with a water-lifting machine, which is why it received its name. Another her name is the Sweet Tower - comes from the boyars of Sviblovy, who had a yard in the Kremlin. In 1812, she was blown up by the French, after which she was restored by OI. Bovy. Thanks to him, her appearance is emphasized classic: rustic (horizontal lines) at the bottom, column, decorative decoration of auditory windows. The first place is decorative, not functionality, the hand of the architect began the beginning of the XIX century.

The Beklemishev Tower, built by Marco Ruffo in 1487, was named so because of the King of King Vasily III Boyarin I. Beklemisheva, who fell into disfavor and was executed. One of the functions of this tower becomes obvious from the name - the place of imprisonment of the rebels. The other name is Moskvoretskaya, as it is located on the banks of the Moscow River and occupies a strategically important position. It is from this side that the city is most often subjected to raids of the Tatars. A secret well was arranged in this tower. In 1707, the buyers were expanded in the tower for a new type weapon, because at that time feared the Swedish intervention. This fact suggests that the tower did not lose defensive significance until the XVIII century.

The angular round tower, located on the northern side of the Kremlin buildings, was erected by Pietro Antonio Solary Ok. 1492 Other its names occur from the boyars of the dog, who lived nearby (Dogkin) and from location next to Arsenal (Arsenal). Thanks to the faces that form its volume, and the expanding book, it gives the impression of special stability and strength. She had a strategic mystery: this is a well inside, as well as an underground move to the River Neglinnaya.

Borovitskaya tower received its name from the pine forest hill that was in ancient times on the Borovitsky hill. The tower is built on the project of Pietro Antonio Solari in 1490. Its constructive feature is the location of the Sprinkle side. It is also an angular, but in terms of it is not a round, but resembles a pyramid, which is formed from the chimeters set on each other (volumes, quadrangular at the base) and is marked with octolar (octagonal at the base). Although this tower was located outside the main roads and was used for household needs, it retained to this day: these are the only permanent travel gates to the Kremlin's territory.

Troitskaya and Kutafia Tower were built by Aleviz Fryazin. Kutafia dates back to 1516, Troitskaya - 1495. These towers are connected by the bridge, both were travel, and in Kutafiy Tower there were only some gates that were closed with heavy forged lattices. To date, this is the main entrance to the Kremlin architectural and museum complex. The Troitskaya Tower is the largest, its height reaches 76.35 meters. Its structure is complex: it consists of six floors, two of which are underground, and in the XVII and XVIII centuries. She was the place of imprisonment. It received its name in 1658 from the Troitsky Foreigner, located nearby.

The Townitskaya Tower is called so due to the fact that not only a secret well was built inside it, but also a counted move towards the Moscow River. This tower was built first, in 1485 - it was from this side that Tatars were usually attacked.

The oldest center of Moscow - Moscow Kremlin - was laid as the strengthening of a small settlement located on Borovitsky Hill, when his story began.

The first mention of Moscow was found in the annals for 1147. They also reported that the Wooden Walls of the Kremlin were erected by order of Yuri Dolgoruky. Initially, the size of the fortress was small, the length of the wall reached 1200 meters.

Versions of origin The words "Kremlin" there are several.

According to one of them, this name occurred from the name of the central part of the ancient cities, called the "chrome." Another version suggests that the word it could happen from the "Kremlin", a very durable tree, going to the construction of serfs. There is even the assumption that the roots of this word are Greek, i.e. "Cream is a cool mountain, a steepness of the ravine or shore. Judging by the fact that the fortress is built, this version has the full right to exist.

But all this does not change the essence, which is concluded in the fact that the Moscow Kremlin is the largest of fortresses preserved in Europe.

And at first it was a slight fortification on an area of \u200b\u200babout nine hectares, where they could hide in the threat of an enemy attack by residents of Posads, located behind the walls of the fortress. Over time, the pans have grown, and the fortress has grown together with them.

New Walls of the Kremlin raised during the reign of Ivan Kalita. They were inside the stone, but outside wooden and ash clay.

Noteworthy is the fact that even in the difficult years of Iga in Russia, Moscow princes rebuilt the existing and erected new fortresses. So, when Dmitry, Donskoy Kremlin, who was injured in a fire of 1365, was rebuilt. For the construction of walls, the length of which has become about two kilometers, and the Kremlin towers used a white stone. Since then, in the chronicles, Moscow began to call a white-named.

At the very beginning of the XVIII century Peter I orders government agencies outside the Kremlin. All dilapidated buildings are demolished, and the arsenal building is laid. It is built from 1702 to 1736. From 1776 to 1788 in the Kremlin, the building of the Senate with a blocked dome of the spectacular round hall was built.

In the middle of the nineteenth century, the idea of \u200b\u200berection of the Grand Kremlin Palace appears. There were many projects, but built it according to the drawings of the architect K.A. Tone. Year of construction - 1839-1849.

Tangible damage is applied to the buildings of the Moscow Kremlin in 1812.

Napoleon during the retreat from Moscow ordered to blow up the Kremlin. Mines laid under buildings, walls and towers. Some explosions were prevented, thanks to Russian patriots, but, nevertheless, significant destruction still happened. After the French emperor was expelled from the country, they began to restore the destroyed palaces, towers and walls, then completed the Armory Chamber and the Big Kremlin Palace. In those days, the Moscow Kremlin was available for visiting. Visitors entered the territory through an open Spasskit Gate, bowing to the pre-icon of the Savior.

Kremlin in Moscow after the revolution of 1917

In 1917, a Junker was located on the territory of the Kremlin. As a result of the shelling, which was produced by revolutionary troops, the Moscow Kremlin was partially destroyed: the walls, the Small Nikolaev palace, almost all the cathedrals, Beklemishevskaya, Nikolskaya and Spasskaya Tower were damaged.

In 1918, V.I. moved to the Kremlin Lenin and the entire government of Soviet Russia, since the capital is transferred to Moscow. Because of this, the bells in the Kremlin are shut down, the temples are closed, Muscovites are deprived of free access to the territory.

The dissatisfaction of the believing closure of cathedrals was quickly discontinued by Yakov Sverdlov, who did not slow down to announce the primacy of the interests of the revolution over all prejudices. In 1922, more than thirty kilograms of gold were seized from the cult buildings of the Moscow Kremlin, about five hundred kilograms of silver, the Patriarch of Hermogene and more than a thousand different gems.

The Kremlin architectural ensemble during the Soviet government suffered more than the entire previous history of its existence.

Of the 54 structures indicated on the Plan of the Kremlin at the very beginning of the past century, less than half remained. Monuments of Alexander II are demolished, the Great Prince Sergey Alexandrovich. The congresses of the Soviets began to spend the congresses of the Soviets in the Big Kremlin Palace, in the Granovy Chamber staged a public table, and in the Golden Chamber - the kitchen. The Catherine Church of the Ascension Monastery adapted for the gym, the Kremlin Hospital is located in a miracle monastery. In the thirties, the Small Nikolaev Palace and all monasteries with the buildings were demolished. In the ruins, almost the whole eastern part of the Moscow Kremlin turned. Soviet government destroyed 17 temples.

It took a lot of years before the Moscow Kremlin began to restore.

The celebration of the eight hundredth anniversary of Moscow conducted a thorough restoration of towers and walls. The artists of Phane in the Blagoveshchensky Cathedral were opened by the walls of 1508. A large volume of restoration work was held in the Arkhangelsk Cathedral (wall painting restored). A large restoration was also held in the Assumption Cathedral.

The ban on accommodation in the Kremlin was introduced since 1955, and an ancient architectural ensemble becomes a museum, partially open for visiting.

In modern multipoint Moscow, the Kremlin remains a historic place, which seeks to visit millions of tourists, in the hope of touching the history of the white-name capital, feel and understand it.

The Moscow Kremlin to this day is the main socio-political, artistic, historical and religious and spiritual center of Russia. In addition, the Moscow Kremlin is the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation.

UNESCO in 1990 included the Moscow Kremlin, the history of which continues to the list of world cultural heritage.

In contact with

The Kremlin Wall is a brick wall surrounding the Moscow Kremlin.

The total length of the walls is 2235 m, height from 5 to 19 m, thickness - from 3.5 to 6.5 m. In terms of the wall, the irregular triangle is formed.

With the outer side of the wall are smooth, with the inner decorated with arched niches - the traditional technique, designed to alleviate and strengthen the construction of the structure.

Building

With Ivan III and his successor to Vasily III, the construction of the walls of the Kremlin was headed by architect Anton Fryazin, Marco Fryazin, Pietro Antonio Solari and Aleviz Fryazin Old.

Brick walls were put on the line of white-named, with a small retreat outside. Starting from the Spasskaya Tower, the territory of the Kremlin was enlarged in the east direction.

Lily Dahl (Biryukova), CC BY-SA 3.0

Approximately 20 years after the construction of the Kremlin Wall, the Kurtinskaya Wall was attached to her, hugging the whole China city.

Bricks

For the construction of walls and towers, a large (30 × 14x17 cm or 31 × 15x9 cm) brick weighing up to 8 kg each was used.

The front walls were laid out of the bricks, which were filled with a white stone. The highest walls were erected along the Red Square, where there was no natural water barrier.

Passages and caches

Initially inside the wall through all the towers there was a pass-through pass, overlapped with cylindrical crops.

BENOIST ET AUBRUN, PUBLIC DOMAIN

Most of the passage was covered with construction trash in time, a plot between Konstantino-Eleninskaya and Nabataya Tower was preserved.

There were also caches and aisles under the walls, in some cases emerged far beyond the line of fortifications.

Wall in the XVIII-XX centuries.

In 1702-36 For the construction of the Arsenal building, part of the wall was dismantled, later restored.

In 1771-73 For the construction of the Kremlin Palace on the project V. I. Bazhenova, part of the southern wall between and the Annunciation tower was also dealt with, which was later restored. The Kremlin's undermining by the French (1812) was a heavy damage to the walls, especially the walls along the Neglinnaya were injured. Repair and restoration of fortifications were carried out from 1817 to 1822.

In 1866-70. The restoration of the walls and towers of the Kremlin architects N. A. Shokhin, P. A. Gerasimov, F. F. Richter, who sought to make their initial species to build up. At the same time, many authentic details were then lost and replaced by inaccurate copies.

Heidas, CC BY-SA 3.0

The examination and partial restoration of the walls was carried out in 1931-36. The next restoration of the walls and towers of the Kremlin passed in 1946-53. In its course they were cleared and repaired by the walls, the brains and parapets were restored. The restoration commission included prominent scientists and restorers: I. E. Grabar, V. N. Lazarev, M. V. Alpatov, P. D. Korin, D. P. Sukhov and others.

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Moscow Kremlin

Towers of the Kremlin Wall

Along the walls are 20. Three towers, standing in the corners of the triangle, have a round cross section, the rest is square.

The highest tower is Troitskaya, it has a height of 79.3 m. Most towers from the second half of the XVII century. Soaked in a single architectural style.

Necropolis

The northeast segment of the wall, overlooking the northern part of the Red Square, serves as Columbaria for urns with the rush of the communist movement and the Soviet state. Many of them are also buried in the ground along this segment of the wall.

In the post-Soviet period, the question of the need to transfer necropolis to another place from political, religious and other considerations was repeatedly raised.

The Kremlin Wall between the Blagoveshchenskaya and Taneitskoy Towers has a vertical ledge and a reduced step of two teeth, as if when construction from different sides was mistaken in the dock. This "error" divides the wall between the towers in an exemplary ratio of 1 to 2, counting from Blagoveshchenskaya.