Polygons of death. History of French Nuclear Tests Atoll Mururoa on the map

- (Muroa), a small coral island of Atoll in the Pacific Ocean, in the arch. Tuamot, as part of French Polynesia. Place of France tests of thermonuclear weapons. Dictionary of modern geographical names. Ekaterinburg: Formeria. Under ... ... Geographic Encyclopedia

Mururoa - (Muroa) Muroa, Atoll, removed at Soll on Y. Tycho-Ocean, in the Tuamot Archipelago in French Polynesia, starting from 1966. Used by France for nuclear tests ... Countries of the world. Vocabulary

Tattuckoto Location of the Pacific Ocean Tuamot Coordinates Coordinates ... Wikipedia

Fr. Tureia ... Wikipedia

- "Unicorn" (FR. Licorne) The largest termanuclear explosion in France, produced on July 3, 1970 by the Murururoa atoll. The explosion power was 914 kilotonne. "Unicorn" was produced by TN 60 warhead. The nuclear device was reset ... ... Wikipedia

Fr. Fangataufa ... Wikipedia

Fr. Vanavana ... Wikipedia

Fr. Tematangi ... Wikipedia

Men activity: poet, writer literary critic, social political figure of Kazakhstan Date of birth: May 18, 1936 (19360518) Place of birth ... Wikipedia

Olzhas Omarovich Suleimenov Rod Activities: Poet, Writer Literary Archor, Public Political Worker of Kazakhstan Date of birth: May 18, 1936 (19360518) Place of birth ... Wikipedia

Books

• Correctioner, Golovychev Vasily Vasilyevich. None of the nuclear scientists on earth could not assume that their polygons for nuclear tests in Nevada and the island of Mururoa will give life to a reasonable supervasure - "Connection of the Universe". Exactly…
• Correctioner, Golovilov Vasily Vasilyevich. None of the nuclear scientists on earth could not assume that their polygons for nuclear tests in Nevada and the island of Mururoa will give life to a reasonable supervasure - 171; Connection of the Universe 187; ... ...

Answer from Dyakova Marianna [Active]
Atoll is the Word of Indoary Origin, from the Maldives. Indicates a coral island, having a form of a solid or discontinuous ring surrounding the lagoon. More precisely, the atoll is an elevation at the ocean's day, crowned with a coral superstructure, forming a reef with a group of islets (Moto), separated by straits. These straits join the ocean with the lagoon. If there are no straits, the dryer forms a solid ring, in this case the water in the lagoon may be less salted than in the ocean. Werelinding at the bottom of the ocean usually has a cone form formed by extinct volcano.
The typical atoll consists of three parts: the external slope of the reef, a reef platform and lagoon. The height of the atoll usually does not exceed 3-4 meters above the middle level of the ocean. Atolls can have a variety of configurations and sizes. One of the largest atolls on Earth - Quadgel (Menshikova) in the Archipelago of Marshall Islands - reaches 2336 km², of which 92% fall on the lagoon, stretched out 300 km. The total area of \u200b\u200b92 islets of this atoll is 14.5 km². Another major atoll-rangiroa (rankira) in the Tuamot archipelago - takes 1639 km², and its 241 island ranks 43 km². Coral reefs of such major atolls are raised at the bottom of the ocean, which is a volcanic plateau, and not a cone of a separate volcano. With the exception of small atolls, the area of \u200b\u200breefs usually constitutes a few percent of the area of \u200b\u200bthe atolls themselves, and the sushi share often accounts for only interests. In the case of a small atoll of Pangelai, the reefs and land account for 3 of 4 km² of Atoll Square.
Atolls are usually formed by the inverse of the volcanic island by a coral reef forming an annular belt. Often it is accompanied by immersion of the volcanic base under water, if such a dive does not occur, the nuclear atoll is formed with a volcanic island inside the lagoon. A slight decrease in the water level (or raising the tectonic base of the atoll) leads to the conversion of coral reef into the atoll. Further raising sushi can lead to the formation of an raised atoll. If the atoll is immersed under water, the underwater bank is formed (that is, the shallow), which may be called the submersible atoll.
Source: Wikipedia

Answer from 2 response[guru]

Hey! Here is a selection of topics with the answers to your question: is there such an atoll?

Answer from Leopold Bonifami[guru]
coral island

Answer from Volodya 89Q.[guru]
island

Answer from Hope[newcomer]
The island arising on corals

Answer from ARL @[guru]
Atoll, coral reef ring-shaped form surrounding the water area. Coral reefs are distributed in tropical and subtropical latitudes, and most widely in the quiet and Indian Oceans. The word "atoll" originated from the name used in the ocean peoples for the reefs forming the chain of small islands, towering on 4-6 m above the surface of the water. Sometimes reefs are flooded, and there are deep straits between their separate parts. Lake-like water areas inside the atolls are called lagoons. Usually their depth is 18-30 m, but sometimes reaches 90 m.

Since the first in the history of the nuclear explosion held on July 16, 1945, a new term appeared in New Mexico in all of the world - a nuclear landfill. It denotes a place for one reason or another that is chosen for testing the most powerful and most dangerous weapons in the arsenal of people. From the moment of that first explosion, several thousand explosions of both nuclear and thermonuclear bombs were held. During this time, nuclear polygons appeared almost on all continents of the Earth. In fact, the countries gradually entering the "nuclear club" themselves chose points on their territory, and sometimes in the territories of another state where they conducted tests of their weapons. The most explosions in a variety of places were held by the old members of this club - the USA, the USSR, the United Kingdom, France and China. It was in 1967 that by signing the "contract on not the spread of nuclear weapons" made legitimate use and tests for the countries blowing up their bomb until 1968. But this is not strong, "oh premisted its nuclear programs and testing" young "nuclear powers - India, Pakistan, DPRK and Israel. The officially emergence of these new members of the Nuclear Club is considered illegal. Nevertheless, many other countries continue to work on creating their own The nuclear program is already preparing places for future polygons. At the same time, the experience of nuclear tests of the "old" members of the club showed that they do not lead to anything good, but they bring great harm to the environment and the population. Some states knowing about it consciously Transferred tests of their weapons into the territory of other dependent or controlled states. "Dieletant" publishes a selection of "death polygons" of different countries.

Atomic polygon in Australia

British Nuclear Bomb Blast

British nuclear tests held in Australia

Such experience was widely used by the United Kingdom. She spent his nuclear explosions at a significant distance from the British Isles. For all the time until 1991, the Great Britain held 45 nuclear and thermonuclear explosions. Most of them were held on the territory of Australia. Attitude towards the island-continent of British sincerely was peculiar. First, Australia was the main place of the links of prisoners, then became the raw material base of Great Britain, where everything was mined - from uranium to diamonds. Later, it was precisely this region that was chosen for the construction of polygons for testing nuclear weapons. The main place of test was a landfill in the Maralig Desert, in the center of South Australia and 450 km. North-west of Adelaide. Another test site was "Field of EMU" (EMU Field), northeast of Maraliga. At the place of the first British nuclear explosion (Ground Zero) on the "Field of Emu" a memorial obelisk is now installed. The unique nature of the continent has greatly suffered from these tests. Back in 1985, the Special Commission found that in the Mural region there is a serious radioactive infection. The most interesting thing is that these territories were one of the important regions of the Aboriginal residence. When the tests were just started to carry out a little thought about them, and then moved to other areas. Now these places are absolutely lifeless.

Fangoatouf's Atoll, where France conducted nuclear tests

Atoll Mururoa

Nuclear Tests for Fangoatouf, 1968

In addition to incomplete deserts for nuclear tests, more picturesque places were often chosen. The victims of the tests often became unique to their relief and nature of the island in the Pacific Ocean. So France after the first explosion on the territory of Algeria on February 13, 1960, carried out another 16 tests in the desert after which in 1966 they were transferred to the Islands of French Polyesia in the Tuamot Archipelago. Both islands on which nuclear explosion were produced - Fangoatouf and Mururoa - are coral atolls, land strips surrounding blue lagoons. These islands are rich in their underwater world. Nevertheless, the Commission on the Atomic Energy of France concluded that atomic explosions here to carry out safely. As a result, from 1966 to 1996, 192 nuclear explosions were held on two atolls. On the fangatauf, 5 explosions on the surface and 10 underground were produced. The most serious incident occurred in September 1966, when after the experiment it was necessary to take measures to deactivate the part of the FangAufufi atoll.

On about. Murorea underground nuclear explosions caused volcanic activity

On the island of Murorea, underground explosions caused volcanic activity. Underground explosions caused crack formation. The crack zone around each cavity is a sphere with a diameter of 200 - 500 m. Because of the small area of \u200b\u200bthe island, the explosions were produced in wells located near each other and turned out to be interconnected. In these cavities, radioactive elements were accumulated. After the next test, the explosion occurred at a very low depth, which caused the formation of cracks with a width of 40 cm and a length of several kilometers. There was a real risk of splitting and separating rocks and the ingress of radioactive substances into the ocean. After that, France was forced to stop testing in 1998. Real harm caused by the ecology of the island France is still carefully hiding.

Kiribati Island (Christmas)

Kiribati Island (Christmas)

Nuclear explosion on the island of Kiribati

The British in conducting their tests were also not limited to Australia. They conducted tests on the Pacific Islands in particular on the Island of Christmas (Kiribati). On this island, rich in vegetation and virgin forests of rare, meets the largest number of types of tropical birds in the world. Including several unique and endemic. In 1956-1958, 50 km from the island of United Kingdom conducted nuclear weapons tests. In May 1957, the first British hydrogen bomb was tested not far from the island in the atmosphere. As a result of nuclear tests, some species of birds have lost the opportunity to breed, which is very detrimental affected the population of seabirds in general.

Nuclear Testing Atoll Entilet

Americans besides hundreds of testing on their territory on landfills in Nevada and New Mexico also conducted tests on the marshal islands. On landfills on Bikini and Envytok's atolls, the United States produced 67 nuclear tests from 1946 to 1958. The bomb in the lagoon of the Bikini island was dropped in 1946. On July 25, an underwater explosion of the nuclear unit was carried out there. On March 1, 1954, during the test of the hydrogen bomb, the island was destroyed. About 840 inhabitants of the atoll died of cancer and other diseases caused by nuclear testing. On Einvetok from 1948 to 1958, 43 nuclear explosions were conducted. In 1977, the American government sent a troops to disinfect the island.

About 840 inhabitants of the Bikini Atoll died of cancer and other diseases

American Polygon on Aleutian Islands, Alaska

The US nuclear program is generally known to the fact that the tests are carried out in different places in the country. In addition to the famous and largest planet of the landfill in Nevada, where since 1951 928 nuclear explosions have been implemented, the United States has experienced nuclear bombs also in the states of New Mexico (at the Polygon in 60 miles (97 km) from the city of Alamogordo), Colorado, Mississippi and Even in Alaska.

Lake Lob-Nor

Nature Lake Lob-Nor

Nuclear tests on Lake Lake

China Most of their tests spent on the Lob-Nor Polygon

China most of their tests spent in one place - at the Lob-Nor Polygon. This terrain itself is unique in a certain sense. The forehead is a group of salted lakes located at an altitude of about 780 meters. Not so long ago, it was a very large lake, but like the Aral Sea due to agricultural activities began to rehash. Nevertheless, the forehead is considered the second largest semi-salted lake in China. In this place, red willows and camel needles grew, and the herds of thick sheep, yellow goats and wild camels were grazing, which are extinct animal species. Once-rich in vegetation and animal world terrain today is almost absolutely deserted. Only faded acacia grow along the edges of the lake. It all started in 1964, when the first nuclear tests were held in China. The first hydrogen bomb test was performed in China - a nuclear test number 6, an explosion in the air of a bomb descended from the aircraft was carried out at the Lob-Norse Polygon. Until 1996, 45 nuclear tests were conducted at the landfill. Chinese nuclear tests are considered the most dirty nuclear infection. Since then, the forehead is considered a "dead zone".

Nature of the Archipelago New Earth

The Soviet Union had a large landfill on the archipelago New Earth

Nuclear tests were carried out even in the Arctic belt. In addition to Semipalatinsky and several more polygons, the Soviet Union had a large landfill on the New Earth archipelago. The unique nature of this place is replete with rare species. Sands, lemming and large herds of reindeer are inhabited from mammals here. With the onset of cold weather, white bears come here. From marine animals there are a Greenland seal, Nerpe, sea hare, whales. In addition, in the area there is the largest bird market. This is the place of nesting of deadlocks, gulls, kair.
Since 1954, a polygon for testing nuclear weapons was created here. Located on three sites, the landfill served to test all types of nuclear weapons. There were bombs in the atmosphere, on the surface, under water, above the water and underground. In total, over the years of testing, 135 nuclear explosions were conducted. Here were tried torpedo with a nuclear charge. In the new land, the largest in history thermonuclear bomb was blown up - 58 megaton "Tsar Bomb". The wave from the explosion has rejuvenated the land. It is difficult to say and evaluate which damage to the ecology of the region they inflicted these explosions. Since 1990, tests have not been carried out.

No nuclear test by side and "Black Continent" did not go around. In 1979, a nuclear explosion was recorded on the island of Bouvet, the territory of South Africa. Responsibility for these tests did not take over not one country. The next explosion on the territory of South Africa was produced in 1981. Presumably, these tests conducted Israel together with South Africa due to the limited and population of its own territory. In the exchange of Israel, South Africa could create his own nuclear arsenal, from which this country refused in the 90s.

Rescue, through destruction. Twenty-one year ago, on September 10, 1996, on the 50th UN General Assembly, an agreement was adopted on a comprehensive prohibition of nuclear tests. This arrangement obliges each State party to not test nuclear weapons, not allow any other nuclear explosions in the territory under the jurisdiction of this state. But who are laws stop? In this review, the story about the 7 largest and terrible nuclear polygons of the world.

Probably, this is the most famous polygon of nuclear weapons on the territory of the former USSR. Place it has a very ominous reputation. Due to numerous tests, the polygon contributed to abundant environmental pollution in Russia and Kazakhstan. Now all the gallery galleces are blown up, the craters are flooded, and the infrastructure has declined. The former polygon is not guarded by the authorities.

2. New Earth

To nuclear tests, this place had every chance of becoming a tourist center in the XXI century. Today, this is a burning, stunned piece of sushi. Here were the most ambitious nuclear tests of the USSR. Visit the polygon is simply so impossible, first need to get a special permission. However, it is hardly a suitable place for eco-tourism.

3. Atoll Bikini

Picturesque, truly paradise in the Marshall Islands Archipelago. In any case, such islands seem at first glance. The gamer counter here shrinks at every step. Visit atoll - suicide. The irony is that this is the American nuclear polygon that attracts whole crowds of tourists. Today, the Bikini Atoll is not only one of the largest polygons, but also the most dangerous beach!

4. Polygon Alamogordo

Polygon Alamogordo has long been turned into a tourist object. There are no hazard of irradiation here, since only one test took place at the landfill, but most importantly in the history of mankind. It was in Alamogordo that among the snow-white sands New Mexico Americans experienced the first atomic bomb called Trinity. It was after these tests that it was decided to reset bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

5. Polygon Nevada

At the landfill in Nevada, the Americans blew thousands of nuclear bombs. This polygon is one of the largest on Earth. Ironically, in the times of nuclear testing, the explosions contributed to the tourist influx in Las Vegas. "Mushrooms" of most gaps were well visible even for hundreds of kilometers, which, of course, attracted Zewak and Romantics. Today, visiting the polygon is prohibited, but it does not stop those who wish to look at the funnel.

6. Murururoa atoll

Tropical island, which is located in French Polynesia. This place, like bikini, could be a tourist paradise, but it became one of the largest atomic polygons. Today, visiting the island is prohibited for obvious reasons. It produced more than two hundred explosions, and one of them was unsuccessful and not only contaminated the environment, but also inflicted the islands themselves.

7. Lobnor.

Another important landfill in terms of history. It is located in China, not far from the lake of the same name. It was here that, in 1964, the Nuclear Weapons of the People's Republic of China produced the first explosion, which was made in the Earth's atmosphere. Subsequently, military mitigious suited only underground tests.

Exactly 13 years ago, the last gallery of the Semipalatinsky landfill was eliminated. In honor of this date, we chose 6 places where nuclear weapons test were carried out and which may well become objects of extreme tourism.

Probably the most famous polygon for testing nuclear weapons on the territory of the former Soviet Union. In many ways, his fame is provided with a very ominous popularity of local places - testing the latest weapons polluted the large territories of Russia and Kazakhstan, the local population still suffers from the consequences, and products from local places have sad glory and are usually ignored. Today, the landfill is not protected by the authorities a place that stores crater from explosions, which have become lakes, and many launched infrastructure facilities. All the gallery at the Semipalatinsky landfill were blown up, so the thirsty of the strange romance visits to some of the most terrible places on Earth can examine except their remains.

The deceptive image of this tropical paradise located in the Marshall Islands Archipelago carries a deadly danger - a place that could become a popular resort, still sinister strings the meger meters. This, probably, one of the most popular points of testing by Americans of its nuclear arsenal is only more attractive for tourists, many of which, having spoiled for warnings, are sent to relax on the desert beaches of Bikini. Given that after the tests, almost a thousand people died from various diseases on the island itself and two more thousands - after emigration from bikini, it is really the most extreme beach holiday in the world.

One of the largest islands of the world could be popular among eco-tourists by the reserve, offering guests more and most interesting ethnographic finds. But now this frosty piece of sushi, where large-scale nuclear tests were carried out during the Soviet Union, can come to taste except that only desperate extremal. It is them that they can be interested in the development of wildlife in the entourage of the remains of the polygons, and they will not scare the closed status of these lands. In order to get to the new land, a special pass is needed, but the risk of getting the problems scares not all stalkers for which many canned military facilities are too big bait.

The snow-white sands of New Mexico, the surrounding American city of Alamogordo, store the story of the first atomic explosion in the history of mankind - it was on this polygon that the first nuclear bomb "Trinity" was tested, "Children" to create the most terrible catastrophe in the history of mankind. What is noteworthy, now the polygon is turned into a tourist object, twice a year receiving visitors who are told about the test history and show a memorable funnel.

Nevada's emptyness took over the power of almost thousands of nuclear warheads, increasing the flow of tourists to Las Vegas before the beginning of the nineties - mushrooms from explosions were visible even at one and a half hundred kilometers. Today, cunning delints are organized for a landfill, dressed up with numerous craters, tourist excursions, to book places for which a few months before the desired date - a penalty from those who want to visit one of the largest places of nuclear tests. And they are not afraid of a high level of radiation, no conditions forbidding, for example, take cameras and mobile phones with them.

In French Polynesia, a tropical island, like bikini, could be an excellent tropical resort, if the authorities of France were not prepared by a different fate. Almost two hundred nuclear explosions not only contaminated the clean beaches of the island, but after one unsuccessful testing essentially (official Paris still does not reveal the scale) influenced the surrounding water. Uninhabited status of Mururoa allows extreme leisure lovers at their own peril and risk to attend these places that look like a paradise for a tourist.