On which towers of the Kremlin there is a clock. Kremlin towers

The Moscow Kremlin has 20 towers and all of them are different, there are no two characters. Each tower has its name and its own story. And for sure the names of all towers, many do not know. Get acquainted?

Most towers are made in a single architectural style led by them in the second half of the XVII century. From the general ensemble, the Nikolskaya Tower is distinguished, which at the beginning of the XIX century has been rebuilt in the Gothic style.

Beklemishevskaya (Moskvoretskaya)

Beklemishevskaya (Moskvoretskaya) Tower is located in the southeast corner of the Kremlin. It was built by the Italian architect Marco Fryazin in 1487-1488. Book Beklemishev's courtyard was adjacent to the tower, for which she got its name. Beklemishev's courtyard Together with the tower in Vasilia III served as a prison for an optocobal boyars. The current name is "Moskvoretskaya" - taken from the nearby Moskvoretsky bridge. The tower was at the junction of the Moscow River with the moat, so when attacking the enemy she was the first to hit himself. The architectural solution of the tower is connected with this: the high cylinder is delivered to the bevelled white-mounted base and separated by a semicircular roller. The smooth of the cylinder cut the narrow, rarely spaced windows. Complete the tower machine with a combat site, which was above the adjacent walls. In the basement of the Tower there was a cache-hearing for preventing the subpople. In 1680, the tower was decorated with an oct of eight, carrying a high narrow tent with two ruma rumors, which softened her severity. In 1707, waiting for the possible occurrence of the Swedes, Peter I ordered her foot to arrange bastions and expand the loopholes to install more powerful guns. During the invasion of Napoleon, the tower suffered and then repaired. In 1917, during shelling, the top of the tower was injured, which was restored by 1920. In 1949, when restoration, loyal was restored. This one of the few Kremlin towers, which was not radically rebuilt. Tower height 62.2 meters.

Konstantino-Eleninskaya (Timofeevskaya)

Konstantinovo-Elenin Tower is owned by its name here in the antiquity of the Church of Konstantin and Elena. The tower was built in 1490 by the Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari and used for the passage of the population and troops to the Kremlin. Previously, when the Kremlin was blonde, another tower stood on this place. It was through her Dmitry Donskoy with an army traveled to Kulikovo field. The new tower was built for the reason that it did not have natural barriers from her side. It was equipped with a lifting bridge, a powerful thawed shooter and a travel gate, which after, in the 18th early 19th centuries. were disassembled. Its name tower received by the Church of Konstantin and Elena, who stood in the Kremlin. The height of the tower is 36.8 meters.

Nabato

The Battle Tower received its name for the Big Bell - Nabatu hanging over her. Once here you constantly dressed sentors. From the height, they vigilantly followed whether the enemy of the army is going to the city. And if the danger approached, the sentigues should have warned everyone, hit the bell into the bell. Because of him, the tower was called violent. But now there is no bell in the tower. Once at the end of the 18th century, a riot began to strike a non-volatile bell in Moscow. And when the order was restored in the city, the bell began to be unveded for disclosure - deprived of the language. In those days it was an ordinary practice, recall at least the history of the bell in Uglich. Since then, the inferior bell was silent and stayed for a long time, until he was removed into the museum. Height of the sweaty tower 38 meters.

Tsarskaya

Tsarist Tower. She is not at all like the other Kremlin towers. Right on the wall cost 4 columns, and on them is the Ostrich roof. There are no powerful walls nor narrow boomes. But they are her and nothing. Because they built for two centuries later than the rest of the towers and not at all for defense. Earlier, at this place there was a small wooden tower, with which, according to legend, watched the red square, the first Russian king Ivan the Terrible. Earlier, at this place there was a small wooden tower, with which, according to legend, watched the red square, the first Russian king Ivan the Terrible. Later here was built the smallest tower of the Kremlin and called her royal. Its height is 16.7 meters.

Spasskaya (Frolovskaya)

Spasskaya (Frolovskaya) Tower. Built in 1491 Pietro Antonio Solari. This name comes from the XVII century, when the icon of the Savior hung over the gate of this tower. Established on the place where the main gates of the Kremlin were in ancient times. She, like Nikolskaya, was built to protect the northeastern part of the Kremlin who did not have natural aquatic obstacles. The traveling gate of the Spasskaya Tower, while Franovskaya was still considered "saints". Through them did not pass on horseback and did not pass with a covered head. Through these gates passed the shelves who spent on a campaign, they met the kings and ambassadors. In the 17th century, the coat of arms of Russia - a double-headed eagle was hoisted on the tower, a little later, the coat of arms were waters and other high towers of the Kremlin - Nikolskaya, Trinity and Borovitsky. In 1658, the Kremlin Towers renamed. Frolovskaya turned into Spasskaya. It was so called in honor of the Savior Savior of Smolensky, who is over the passage gates of the Tower from the Red Square, and in honor of the icon of the Savior of the Unclean, who was above the gate from the Kremlin. In 1851-52 At the Spasskaya Tower, the clocks that we see still have been installed. Kremlin chimes. Chorants call big clocks that have a musical mechanism. The Kremlin Kurarants perform the music of the bells. They are eleven. One big, he notes the clock, and ten smaller, their melodious chime is distributed every 15 minutes. In the chimes there is a special device. It leads to the movement of the hammer, it strikes the bells on the surface and the fight of the Kremlin chimes is sounded. The mechanism of the Kremlin Kurats takes three floors. Previously, the chimes started manually, and now they do with electricity. The Spasskaya Tower takes 10 floors. Her height with the star is 71 meters.

Senatskaya

The Senate Tower was built in 1491 Pietro Antonio Solary, rises behind Mausoleum V.I. Lenin and named the name of the Senate, whose green dome rises above the fortress wall. The Senate Tower is one of the oldest in the Kremlin. Built in 1491 in the center of the northeastern part of the Kremlin Wall, it performed only defensive functions - defended the Kremlin from the Red Square. Tower height - 34.3 meters.

Nikolskaya

Nikolskaya Tower is located at the beginning of Red Square. In ancient times there was a monastery of Nikola's old man, and the icon of Nicholas the Wonderworker was placed above the tower gates. The gratuitous tower, built in 1491 by the architect of Pietro Solari, was one of the main defensive Reduts of the eastern part of the Kremlin wall. The name of the tower comes from the Nikolsky Monastery, which was nearby. Therefore, the icon of Nicholas of the Wonderworker was put over the speed gate of the shooters. Like all towers, having an entry gate, Nikolskaya had a lifting bridge through ditch and protective lattices that descended during the battle. The Nikolskaya Tower entered the story in 1612, when, through her gate to the Kremlin, the troops of the national militia, headed by the Mini and Pozharsky, who freed Moscow from the Polish-Lithuanian interventionists broke. In 1812, the Nikolskaya Tower, along with many others, was blown up by Napoleon's troops departing from Moscow. Particularly injured the upper part of the tower. In 1816, she was replaced by architect O.I. Bov on a new needle-shaped dome in the pseudo-styled style. In 1917, the tower was again injured. This time from artillery fire. In 1935, the dome of the Tower crowds a five-pointed star. In the 20th century, the tower is restored in 1946-1950 and in 1973-1974. Now the height of the tower is 70.5 meters.

Angle Arsenal (Dog)

The angular arsenal tower was built in 1492 Pietro Antonio Solari and is located away, in the corner of the Kremlin. The first name was received at the beginning of the XVIII century, after the construction of the Arsenal building on the Kremlin, the second comes from the estate of the manor of the boyars of dog. In the dungeon of the angular arsenal tower there is a well. He is more than 500 years old. It is filled from an ancient source and therefore it is always clean and fresh water. Previously, an underground move towards the River Neglinnaya walked from the Arsenal Tower. The height of the tower is 60.2 meters.

Average Arsenal (face)

The average arsenal tower towers from the side of the Alexandrovsky garden and is called the way because the weapon warehouse was located right behind it. It was built in 1493-1495. After building the building Arsenal Tower received its name. Near the tower in 1812, the grotto was erected - one of the attractions of the Alexandrovsky Garden. The height of the tower is 38.9 meters.

Troitskaya

The Trinity Tower is called the Church and the Trinity Outlook, who were once nearby in the Kremlin. Troitskaya Tower is the highest tower of the Kremlin. The height of the Tower Currently, together with the star from the Alexandrovsky Garden is 80 meters. A Trinity Bridge, protected by Kutafiy Tower leads to the gate of the Trinity Tower. The tower gates serve as the main entrance for visitors to the Kremlin. Built in 1495-1499. Italian architect Aleviz Fryazine Milanian. The tower was called differently: the Risapoiren, Znamenskaya and Kareny. I received my current name in 1658 by the name of the Trinity Saving of the Kremlin. In the two-story base of the tower in the XVI-XVII centuries, a prison was located. From 1585 to 1812, there were hours on the tower. At the end of the XVII century, the tower received a multi-tiered tent superstructure with blonde decorations. In 1707, due to the threat of a Swedish invasion of the Troitsky Tower's bobbits, they were extended under heavy guns. Until 1935, imperial double-headed eagle was installed on top of the tower. By the next date of the October Revolution, it was decided to remove the eagle and establish the red stars on it and the rest of the main towers of the Kremlin. Two-headed eagle Troitskaya Tower turned out to be the oldest - 1870 manufactured and teams on bolts, so when dismantling it had to be disassembled on top of the tower. In 1937, a foolish self-auction star was replaced with a modern ruby.

Kutafia

Kutafia Tower (connected by a bridge with Trinity). Her name is connected with that: Kutafie was called in ancient casually dressed, a harsh woman. Indeed, Kutafia Tower is low, like the rest, and squat, wide. The tower was constructed in 1516 under the leadership of the Milan architect Alevis Fryazin. The low, surrounded by the moat and the River Neglinnaya, with the only goal, which in the moments of danger tightly closed the lifting part of the bridge, the tower was a formidable obstacle for the precipitated fortress. She had fools of the plantar battle and machine. In the XVI-XVII centuries, the water level in the River Neglinnaya was highly raised by dams, so that the water surrounded the tower from all sides. The initial height of it above the ground level was 18 meters. You could enter the tower from the side of the city only on the inclined bridge. There are two versions of the origin of the name "Kutafia": from the word "Kut" - shelter, angle, or from the word "Kutafia", who denoted a complete, nervous woman. Kutafia Tower never had a coating. In 1685, she was crowned with an openwork "crown" with blonde details.

Commendant (crichy)

The Commandant Tower received its name in the XIX century, because in the building there was a commandant of Moscow. The tower was built in 1493-1495 on the northwestern side of the Kremlin Wall, today stretching along the Alexandrovsky Garden. It was called before the criangle on the Kolymaya Yard in the Kremlin located near her. In 1676-1686 was prescribed. The tower is a massive chimeter with machines (mounted loopholes) and parapet and an open tetrahedron standing on it, completed by a pyramidal roof, a wool and an eight-marched quarrel. Basically, the volume of the tower is three tiers of premises overlapped with cylindrical vaults; Arches are covered and tiers of completion. In the XIX century, the tower was called "Commandant", when close to the XVII century, the commandant of Moscow settled in the rash palace of the 18th century. The height of the tower from the side of the Alexandrovsky Garden is 41.25 meters.

Armory (stable)

The Armory Tower, which was once on the bank of the River River Neglinnaya, now concluded in the underground tube, was called on the next weapon chamber, the second comes from a nearby burden of the cousin. Once near her there were vintage weapons workshops. They made precious dishes and decorations. Ancient workshops gave a name not only to the tower, but also a wonderful museum located near the Kremlin Wall - the Armory Chamber. Many Kremlin treasures are collected here and just very ancient things. For example, helmets and chain chains of ancient Russian warriors. The height of the weapon tower is 32.65 meters.

Borovitskaya (Preteak)

Built in 1490 Pietro Antonio Solari. Travel. The first name of the tower is initial, comes from the Borovitsky hill, on the slope of which is the tower; The title of the hill apparently comes from an ancient boron growing at this place. The second name assigned to the royal decree from 1658, comes from the nearby number of the church of the Christmas of John the Forerunners and the icons of St. John the Forerunner, placed above the gate. Currently - the main passage for government tuples. Highness Tower 54 meters.

Water-fed (Sweet)

The water tower is named so because of the car, which was here once. She raised water from a well, arranged down on the very top of the tower in a big tank. From the lead pipes from there, the water flowed into the royal palace in the Kremlin. Thus, in the old days in the Kremlin, its water supply was organized. He worked for a long time, but then the car was dismantled and taken to St. Petersburg. It was used for the fountains for the device. The height of the waterproof tower with a star of 61.45 meters. The tower of the tower is associated with the Boyar surname Sviblov, or Sviblovy, who were responsible for its construction.

Blagoveshchenskaya

Blagoveshchenskaya Tower. According to legend, the miraculous icon of "Annunciation" was previously kept in this tower, as well as in 1731, the Church of Annunciation was attached to this tower. Most likely, the name of the tower is associated with one of these facts. In the 17th century, a gate was made to the Moscow-River near the tower near the tower, called port stretch. In 1831 they were laid, and the Church of the Annunciation was also disassembled in Soviet times. The height of the Annunciation Tower with a vane 32.45 meters.

Tainitskaya

The Townitskaya Tower is the first tower laid during the construction of the Kremlin. Named because from her to the river led a secret underground move. It was intended to take water in case if the fortress falls down the enemies. Height of the Tainytsky tower 38.4 meters.

Petrovskaya (Ugrelshskaya)

The Petrovskaya Tower, together with two Unnamed, was built to enhance the southern wall as the most frequently subjected to the attack. Like two Unnamed Petrovskaya Tower first did not have the name. She received his name from the Church of Metropolitan Peter on the Ugreshki Foreway in the Kremlin. In 1771, during the construction of the Kremlin Palace, the Tower, the church of Metropolitan Peter and the Ugreshki houses dismantled. In 1783, the tower was rebuilt again, but in 1812 the French during the occupation of Moscow destroyed it again. In 1818, the Petrov tower was restored again. It was used for their needs Kremlin gardeners. The height of the tower is 27.15 meters.

With equipped braces. This name happened from the word "Kremlevik" - a coniferous forest with strong, large trees, suitable for construction. Of these trees, the first wooden Kremlin was erected. Stayed in Moscow, but in 1365 the dottle burned down, and henceforth it was decided to build protective structures from stone only.

Two years later, on the site of the ash region, the Kremlin from the White Stone, which is why Moscow began to call a white-named. However, he also could not stand the test of time and war. At the end of the XV - the beginning of the XVI century, on the same place between the Moscow-River and River River, the third Kremlin rose from the red brick.

Kremlin towers - how many and what they are

The conceived and embodied in the stone as a fortress, the Moscow Kremlin was thoroughly protected by high towers from which a defensive fire could be conducted. In total, in the Kremlin 20 towers, built at different times, but in a single style.

All towers are made in the architectural style of Italian classicism, except Nikolskaya Tower. It was rebuilt in the XIX century in the Gothic style.

Initially, all the towers had military importance and a harsh appearance, and beautiful superstructures and tents were made when the enemies stopped disturbing the Russian capital.

In the corners of a huge triangle of the fortress there are large round towers - Beklemishevskaya, waterfront and angular arsenal. The power of these towers had to withstand the onion of the enemy, and the round form allowed the shelling speaking. The Beklemishev Tower first took over the blow during the invasion, since it was at the junction of the Moscow River with the mo. At the base of the tower, a hearing cache was arranged to prevent a possible subpople. In the waterway tower, the first water water supply device from Moscow-River to the Kremlin was installed in Russia. The arsenal tower was one of the seven towers built by the architect of Pietro Antonio Solari, and the most powerful of the ancient Kremlin ensemble.

The rest of the Kremlin squares. The towers with a pass gate were located where important roads were suitable for the city. These towers are Spasskaya, Nikolskaya, Trinity, Borovitskaya, Tainitskaya, Konstantino-Eleninskaya from the outside were defended by Sagittarius. The remaining towers were adapted for defense.

The towers are quite evenly distributed around the perimeter of powerful walls, although they differ very much in height. The largest Troitskaya tower is 80 meters in height. Nearby, on the other side of the Trinity Bridge, it is the lowest Tower of Kutafia - only 13.5 meters.

Tainitskaya was built first of the towers of the modern Kremlin in 1484. Its title was obliged to a secretory secretary, hidden at the base of the Tower for the garrison in case of siege.

The second highest, but the Spasskaya Tower remains the first one. She also belongs to the authorship of Pietro Solari, who opened the construction of this tower eastern line of fortifications of the Kremlin. Her gate was a parade entrance to the capital of the Russian state - they were supposed to be held through them to pass and with a uncoated head. The tower has long been decorated with clock, but the main watches of our country, the Kremlin Kurats, installed in 1852. Their mechanism takes three out of the ten floors of the Spasskaya Tower.

Kremlin stars from ruby \u200b\u200bglass decorate the five highest towers - Borovitskaya, Trinity, Spasskaya, Nikolskaya and Watervod. Previously, the imperial two-headed eagles were blocked on these towers, but in 1930 the Bolsheviks who came to power decided to remove the heritage of the old regime. It is so such, with the Alami five-pointed stars, the Kremlin Tower became famous for the whole world.

• Today's facilities were built mostly in 1485-1495 The years is not a place of dilapidated white-stone walls, erected in 1366.
• Fortress with twenty towersconnected by walls, has a triangular shape.
• Three angular towers Have a round shape for conducting a circular shelling, the rest are square, very different from one another.
• Kremlin Wall Length 2335 m, The height is 8-19 m, and its thickness is 3.5-6.5 m.
• Towers are inherent in the details characteristic of italian architecture The time that is not surprising, as they built their Italian architects.
• IN task names Reflects their history and history of the place.

The towers of the Moscow Kremlin with isochi tents and walls with teeth in the form of "swallow tails" are indispensable elements of the panorama of the capital. In place where the Kremlin stands, the settlement was from ancient times. This location is very profitable: on a high Borovitsky hill, in the confluence of two rivers - Moscow-River and Neglinnaya. The first fortifications that appeared here were wooden. And in 1366-1368, Prince Dmitry Donskaya built the first white-mounted Moscow Kremlin. The walls and towers that appear before us now are the basis of its fortification structures built in 1485-1495. Italian architects on the site of the former, dilapidated white-stone walls.

Kremlin Construction Technique and Fortress Plan

Twenty-Kremlin towers connected by the walls, form an irregular triangle with an area of \u200b\u200b27.5 hectares. Strengthening were built with the most modern military technologies of the XV century. The towers are behind the walls of the walls so that the warriors can not only lead the shelling, but also control the situation in close proximity to the walls. At the corners, round towers (waterway, Moskvoretskaya and Arsenal) were erected - such a form was chosen both due to their greater strength and to keep a circular shelling. In them, it was possible to arrange hidden wells with water. Most towers are squares at the base, but they differ quite very much from each other, depending on their purpose. Travel towers (Spasskaya, Borovitskaya, Trinity and others), erected on the axes leading to the Kremlin roads were the most powerful and well fortified. The towers were endowed with the symbolic meaning of protection, the protection of the Kremlin from penetrating the evil, unclean forces. Therefore, over the gates of some towers and today you can see icons.

Most towers were attached groovers - fortification structures, which were taken out for the fortress walls or for the ditch for additional defense. This type of fortification quite responded to the requirements of the end of the XV century. One-Kutafya was preserved from the Trenznitz towers, covering the Trinity and in our time, which serves as the main entrance for tourists to the Kremlin. With the construction of the fortifications, different measures were provided against the attack of the enemy. This, for example, a device of secret underground strokes that are out of the walls to protect the city from the subcoops. Inside the walls, a through tunnel was built for the rapid movement of defenders.

The length of the walls of the Moscow Kremlin is 2235 meters, the wall thickness ranges from 3.5 to 6.5 meters, and the height is from 8 to 19 meters. The highest walls are located from the Red Square, where there was no natural Oh water barrier. The walls were not based immediately, their construction began with the southeastern part (by the Moscow River), continued to the east and the West was completed in 1516. From the south side, the oldest Kremlin Tower was erected - Tainitskaya.

Interesting and self-construction technique itself. The walls were built on the foundation of the former, white-named, the material was a large red brick, which was laid out the front walls, and the gaps were pushed by the residues of the collapsed day walls of Dmitry Donskoy. So since 1485, the Walls of the Moscow Kremlin acquired the recognizable color. The towers were erected by visitors of Italian architects (phryazes, as they were then called): Pietro Antonio Solari, Marco Ruffo, Aleviz di Karkano. This explains their unusual, strange appearance for that time. The fact is that the registration of boys in the form of famous "swallow tails" was a typical detail of North-Thawed architecture, characteristic of buildings in the cities where the ruling "party" were death - supporters of rapprochement with the emperor (unlike Gutev, supporters of Pope, who decorated Walls of their cities with a direct completion). These teeth were not only an ornament: they fured out the upper battleships.

The angular and travel towers after the next fire were decorated in the XVII century stone tents with flora. They performed the function of sentigious steps, the signal bells were located there. In the second half of the XVIII century. Famous Russian architects V.I. Bazhenov performed the project of the Kremlin Palace - a large-scale building in a classic style resembling the architecture of French palaces. The project was proposed to be seduced by a turden the slide, leading to the cathedrals - this place would be one of the first "Gulbić" in Europe. To build such a huge structure, it was necessary to carry a third of the Kremlin walls. On one site, which is located in the Moscow River, work began on the disintegration of fortifications, but soon due to the growing worst huge costs, this project was minimized. In the XIX century During the invasion of Napoleon to Moscow, not only the palaces and temples of the Kremlin, but also the Kremlin walls were seriously damaged. Architect who was engaged in the restoration of the victims of the Kremlin towers, was O.I. Beauvais (ironically, the Italian is also).

Spasskaya Tower and Kremlin Kurats

Special mention deserves the most famous of all Kremlin Tessel - Spasskaya, built in 1491 Pietro Antonio Solari. Through her, sovereigns went to the Kremlin and godded gods. From the XV century We reached us only by dedicational white plates, which are narrated by Cyrillic (from the Kremlin) and on Latin (from the side of Red Square) about the order and construction of this tower. Its general view and decoration were then much more modest: she was almost twice as little, and she was originally called Frolovsky, along the Church of Flora and Lavra. The Spasskaya Tower began to be called on the well-known all-Russian Savior icon, which was posted on the entrance in the middle of the XVII century. She was considered lost, but in 2010 it turned out that in Soviet times she was just stucked by plaster. In the XVII century The tower of one of the first was prescribed by multi-tiered elegant riding. And the history of the clock on the Spasskaya Tower deserves a separate story.

The first hours on the Kremlin, still white-named towers were installed in 1404 by Lazarre Serbin. In the XVII century, the Spasskaya Tower acquired thanks to the leaving of Scotland Christopher Galovery, very unusual hours. They were an arrow in the form of a sun with a rotating dial, which was noted 17 hours. The famous Kremlin chimes, which can be seen today belong to the middle of the XIX century. They were met by watchmakers, brothers by the name Bathotop - the founders of the company of the same name. At different times, the chimes published different melodies. Since 1770, it was a song "Ah, my dear Augustine", from the middle of the XIX century. - "If we are famous for our Lord in Zion," after the revolution, the clock began to play "International", and since 2000 it is possible to hear the famous passage from the opera Glinka "life for the king". Currently, the hourly mechanism occupies as many as three floors, and until 1937, this watch was manually cast-iron.

Famous towers of the Kremlin and the history of their names

Let's stop in more detail on the history of some towers. As already mentioned, the corner towers are most important for the defense and in general. The water tower was built by Anton Fryazin in 1488. In the XVII century The tower was equipped with a water-lifting machine, which is why it received its name. Another her name is the Sweet Tower - comes from the boyars of Sviblovy, who had a yard in the Kremlin. In 1812, she was blown up by the French, after which she was restored by OI. Bovy. Thanks to him, her appearance is emphasized classic: rustic (horizontal lines) at the bottom, column, decorative decoration of auditory windows. The first place is decorative, not functionality, the hand of the architect began the beginning of the XIX century.

The Beklemishev Tower, built by Marco Ruffo in 1487, was named so because of the King of King Vasily III Boyarin I. Beklemisheva, who fell into disfavor and was executed. One of the functions of this tower becomes obvious from the name - the place of imprisonment of the rebels. The other name is Moskvoretskaya, as it is located on the banks of the Moscow River and occupies a strategically important position. It is from this side that the city is most often subjected to raids of the Tatars. A secret well was arranged in this tower. In 1707, the buyers were expanded in the tower for a new type weapon, because at that time feared the Swedish intervention. This fact suggests that the tower did not lose defensive significance until the XVIII century.

The angular round tower, located on the northern side of the Kremlin buildings, was erected by Pietro Antonio Solary Ok. 1492 Other its names occur from the boyars of the dog, who lived nearby (Dogkin) and from location next to Arsenal (Arsenal). Thanks to the faces that form its volume, and the expanding book, it gives the impression of special stability and strength. She had a strategic mystery: this is a well inside, as well as an underground move to the River Neglinnaya.

Borovitskaya tower received its name from the pine forest hill that was in ancient times on the Borovitsky hill. The tower is built on the project of Pietro Antonio Solari in 1490. Its constructive feature is the location of the Sprinkle side. It is also an angular, but in terms of it is not a round, but resembles a pyramid, which is formed from the chimeters set on each other (volumes, quadrangular at the base) and is marked with octolar (octagonal at the base). Although this tower was located outside the main roads and was used for household needs, it retained to this day: these are the only permanent travel gates to the Kremlin's territory.

Troitskaya and Kutafia Tower were built by Aleviz Fryazin. Kutafia dates back to 1516, Troitskaya - 1495. These towers are connected by the bridge, both were travel, and in Kutafiy Tower there were only some gates that were closed with heavy forged lattices. To date, this is the main entrance to the Kremlin architectural and museum complex. The Troitskaya Tower is the largest, its height reaches 76.35 meters. Its structure is complex: it consists of six floors, two of which are underground, and in the XVII and XVIII centuries. She was the place of imprisonment. It received its name in 1658 from the Troitsky Foreigner, located nearby.

The Townitskaya Tower is called so due to the fact that not only a secret well was built inside it, but also a counted move towards the Moscow River. This tower was built first, in 1485 - it was from this side that Tatars were usually attacked.

The Moscow Fortress was formed since the first mention of it in 1156, when Prince Yuri Vladimirovich " lening degrees in the city, at the mouth below the rough, above the Aussee River"Then the first, still wooden walls of the Kremlin were built. Then, when Ivan III, in 1339, the walls were replaced by the walls, and with Prince Dmitry Donskoy, stone walls were built.

Modern walls and towers, and in our time, began to erect during the reconstruction period of 1485-1495. Then the first Kremlin Tower was built - Tainitskaya.

Who built the towers of the Moscow Kremlin?

Built towers of the Kremlin invited architects from Italy:

• Antonio Gilardi;
• Pietro Antonio Solari;
• Mark Fryazin and Fryazin Old Aleviz.

By 1490, 7 towers were erected, and later the next three decades of the Kremlin walls were decorated with the rest of the towers. Total in the Kremlin 20 tens.

In the middle of the XVII century, 4 towers received double-headed eagles on their spiers. In the 20th century, with the arrival of the Soviet power, the stamp eagles were replaced by a ruby-coated composition, glowing red stars. In 1935, the first star was shot in the Spasskaya Tower, then on the next four towers, and the fifth star was added to them - on the waterway tower. And now, in the Russian Federation, the Moscow Kremlin is decorated with 5 stars: in Spasskaya, Nikolskaya, Trinity, Borovitsky and Water Towers.

Kremlin towers

Spasskaya

- It is considered the main tower of the Moscow Kremlin. It comes to the Red Square and visible from all sides. The main part was built in 1491, and in 1624 the top of the tower was completed. Later, in 1937 a star was installed on the top.

Tsarskaya

– pretty little structure. It was built in 1680, the name of the architect is unknown. She does not particularly differ from other towers and in the people it is called "Terem".

Nabato

– was erected at the end of the 15th century. Later, a bell was installed on it and put the sentirers who were on duty around the clock. But the bell rang only in rare cases, for example, the ringing of the bell was noticed by Muscovites about the fire, the beginning of the war or the riots.

Konstantino-Elinica

- It was built on the site of Timofeevsky gates. The main goal of the tower was the protection of the capital. A huge ditch was dug around. But, soon, the need for the protection of disappeared and the tower turned into torture, where there were dangerous criminals of that time.

Beklemishevskaya (Moskvoretskaya)

- One of the main towers of the Walls of the Moscow Kremlin. It was built in 1487. Named in honor of Boyarin I. Beklemishev. The house was located near the Kremlin. There is another name of the Tower - Moskvoretskaya.

Petrovskaya (3rd Unnamed)

Or 3rd Unnamed - She got the name from Peter's church. From 1480 was destroyed many times, but it was constantly restored. During the war, it was completely destroyed with the French, later in 1818, the famous architects of that time were restored by historical drawings.

2nd Unnamed

- built as a defensive structure and was originally not very different from others. But the masters tried to fame, and the tower turned out not only to a defensive point, but also to the decoration of the Kremlin wall. It is located between the first nameless and Petrovsky tower.

1st Unnamed

Or powder - a simple structure, without a high terme. It was built for defensive purposes and is not particularly different from other towers.

Tainitskaya

- It is considered the central structure of the walls of the Kremlin. It was built on the plan of the Italian architect and up to 1783 it was completed.

Blagoveshchenskaya

- Until now, the year has not been established when construction was carried out. Approximate date can be called 1488 year. It is named after the sacred icon "Annunciation." For many years she decorated the walls of the tower and defended the warriors during the battle.

WaterZvodnaya

- named so because , that its first was equipped with a water supply. Previously, she was called Skin Tower, because Nearby lived the famous boyars Sviblovy. Construction was engaged in the talented architect of that time Anton Fryazin-New. Since 1937, the tower is decorated with a ruby \u200b\u200bstar.

Borovitskaya

- One of the towers, which adorns the wall of the Moscow Kremlin. Other sights are located near the tower, such as a large stone bridge. Many legends are connected with construction. One of them says that it is named so because Moscow was built on a hill that covered the thick boron.

Armory (stable)

(Storey) - the construction of the Italian architect Solary was engaged in construction. But he did not have time to complete the tower and died. For a long time, the building was unfinished and the danger arose that she would collapse. His other famous master of Karabo, who was invited to the capital of the ambassador. He not only graduated from construction, but also strengthened the soil and solved problems with destruction.

Commendant

- built under the king Ivan III. The initial name is cricking, then a deaf tower. It was not in vain such a name, because The structure has practically no windows. Later on the Moscow Commandant's arranged in the courtyard received the current name.

Troitskaya

In Moscow, on Red Square, we see the Kremlin towers, and immediately notice what they are different. But even at the same time, each of them is unique and beautiful in its own way. And, in addition, each tower has its own name, and not accidental, but arising in the process of historical development and changes in the architectural appearance of the city.

On the entire territory of the Kremlin in Moscow, a total of 20 towers are focused. Each of them has its own name and its own construction history. According to the features of the architecture of the facilities are divided into a round and square towers.

At the same time, only three towers have a round cross section - this is a waterway, Beklemishevskaya and arsenal angular. All other buildings in terms are square. Most towers are made in a single architectural style, which allows you to create a single building ensemble. The integrity of the ensemble gave the finish, which was made in the XVII century.

However, in this background, the Nikolsky tower was noticeably allocated, which was rebuilt in a pseudo-gas style at the beginning of the XIX century. Consider the distinctive features of each tower, as well as historical conditions for building structures.

Beklemishev tower.

The second name of the Beklemishevskaya Tower is Moskvoretskaya. It is located in the south-eastern corner of the Moscow Kremlin and has a little more than 46 meters in height. The structure was built during the reign of Tsar Ivan III Vasilyevich in 1487 - 1488.

The Tower project was designed and embodied by the Italian Marco Ruffo (Mark Fryazin). The Beklemishev Tower has a round shape. At first, the tower received his name by the name of Boyarin Beklemishev, whose courtyard was near the tower. Later, the construction was renamed by the name located near the bridge.

Borovitskaya tower.

This tower was built in 1490 by the architect of Pietro Antonio Solary during the reign of King Ivan III Vasilyevich. The Borovitsky Tower is at the mouth of the River Neglinnaya. The tower received his name from the title of the hill, on the slope of which it was built. In ancient times, a thick boron was located on the hill - a small pine grove. And probably. This was the cause of the name.

However, in 1658, the Tsarist Decree of the Tower was assigned the name of the forerunner in honor of the Nearby Church of the Nativity of John the Forerunner. The height of the Borovic Tower is 54 meters, and her spire is decorated with a ruby \u200b\u200bstar. To date, the Gate of the Borovitsky Tower is served for solemn passages of the government tuples.

Armory tower.

The next weapon tower next to her is located next to the Armory of the Chamber, from where it originated in the middle of the XIX century. When there were a travel gate at the bottom of the tower, and then it was called the stable, because nearby the Tsarsky Storeyard, and from there on horseback it was possible to drive the tower gates.

The weapon tower was built in two years, from 1493 to 1495 years. The height of the structure reaches almost 39 meters. The construction is suitable for general stylistics of the ensemble and harmoniously fits into the appearance of the Kremlin Wall.

Commandant tower.

The Commandant Tower began to be called only since the XIX century. Then in the Kremlin Palace, a commandant of Moscow was located next to the tower, and in ancient times she was called Colymaya, because a criangle courtyard was located nearby, where royal carriages, wagons and kolymagi stood.

The Commandant Tower was built in 1495 during the reign of Ivan III Vasilyevich. The height of the construction is 41 meters.

Troitskaya tower.

From afar you can see the giant wall of the highest tower of the Kremlin - Trinity. It can be, as no other Kremlin Tower amazes with its harsh power and inaccessibility. The Troitskaya Tower was built in 1495 by the architect from Italy Aloiazio and Milano (Fryazine Aleviz).

The Troitskaya Tower is the highest Kremlin Tower, because the height of the structure is 80 meters. Also, this tower also has an entrance and passage, and in its meaning it ranks second after Spasskaya.

The name of the tower has changed many times, but she began to be called Trinity since 1658 by the name of the Troitsky Foreway, which was located near her in the Kremlin. But even earlier she had other names - Epiphany and Znamenskaya.

At the moment, the Gate of the Trinity Tower is the main entrance to the territory of the Kremlin, and the elegant spire of the structure decorates a luxurious Ruby Star.

Kutafia Tower.

Before the Troitskaya Tower, right behind the bridge, proudly forth Kutafia Tower. It is significantly smaller in height and size, but at the same time very solid, squat, centered and strong. Her name is associated with the word "Kut" - an angle, but more often historians associate the name of the structure with the word "Kutafia". So in some places of Russia, they called bought from the head to the fifth or a rich woman.

Kutafia Tower is so different from all the other features of its architecture that it is impossible to confuse it from any other from the Kremlin ensemble towers. It was built in 1516 by architect Alevis Fryazin during the reign of Vasily III.

The height of the tower is small - only 13.5 meters, and today it is the only one of the preserved separately standing, and not embedded in the wall of the Kremlin towers. In the old days, such prevalted towers served to protect the bridges, for which it was possible to penetrate the fortress. Kutafia Tower is opposite the Trinity Tower, and there is an inclined bridge between them.

Corner Arsenal Tower.

In the northern corner of the Kremlin Wall in 1492, the architect of Pietro Antonio Solary was built a tower of a round section, which was named Arsenal. This building is the most powerful tower of the Kremlin, although it reaches only 60 meters in height.

The arsenal tower received its name at the beginning of the XVIII century after the Arsenal building was built on the territory of the Kremlin - "a weapon house". The second name is a dog tower - was obtained as a result of the fact that the manor of the boyars of Dogian was located near the structure. A distinctive feature of the angular arsenal tower is that the well is located inside it.

The average arsenal tower.

The second name of the middle arsenal tower is faceted. The construction obtained it due to some characteristic features of the construction. The tower was erected in 1493 - 1495 during the reign of Ivan III Vasilyevich.

The height of the structure reaches almost 39 meters. The average arsenal tower is located on the north-western wall of the Moscow Kremlin, which extends along the Alexandrovsky Garden. It is noteworthy that the faceted tower was built on the place where the corner tower was previously built during the time of Dmitry Donskoy.

Nikolskaya tower.

One of the most beautiful towers of the Moscow Kremlin is Nikolskaya with Nikolsky Gate. Once, the icon of Nicholas Wonderworker was placed on top above them, and even earlier there was a monastery of Nikola old monastery.

The Nikolskaya Tower is located on the eastern Wall of the Kremlin in Moscow. It was built in 1491 at Quear Ivan III Vasilyevich. The architect Pietro Antonio Solary developed a project of a slightly over 70 meters.

At the same time, the Nikolskaya Tower is also a passage - through the gate in it you can get to the territory of the Moscow Kremlin. The architectural appearance of the Nikolskaya Tower is somewhat different from all other buildings, because in the XIX century it was rebuilt in the pseudo-stylist. To date, the magnificent spire of the Nikolskaya Tower also crowns the Ruby Star.

Senate Tower.

Immediately for the Mausoleum V. I. Lenin, the Senate Tower is towers with the building of the former Senate located behind it. This tower was built on the eastern part of the Kremlin Wall in 1491 during the reign of Ivan III Vasilyevich.

The height of the tower reaches 34 meters, and it was built under the guidance of the architect Pietro Antonio Solari. The tower received its modern name only after three hundred years after his construction. This happened after in 1787, the Senate Palace was built on the territory of the Kremlin.

Spasskaya Tower.

A little further is the tower that everyone knows. This is the Spasskaya Tower with a spas gate, whose spire is crowned with a ruby \u200b\u200bstar. It is called Spasskaya since 1658, thanks to the icons of the Savior, which were used to be on both sides above the gate. At the moment, the gate decorates only one restored image of the rescue.

The second name of the Spasskaya Tower is Frolovskaya. The building received him in honor of the Frol and Lavra's church nearby. At the Spasskaya (Frolovskaya) tower, the most important hours of the country - Kremlin Quararants, for the melodious battle of which the Russians accompany the outgoing and celebrate the New Year.

The Spasskaya Tower is constructed on the eastern wall of the Kremlin and is a parade entrance to the Kremlin. The height of the tower reaches 71 meters, and therefore it is one of the highest buildings of the Kremlin ensemble. And at the same time one of the most beautiful towers throughout the Moscow Kremlin.

The design of the project and the construction of the structure was led by architect from Italy Pietro Antonio Solari. The Spasskaya Tower was built in 1491 during the reign of King Ivan III Vasilyevich. To date, the construction is one of the most recognizable symbols of Russia.

Tsarist Tower.

The smallest of the Kremlin towers is the royal, located south of the Spasskaya. This small turret was installed on the eastern Kremlin wall in the 80s of the XVII century, during the reign of Peter I, and then Ivan V.

The tsarist tower reaches almost 17 meters, which is significantly less than all tower facilities. It was built in the 1680s on the site of the wooden tower with a swabbed bell "as the wasting" and used to be called "ascembly."

The royal tower was built almost 200 years later all the other towers at the place of a small wooden tower, in which the king Ivan Grozny watched the city and admired the view. That is why the erected structures of the elegant design and got its name.

Nabataya tower.

Nabota tower received its name thanks to the bells of Spassky Nabathy located in it. This tower at one time had an important practical purpose. It performed the function of the observational tower, which was controlled by the fire safety of the city.

By section, the infrinal tower is square, and it has 38 meters in height. The construction was built in 1495 during the reign of Ivan III Vasilyevich.

First of all, the Battle Tower, owes its name to the largest bell, who had previously hung in her upper part. This bell is famous for the fact that, by order of Catherine II, a language was deprived of a sentence for the fact that the Muscovites of the Muscovites attached to this bell in 1771 the people to "Plague Bunta" were called. Now this bell is stored in the Armory Chamber.

Konstantino - Elenin Tower.

The Elenin Tower also has the second name - Timofeevskaya. It is located on the eastern wall of the Moscow Kremlin and in height reaches just over 36 meters. Konstantino - the Elenin Tower was built in 1490, during the reign of King Ivan III Vasilyevich.

The tower of the square section was erected by the Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari. At first, the tower was named after the church of Saints Konstantin and Elena. But later, she was renamed in honor of Timofeevsky gates, which were part of the Belocameamy Kremlin in the XIV century.

Petrovskaya tower.

On the southern part of the Kremlin Wall there is Petrovskaya, or the Ugreshkaya Tower. Both of its names are explained very simply: here, in the Kremlin, the church of Metropolitan Peter was located on the former Foreway of the Ugreshsky Monastery.

The Petrovsky Tower was also built during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, and the time of its construction dates back to the 80s of the XV century. The height of the tower is 27 meters. Her roof is crowning the cathro-shaped dome.

Unnamed towers.

But the next two towers for many centuries could not come up with names, but it does not mean that they remained unmarried. Therefore, these towers are called: the first nameless and second Unnamed tower. Both of them were built in the 80s of the XV century during the reign of Ivan the Terrible.

The height of the first nameless tower is 34 meters, and the second is just over 30 meters. Both structures have a square cross section in terms of, and the construction of the collar dome is completed. Only the first tower of the dome consists of four faces, and the second - from eight.

Tainitskaya Tower.

The height of the Tainytskaya tower is just over 38 meters. Notable is the fact that this tower, built in 1485 by Architect Anton Fryazin, is the very first in the Kremlin ensemble. Previously, this tower was traveling, but today her gate is laid.

The Tuneitskaya Tower has received its name thanks to a secret move, passing through it, and leading to the bank of Moscow - rivers. And in the tower there was a well with water, which would help with the case to withstand the long siege of the enemy. Also in the Kremlin there is a Townitsky garden.

Blagoveshchenskaya tower.

Immediately behind Tinitskaya there is an Annunciation tower. In the time of Ivan the Terrible, it was used as a prison building, where they contained rebels and criminals. The Blagoveshchenskaya Tower was built in 1487 - 1488, and its height is more than 32 meters.

The tower was obtained thanks to the icon of the Annunciation, which, according to legend, suddenly appeared on one of the walls of the tower. The Annunciation Tower is between the waterfront and the Taneytsky tower in the southern part of the Wall of the Kremlin, which passes along the coastline of Moscow - the river.

Water tower.

This tower was erected by one of the very first in the ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin. The water tower was built in 1488 by architect from Italy Antonio Gilardi (Antonio Fryazin).

The structural features of the tower are that a well is located in it, as well as a secret move, leading to the bank of Moscow - River. In the height, the water tower is 61 meters.

The title "Water" Tower received in 1633, when the lifting mechanism was built in the building, with which water was supplied to the Kremlin's gardens. The second name is the Sweet Tower - comes from the surname of Boyarina Sviblov, who answered her building.

Twenty-majestic towers surround the Moscow Kremlin, and each of them has their amazing story. Built at different times, the Kremlin Towers, nevertheless form a single harmonious ensemble, which at all times was the subject of the pride of Muscovites and caused admiration of the guests of the capital.