The pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops and the history of the Egyptian pyramids. Ancient pyramids of Egypt: history, description and secrets

Pyramids in our minds are strongly associated with something big, unusual and majestic. It is strange that even in the period of the first earthly agricultural civilizations, they began to build structures of a similar shape. In natural, living nature, such a form is rarely found, well, except perhaps mountains. But let us note that in recent years, many objects created by wind and time are mistaken for pyramidal structures, to which a person has had a hand.

Even more mysterious phenomenon in the history of Mankind was the construction of pyramids by different civilizations living on different continents. These people were separated not only by a space of tens of thousands of kilometers, but also by time. Different pyramids for their purpose. Somewhere it is a tomb, somewhere a temple, and, possibly oldest observatories on the ground.

Whatever it was, and what other secrets these unique and majestic pieces of architecture keep, the pyramids are the most beautiful and most mysterious adornment of the history of Mankind. Let's take a look at some of them.

Pyramid of the Sun. Mexico

When in the 13th century the Aztecs saw this amazing pyramid in Teotihuacan, they called it the "Temple of the Sun".

Aztec priests in the place where people became gods performed mysterious rites of worship of the gods here. The Teotihuacans in the II-VI century also used a pyramid of clay and cobblestone as a religious building. At the top of the five-tiered pyramidal structure, there was a wooden temple in ancient times.

Temple of the Moon. Peru

In a picturesque area, near the city of Trujillo, there is a unique pyramid of Huaca Moon - the Temple of the Moon, built more than 1500 years ago. Wak literally translates as "object of worship."

The huge adobe structure served as a cultural, ceremonial and religious center for the Mochiko Indians. The uniqueness of the pyramid is that beautiful ancient frescoes with scenes of the life of an ancient people have been preserved on its walls.

Djoser's pyramid. Egypt

The oldest stone pyramid, built in 2650 BC. Egyptian architect Imhotep for Pharaoh Djoser.

The uniqueness of the ancient structure is given by the original architectural solution - it has a multi-stage structure.

A gallery with columns in the form of tree trunks leads to the tomb. The pyramid has a vertical shaft. In the later pyramids, built after the tomb of Djoser, there is no such construction. Later, Egyptian architects learned to build sloping pyramids without ledges.

Great Pyramid of Cholula. Mexico

Of all the ancient pyramids, the most original and more like a natural hill pyramid is located near the city of Chochula in Mexico.

The uniqueness and beauty of the pyramid is that this iconic complex consists of three pyramids built at different times, one on one.

Now a Catholic church has been built on top of the magnificent pyramidal hill. The unique attraction symbolizes a peculiar connection between times and religious ideas - from pagan sun worship to modern Catholic canons.

White pyramid. China

The tradition of constructing burial mounds in China can be traced back to the Neolithic era. Most of the unique pyramids were built during the 5th century. BC e. - XVII century. n. e.

One of the most interesting of them, and there are more than 400 of them in China, is the White Pyramid, whose height is about 300 meters (more than 2 times higher than the well-known Pyramid of Cheops in Giza).

The Chinese pyramids are remarkably similar to the Indian temples of South and Central America. Mysteriously, the same form originated in the minds of different ethnic groups in different parts of the world.

The pyramids in China continue to guard their secrets. They learned about their existence relatively recently, in the 40s of the XX century.

The pyramid of La Danta. Guatemala

One of the tallest pyramids of the El Mirador complex, the Lad Dante pyramid was built during the heyday of the Mayan culture in the 3rd century BC.

The pyramid, rising to the sky at 72 meters, consists of several platforms in the form of steps.

Maya architects skillfully used the relief of the hill to build a pyramidal ensemble of terraces, temples and ledges on it.

Pyramid of Kukulkan. Mexico

In the Mayan language, the city where the beautiful pyramid is located is translated as "Well of the Itza tribe."

The four-sided stepped pyramid was used by the Yucatan Indians to perform ceremonies and sacrifices to Kukulkan - the God of Rain and Wind.

Interestingly, the sum of all the steps of the unique temple structure is 365, according to the number of days in a year. And on the sides of the pyramid there are stairs that divide the building into 18 separate sections. It is noteworthy that the Mayan calendar contains exactly 18 months.

Pyramids of Fuxian Lake. China

In 2001, at the bottom of Lake Fusan, a large and amazing pyramid was discovered, built of powerful plates, each weighing more than a ton.

Strange, but there is not a single entrance to the pyramid, and for what purpose and when it was built is still to be solved.

One thing is known, a huge pyramid 19 meters high and 90 meters long at the base is located in the center of the city, which was buried by the waters of the lake.

Pyramid Nooch Mul. Mexico

Nooch Mul, or "Big Kurgan" in translation from the Mayan language, is a unique monument in the center of the archaeological complex of the city of Koba.

In a small temple on the 42-meter top of the pyramid, sacrifices were made to the Gods. All this is reflected in the beautiful bas-reliefs on the walls of the temple.

IN modern world Great pyramid is a pilgrimage destination for tourists and history buffs from all over the world.

Pyramids of Tukume. Peru

The locals call the most beautiful and unique architectural complex of the Incas "Purgatory".

There are stone pyramids in the picturesque valley. The number of these unique structures is striking - about 250. The most unique of them is the Huaca Larga pyramid, which is 700 meters long at the base.

Today, local shamans and healers attribute healing properties to the valley of the pyramids, thus attracting tourists and everyone who wants to heal by touching the ancient structures.

The Wizard's Pyramid. Mexico

In the year Uxmal there is a pyramid, which stands out by its design from a number of other similar objects around the world. The base of the building is elliptical.

A legend has survived to this day, which explains the name of the pyramid. The Maya believed that a magician, a magician, built this unusual and beautiful structure in one night.

Yonaguni monument. Japan

The monumental slabs under water are a matter of controversy, whether this formation has a natural or man-made origin.

Supporters of the fact that this is the work of man, give examples of the existence of similar structures in other parts of the world and then. On the other side of the island, the semblance of roads and walls was found under the water.

Whatever the beautiful underwater slab at japanese island Yonaguni, she has already attracted the attention of the whole world.

Pyramid of Sneferu. Egypt

The color of the blocks used in the construction of the facility gave it a romantic, pinkish hue. One of the most beautiful pyramids in the world, was built in the XXVI century BC. e.

After the construction and burial of the pharaoh, the planes of the pyramid were covered with white limestone. Over time, part of it crumbled, the other part was used in the construction of other buildings.

It is noteworthy, but this pyramid was the first that the ancient Egyptian engineers and builders managed to build with isosceles sides.

Temple of the Inscriptions. Mexico

The only pyramid-tomb to date in the territory of the Mayan tribes. The rest of the pyramids serve as cult temple buildings.

Unique name the building was given 617 hieroglyphs, which are drawn on three slabs of the temple. The lid of the sarcophagus is decorated with a scene of the resurrection of the 7th century ruler Pakal and his exit from the kingdom of the dead.

The Pyramid of Cheops. Egypt

Today, perhaps the most popular pyramid among tourists. This is the only one of the seven wonders of the world that has survived its time and has come down to us.

Strange, but the Egyptians never mentioned the magnificent and majestic pyramid of the pharaoh in their papyri. The first who wrote about her was the father of history - Herodotus.

Ancient pyramidmade of limestone and granite is called "Akhet-Khufu" - Horizon Khufu.

Ziggurat Etemenniguru. Iran

In the city of Ur, where Abraham, the progenitor of many nations, was born, in 2047 BC. a huge temple was built in honor of the moon god Nunn.

Similar monumental temples on a stone platform, like the Egyptian pyramids, were a kind of staircase to the sky.

Three staircases lead to the top of the ziggurat, at a height of 45 meters. The building itself consists of three tiers.

Temple of Huaca del Sol. Peru

The temple, built by the bearers of the Moche culture, consists of nearly 130 million adobe bricks.

In addition to carrying out rituals in honor of the Sun, the pyramid also served as the burial vault of the nobility and the leaders of the Indians. The beautiful structure is the largest building in the pre-Columbian history of South America.

Pyramid of the Tigre. Guatemala

Around 150 BC carriers of the Indian culture of Mohe erected the cult complex El Mirador. The center of this complex is a triad of unique pyramids. One of them is 55 meters high, the Tigre pyramid has become a truly adornment of the ancient Indian city.

Now the beauty of the pyramidal temple cannot be seen, as its planes are almost completely covered with vegetation. But in ancient times it was the place where the sacraments of reverence for the Indian gods were performed.

Pyramid of Kani Sukukh. Indonesia

A small but original and beautiful pyramid of Kani Sukuh, located on the island of Java.

Looking at this stepped pyramid, you get the feeling that you are in Central America, so much like the Temple of the Inscriptions or the temple in honor of Kukulkan.

Like most of the Indian pyramids, Kani Sukukh was built in the first millennium AD.

Akapana pyramid. Bolivia

Long before the arrival of the Incas in the Andes, the Pukin civilization was born in South America.

In the main city of this civilization, Tiwanaku, among the many attractions there is a unique Akapana platform pyramid. In the Aymarna language it is translated as "a place where people die." It is possible that human sacrifices took place in the cult building.

The uniqueness of the ancient building is that it literally grew into the mountains and has many underground structures.

Pyramid Borobudur. Indonesia

A mysterious and mysterious structure in the form of a pyramid is located on the island of Java in Indonesia.

The same "stairway to heaven", like many pyramids of the world, has its own differences. Numerous terraces, steps and niches of the pyramid are decorated with bas-reliefs, beautiful statues, picturesque anthropomorphic compositions.

The structure of the temple contains the great meaning of the world arrangement. Each tier, according to the canons of Buddhism, embodies a certain area of \u200b\u200ba person's spiritual life.

Pyramid of Khafre. Egypt

In the historical plane, the pyramid of Pharaoh Khafre is located next to the magnificent Sphinx.

The second largest pyramid was built in two stages. The tomb was built immediately with the beginning of the reign of the pharaoh. Khafren was in poor health and therefore the pyramid was immediately prepared in case of his sudden death.

On the island of Tenerife there are 6 unique pyramids made of stones without any binding material.

Scientists were divided. Some suggest that this is the work of 19th century farmers who piled stones at the edges of fields. Others, according to the artifacts found under the pyramids, attribute them to the first millennium of our era.

Over time, of course, the age of these mysterious objects will be established. But interestingly, there are stairs on the west side of all six pyramids. On the day of the winter solstice, these staircases accurately point to the sunrise.

Conclusion

The pyramids will amaze our imagination for a long time, and scientists will break spears in disputes about their origin.

The version about the construction of pyramids by extraterrestrial civilizations finds more and more supporters in the modern world. And the mysterious and mysterious buildings themselves give a reason for this. The grandiose buildings were built almost in the same era, the same in structure and size, but by different peoples. Well, if you draw a line, then the spread relative to a certain latitude the globe small.

But scientists do not give up, finding all the new artifacts confirming that these wonderful structures are the work of human hands.

And there is also a generally romantic assumption. The pyramids were designed by the Gods, but the buildings were already erected by people in honor of their deities.

As a small addition, we present to your attention two already modern, beautiful and very popular pyramids:

Hotel pyramid Luxor. USA

Inspired by the ideas of ancient masters, modern architects built the Luxor Hotel in Las Vegas in the form of a pyramid.

A modern building in the center of a large city is striking in size and conjures up images from the past.

The mysterious and beautiful hotel-casino with 30 floors has a height of 107 meters. At the top is a searchlight that emits the most powerful beam of light on earth.

Glass pyramid of the Louvre. France

Around the large pyramid, consisting of 603 rhombuses and 70 triangles, there are three small ones. Small forms are an element of decor, they have built-in spotlights that illuminate one of the symbols of Paris.

The main problem on the way to solving the riddle of the Great Pyramids is the complete inconsistency of the actions of various researchers and, as a result, the lack of systematic studies of the issue. Specialists in the history and culture of ancient Egypt confine themselves to the official version, which is not free from obvious contradictions, and refuse to acknowledge the existence of the problem, let alone discuss it with “non-specialists”. Non-specialists in the history and culture of Egypt, but experts in any other field of knowledge, sin one-sided approaches that do not take into account the complex nature of the problem. Therefore, the first step is to formulate a set of key circumstances that require a satisfactory explanation when developing and considering any hypothesis. Secondly, any hypothesis that can be not only taken into account, but discussed, must contain specific proposals for its verification with the prediction of possible results. It is both of these circumstances that should form the methodological essence of the approach to the study of the problem of the Great Pyramids of Egypt.

(methodological aspects of the study of the problem)

There is no doubt that the main problem on the way to solving the riddle of the Great Pyramids is the complete inconsistency of the actions of various researchers and, as a result, the lack of systematic studies of the issue. Specialists in the history and culture of ancient Egypt confine themselves to the official version, which is not free from obvious contradictions, and refuse to acknowledge the existence of the problem, let alone discuss it with “non-specialists”. Non-specialists in the history and culture of Egypt, but experts in any other field of knowledge, sin one-sided approaches that do not take into account the complex nature of the problem. The challenging nature of the problem itself attracts people with an artistic mindset, who are ready to put forward fantastic hypotheses and too often and uncritically wishful thinking.

Therefore, the first step is to formulate a set of key circumstances that require satisfactory clarification when developing and considering any hypothesis - this will create certain restrictions on the proposed hypotheses, which will allow us to treat them more tolerantly. It is advisable to adhere to Occam's principle and not so much look for the initial premise from which the existence and purpose of the pyramids can follow, but take care that what is observed cannot be explained otherwise than with the help of the proposed idea. Secondly, any hypothesis that can be not only taken into account, but discussed, must contain specific proposals for its verification with the prediction of possible results.

It is both of these circumstances that should form the methodological essence of the approach to the study of the problem of the Great Pyramids of Egypt.

1. Introduction

As you know, in Egypt on the western bank of the Nile in its lower reaches there are about a hundred pyramids. Seven of these are known as the Great or Great Pyramids. These are the Meidum pyramid, the Red and Broken (Rhomboid) pyramids in Dashur, the step pyramid of Djoser in Sakkara and the pyramids of Mikerin (Menkaura), Khafren (Khafra) and Cheops (Khufu) on the Giza plateau. These pyramids, built no later than 2300 BC, differ from others not only in size, but also in a number of unexpected circumstances, namely:

• Maths: in the ratios of the geometric elements of the pyramids there is a "golden section" (the ratio between the apothem of the lateral face and half the length of the base of the Cheops pyramid), the number "pi" (the perimeter of the base is equal to the length of a circle whose radius is equal to the height of the Cheops pyramid) and trigonometric features, possibly the following from the used constructions (the tangent of the angle of inclination of the lateral face of the Cheops pyramid is equal to the inverse sine of this angle (51 degrees 30 minutes)).
• Astronomy: the orientation of the pyramids along the north-south line is performed with an accuracy of 3 minutes of arc; there are passages, the orientation of which can be linked to the directions of some stars.
• Geology: in addition to local material (limestone rocks located a few hundred meters away), granite (presumably brought from Aswan, 900 km upstream of the Nile) and basalt (origin unknown) were used.
• Technology: during the construction, millions of limestone blocks with an average weight of 2.5 tons were used, slabs weighing more than 200 tons were used many times, careful finishing not only of limestone, but also of granite and basalt slabs; there are conical holes drilled in granite and basalt and corresponding cores (discovered at the end of the 19th century) with a groove with a step of 2 mm; the passages laid in the thickness of the pyramids are made along lines deviating from a straight line by no more than 5 mm at a distance of about 80 m, the lengths of the sides of the base (Cheops point) differ by centimeters against the background of meters, the planes of the pyramid faces are made with great accuracy.

The mystery or mystery of the Egyptian pyramids, which are extremely impressive structures reaching one and a half hundred meters in height, is as follows. First, the listed features do not correspond seemingly natural ideas about the level of development of the civilization of antiquity. Secondly, there are also such functional and cultural features as:

• neither the purpose of the pyramids themselves, nor the purpose of the premises and passages (taking into account their location and size), which are present in the thickness of the pyramids, is currently unclear.
• despite the large volume cultural heritage of ancient Egypt, neither descriptions nor drawings associated with the construction of the pyramids, as well as their images themselves, have been found. The only known hieroglyph for "measures" is the pyramid.

The latter means that there are no direct indications of the construction of pyramids by the Egyptians of the era of the pharaohs (24 century BC), and all considerations on this score can only be guesses, suggesting an answer to the question about the functional and civilizational features of the pyramids. The reference to the "historical testimony of Herodotus" does not stand up to criticism, since this author only retold the rumors circulating at least 2 thousand years after the construction. The matter is complicated by the fact that throughout their history, both the inner contents of the pyramids and the building materials that make them up were objects of looting. In addition, restoration work could and can be carried out on the basis of erroneous ideas about the purpose of the pyramids and the possibilities of their builders.

There are several versions of the origin and purpose of the pyramids, substantiated to varying degrees. We list them along with the pros and cons.

1. Official :

The pyramids were religious and cultural structures erected in the 25-24th century BC, and the Egyptian civilization of that period had knowledge and technical capabilities, which were then lost.

"Behind":

A) A large number of mastabas are known - tombs of a specific design, which could be the rudimentary form of pyramids. The cult of the afterlife was widely developed in ancient Egypt, therefore, additional structures both inside the mastaba (a chamber with sculptures, a vertical shaft with a sarcophagus in the burial chamber at the bottom), and it itself ("bench") could give impetus to the development of pyramid building. It is believed that the architect Imhotep built the very first - step - pyramid of Pharaoh Djoser in Sakkara in this way.

B) In structures near the pyramids (temples) and inside some pyramids (but not in the Great Ones!), Cult hieroglyphic texts addressed to the deities were found.

C) A number of hypothetical methods of transportation and installation of the blocks that make up the pyramid (for example, using ramps) have been proposed, as well as a hypothesis about the use of concrete, inspired by the extremely accurate fit of adjacent blocks.

"Against":

A) The passages and premises of the mastabs, although they look strange from a modern point of view, as a rule, allow the transportation of existing or existing objects to the chambers, finished more carefully than the passages themselves. In the Great Pyramids, the passages (including inclined ones) are carefully finished and have fixed slopes of 26 ° 31 'and fixed dimensions of 1.05x1.20 m, poorly suited for transportation.

B) With the strangeness of the design itself, (for example, a vertical shaft), mastabs do not contain unexplained structural elements found in the Great Pyramids. So in the Cheops pyramid there are: several chambers, one of which with a "sarcophagus", a cork, multidirectional passages, false passages, "ventilation" oriented tunnels, discharge chambers, an antecedent chamber with grooves, presumably for movable vertical partitions, the Great Gallery, walls with grooves ... A Test Corridor was built near the pyramid, exactly repeating one of the nodes of the internal structure of the pyramid. Other Great Pyramids also have features such as multilevel, multi-directional chambers and passages with a fixed size and tilt.

C) The proposed methods of laying blocks have not passed the successful tests undertaken in our time. There is evidence of unsuccessful attempts to transport a corresponding number of similar blocks and stack them in a pyramid using modern technology (everything stalled on the 10th row). A simple calculation shows that if we accept the official hypothesis about the duration of construction, (for example), of the Cheops pyramid equal to 20 years, then with an average block mass of 1.5-2 tons, one block per minute must be laid continuously for all 20 years, which seems unlikely. The issue of producing a huge amount of stone chips for the production of concrete with primitive crushing of stone is also unclear.

D) The pyramids in Zabiet and Abusir, presumably built before and after the pyramids of Giza, have the same deviation order (5-10 degrees of arc, according to the book of Fakhri) from the high-precision (3 minutes of arc) north-south orientation, characteristic of the Great Pyramids of Giza. This sets the Great Pyramids apart from others, about the origin and purpose of which can be more informed.

1. Geographic:

The appearance on the territory of ancient Egypt of representatives of a highly developed civilization that came from another region of the Earth, and their disappearance later. The construction of the Great Pyramids dates back to the same period.

"Behind":

A) The pyramids in Zaviet and Abusir, supposedly built before and after the pyramids of Giza, have the same deviation order (5-10 degrees of arc) (according to Fakhri's book) from the high-precision (3 minutes of arc) north-south orientation characteristic of the Great Pyramids of Giza. This indicates that egyptians before and after the construction of the Great Pyramids, they did not have the appropriate astronomical knowledge. Or the dating of the pyramids is incorrect.

B) The arrangement and use of the internal details of the Great Pyramids for ritual and cult purposes by the Egyptians of the period of the pharaohs of the 4-5 dynasties is not reflected in the sources and is the opinion of historians.

C) Various written sources mention the existence on Earth of a highly developed civilization destroyed by a catastrophe.

"Against":

A) There are no known written sources that touch upon the issues of interaction with this highly developed civilization at the everyday level (conflicts, trade), in various sources only a disappeared civilization is mentioned, the nature and level of development of which can be guessed at.

B) There are no direct indications that she manifested herself precisely on the territory of Egypt. Only Egyptian myths about the gods can be considered as indirect indications.

C) It is not known where this people came from and where they went.

1. Temporary:

The creation of the Great Pyramids happened several millennia before the era of the pharaohs by some developed and then disappeared civilization.

"Behind":

A) The walls of the Great Pyramids bear traces of ancient (presumably the time of the pharaohs) restoration: vertical supports of the areas directly under the cladding.

B) Traces of streaks on the walls of the passages in the pyramids can be interpreted in terms of climatic changes that took place during the 12-4th millennium BC.

C) The pyramids in Zaveet and Abusir, built after the pyramids of Giza, have the same deviation order (several degrees of arc, according to the book of Fakhri) from the high-precision (3 minutes of arc) north-south orientation, characteristic of the Great Pyramids of Giza. This may indicate that the Egyptians built pyramids in imitation of those that already existed and did not have the corresponding astronomical and technological knowledge.

D) Inconsistency of the internal structure of the Great Pyramids with their use for ritual and cult purposes, typical for the representations of the Egyptians during the time of the pharaohs.

"Against":

A) There are no written sources and artifacts of the established purpose left over from this civilization.

1. Space:

Participation of extraterrestrial civilizations in the construction of the pyramids.

"Behind":

A) The accuracy of the astronomical orientation of the axes of the pyramids along the north-south line, which has no known practical meaning for Earthly needs, either then or now.

"Against":

A) There is no direct evidence of the existence of an extraterrestrial civilization in the form of recognized artifacts of a specified purpose or specific texts.

2 Key limitations

Let us highlight three important aspects of the problems associated with pyramids, and one significant additional circumstance, without which it makes no sense to consider hypotheses about the purpose of the pyramids.

1. Ultra-high technology for processing durable materials and the scope of its application
2. Ultra-high accuracy of astronomical references
3. Supergiant by conventional standards

Circumstance:

There are several pyramids in a limited area with the indicated properties, in particular, only on the Giza plateau, there are three Great Pyramids nearby. (The connection between geographically separated regions of the location of the pyramids, both in Egypt itself and beyond, requires separate consideration).

In this regard, let us make a few remarks concerning the known hypotheses about the possible purpose of the pyramids:

1. The assumption of the cult purpose of the Great Pyramids in itself does not require the involvement of any of these aspects. This follows from the fact of the existence of ordinary pyramids, which, according to the same official version and official dating, were built both before and after the Great Pyramids, and more reasonably satisfy the assumption of their cult purpose. At the same time, the cult purpose allows any assumptions that do not serve the purpose of analysis.
2. Assumption of the cultural purpose of the pyramids as such and the use of their shape and parameters as an intercivilizational carrier of knowledge:

• The hypotheses related to the main role of the remarkable numerical and geometric relationships are not consistent with the existence of the Test Corridor, in which a specific node is modeled, which is not necessary for this case.
• The hypothesis of the pyramid as a light cone in the Finsler extension of general relativity does not seem convincing due to the existence of several large pyramids, located quite close and differing in external and internal details.

1. Assumptions about the technogenic purpose of the pyramids allow us to make the following statements:

A) Taken separately (as completed structures), the Great Pyramids cannot be devices other than energy generators, since multiple duplication of any other device at such a small distance from each other, requiring significant efforts during installation, does not seem rational (at the level of knowledge and the technology of the 21st century of our civilization). In this case, the scale of the pyramids may indicate the possibility of using geophysical energy sources, possibly confined to faults or other features of the earth's crust in the regionassociated with mechanical movements. However, if all or several pyramids are such energy generators, then it is natural to expect their identical internal structure, which is not observed.

B) Taken together (as a completed structure), the Great Pyramids can be another device (for example, a communication device) that inevitably needs a source of energy, which may be one of them. Then between the components of this device (pyramids) there must be a connection that unites them.

The rest of the set of hypotheses contains too many unsubstantiated (fantastic) assumptions, and their consideration is premature.

Assuming the purpose of the pyramids, in particular, the Giza complex, technogenic, it should be assumed that aspects 1-3 are interrelated and ranked. So:

• 1 is auxiliary in nature, provides 2 and 3 and indicates the possible level of tasks solved by the owners of this technology using 2 and 3;
• Either 3 is needed for 2, i.e. large mass or size is required for the use of pyramids in astronomical applications;
• Either 2 is needed for 3, i.e., to use the pyramids, taking into account their scales, their exact orientation is necessary, associated with the direction of the Earth's axis of rotation;
• Either 2 and 3 are independent circumstances.

1. Waveguide-horn hypothesis

Let us apply the above methodological considerations to discuss a hypothesis, some individual aspects of which have been encountered earlier.

Preliminary results of seismic measurements (vertical displacements) carried out in October 2004 [O. Khavroshkin and V. Tsyplakov] indicate a tenfold increase in noise at individual frequencies observed at the tops of the pyramids compared to similar measurements at their foot. This confirms the well-known assumption about the possibility of using pyramids as detectors, amplifiers or signal sources in antennas tuned to a certain frequency. Seismic and low-frequency acoustic waves are meant here, however, if there is a granite lining or other granite elements, then they can become electromagnetic, since granites, firstly, have piezoelectric properties, and secondly, they are conductive. This leads to the following considerations.

It is known that "waveguide-horn" antenna systems are widely used in communication technology in the microwave range. Such a device usually has the form

where the parameters are determined by the range of the used radio emission and the required gain. The metal structure consists of a waveguide of variable (expanding) section with an open radiating end, i.e. contains a waveguide attached to the narrow end of the horn. Horns can vary in shape, in particular, pyramidal horn antennas are antennas in the form of a tetrahedral pyramid, with a rectangular cross section. They are the most widely used type horn antennas and radiate linearly polarized waves.

In Fig. 3 and 4 show schematic images of the Cheops pyramid, and Fig. 4 is a projection rotated to align with the antenna.

In addition to transmission, such antennas are also used for reception, in particular, in many radio telescopes, and the waveguide part is located inside a horn (usually parabolic). In the focus of the antenna is a sensitive element that serves as a receiver (in other cases, a source) of the signal. Fig. 5 (left) shows a granite "sarcophagus" in the Tsar's chamber (center), and on the right - the carefully finished edge of the "sarcophagus" in Abussir, the inner surface of which is finished with an insulating material.

Wherein the antenna is tuned in its waveguide part using pins or diaphragms... Figure 6 shows the vertical grooves in the antechamber in front of

the king's chamber, where there were movable granite slabs, presumably blocking the entrance, and a modern device for adjusting the waveguide. Horn antennas very broadband and match well with the feed line - in fact, the antenna bandwidth is determined by the properties of the exciting waveguide... These antennas are characterized by a low level of the back lobes of the radiation pattern. Low Gain Horn Antennas simple constructively, achieving high gain requires the use of phase-equalizing devices ( lenses or mirrors) in the opening of the horn. Without such devices, the antenna has to be made impractically long. In Fig. 4 it can be seen that the profile of the rock substrate under the Cheops pyramid has a curvature.

The concept of the moves as electroacoustic waveguides explains the need for careful finishing and tight connection of adjacent blocks that form the move. In this case, the "ventilation shafts" between the Tsar's chamber and the surface of the Cheops pyramid or a side exit in the Broken Pyramid (Fig. 7) can

used for contact providing the necessary phasing between the signal source / receiver in the central regions of the pyramid and its surface. The moves in the Queen's chamber that do not reach the surface can also serve as reflective delay lines. In the currently known technology, in sound lines used as delay lines, an electrical signal is converted into mechanical vibrations using an electromechanical transducer, which then propagate in the form of elastic waves in a certain direction through the sound line and are then again converted into an electrical signal. The delay time of the output signal relative to the input signal is determined by the acoustic parameters of the acoustic duct environment, its dimensions and configuration, and the type of waves. Acoustic waves can be of different types and types, and the delay lines, according to the type of acoustic conduit used, can be with multiple reflections (with a direct beam path, curled, polygonal, wedge-shaped). The strictly rectilinear shape of the strokes (Fig. 8) can

indicate the use and bending vibrations of the whole stroke. In conventional delay lines, piezoelectric or magnetostrictive transducers are usually used as electromechanical transducers. In pyramids, this is also possible due to the presence of piezocrystalline properties in quartz, which is part of granite. Ultrasonic delay lines have a delay from fractions of a millisecond to tens of milliseconds and are used, in particular, as distance (height) calibrators for radar and radio navigation devices.

It is known that the nodes circled in Fig. 6 have their copies made next to the pyramid in the so-called Test Corridor (Fig. 9). Apparently he is

a model on which some properties of the device were worked out or tested, since the Test Corridor contains: a descending corridor; connecting it with the ascending corridor; horizontal branch to the queen's chamber; mounting base so-called the plate of the Big Bridge, which covered the horizontal passage; and the beginning of the Great Gallery with a characteristic gutter and side ramps. The corridors on the model are made much shorter than in the pyramid, but the angles of inclination are strictly maintained, which indicates their role. A vertical well extending from the surface of the plateau to the junction of the model's ascending and descending corridors may have provided rapid delivery to the junction of granite plug samples or other removable parts. A warehouse of such plugs (or blanks for them) or other parts can be found on the eastern side of the Khafre pyramid (Fig. 10). Another "warehouse" of this type may be the Serapium, where there are more than 20 "sarcophagi" made with amazing precision.

Note also the details that are missing in the Test Corridor, but are present in the pyramid. On the stone ramps of the replica of the Great Gallery ramp in the Test Corridors, there are no characteristic brick-shaped recesses, which most researchers consider technical; in the upward pass of the model there are no so-called. Frame stones; there are no traces of the mouth of the Evacuation Well (irregular shape). All this probably indicates the auxiliary nature of the listed details, which are not essential for the operation of the device.

The existence of the Test Corridor suggests that not only the internal components of the device, but also the horn itself could be simulated. Then it turns out that the role of such models could be played by the pyramids of Khafre and Mikerin on Giza, as well as other pyramids. So, for example, the step pyramid of Djoser, considered the first of the Great Pyramids in terms of construction time, can be compared with the following conventional radio-technical device (Fig. 11),

on whose horn the steps are clearly visible. They provide wider bandwidth, lower sidelobe levels, and less cross-polarization when less than the wavelength of the radiation being used.

Note : The internal structure of the Djoser pyramid is the least different from that of traditional mastabas, so it can be assumed that such a multistage horn design did not satisfy the creators right away, no installation was made inside, and the pyramid was later used as a mastaba (for example, by Imhotep).

The same comparisons can be made when considering the variations in the various angles and designs of the other five Great Pyramids, if we consider them as horns of antennas.

Of course, such modeling requires sufficient ease and ease in the manufacture of such bulky objects as pyramids, from which it follows that either the technological level of the designers allowed it, or they had no other choice. This means that the massive bodies of the pyramids have no independent meaning, but serve only as a support for horns and openwork internal devices such as corridors and chambers, the dimensions of which are determined by the required characteristics.

At the same time, it is known that two-dimensional arrays of separate horns are used to form narrow radiation patterns. For this, several weakly directional emitters are located in a certain way in space and are powered from a common generator, and the amplitudes and phases of their currents are selected appropriately. Therefore, it cannot be ruled out that, for example, the pyramids of Giza could be used as such a lattice. In this case, the Giza pyramids must have a waveguide (path) contact. This kind of structure can be compared with the roads from the pyramids to the valley, striking in the size of the blocks used and the accuracy of directions. There is also the mysterious Tomb of Osiris, which is a sequence of three chambers connected by vertical passages going to a depth of 30 m into the rocky mass of the Giza plateau. In the lower chamber there is a granite "sarcophagus", the dimensions of which exceed the dimensions of the passages leading from the surface.

As follows from the leading considerations given above, it cannot be ruled out that the totality of the Great Pyramids represents a gradual approach to the implementation of some device capable of emitting an electromagnetic signal. Indeed, there is a natural source of energy - seismic and seismoacoustic vibrations - part of which is collected by the surface of the pyramid, while certain frequencies are released and amplified by about 10 times. In the thickness of the pyramid there are chambers with "sarcophagi" and without them, connected to the surface by waveguides, and the presence of piezoelectric details of the structure makes it possible to talk about the possibility of converting a seismoacoustic signal into an electrical one and vice versa.

The following circumstances remain unclear: the accuracy of the orientation of the Great Pyramids themselves in the north-south direction (minutes of the arc), construction shrinkage of structures (units of centimeters per millennium with the modern building standard of 15 cm per century), exact coincidence of the lengths of the sides of the squares lying at their base ( 5-15 centimeters against the background of hundreds of meters).

The existing accuracy of orientation cannot be explained within the framework of practical needs not related to the planet Earth as a whole. Therefore, if we assume that the pyramids are a communication device, then the signal is directed outside the Earth. An arbitrary orientation of the antenna relative to the surface is suitable for communication with a satellite or navigation while moving in orbit, while significant power is required to provide a noticeable signal in all directions. In addition, due to the stationary fixing of the internal parts of the pyramid in its thickness, the rotation of the planet around its axis makes it difficult to use stationary oriented antennas with a narrow radiation pattern for any purpose, except for navigation. Note that a rotating planet has two fixed points - poles. This means that the operation of the navigation (or emergency) beacon is naturally coordinated with the current direction of the planet's axis of rotation. In particular, checking the planet for the presence of a beacon signal can be quickly performed (only two points need to be checked), and the power of the beacon emitter can be moderate. In this case, an accurate north-south orientation is required, as is the case with pyramids. Ideally, the direction of radiation should correspond to latitude, i.e. about 30 °, but the width of the radiation pattern and considerations of convenience during construction (they are also taken into account in the modern standard for brick sizes) allow us to admit 26.5 °, which are observed in inclined descending passages, usually identified as entrances to the pyramid. Finally, it would be natural to provide such a signal with a feature that distinguishes it from the natural background. Such a feature may be the polarization of an electromagnetic wave, which corresponds to rectangular sections of the waveguides. The signal - a plane polarized electromagnetic wave - is emitted in a direction close to the direction of the Earth's axis of rotation. This explains the accuracy of orientation and the requirement to avoid shrinkage of the structure. The requirements for the accuracy of matching the lengths of the sides of the square lying at the base of the horn are the least understood, and possibly dictated by the design of the horn antenna, in which only the base rim is the piezoelectric part.

Thus, the “waveguide-horn” hypothesis associated with the pyramid design leads to a hypothesis about its purpose: the pyramid (or the complex of the Great Pyramids of Egypt) is a space beacon of emergency, navigational or legal nature. If, as above, we assume that during the erection of the pyramids there was a sequential refinement of their design, then this means that their construction was not planned, and such a lighthouse has an emergency character. Consideration of other similar structures in other regions of the Earth requires separate consideration.

1. Verification capabilities

To test the hypothesis put forward, it is necessary to conduct simultaneous seismographic and electromagnetic surveys of all the Great Pyramids, as well as the Test Corridor. The seismograph, located as high as possible, should record the spectrum of seismic noise, and the receiving radio antenna, located opposite the downward path, should record the spectrum of electromagnetic signals. It should be possible to register the polarization of the radio signal. If there is a correlation between these signals, then this will speak in favor of this hypothesis. It is also possible to analyze records of the electromagnetic background received from a satellite orbit over the pole, if such records exist and are available. A complicating factor is that during the period of their existence, the pyramids were subject to destruction, as well as arbitrary restoration. Therefore, their design may be broken.

The stated hypothesis may not be reliable, but it illustrates the method that should be applied when analyzing this problem.

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Pyramids

The mysterious pyramids of Egypt

The Egyptian pyramid of Djoser, better known as the step pyramid, is located in Sakkara, 30 km from Cairo. A visit to the pyramid is part of the Dashur-Sakkara tour. It is worth visiting this pyramid at least out of curiosity, because this is the very first pyramid built in honor of the ruler Djoser. The peculiarity of the pyramid is that it is made in a stepped form. Six steps is the path along which the pharaoh goes to the afterlife, according to historians. Inside the pyramid there are 11 burial chambers for the pharaoh and his family members. In the process archaeological site Djoser himself was not found, only the mummies of his relatives. This is due to the fact that by the time the excavations began, the tomb had already been plundered in order.

An excursion to Sakkara with a visit to the Djoser pyramid will cost about $ 80 per person.

Pyramid of Mikerin

The pyramid is located on the Giza plateau next to other famous pyramids - Cheops and Khafre. Compared to them, the Pyramid of Mikerin is considered the smallest and youngest pyramid of the famous triad. The peculiarity of this pyramid is in its color - up to the middle it was made of red granite, and above it was made of white limestone. But in the 16th century, the cladding was destroyed by the Mamluk warriors. The fact that the pyramid of Mikerin is relatively small is explained by scientists by the fact that the Egyptians stopped making grandiose tombs. But despite this, the pyramid never ceases to amaze scientists and travelers. For example, the largest stone block weighs about 200 tons! What technical means helped the ancient Egyptians so much? An excursion to the pyramid is included in the travel program in Cairo, its cost is approximately $ 60 per person.

Pyramid of Mikerin

The Pyramid of Cheops

There is hardly a person. who would not know the main attraction of Egypt - the pyramid of Cheops. The height of this one of the Seven Wonders of the World today is 140 meters, and the area is about 5 hectares. The pyramid consists of 2.5 million stone blocks. The construction of the pyramid took 20 years. Several thousand years have passed since the construction of the Cheops pyramid, but the Egyptians still greatly honor the pyramid, and every year in August they celebrate the day of the beginning of its construction. Despite the fact that the research and excavation of the pyramid, it still keeps many secrets. For example, in the burial room of the Pharaoh's wife, secret doors were found, which, according to scientists, symbolize the path to the afterlife. But the archaeologists could not open the last door. The cost of an excursion to the Giza plateau with a visit to the pyramids is 50-60 dollars. For children, the ticket will cost half the price.

Pyramid of Khafre

Although the pyramid of Khafre is 4 meters smaller than the pyramid of Cheops, visually it seems higher. The secret is that the pyramid stands on a ten-meter plateau and is very well preserved to this day. The pyramid has two entrances - one at a height of 15 m, and the other on the same side at the base level. Inside the pyramid of Khafre is quite modest - two rooms and a couple of corridors, but here is a real sarcophagus of the pharaoh. The tomb is made at the highest level and does not leave indifferent any of the tourists. The tomb itself is empty.

Archaeologists found a grandiose find in a pyramid in the 19th century - a sculpture of a pharaoh made of mountain diorite.

The cost of an excursion to the Khafre pyramid is about $ 60.

Pyramid of Khafre

Dashur

This place is not as popular as the Giza plateau with its pyramids. Dashur is famous for its pyramids, which were built during the reign of Pharaoh Snofu. These structures are considered to be the first tombs in history, built according to new types of structures.

The southern pyramid, which is better known as the Broken Line, got its name from its irregular shape. During its construction, the angles of the edges were changed for some unknown reason. Perhaps this was a mistake, but scientists explain it as a construction move with concern for the strength and durability of the pyramid. The main difference between the Broken Pyramid is. that it has two entrances - the "traditional" northern and almost never encountered southern.

Another attraction of Dashur is the Northern Pyramid, better known by its name as Red. The pyramid got its name from its facing red color. This is the first tomb with a regular pyramidal shape. It's very dark in the pyramid, so it's worth taking a flashlight with you. In the lowest burial chamber one can observe a high stepped ceiling, the same as in the gallery of the Cheops pyramid.

The cost of an excursion to Cairo, which includes a trip to Dashur, will cost an average of $ 85.

Perhaps every person wants to look at the pyramids. And if this is your dream since childhood, then a tour to Egypt is what you need. It is very easy to order such a tour today - it is enough to contact travel agencies of your city through a special form on our website, or contact with all questions of interest to you at 8-800-100-30-24.

An endless series of eras of human civilization keeps a huge amount of secrets and mysteries. Each of them requires close attention and study. The study is made difficult by those huge time intervals that separate the modern man from the affairs of the past. Looking at living people from eternity, the greatest architectural and artistic creations are not at all going to talk about how, by whom, and most importantly why they were created.

One of the most mysterious masterpieces of the times gone into oblivion are, without any doubt, pyramids of ancient egypt... These grandiose creations of human hands delight and fascinate, amaze in size and at the same time cause a feeling of deep bewilderment: why was it necessary to spend so much effort, energy, time on absolutely useless structures.

Most likely, those who lived 45 centuries ago wanted to emphasize the greatness of their era, the importance of their rulers, the inviolability of their power and closeness to the gods. Or maybe these structures contain some other meaning beyond the comprehension of modern man. All this is a secret sealed with seven seals, reliably hidden for millennia.

The first ancient pyramids of Egypt

The facts indicate that the first pyramid was built in Ancient Egypt under the founder of the III dynasty pharaoh Djoser... He ruled approximately in the years 2780-2760 BC. e. and radically changed the architectural style of tombs practiced before him.

From the end of the 4th millennium BC. e. the rulers were buried in mastabs - truncated pyramids. These were small structures made of stones, fastened together with clay mortar. In those distant times, they may have made an impression on people, but in the present century they are shapeless stone piles, not much resembling architectural creations.

The tomb of Djoser (located in Sakkara - 20 km south of Cairo) had nothing to do with mastaba. Rather, it was six mastabas stacked on top of each other. The lowest was also the widest. The subsequent mastaba was smaller, it was even smaller, even smaller higher. Thus, a stepped pyramid with a height of 62 meters and dimensions along the perimeter of 125 by 115 meters was obtained.

For those times, the building, of course, was magnificent. Developed it, designed it, and then implemented it pharaoh's vizier Imhotep... Apparently it was a very outstanding person, since her name survived for almost five thousand years. Imhotep is rightfully considered the founder of a new architectural style that lasted almost 200 years in Ancient Egypt.

The shape of the pyramids underwent significant structural changes during the time of the founder of the 4th dynasty pharaoh Sneferu (ruled 2613-2589 BC). Two pyramids are associated with his name, but these are no longer stepped, but fundamental structures with smooth sloping walls. One pyramid is called broken line - its height is 104 meters, another pyramid has a name pink... It is higher, its height is 109 meters.

The pyramids are located in Dakhshur, a desert area 26 kilometers south of Cairo. They are not alone in their greatness. Next to them there are 20 more pyramids of the pharaohs of the XII and XIII dynasties. In this necropolis, the Sneferu pyramids are the oldest, but despite the fact that other man-made tombs were built many centuries later, these two pyramids are much better preserved. They have not lost their geometric forms, have not crumbled under the weight of centuries, but continue to rise royally above the mortal earth, dispassionately looking at the world around them.

Such an amazing vitality is explained by completely different construction technologies, completely different from those by which the rest of the necropolis was built.

The pink and broken pyramids are assembled from granite blocks, perfectly processed and fitted to each other. These blocks are not fastened with mortar, but the structures stand like a monolith. The enormous weight reliably binds all the knots of these ideal architectural structures, while 46 centuries that have passed since their construction are proof of their strength.

The rest of the pyramids are assembled from ordinary rough stones, or rather cobblestones. They were tied with mortar and, laying on top of each other, created structures that were significantly inferior in strength to the pyramids of Sneferu. All this is rather strange, since for 700 years it was possible not only not to lose the technologies practiced during the 4th dynasty, but also to significantly improve them. The fact remains: in the construction of the broken and pink pyramids, more advanced construction methods were used than in later centuries.

In general, it falls out of the usual range of similar building structures. Its name already speaks about it. The fact is that the angle of inclination of the walls of this structure from the base to the middle of the height is 54 ° 31 ′. Further, the angle changes and is equal to 43 ° 21 ′. What is the reason for this architectural sophistication is unknown, although there are a lot of assumptions and theories.

Basically, the prevailing opinion is that in connection with the death of the pharaoh, they decided to accelerate the construction work and therefore made the slope of the upper parts of the walls steeper. Other researchers believe that it was just a "test of the pen." Until that time, nothing like this was built in Ancient Egypt, so they decided to create something original and dissimilar, but apparently this form did not find support from others and did not take root.

It got its name from the peculiar color of the stone blocks from which it is laid. The blocks have a pale pink color and are filled with a corresponding shade in the setting rays of the sun. This was the reason to call it a pink pyramid. Although in ancient times it was not pink at all, but white. This is the color of the white limestone cladding. Over the centuries, the coating peeled off and exposed pink limestone, from which, in fact, the pyramid was assembled.

The Sneferu pyramids are huge, but they cannot be compared with similar structures located on the Giza plateau (northwest of Cairo). There are three pyramids here, two of them are striking in their size. The largest is the pyramid of the son of Sneferu pharaoh Cheops (ruled 2589-2566 BC). Its original height was 146.6 meters, and it is composed of 2.3 million limestone blocks.

A bird's eye view of the Great Pyramids of Giza

The top of the pyramid was covered with white limestone, the top was decorated with a pyramidion: a stone of polished granite. It was covered with gilding and shone majestically in the rays of the sun. At the base of the stone there was a square ledge, at the top of the pyramid there was a recess for it. The pyramidion was thus securely fastened at a great height, perfectly complementing the grandiose picture of the greatest construction on the planet.

On the east side, a temple and three pyramids for queens adjoined the pyramid. Today, only one foundation remains of the temple, while small pyramids have survived. The temple located in the valley was also destroyed. It was connected with the pyramid of Cheops by a road. But the “sun boat” of the ruler, made of cedar, remained in excellent condition. After the death of the pharaoh, it was disassembled and placed in a vault at the foot of the pyramid, apparently considering that in the afterlife it would be necessary for the formidable ruler.

How the pyramid of Cheops was built

Such a huge structure at all times caused people to ask one question - how did they manage to create such a masterpiece. Each block of the pyramid weighs at least two tons; in total, as already mentioned, there are more than two million of them. All of them are perfectly matched to each other and raised to different heights. In addition, there are three chambers inside the pyramid. The uppermost burial chamber of the king is lined with granite blocks weighing 60 tons each.

This chamber is located at a height of 43 meters from the base of the monumental structure. Lifting such blocks by tens of meters is a truly difficult task. However, the Egyptians somehow coped with this and even perfectly fitted the granite slabs to each other. There are no gaps between them, which speaks of the highest production technique.

Hemiun

The architect of the pyramid is called the vizier of the pharaoh Cheops Khemiun... It was Hemiun who designed this structure and supervised its construction. He died shortly before the end of the work, which, according to ancient sources, lasted 20 long years. Two decades of titanic labor have produced the greatest architectural masterpiece “on the mountain”, which has been shaking the human imagination for 45 centuries.

So how could Hemiun build such splendor? There is no definite answer to this question. There are various versions and assumptions. One of the versions claims that the blocks were not raised to a great height at all. The workers pounded the limestone, turned it into powder, removed the moisture, and thus it became ordinary cement. The latter was poured into special formwork located directly on the pyramid under construction, diluted with water, added stone, crushed stone for bundling, and received monolithic blocks.

Does this theory have a practical basis? Limestone is a rocky rock of medium hardness. It is cut and sanded using modern technologies. But how to turn more than six million tons of rock (the weight of the Cheops pyramid is 6.3 million tons) into powder is a rather laborious task, rather even impossible. It is unlikely that Hemiun would have dared to do such an action. Besides, where would he take so much wood to simultaneously make several hundred formwork.

Wood in Ancient Egypt was worth its weight in gold. It was transported from distant lands, and it was very expensive. Taking into account all the costs, it would be easier to cast gold bars and mold them into a tomb for the pharaoh. True, then it would not have stood for 45 centuries, but it would have cost less.

Another point of view looks much more realistic. Some American and French researchers adhere to it. Having carefully studied the internal and external structure of the ancient structure, they put forward a rather interesting theory, which is offered to the judgment of discerning readers.

In this case, it is planned to install an external ramp at the beginning of construction. A ramp means an embankment along which the slabs are dragged to the place where they should lie. The pyramid grows, the height of the ramp also increases. In addition to the height, its length also increases: after all, the flatter the embankment, the easier it is to drag blocks along it.

But at a certain height, a moment comes when it becomes problematic to lengthen the ramp. To maintain the minimum angle, it is necessary to build up the embankment by a kilometer or more. In terms of its volume, such a structure is already beginning to surpass the pyramid under construction. But its height is 146.6 meters. This is what kind of embankment is needed, and even with a slope angle of a maximum of 10 °.

Hemiun found a way out of a seemingly hopeless situation. The tomb chamber for the king is at a height of 43 meters. It was up to this point that the outer ramp was made in order to drag 60 ton slabs along it. If the size of the embankment allowed, then the camera would have been made much higher, but this height was critical.

To this place, along the outer ramp, 600 people could easily drag a huge and heavy block. These boulders were moved on a sled. Logs were hardly used, since the wheel was not yet known at that time, so the corresponding analogies most likely could not come to the heads of the builders.

Above, according to the project, there were already stone blocks weighing 2-3 tons. In order to lay them, an internal ramp was made. It was a narrow spiral-shaped cavity, gently rising upward. It was located, and now it is located, very close to the edges of the pyramid, above the "king's chamber". If you know where to hammer the walls, then the internal ramp is easy to find.

Five unloading cavities were installed above the chamber, between which stone slabs were placed. A gable ceiling was placed over them. We did this to evenly distribute the weight of the overlying layers of a huge structure.

The weight of these layers is 1.5 million tons. If there were no unloading cavities, then a huge mass of stones would have crushed the "king's chamber" trimmed with black granite, like a nut shell.

The very process of installing the upper blocks was as follows: the outer ramp was dismantled to a height of over 15 meters. That is, to the place where the main entrance to the pyramid is located (after the completion of the work, it was sealed with a granite plug). This is where the stone blocks were dragged, from which the entire upper part of the pyramid was laid out with a height of more than 100 meters.

The blocks were dragged along an ascending corridor, which abuts against the "king's chamber". Currently, this tunnel is divided into an ascending corridor and a Grand Gallery. The large gallery is a high and narrow passage 48 meters long and 8 meters high. Right in the middle of the gallery, a square depression extends its entire length. Its width is 1 meter, depth is 60 centimeters. There are 27 pairs of grooves on the side projections. The passage ends with a horizontal ledge with a smooth surface, 2 and 1 meter wide and long, respectively.

Here 45 centuries ago, wooden guides were installed, along which a sled was moved, with a stone block lying on them. The guides were held on wooden blocks driven into the recesses of the side protrusions. The next block was dragged to a horizontal ledge, and from it was moved to the inner ramp, the entrance to which is located next to the "king's chamber". Researchers have not yet reached it, but there is no doubt that it will be discovered in the near future.

Then the two-ton block was pulled along the ramp to the construction site. Here the builders laid it in one of the rows and took up the next one. They laid out the outer rows of blocks first, and then the inner ones, in order to preserve the correct geometric shapes of the huge structure. It was a very difficult and precise matter: after all, it is many times more difficult to correctly expose an inclined surface than a vertical one. However, the ancient engineers succeeded brilliantly.

The Pyramid of Cheops
and the highest
structures of the world

After the majestic structure was erected, it was covered with white limestone slabs. Now there is nothing left of the facing on the Cheops pyramid. All of it was taken away long ago by the inhabitants of Cairo to build their houses. The pitiful remains of white limestone can only be observed on the neighboring pyramid - pyramid of Khafre.

The height of this structure is 143.5 meters. According to legend, it was crowned with a granite pyramidion decorated with pure gold. When he disappeared from the top, where he is now is unknown. The construction technology of this structure is fully consistent with the one by which the largest pyramid was erected - the pyramid of Cheops.

Hefren created his creation almost 40 years after the father of Pharaoh Cheops. The years of his reign fall on 2558-2532 BC. e. From 2556 to 2558 BC e. in Egypt another pharaoh reigned - Jedefra. He was the elder brother of Khafre, but he built his pyramid in Abu Roash - 10 km. north of Giza.

Its height after construction was only 68 meters, but the pyramid was faced not with white limestone, but with red granite. They took him from the very south of the country, since they could not find it closer.

The third pyramid at Giza, standing next to two giants, is pyramid of Mikerin... Unlike its colleagues, its height is only 66 meters. In terms of volume, it is 10 times smaller than the Cheops pyramid. This pharaoh, who took power after Khafre, was not distinguished by apparently exorbitant ambitions and showed modesty unusual for such people.

It seems that most likely the matter is not in the modesty and vanity of the ruler, but in the economy of Ancient Egypt. Seventy years of continuous construction of gigantic structures that do not bring absolutely any profit, but, on the contrary, siphon off all funds from the treasury, have undermined the welfare of the state so much that it simply did not have the opportunity to build further something grandiose and prohibitively huge.

So you can only sincerely sympathize with Mikerin. His creation looks very faded against the general fundamental and majestic background and does not make the proper impression on the true connoisseurs of antiquity who come from all over the world to look at the pyramids of Ancient Egypt.

Other ancient pyramids of Egypt

Actually, with Mikerin, the construction of the Great Pyramids stopped. Nothing else was created by the pharaohs that would take the breath away and lead to a state of delight. The first pharaoh of the V dynasty Userkaf (reigned 2465-2458 BC) built a pyramid 44.5 meters high. It is located in Sakkara, and today it represents a pile of poorly processed stones that bear little resemblance to an architectural structure.

For some unknown reason, the brilliant technologies used in the installation of the pyramids of the pharaohs of the 4th dynasty came to naught. They have never been reborn. The pyramids, over all subsequent centuries, were built from carelessly processed stones or unbaked clay bricks and did not even remotely resemble the fundamental structures of the XXVI century BC. e.

Such construction continued until the XIII dynasty. This is the XVIII, beginning of the XVII century BC. e. It was in the 17th century BC. e. the era of the erection of grandiose structures ended, and the pyramids of Ancient Egypt became history. In the future, the rulers of this state have never practiced anything like this.

Thus, about a hundred pyramids were built in Ancient Egypt. They are all located on the left bank of the Nile from Abu Roash to Meidum (70 km south of Cairo) on a limestone plateau. They were created in different centuries by different people, but there are no architectural differences in the appearance of these structures, unless they differ in volume and height.

Who built the Great Pyramids and why

The pyramids of the pharaohs of the 4th dynasty stand apart. During their construction, completely different technologies were used, and the quality of the work stands out sharply against the general background of rather primitive and clumsy structures. Some researchers explain this by the fact that slave labor was not used in the construction of these structures. Hired brigades of workers built magnificent structures - hence the corresponding quality. Subsequently, forced labor was used in such works, which immediately affected such original tombs for the pharaohs.

Perfectly finished and fitted stone blocks from one of the Great Pyramids

Such an argument may convince someone, but certain things catch the eye that cannot be explained from this position. In particular - the ideal processing of stone blocks from which the pyramids are assembled. Their surfaces look mirror-smooth. This can only be done using special equipment for stone processing. Nowadays, there are appropriate machines and tools, but where could they come from 45 centuries ago, in the Bronze Age.

Another particular is traces of erosion in the lower layers of the pyramids, which indicates their long stay in the water. They even find shells - this once again emphasizes that the time of the creation of such majestic structures can be safely attributed to more ancient eras, when the climate was not so arid, and the limestone plateau was very often flooded with water.

And finally, why did it all decide that the Great Pyramids were built by Sneferu, Cheops and their successors. Where is that written? This point of view exists with the light hand of the ancient Greek historian Herodotus (484-425 BC). This venerable husband visited Egypt in 445 BC. e., communicated with local representatives of the nobility, priests and even described the construction of the pyramid of Cheops. But how much does all this correspond to the truth? This master was caught on serious distortions more than once historical facts, but when they mean the pyramids of Ancient Egypt, they believe him unconditionally.

And one more particular - in the same pyramid of Cheops there are no images and inscriptions indicating its creator. But such attributes were an integral part of the funerary art of this state. And the granite sarcophagus itself in the "king's chamber", apparently, never served as a storage place for his mummified body. At least there is no evidence and traces that it was once there.

Sculpture of the Great Sphinx

It is also impossible to ignore such a creation of architecture as sculpture of the Great Sphinx... It is carved out of a monolithic limestone rock and although it has nothing in common with any of the pyramids of Ancient Egypt, it is an integral part of the man-made complex in Giza.

The dimensions of the sphinx are truly enormous: 73 meters long, 20 meters high. Over the millennia, the sculpture has been covered with sand up to its neck. From time to time, they tried to clear it, although they were limited only to the front part. They completely cleared and learned the true volumes only in 1925.

The face of the Great Sphinx has pronounced negroid features

There is an assumption that it was built during the time of Pharaoh Djedefre. He created it in memory of his father, but for some reason the face has pronounced negroid features. Some researchers, pointing to a disproportionately small head, argue that at first it was the face of a lion, but then one of the later rulers of the state ordered the unnecessary to be cut down and immortalized his face.

Interestingly, there are clearly visible horizontal stripes on the sculpture. This is erosion, indicating that the sphinx was once in water up to its neck. When? During the great flood, which took place 11 thousand years BC. e. according to Sumerian mythology, or during floods - they were a frequent occurrence in the 5th millennium BC. e. Then it turns out that it was created long before the Egyptian pyramids or simultaneously with them, but at a time much earlier than 45 centuries ago. Who created, when and why?

There are many questions, but no specific answers. Even the above-described theory of the construction of the Cheops pyramid does not have a single practical proof. All these are just guesses and assumptions.

Based on all that has been said, the conclusion suggests itself: the Great Pyramids were created by some other civilization that existed in these places for millennia before Ancient Egypt. And they were erected for purposes that the human mind cannot comprehend.

Maybe it was a powerful power station, maybe through the pyramids there was a connection with space. It is also possible that this could be a treatment center: the properties of the pyramids indicate that they have a beneficial effect on a living organism and kill pathogenic bacteria.

And then what about Cheops? Unfortunately, there are no traces of the powerful ruler, except for the pyramid with his name. The only thing is a small ivory figurine depicting this man. She was found in Giza in 1903.

People are looking, wondering, guessing, doubting. The pyramids of Ancient Egypt are devoid of throwing and hesitation. For 45 centuries, they have seen everything, it is impossible to surprise or excite them with something. Great man-made creations dispassionately gaze at the vain world, and even Time itself respectfully bows its head before them, recognizing them as equal to Eternity.

Article by ridar-shakin

Based on materials from foreign and Russian publications

The oldest pyramid in Egypt was built almost 5000 years ago,but recently, research has begun on a similar structure hidden under layers of earth and rubble, which is perhaps four times older.

If this is true, this fact could force to rewrite history and shed light on an unknown, but advanced for its time and powerful ancient civilization.

Megalith Gunung Padang was discovered in 1914 and is the largest in Indonesia. It is located 885 meters above sea level among volcanoes, banana palms and tea plantations 120 kilometers south of Jakarta.

Dr. Hillman, chief geologist at the Indonesian Geotechnical Research Center, believes the pyramid found would be proof of an ancient advanced civilization on Java and that most of steps of the pyramid was built by several generations of people. Some of the stones were joined together by an unknown ancient glue, and radiocarbon analysis showed that it was made around 7000 BC.

The structure is covered with massive rectangular stones of volcanic origin and possibly hides walls and rooms, steps and terraces, which indicates complex development.

Based on research using GPR, it was concluded that the hill above the structure is 100 meters thick and consists of several layers. Until now, artificial structures have been found at a maximum depth of 15 meters.

Experts date these layers three to four meters below the surface of the earth, 6500 and 12,500 years.

However, Dr. Hillman's findings are disputed, and 34 Indonesian archaeologists and geologists have filed a petition criticizing the methods and motives behind his project. They say the excavation threatens the safety of the megalith.

Volcanologist Suticno Bronto believes that the discovered structure is not a pyramid, but a crater of an old volcano, and the stones took their shape as a result of natural erosion, and not under the influence of humans. Another anonymous expert is skeptical about the existence of a developed ancient civilization, believing that the technical equipment of the people of that time was not sufficient to build a pyramid, because the tools found in a cave nearby, dating back to 7000 BC, were very primitive.

The oldest pyramids in the world

If the structure in West Java is indeed 20,000 years old, then it will be the oldest on Earth. In 1996, archaeologists discovered pyramids on the Atlantic coast of southern Brazil, built around 3000 BC, making them several hundred years older than the oldest pyramids in Egypt.

Brazilian pyramids are made from shells and were probably built in stages over decades or even centuries, The Independent says.

Djoser's pyramid

The oldest known pyramid in Egypt - the step pyramid of Djoser, which was built around 2700 BC e. and consists of six steps. An architect named Imhotep built it for the burial of Pharaoh Djoser. The ancient structure was damaged in 1992 by an earthquake that made a large hole in its domed roof, but restoration is in full swing.