Scandinavian mountains are mostly in the territory. Mountain System Scandinavian Mountains

Nature and her mastering man

Scandinavian Mountains stretched 1800 km through the entire Scandinavian Peninsula (Northern Europe) from the north-east to the southwest along the Western and North west Peninsula bordering on the Scandinavian coast. Their southern border passes 58 p. sh. In the north of the mountains, the Finmarken is transferred to the Finmarken plate, lying at 69 ° C. sh. The eastern part of the Scandinavian, mountains is adjacent to Norland plateorem. In the distant past, the outlines of this mountain ridge were partly reminded of their cool, sharp crests of the Alps outline, but over time, they acquired a different appearance, to a greater extent peculiar to the typical ancient mountains.

Today's Scandinavian mountains are no longer forming a solid chain of the ridges. The former ridge broke up to the irrelevant number of flatbed (farylds), rising a little more than 1000 m above sea level.

These are elongated flat plans, gentle from the east and steep in the West, where they sharply break off off the coast of the Norwegian Sea. They are very wide and, the farther east, the more destroyed by rivers and weathering.

The highest point of the Scandinavian Mountain is called Galhaoppiegen (2469 m). This mountain belongs to the array of Yotunheimer, lying in the southern part of the system.

Thanks to the powerful moves of the blocks of the earth's crust on the territory of Scandinavia, significant reductions of the relief were formed, meaning as tectonic valleys.

They cut out mining countryThereby breaking fidges into separate groups - mountain arrays. On the limits of some valleys, which laid their river beds, marine waters invade, forming famous fjords. It is far away in the landing of sea bays, surrounded by very cool rocky cliffs, sometimes with 100 m in height. On the Scandinavian mountains within Sweden is located National Park Sarere (Lapland), founded in 1909. The area of \u200b\u200bthis park is 1940 km², on its territory there are more than 90 mountains above 1800 m, the highest of them is called the Sarekkka (2089 m). The decoration of the picturesque area is 100 mountain glaciers and rivers with a lot of waterfalls.

Origin and age

Scandinavian mountains arose in the Caledonian era of the region (the so-called time of active geological processes on everything globe from 420 to 390 million years ago). The earth grade then rose, as never before, and formed incredible mountain ridges. On the planet for the first time there were hills, significantly superior to 2000 m above sea level.

The extensive ancient glaciation of the Scandinavian mountains, connected in the past with continental ice, led to the fact that local soils were frozen at a significant depth, which reaches several tens of meters.

Such were the Scandinavian mountains, combined into a mighty mining system with the Ranges of Great Britain, Svalbard and North America, since all this land was concluded at that time in a single array.

Throughout the last glacial era, the Scandinavian Mountains served as the center of European glaciation, from here the Giant Ice Languages \u200b\u200bdescended on the plains of France, Germany and Russia. Scandinavia covered an ice shield with a capacity of over 3000 m. The glacier continuously destroyed the Scandinavian Mountains: significantly lowered them, cut off U-shaped valleys. Granite fragments of the mountains in the form of boulders were transferred to ice tongues at huge distances. These boulders can be found even in the suburbs.

Scandinavian mountains, Scandinavian Highlands - a mountain system located in Norway (Western part and the northern tip) and Sweden ( east End). The greatest heights are located in the Norwegian territory in the southern third of Highlands: Galhapiggen (2469 m) on the Southemen's plateau; Approximately the same height adjacent peak on the same plateau, the south-west is located a high-height mark of 2405 m, south - 2340 m.

The highest peaks of the Scandinavian Mountains of the Swedish part of the Highlands are much norther (Kebnekayis, 2123 m; Sarek, 2090 m).

Most of the highland belongs to the region of Caledonian folding and formed by late-prototorozoic erupted and sedimentary metamorphic rocks, Paleozoic (mainly Cambria, Ordovik and Silurus) by volcanogenic and sedimentary strata (from the latter - shale, sandstones, limestones, etc.). Abundant intrusion.

The tectonic structure of the Scandinavian mountains is characterized by complex folding and coating structures that are directed towards the limiting Highlands with southetern Baltic crystal shield. His raised edge is involved in the structure of the Scandinavian mountains in the south and east. Mountain raises arose in Devon. After that, they were aligned, but in Neogen and the Quaternary period, they began to slowly rise slowly. Raise was accompanied by the faults of the earth's crust. In the formation of the relief of the Highland, a large role belongs to discharge dislocations.

At the Quaternary period, Highlands served as the Center for Mainland Folenation of Europe. The glacier's power exceeded 1500 m. Its exed activities led to the processing of elevated adhesive surfaces - Fildors (Fihellers). These surfaces are crowded with groups of pointed vertices - nunatakov. It was believed that all nunataki rose above the glacial cover, but it was established that in some cases they were covered with ice and not everywhere are real numbers. The glacial examination is also obliged to the emergence of the heads of the rocky hills - lab bams and numerous lubricants with lakes and swamps. The continental glaciation in the reduction passed on both slopes of the Highlands in the valley, fed by the preserved glacial covers of the drive part-based surfaces.

A sharp contrast of fjelds of the drive part-based part of the highland is strongly dissected west Coast. Here are numerous trigger valleys developed by glaciers, which descended from the drive-separating surfaces towards the coast. They go to the upper in the narrow sea bays - fjords - with high and steep rocky shores. Their directions and outlines are predetermined by tectonic faults. These are also treated valleys treated with glaciers, which are flooded (in the lower parts) by marine waters.

In the main valleys, fluvioxy and alluvial terraces attached to the levels of marine terraces are observed. There are various karst phenomena in the propagation of limestones. The leading role in modern relief formation belongs to erosion, and in the upper tier of the Scandinavian mountains - the activities of the snow (including avalante) and ice.

The eastern slope of the head of the western. Over it, the glaciers, which have developed numerous trigger valleys and hollows engaged in lakes, who are elongated in the direction of ice in the east-south-east and southeast, also descended from the actuator Fildors. A tectonic ledge facing the Baltic Crystal Shield and Baltic Sea, Highlands is separated here from the raised outskirts of this shield of the plateau Norland (up to 800 meters. High.). Its step is tilted to the east-southeast, it is a denudation plain with lakes, moraine hills and processed mainland glaciers from solid crystalline rocks - monadcasts.

In the north, the Scandinavian Mountains are transferred to a low (300-500 m) of the Finmarken Svoyed plogram with separate vertices exceeding 1000 m (Chuokkarassa, 1139 m).

Western and eastern slopes of Highland are sharply different in climatic terms. The climate of the Norwegian coastal slopes are wet sea, very soft, with anomalously warm winter due to the brings of cyclones of warm air from the ocean side and the sweeping effect of the north-atlantic flow.

In the north, along the external shores Lofoten IslandsIn January, the temperature anomaly compared to the average latitudinal temperature is + 24 ° and is the greatest in the world. The climate of the eastern slopes of the Highlands is less wet and more continental, with significant contrasts between the summer and winter.

Due to the large meridional length of the Scandinavian mountains, significant differences are created between the south and the north. Great, naturally, the difference in the climate of the coast and the eastern foot of the mountains, on the one hand, and the strip of severe highlands - on the other.

The average January temperature on the Atlantic coast from + 2 ° in the south to -4 ° in the north, July - respectively from 14 to 8 ° - summer, therefore, cool.

In the upper Scandinavian mining tier average temperature January descends to 16 °, July - up to +8, + 6 °. Abundant precipitation (over 1000 mm, in the upper yarus of the mountains up to 4000 mm / year or more) in larger quantities fall out in the autumn-winter half of the year and in a smaller - in spring-summer. On the eastern slope of the highland of precipitation drops out less than 1000 mm / year, in the rain shadow area for the highest raising of the Norwegian part of the mountains - less than 500 mm / year, in the north, in Finmarke - 300-800 mm.

The wet marine climate and the dismemberment of the surface of the Scandinavian highlands determine a significant luxury thickness. The rivers mostly short, but relatively multi-water, with thresholds and waterfalls. Food is rain and snow, partly glacier. Numerous lakes whose basins have predominantly tectonic-glacial origin.

About 3060 square meters. The mock of the surface of the Highland is covered with glacial shields, as well as mining and valley glaciers. There are hanging, carot and flip glaciers. Glacial shields and ice hats cover high mountain plateaus - Fildy. These glaciers belong to the Scandinavian type, the Norwegian authors this type called Norwegian. On the area of \u200b\u200bmodern glaciation, the Scandinavian mountains are in the first place among Mainland Europe. Eternal Merzlot even in the north, in Lapland and Finmark, it is rare, apparently, only in some swamps.

Despite the favorable climate, Flora and the fauna of the Scandinavian Highlands, like the entire Scandinavian Peninsula, poor views. This is due to the fact that during the last glaciation (about 25 thousand years ago) almost all of their area was covered with ice. Vegetable and animal organisms relatively recently settled the territory liberated from ice and also found homogeneous conditions here at large areas.

On the slopes of the Scandinavian mountains to absolute height 1000-1100 m In the south and 300-600 m in the north there is a mining altitude zone. In the south, it includes a belt with arrays of broad-wing (from beech, oak) and mixed forests on burzems and dend-podzolic soils (distributed to high. 300-400 m). These forests include in the area of \u200b\u200bNorth European leaf fall and mixed forests.

In the south above the mixed, coniferous forests are located on mining and podzolic soils, north of the sea level and from the eastern foot of the Scandinavian mountains. These forests are combined with a boreal conifer. Spruce and pine are dominated in them, an admixture of birch, aspen is common. Although in coastal areas with marine (oceanic) climate, wood vegetation, as a rule, does not penetrate far north, in Scandinavia, the positive winter temperature anomaly and the adequacy of summer heat allow pine forests spread above 70 ° C. sh. In the north of Pine is mixed to birch, and in places, on sandy-pebble terraces, clean thumps grow.

In the polar coastal areas of the Scandinavian mountains, coniferous trees disappear, but the enduring mountain birch reaches the sizes of trees in the most northern Dolins. She clothes the slopes of fjords in the area of \u200b\u200bNarvik and norther, so that the northern fjords have a friend in the summer, and not a harsh look. The south of this birch was formed by a parel and cryproin at the upper border of the forest (on the dwarf dry-broth podges), which vertically, 150-200 m. On the Western slopes of the Highland due to the large moisture, the forest alternates with the arrays of the Verestekovikov and peatlands or replaced by them.

Above the borders of the forest are common Scandinavian mountain tundra with moss-lichen and grassy-shrub vegetation (with the bushes of willow, dwarf birch, waters) and meadows used as summer pastures. Above them - bare rocks, devoid of higher vegetation, and then glaciers.

In subarctic and arctic ( north coast) regions Even with a small amount of summer sediments, long-melting snow provide plants moisture, but the growing season is short. There are low-spirited shrubs, mainly dwarf birch, as well as meadow and moss-lichen tundra and forestry (with rare birch mellows) vegetation.

In the forests of the Scandinavian mountains live, wolf, fox, lynx, hare, etc., in the south - noble deer, roe deer. For the tundra are typical lemming, sands, on the Finmarken plateore and its south and in the mountain tundra they graze the reindeer. The spectrum of the high-altitude zonality of landscapes of the Scandinavian mountains includes primarily a mining and forest zone with belts of broad-sized and mixed (only in south), coniferous, birch forests and birch crimes. The zones of the mountain Lugotudre are traced above (with belts of shrub tundra and rocky lugo tundra) and meadows; Then the rocky, nivalial-looking.

In the Scandinavian mountains, iron, copper, zinc, lead, titanium, molybdenum, niobium, and pyrite are mined. Great hydropower reserves, on which numerous, mostly small, hydropower plants, especially in the south of Norway work. Forest resources are utilized in woodworking and pulp and paper industry.

Pashny's area relative to the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe mountains is insignificant, but the mountain meadows are used as pastures, and mountain tundra - as deer pastures. The Norwegians and Swedes are dominated by the Norwegians, from national minorities in the north they live by Sámi (Laplanders) and Quena (Norwegian Finns). The density of the population is extremely low.

Which are considered the most ancient on the globe. Taking an area of \u200b\u200bup to 804 thousand square meters. km, these mountains represent the largest mountain range of the northern part of Europe. These mountains are about 300 million years old and presumably in their place was originally the Cambrian-Silician Sea. Back in ancient times, these mountains were more like the current Alps. The tops of the mountains were sharper, and the border was clearer. It could happen that for the next millions of years, the mountain massif gradually leveled and disappeared at all. But in the first years of the tertiary period, about 50 million years ago, the relief of the Scandinavian mountains, which is how they are called, began to change due to the lowering of the North Atlantic region and raising hundreds of meters to the height of the alignment surface of the Earth. And during the first glacier era, modern geological period - Quaternary, which began about 1.5 million years ago, the topography of a given area, which we can observe today. Like then and now high peaks The mountain range was subjected to constant destruction due to iodine erosion. In addition, climatic conditions and windy air flows were provided to the mountains. Scandinavian mountains refer to the category of low, rocky and harsh. To date, the Scandinavian mountains are not solid mountain chain, and an unpleasant number of plane, which are raised relative to the sea level of no more than 1000 meters. They are located in the territory of such states as Norway and Sweden.

Glacier Joostedalsben

Nowadays, there are still extensive large glaciers on the Scandinavian peninsula. And these are the largest glaciers on the European mainland. An example is the JashedalSyben glacier, which is located in the Norwegian Western side of the Scandinavian mountains. Its area is about 480 sq. M. km, and the thickness of the ice comes up to 580 m. The highest point is Mount Lodarcpa. It stretches up at 2082 meters. The narrow languages \u200b\u200bof JoostalSbenk ice caps capture the territory of a number of regions adjacent to it. In 1991, this largest landing glacier received the status - "". Now there are many tourists and lovers here. scrolling sensations. Many of them not only admire the picturesque landscapes of mountains, valleys, rivers and waterfalls, but also personally spare on the tops of the mountains.
In the summer months, ice cover is covered on top of a thin layer of water, as the process of the melting of the glacier occurs, which makes it difficult to walk around without special accessories. Delicious and bizarrely look the ice molds of the glacier surface. And with attentive listening, you can hear the formidable sounds of ice fragments in deep cracks, the convergence of avalanche and ice movement. And yet, despite the threatening sounds of nature, huge icefalls look great, which slide into the valleys formed by them. These icefalls are constantly melted and, staining down, form lakes that turn into rapid flows of mountain rivers.

Fjords Scandinavia

The mountain chains of the Scandinavian mountains from the west side are the sheer cliffs that are washed by the waters of the North and Norwegian seas. In addition, thanks to tectonic faults and an ancient glaciation, this part of the mountains is strongly dissected by river valleys. And between the sea and the steep western slopes there is a thin strip of the wanda. The landscape of these mountains was created and modified since the time of the ice age. Ice shell, with a thickness of about 2 km, which covered the entire area of \u200b\u200bScandinavia about ten thousand years ago, began to move and his actions resembled the actions of a bulldozer knife, which cries the unnecessary layers with sand, loam, rubble and boulders. Thus, there was exemption from gravel, which led to mitigations in some places of the relief contours, and in others they were discussed clearly. The land she saw under the severity of thick ice, especially in coastal areas. Thus, narrow and deep bays were formed with steep shores and salted sea water, called fjords. Many fjords have laminated water, since sea water They drink I. freshwater From the melting glacier. Norwegian fjords are characterized by sheer, pulling at 700-900 meters of the coast, descending on the gorges of glaciers flowing, having greenish hats, which are located on the flat tops of the mountains.

Sogne Fjord.

Unlike the rivers, which originate on land, flow on canyons and rushed to the sea, fjords are filled with water in the reverse order - from the sea into the dust of the peninsula in winding, rocky gorges. We will get acquainted with the deepest and long fjord in the world - the Norwegian Sogne Fjord. He extended deep into the peninsula and cut through almost half of the country at about 210 km. Its width - from 3 to 6 km. And the maximum depth of up to 1300 m. Many fjords can still be listed and described, but we will dwell only on two: Hardanger Fjord and Neri Fjord.
Hardanger Fjord is the third in the world and the second on the territory of Norway along the length of the fjord. Dentes deep into the country, he is 171 km. And has a maximum depth - 890 meters. Surround its many amazing waterfalls and rocky Mountainswhose height comes to 1.5 km. This is also one of the most beautiful fjords in the world. To all this beauty remains another presence on the shores of fruit gardens.
Neri Fjord is considered the most narrow fjord in the country. Its length is only 17 km, but the rocky walls are approaching so close to each other, which creates the impression that the gorge goes into the tunnel. The width of the very narrow place of the fjord is 300 m. Like everyone else, this fjord is also surrounded by steep rocks, reaching the height of up to 1,700 meters, and on the shores there are compact settlement towns and land of farmers.

Fjelda Scandinavian Mountains

Mountains on the east side gradually become lower and passed into the Norland's plateau, which has a form of plateau. Its height reaches 500 m. This is a plateau, thanks to the ledge, comes to the coast of the combat bay.
In the southern part of the Scandinavian mountains, a large number of impressive plastophone vertex surfaces (farylds), which can be seen over the snow cover mountain glacier And striving to the sky, sharp peaks (nunataki). The borders of the snow of southern fjelds pass at altitudes up to 1200 meters. Such Fjeld includes: Bindfiell, telemerter and many others. And in the northern fjelds, the boundaries of snow are lowered up to 400 meters. At low areas of relief, it is possible to meet the detached hills and the borders of their ravines, forming swamps and lakes.
Due to the powerful movements of the plots of the earth's crust in the mountains of the peninsula, the relief significantly decreased and tectonic valleys were formed, which broke the Filda for independent arrays. In these arrays, fjords were wedged from the west side, and from Eastern - river valleys and formed by fjords, lakes. The characteristic feature of the Scandinavian mountains is the fact that the largest and highest fidges are concentrated in the south. This is explained by the fact that in the area of \u200b\u200bTrondheims Fjord is the Etland zone of a large cross-deflection, due to which the mountains are sharply reduced. But, moving north from this zone of lowering, the height of the mountains increases again. The area of \u200b\u200bthe northern part of the mountains is called Hyoelane.

Waterfalls and watercraft

Mountain rivers flow from the mountains in the western direction, which do not freeze in winter due to the rapid flow. Most of them falls from the towering vertices in fjords and are formed in waterfalls, their heights reach up to 600 meters. For example: in Norway, Cascade Winnufossen waterfall has a height of about 860 meters, Kiel is about 560 meters, and the waterfall seven sisters is one of the beautiful. On the territory of Finland, mountain rivers flow through wide canyons, covered by protrusions of solid rocks and, thus, are formed unsafe thresholds and watercraft. For example, we will call the watercate of the Imatra.

Waterfall Winnugosssen

Not far from the Norwegian Sundallsøra is winefossen, which is powered by the waters of the Wine River and is one of the highest in Europe. In the world he is the sixth. Before falling, the mass of water is divided into four jets, which are converted into a white foam mass in the fall. Especially beautiful this waterfall looks in spring and summer, when he is drinks by the waters of melting glaciers. Next of its water fall into the river Dryiv.

Waterfall seven sisters

This waterfall refers to the discharge of the most beautiful. His flows flow along stepped cliffs to the Heianger-fjord. Seven flows fall into a fjord from a height of up to 250 m. On the opposite side of the fjord, a waterfall called the groom, and a little further there is another waterfall - the vest vest.
Exists beautiful legend About how once amenid Viking decided to stay one of the beautiful sisters and brought a veil to dress it on the chosen. But the sisters were as beautiful and charming that Viking thought for a long time and turned into a waterfall of the groom in front of the brides of seven sisters. Fata, plates from his hand, caught up for the next rock, and a waterfall appeared - the veil of the bride.

Watercraft imatavkoski

Watercraft Imatra is located on the Vuoksa River in seven kilometers from Lake Simim. This is the lake located on the territory of Finland, is the source of the Vuoksa River. This waterfall until 1920 was a natural waterfall. After overlapping its dam and the construction near the HPP, the water began to lower the water in the summer months. Tourists, therefore, have the opportunity to see how the mass of water with noise falls down from the dam, in a few minutes fills its channel and rush with a stormy foam stream to the main channel of the river, which is 1.5 km below.

(Sweden) Scandinavian Mountains Scandinavian Mountains

65 ° 00 'p. sh. 14 ° 00 'in. d. /  65.000 ° C. sh. 14.000 ° C. d. / 65.000; 14.000 (G) (I)Coordinates: 65 ° 00 'p. sh. 14 ° 00 'in. d. /  65.000 ° C. sh. 14.000 ° C. d. / 65.000; 14.000 (G) (I) CountriesNorway Norway
Sweden Sweden
Finland Finland

Area803 926 km² Length1762 km Width1320 km Highest topGalhapiggen Highest point2469 M.

Scandinavian Mountains - System of the mountains on the Scandinavian Peninsula. The length is about 1,700 km, width up to 1320 km. Western slopes are suitable directly to the North Sea, forming cloud shores, famous Norwegian fjords. Eastern slopes are smoothly reduced and transferred to the plain spaces in Sweden. The northeastern part of the Scandinavian mountains, stretching from Trondheims Fjord to the Finnmarxvidda's plateau, has the name Hyoelane, or Cielelen (Norv. Kjölen - literally "Kiel").

The height of the mountains is relatively small. The highest point is Mount Galdhøpiggen (Norv. Galdhøpiggen), 2469 m, located in the southern part of Norway. The highest point in Sweden - Mount Kebnecays (Swede. Kebnekaise.), 2111 m. The relief is smoothed by the activities of the ancient glaciers. Modern glaciers of the Scandinavian mountains are the largest in mainland Europe.

The wet marine climate and the formation of the surface determine the presence of a large number of rivers, most of which are short, with a strong flow, not covered with ice even in winter. A large number of lakes.

The slopes of the mountains are covered with taiga forests, shrubs, peatlands, as well as mountain tundra and meadows. There are iron, copper, titanium ore deposits, pyrite. Scandinavian mountains laid about 480 million years ago. Caledonian folding. The formation of the Scandinavian Mountains occurred at about the end of the Ordivik-across the Silver. Ocean Jappetus, which was formed in the early Cambrian and dividing North America (Lavrentation) and Europe (Baltic), began to expand, and pushing the Lavrentia and Baltic, at the beginning of the Ordovik he reached a width of 2000 km, but then he began to narrow again as much as Lawrence, Greenland and the Baltika began to close. In the end, about 440 million years ago, Baltika launched on Greenland, and that on Lavrentia. At this time, the huge masses of sand, pebbles, the remains of volcanic island arcs with colossal forces begin to shrink, raising the first peaks of the Scandinavian mountains.

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Notes

Literature

• Eramov R. A. Scandinavian mountains // Big Soviet Encyclopedia. - m .: Soviet encyclopedia. 1969-1978.
• Scandinavian mountains // Dictionary of Modern geographical names. - Yekaterinburg: y-factor. Under the general edited by Acad. V. M. Kotlyakova. 2006.
• Scandinavian mountains // Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - m .: Rosman. Edited by prof. A. P. Gorkina. 2006.
• Scandinavian Gori // Usa: University of Sloven-Encyclopedia (Ukr.)

Links

• Askheim, Svein. (Norv.). Store Norske Leksikon (January 29, 2014). Checked April 15, 2014.

Mountain systems in Europe

Excerpt characterizing the Scandinavian Mountains

"Loves, I know," Pierre shouted angrily.
"No, listen," said Prince Andrei, stopping him by the hand. - Do you know whether I am? I need to say anyone to someone.
"Well, well, say, I am very happy," said Pierre, and really his face changed, the wrist was smoothed, and he joyfully listened to Prince Andrew. Prince Andrei seemed to be a completely different, new man. Where was his longing, his contempt for life, his disappointment? Pierre was the only person in front of which he decided to speak; But he expressed him all that he had in the soul. Then he easily and boldly made plans for a prolonged future, said how he could not sacrifice his happiness for the whim of his father, as he would force her father to agree to this marriage and love her or would cost him without his consent, he was wondering how Something strange, alien, independent of him, on the feeling that owned them.
"I would not believe those who would tell me that I could love so," said Prince Andrei. - This is not at all the feeling that I had before. The whole world is divided into two halves for me: one - she and there all happiness of hope, light; Another half is all where it is not, there is all the despondency and darkness ...
- Darkness and darkness, - repeated Pierre, - Yes, yes, I understand it.
"I can't not love light, I'm not to blame for that." And I am very happy. You understand me? I know you are happy for me.
"Yes, yes," Pierre confirmed, silent and sad eyes looking at his friend. The little of the fate of Prince Andrei, the fate of Prince Andrei, the greately appeared his own.

For marriage, there was a father's consent to marry, and for this another day, Prince Andrei went to his father.
Father with outdoor calm, but the son of his son accepted the inner malice. He could not understand that somebody wanted to change the life to make something new to her when life had already ended. "I would give only to live as I want, and then they would do what I wanted," the old man said. With his son, however, he used that diplomacy he used in important cases. Taking a calm tone, he discussed the whole thing.
First, marriage was not brilliant with respect to kinship, wealth and knowledge. Secondly, Prince Andrei was not the first youth and weak health (the old man took it on it), and she was very young. Thirdly, there was a son who was sorry to give the girl. In the fourth, finally, "said the father, looking mockingly on his son," I ask you, postpone the case for a year, go abroad, eating, our own, how you want, German, for Prince Nicholas, and then, if love, Passion, stubbornness that you want, so great, then get married.
- And this is the last my word, know, last ... - Cumshot the prince of such a tone, which she showed that nothing would force him to change his decision.
Prince Andrei clearly saw that the old man hoped that his feeling of his or his future bride would not stand testing of the year, or that he himself, the old prince, would die by this time, and decided to fulfill the will of his father: to make an offer and postpone the wedding for a year.
Three weeks after his last evening, Rostov, Prince Andrei returned to St. Petersburg.

The next day after his explanation with the mother, Natasha waited for a whole day of Block, but he did not come. On the other, on the third day there was the same. Pierre also did not come, and Natasha, not knowing what Prince Andrei went to his father, could not explain his absence.
So three weeks passed. Natasha did not want to leave anywhere and as a shadow, idle and sad, walked around the rooms, in the evening secretly cried and was not in the evenings to the mother. She indifferently blushed and annoyed. It seemed to her that everyone knew about her disappointment, laugh and regret her. With the strength of the inner grief, this vain mountain strengthened its misfortune.

Northern Europe, a total length of 1,700 km and a width of 1300 km, is called Scandinavian Mountains. The western part of the mountain slopes approaching the forming and steep shores, peninsula, capes, islands. The steepness and hard-to-reach of the mountains prove 178 tunnels, laid at the Oslo - Bergen (Norway).

The eastern part smoothly decreases and goes into the Norland's plateau. Scandinavian mountains are a highlands, which consists of separate elongated ridges, a flatbed, intractorous depressions. In many places there are aligned surfaces crossed by deep fjords and valleys. Modern relief formed due to water erosion, ice activities, wind and snow.

The mountain range forms numerous fjords, which were formed under the action of the movement of glaciers. These are sea bays, deeply cut into the land of sushi, with high rocky shores. As a rule, the depth of the Scandinavian fjords reaches one kilometer.

It is believed that the Scandinavian mountains relate to low. Maximum top - Mount Galhepiggen with a height of 2469 m - is located on the southern slope of the mountain system, on The highest point Sweden - Mount Kebnecis (2111 m) - located in the northern part of the peninsula. Mining system Scandinavia is covered with glaciers, which are considered the largest in the European part. The climate in these edges is moderate, only in the strip far North - Subarctic.

On the territory of Sweden, in the Scandinavian mountains (in Lapland), there is a major National Reserve "Sarek". It was founded in 1909 and occupies a territory in 194,000 hectares. On this area is over 90 mountain vertices Height from 1800 meters. Among them are mountain rivers, waterfalls, gorges and 100 glaciers.

The Scandinavian mountains are permeated with a thick river network, which is formed by the predominance of the moist and intensive dismemberment of the mountain massif. The rivers are usually short and full, saturated with waterfalls and countless thresholds. The maximum filling them begin in the spring period, mainly from melting of snow and abundant rains, less often - from glaciers. Due to the high flow rate, the ice in the winter on the rivers is not formed. These mountains in Europe have a large number of lakes of tectonic-glacial origin.

Where the height of the mountains comes to 1000 meters in the southern part and up to 500 meters in North, the slopes are covered with coniferous taiga forests. The forest massif of the Western slopes alternates with shrub vegetation and peatlands. In these parts, pines and fir trees prevail. Outside of these heights, another 200 m is supplied to the belt of birch edge, which is replaced by a mountain tundra zone. Local residents In the summer, this area is used for grazing livestock.

In the eastern part of the mountains, the broadly and fauna of the Scandinavian Mountains are presented by hares, foxes, moose, proteins, roeers, seals. Among the birds in the forests there are Ryabchiki, Tetherov, Glukhari, on the sea coast and lakes - waterfowl. In marine and river waters, there are many fishing fish.

Scandinavian mountains are rich in the pyrite, copper, iron, lead and titanium ores. In the North Sea, in the shelf part, there are oil reserves.