Kara Sea washes the northern coast of Russia, located between the islands New Earth, Land Franz Joseph and Archipelago North Earth. The sea is relatively shallow: the prevailing depth of 30-100, the maximum - 600 m. The area of \u200b\u200bthe water water area is 880 thousand km2. Kara Sea is one of the coldest seas of Russia. The water temperature is above 0 degrees (up to 6 ° C) rises only near the mouth of the flowing rivers, so most of the year the sea is covered with ice. For the Kara Sea, the presence of a variety of islands. The largest naval bays - the rich lip and the Yenisei bay. Rivers Ob and Yenisei, flowing to the sea, 988 km3 of fresh waters bring 988 km. The sea is rich in fish: there are such valuable species such as Omul, Muksun, Nelma.
The features of the climate of the Kara Sea are due to several factors, the main of which are the geographical location of the sea, atmospheric circulation and the underlying surface. Kara Sea is located north of the polar circle and is located under the direct influence of the Cold Northern Ocean from the north and the huge Asian mainland from the south. An important role in the formation of the climate of the Kara Sea is played by the circulation of the atmosphere and the seasonal distribution of baric fields associated with it. In winter, from November to March, over the northeastern part of the Asian mainland is a steady area of \u200b\u200bhigh pressure (Siberian anticyclone), and above southern part Kara Sea from the south-west to the north-east extends the low pressure flavor (East Naland Icelandic Minimum). Basic trajectories of cyclones passing over the waters of the Kara Sea are connected with the hollow. The passage of cyclones (up to 5 per month) is usually accompanied by a sharp change in weather - an increase in air temperature, an increase in cloudiness, wind enhancement, etc.
Most of the year Kara Sea is covered with ice. Solid ice cover slightly smoothes climatic contrasts between its separate areas. The ice makes the heat exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere, but does not fully exclude it, therefore the climate of the Kara Sea in winter is somewhat warmer than the climate of the adjacent land areas.
Warm waters of the Barents Sea penetrate into the Kara Sea through the narrow southern straits (Yugorsky Ball, Kar's gate), as well as a new land from the north and markedly soften the climate in the western part of the sea. In addition, in summer, and in particular, the Ob Rivers and Yenisei rivers, which have been a huge amount of warm water in the sea are rendered in the fall.
Wind mode
Wind regime over the Kara Sea has a fairly well-pronounced monso. In winter, when Siberian anticyclone is located above the northeast part of the Asian mainland, and over the southern part of the Carian Sea Eastern Naland minimum, the predominant air flow is directed from sushi to the sea. In accordance with this, the winds with the southern component in the winter period over the Kara Sea, and in the south-western part of the sea, it is mostly south-west winds, in the southern part - southern, and in North and Northeast - southern and southeastern . In the summer, the nature of the baric field is changing to the opposite with the predominance of winds, mostly northern and northwestern.
The average wind speeds over the waters of the Kara Sea from the season are changed slightly, the annual amplitude usually does not exceed 1-3 m / s. The greatest average wind speeds (7-8 m / s) are marked in autumn and winter (Figure 1), which is explained by the strengthening of cyclonic activities during this period. Reducing wind speeds up to 5-6 m / s is marked in summer.
On the distribution of wind velocities, the distorting effect of the relief is largely affected, due to which the wind strengthening in the straits, as well as in the Yenisei Gulf, Baydarats, Orsk lips and near the mountainous seats, is observed in all seasons of the year.
Figure 1 - Repeatability of wind speeds on the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Kara Sea by months and for the year in tabular and graphic form (Perennial January)
Air temperature
Features geographic location Kara Sea and atmospheric circulation over it create noticeable differences in air temperature over different parts of the water area. The average annual air temperature over the south-western part of the sea is 6-7 ° C higher than above northeast. In the southwestern part of the sea, marine climates are more clearly manifested: the highest and lowest air temperatures are noted here not to central winter and summer months, but 1-2 months later. The coldest months are February - March, and the warmest is August. In the northeastern part of the sea, the warmer month is July, and the temperatures of January and February differ very little. Annual amplitude is in the southwestern part of 24-29 ° C, in the northeast about 30 ° C, and in the Ob-Yenisei district 34-38 ° C. In winter, harsh air temperature differences are often noted. In one of the central winter months, an increase in air temperature is almost annually compared to neighboring months, associated with the enhancement of heat advection from the North Atlantic. In the summer, the air temperature over the Kara Sea is closely connected with its ice-friendly and the nature of the seaside flows. To temperature regime big influence Remove the direction and speed of wind. In winter, the lowest air temperatures over the Kara Sea are celebrated at the northern, northeastern and eastern winds. In ERSP materials, the results of the calculation of the air temperature repeatability by month and for the year (Figure 2) are given.
Figure 2 - Repeatability of air temperature over the Kara Sea for months and for the year (table) and graphically (February)
Water temperature
In winter, the water temperature of the Kara Sea is close to the freezing temperature (about -1.8 ° C). Water in shallow areas from the surface to the bottom has almost the same temperature. However, in the deep-sea chutes, St. John and Voronin, where warm atlantic waters penetrate from the Arctic basin, at depths 150 - 200 m, the temperatures of 1.5 and 2.5 ° C are observed. Surface water in summer is very painted with river drain and melting of ice. Throughout the summer, the water temperature in the drifting ice zone is only a bit above the freezing point. The water of the water of the Kara Sea frees from ice is heated to 6 ° C in the southwestern part and up to 2 ° C in North. The thickness of the warm water layer reaches 60 to 70 m in the south-western part of the Kara Sea and 10-15 m in Eastern.
The temperature of the surface waters of the Kara Sea is subject to noticeable seasonal oscillations and has a clearly pronounced annual move (Figure 3). The average temperature of the water on the surface varies from -1.5 ° C during the cold period of the year to 5 ° C in the summer months.
Figure 3 - Annual course of medium and extreme values \u200b\u200bof water temperature on the surface of the Kara Sea
Saltness of water
The salinity regime of the Water of the Kara Sea, increasing with the depth (especially sharp in the layer of 0-30 m), changes noticeably. In the autumn-winter period, the salinity of surface waters varies on average within 25-30 ppm in the open part of the sea and 15-20 ppm from coasts. In the summer, at the expense of melting of ice and river flow on the surface of the sea, the coasts decreases to 5-10 ppm (Figure 4). The greatest repeatability per year throughout the thickness of water has salinity in the range of 30-35 ppm (27%), the smallest (9.7%) - in graduation 5-19 ppm.
Figure 4 - Distribution of salinity of the surface waters of the Kara Sea (July)
Sea level
The sea level observed on the coastal mainland network and island HMS of the Kara Sea is subject to periodic (under the action of tidal waves) and random fluctuations associated mainly with wind mode. At the same time, on the charts of many years of level of level for a period of more than 25 years, a tendency to increase its increase on several mainland stations is approximately 10 cm (Figure 5), which is probably due to the melting of the Arctic ice.
Wave mode
The wave regime of the Kara Sea is determined by the peculiarities of its wind mode. In general, in the water area over the year, the greatest repeatability (43%) have a wave high to 0.5 m with maximum development of their coast up to 2 m and up to heights of more than 5 m in the open part of the sea (Figure 6).
Figure 5 - Schedule of the Perennial Stroke of the Sea level on the GMS Amderma
Figure 6 - repeatability of wave heights on gradations in the whole water area for a long year
Kara Sea It used to be called Nizarzomsky (Narcess) - so it is named in the story of 1601 of the journey to the Mangazea of \u200b\u200bthe resident of Pinegia Leonty Schubin (Plekhana) and in the petition of St. Andrei Palitsyn from 1630. On the map Edward Wales Sea is called Tartar. And the name "Kara" belonged to Bidarats lip, named the river puncturing in her. According to V.Yu. Visa, the name of the river comes from the Nenets word "Hare", meaning a peasy ice. It is curious that the Dutchman N. Vitsen calls the sea of \u200b\u200bice, and the Frenchman J. Kampredonon is ice, which echoes the Nenets Word. For the first time, the sea is called Karsky on the map V. M. Selofontova, 1736, compiled by the results of the work of the Dvinsko-Obian detachment of the Great Northern Expedition.
Kara Sea belongs to the group of the seas of the Siberian Arctic. The boundaries of this sea are dry and conditional lines. From the West and the sea are limited by a number of islands (the largest of which is new land) and several straits. From the east, the border of the sea passes through the Archipelago of the Northern Earth and Strapp: the Red Army, Shokalsky and Wilkitsky. From the south, the sea border is the coast of the mainland. Kara Sea is well open to the waters of the Arctic Ocean A. There is a sea mainly on the mainland shallow. These features allow you to attribute the sea to the mainland type of the seasons.
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Kara Sea refers to the largest seas Russian Federation. Its area is approximately 883 thousand km 2. Waters reaching about 98 thousand km 3. The average depth of the sea is 111 m, the maximum - 620 m. In the waters of the Kara Sea there are a large number of islands, most of which are small in size. Small islands are combined into archipelagoes (Nordencheld, Schhers, Minina) and are located along the coast of the mainland. The islands of larger sizes (white, shocal, Wilkitsky, Sibiryakov, Nansen, Russian) are alone.
Kara Sea coastline uneven. The shores of the new land, which wash the water of this sea, are raised with a large number of fiurds. The mainland coast is also strongly disseminated: in a number of places, the sea is sharply going into the land, forming Baidarats and Ob lips. Peninsula Yamal is strongly issued in the sea space. Along coastline There are large bays (Gydansky, Yenisei and Pisinsky), as well as a number of small bays.
Marigue
The start date of swimming in the Kara Sea is unknown. In the history, only the fact that in 1556 the English traveler Stephen Boreow found a clear idea of \u200b\u200bthe sea route to the mouth of the Ob and complete readiness to accompany the British along it. There is an excit of Tobolsk Voevod M.M. Godunova and I.F. Volkonsky king from 1601, where the description of this path is given: the Strait of the Ugra ball to the western part of Yamal, then on the river muddy (the flow of Mordyakhi) to the watershed with the Syuhah River (green) - Neuto and Yambuto lakes - Next and the River Labor and the River . From the Ob Lip, the way to South on Obi (Obdorsk) was opened and east through the Taza lip (Mangazea) to the Yenisei Pool.
Relief DNA
The terrain of the Kara Sea has a large number of irregularities. The sea almost completely lies on the shelf with depths of up to 100 meters. In the horror, St. Anne is the maximum depth of 620 meters. The bottom of the shallow and elevations is covered with sand and sandy sludge. Gutter and basins are covered with gray, blue and brown sludge. At the bottom of the central part of the sea there are iron-manganese concretions.
In the southwestern part of the sea, the Peninsula Yamal, the large shelf fields of natural gas and gas condensate are explored. The largest of them are the Leningrad Gas reserves - more than 1 trillion m³ and Rusanovskoye. The development of shelf fields is planned to begin after 2025.
Climate and hydrological regime
For the Kara Sea, the polar maritime climate is characterized, which is due to the northern location of the sea and its immediate contact with the ocean. The Atlantic Ocean, located relatively close to the Kara Sea, softens the climate. But the island of the new land prevents the penetration of a large amount of warm air masses. Kara Sea is in more severe climatic conditions than the Barents Sea. Because of the high length of the sea in different parts, climatic differences are observed. The storm is most often happening on the western part of the sea. The island has a new land constantly arises a hurricane wind (Novoemel Bora). The duration of this hurricane is small 2 - 3 hours, but in winter it can delay for several days. In March, the air temperature on average reaches -28.6 0 s at Cape Chelyuskin and -20 0 C at Cape Desire. The lowest air temperature that may be at sea is 45 - 50 0 C. In the warmer period (in July), the air is on average to 5 - 6 0s in the western part of the sea and 1 - 2 0 C - in the East and northeast. Near the mainland coast, the air can warm up to +18 and +20 0 S. But, despite the high summer temperatures, in any summer time May fall out. In general, a short summer is noted by low temperatures and cloudy weather with plenty of rain.
The water temperature near the sea surface is close to -1.8 ° C. Water in shallow-water areas is well mixed from the surface to the bottom and has the same temperature and salting (about 34 ppm). River stock and ice melting in summer lead to a decrease in the saltness of sea water below 34 ppm, in the mouth of the rivers the water becomes close to fresh. Water warms up in summer to 6 ° C.
Flips in the Kara Sea reaches a height of 50 - 80 centimeters. In the cold period, a large influence on tides has an sea ice - the magnitude of the tide decreases. The sea is very covered with ice almost all year. Ice formation begins in September. There are significant spaces of perennial ice with a thickness of up to 4 meters. Along the shores there are solders, in the center of the sea - floating ice. Summer ice decays to separate arrays.
Flora and fauna
Flora and the fauna of the Kara Sea poorer Barents Sea, but significantly the richer sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev. Flora is represented by several types of bottom algae - brown algae, red algae, green. In water, the mass of single-celled algae and phytoplankton feels well and developed. The fauna of invertebrates and fish is fairly richly presented, among which the pink salmon, Keta, Chavik, Nerk, Omul, Muksun, Nelma, Caulk, Navaga, Kambala. Salmon and sigan spawn in rivers, and fall into the sea. At the same time, they keep near the mouth of the rivers, not moving far to the north. In total, 54 species of fish live in the Kara Sea. Of marine mammals It is inhabited by Nerpe, walrus, marine hare, whites. Cetaceans are represented by and larger animals - polytymaging whales, which here you can count 5 species. Very rarely from the Barents Sea here and Greenland whales and kita whales are swimming here. There are a lot of birds on the islands (Cayra, Gagarks, Luriki), form noisy bird bazaars prevail. From the land animals of the banks of the mainland and the islands attend the polar bear and sands, for which the sea is an important source of feed. Sharks in the Kara Sea are represented by a single species - a low-headed or polar shark, which is hypocating cold water and a harsh climate.
Economic significance
Kara Sea is characterized by high bioproductivity. Among the objects of fishing is a cod, Sig, Halto, Rocky, Omul, Koryushka, Navaga, Sayka. Fish classes are organized only in bays, bays and lower rivers, where there is no powerful ice cover. As in all the coastal northern seas of Eurasia, in the Kara Sea mined walruses, but only for the needs of the local population, since the walruses from 1956 are taken under the protection of the state. Large oil and gas fields (gas condensate Rusanovskoe, Leningrad) are open and developed. Kara Sea is part of the Transport Northern Sea Route. Here are ports: Dixon, Amderma; Dudinka and Igarka (Yenisei).
Ecology
Water belonging to the Bays of the Kara Sea, specialists are characterized as moderately contaminated. Rivers who fall into the Kara Sea have a relatively small level of pollution. However, Obi and Yenisei water have a large concentration of heavy metals, which adversely affects the ecosystem of the sea. Another important source is water pollution by aerosol materials with metallurgical production in the city of Norilsk. Negatively affect the ecological condition of the sea of \u200b\u200bcourt. The places of their frequent movement are contaminated with petroleum products.
It remains an important environmental problem of the Kara Sea radioactive contamination. In contact with the fact that on the new land in the 60s of the last century, a number of numerous air, surface, underground and underwater nuclear explosions were carried out, over 13 million CSUR CS-137 were thrown into the atmosphere. In the same period, the burial of radioactive waste began in the northern seas. To date, the eastern part of the new land shelf is the main burial site. In this region, in several districts, no depth of 12 to 380 m flooded waste, they constitute 70% of the volume of marine graves of the period of the USSR. In the shallow water of the Bay of the Kara Sea over the course of 1965-1988, floodings were flooded with radioactive waste. The greatest potential danger comes from 17 atomic icebreaker reactors Lenin and 11 thousand containers with dangerous waste. Control measurements are regularly carried out, the results of which show that at the moment the level of radioactivity in the Bays of the Kara Sea does not exceed the norm, but these objects represent a potential environmental hazard.
Kara Sea - Corn Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Arctic Ocean. Located between the mainland coast (West Siberian Plain), the new land, the earth Franza - Iosifa and northern earth.
The western border of the Kara Sea - from Cape Kolzat (81 ° 08 "s. Sh. 65 ° 13" c. D.) To the cape of desire (76 ° 57 "s. Sh., 68 ° 36" c.), Next on the eastern shores of the islands of the new land, the western border of the Syatkin Ball, from the Cape Silver to Cape Podlova, the western border of the Car Gate, from Mrmus Kutov nose to the cape, the eastern shore of Vaigach Island and the Western Border of the Ugra Balloon from Cape White Nose Cape Comb; North border - from Cape Kolzat to Cape Arctic (81 ° 16 "s. sh., 95 ° 43" c.) Island North Earth, Komsomolsky Island; Eastern Border -Waspanic islands of the North Earth and the eastern borders of the Straits of the Red Army, Shokalsky and Wilkitsky; South border - the mainland shore from the cape white nose to Cape Pronchischev.
In the north, the Carian Sea communicates with the Arctic pool, in the West - with the Barents Sea (the Strait of the Ugra Ball, Karakoe Gate, Mastecin Ball and between the northern tip of the New Earth and the Land of Franz Joseph), in the east - by the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev (Straits of Wilkitsky, Shokalsky and Red Army).
Square of the Kara Sea 893.4 thousand km2, water volume 101 thousand km2 the greatest depth 600 m, average 113 m. N arabol extension With on the SMZ between 81 and 68 ° C. sh. about. 1500 km, maximum width In the northern part of the Kara Sea 800 km. The length of the coastline along the mainland 9047 km along the islands of 5653 km. |
The largest bays - Baydarats Lip, Obba, Yenisei Bay, Phasinsky Bay, Gaydan Gulb and Taimyr Bay - embedded in the mainland shore. The largest rivers, flowing into the sea, -inisy, Ob, as well as the 10th, Pure and Taz, Kara (who gave birth to the sea), - have a total stock about 1,300 km3 / year (80% of the runa accounts for the summer).
In the Kara Sea a large number of islands (their total area is about 10 thousand km2), focused mainly in the northeastern part of the sea. Along the coast of the mainland, Schhers minina, Nordencheldy Archipelago (more than 70 islands), etc.; In the central part of the Kara Sea is the island of the Arctic Institute, the news of the CEC, Sergey Kirov, privacy. The island is widely known, the existence of which was theoretically predicted by V. Yu Visa (1924) as a result of studying ice drift in the Kara Sea.
Islands A varied on the origin and nature of the relief Ural Mountains. Depressed on the slopes of the mountain ranges of the Sonorny Island of the New Earth and Northern Land occupy glaciers producing icebergs. The shores of these islands are climbers and raised with firads. Other Islands (Ushakov, Schmidt) are completely covered with glacial domes. Many low-lying sandy islands (white, solitude, etc.).
As studies have shown, the coast of the Kara Sea over the past decades is trended to raise. The highest raising speed is 1.5 mm / year is observed on the island of Truth. Along the coast, the relative speed of vertical movements of the earth's crust varies from 0.7 mm / year (Amderma port area) to 0.1 mm / year (at Dixon Island) and up to - 1.2 mm / year (Cape Chelyuskin).
Relief bottom and bottom precipitation
The coast of the Kara Sea turns over the Barents-Kara Shelf, so about 40% of the bottom area have a depth of less than 50 m, 64% - less than 100 m and only 2% - more than 500 m. The shelf is cut from north to south by two wide deep-sea gutters - St. Anne (along eastern coast Land Franz Joseph, depth to 620 m) and Voronin (along western coast Northern Earth, depth to 420 m). Along the eastern shores of the new land, the East-Novoemel chute is held (depth of 200-400 m). There is a central karable plateau between the chute (depth less than 50 m), serving Ushakov Islands, Visa, Privacy, etc.
Geological past Kara Sea closely related to development history The Arctic Ocean, which determined the geological structure of his bed and shores. Geologically Kara Sea is one of the youngest. The main features of his relief were determined in the lateral - early Pleisocene periods. As a result of tectonic gaps that took place in these periods, the Barents-Kara Shelf was formed; Subocaunch gutters who came to the limits of the shelf, separated the shelf from Abyssali of the Arctic Basin. Under the relatively thin layer of modern precipitation - brown, gray and blue ils in gutters and deep-water basins, sandy yers on underwater hills and shallow water, sands on the shallow and near the coast - traces of glacial regression and interglacial transgression are found.
Climate in the Kara Sea
The climate of the Kara Sea Arctic - three or four months a year lasts the polar night and the same polar day. The air temperature below 0 ° C is maintained in the north of K. m. 9-10 months, at 7-8 months a year. The average air temperature of January -20, -28 ° C (minimalo - 48 ° C), July b-1 ° C (maximum up to 16 ° C). The number of days from the frost in July from 6 in the south of the Kara Sea to 20 in the north. The average wind speed in the Kara Sea in summer is 5-5.5 m / s, in winter 6-7 m / s. The number of days with a storm in summer 1-2 per month, in winter 6-7 per month. On the new land, the northern earth and the land of Franz Joseph, boron is formed, the wind speed at which it reaches 40 m / s; Once a speed of 60 m / s was registered. In winter, storms are often accompanied by snowstorms, in summer - snow charges. In the summer, fogs are often observed.Hydrological mode
Located in high latitude of the Kara Sea, a significant part of the year is covered with ice. Ice formation begins in the north of the Kara Sea in September, in the south in October. In winter, near the coast and between the islands are formed. The ice covering the rest of the Kara Sea is drifting. In winter, the water temperature of the Kara Sea is close to the freezing temperature (about -1.8 ° C). Water in shallow areas from the surface to the bottom has almost the same temperature. However, in the deep-water chutes of St. Anne and Voronin, where warm atlantic waters penetrate from the Arctic basin, at depths of 150-200 m, temperatures are 1.5 and 2.5 ° C. As the calculations show, during the year in Karsca Sea arrives approximately 9 , 4.10 ^ 3 km3 of atlantic waters bringing almost 8 * 10 ^ 12 kcal. Heat. Surface water in summer is very painted with river drain and melting of ice.
Throughout the summer, the water temperature in the drifting ice zone is only a bit above the freezing point. The water of the water of the Kara Sea frees from ice is heated to 6 ° C in the southwestern part and up to 2 ° C in North. The thickness of the heated water layer is up to 60-70 m in the southwestern part of the Kara Sea and up to 10-15 m in Eastern.
Through the sheds, the Kara gates and the Ugra ball in the Kara Sea are received by the Barentsomoras. Pouring into the Yamal current, they move to the north along the shores of the Peninsula of Yamal. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe island, the White Yamal Code is enhanced by Ob-Yenisei; Several norther from him departs to the new Earth, the abbrevous newosemel flow, the water of which is directed to the south, where the cyclonical bus will be closed. From the Ob-Yenisei region, part of the waters goes to the east, forming the Western Taimyar course spreading along the coast to the Wilkitsky strait.
In the central part of the Carian Sea, the flow of St. Anna, the carrier of water to the north, is included in the cyclonic circulation, which determines the cycle of water and ice clockwise.
Riding In the Kara Sea are determined mainly by a tidal wave propagating from Atlantic Ocean; This wave penetrates the Kara Sea from the Arctic pool and through the straits from the Barents Sea. Tides are predominantly semi-sufficient. The magnitude of the tide on average 0.5-0.8 m. In winter, an essential influence on the tides has ice cover: the magnitude of the tide decreases, and the propagation of the tidal wave is delayed compared to the summer.
Biology and inhabitants
The characteristic of the flora and fauna of the Kara Sea is quite complicated. Accordingly, the distribution of salinity planktonal forms - freshwater and solonic water - penetrate far to the north, and the bottom marines are far from south. Sea fauna mainly (more than 50%) is represented by the Arctic species. These species rising from deeper layers of the Kara Sea, such as the Atlantic from the warm atlantic intermediate layer, are largely added to them. The greatest species diversity of flora and fauna is observed in two regions of the Kara Sea: in the area of \u200b\u200bthe eastern shores of the new land and in the area of \u200b\u200bthe northwestern part of the Kara Sea where, together with the Barents, and the diverse Baretsevo civil fauna penetrates, and many Atlantic batual and north comes from the north Assual forms. The quantitative composition of zooplankton has 173 species. The prevailing groups are weakly hurry, infusoria and intestinal. In the Yenisei bay, the main mass of zooplankton makes provicrats, weaklit and branching crustaceans; With an average biomass 150 mg / m3, the first is given 47.4%, the second - 40%, third -11.1%, the remaining 1.5% of the biomass weight. The average mass of zooplankton in the southwestern part K. m. Equal to 43 mg / m3, and in Eastern 48 mg / m3.
Kara Sea is relatively rich in representatives of Zoobenthos (about 1400 species). Among the bottom animals of the Kara Sea is better than others, crustaceans, mollusks, many-bristle worms, msanka and iglozzy are presented. On the orfast soils, the Yamal Peninsula Benthos biomass is 100-300 g / m2, and on the brown ilya of the central part of the Kara Sea
The volume of biomass drops sharply up to 3-5 g / m2.
Phytoplankton
The total number of types of plankton algae in the central part of the Kara Sea is 78 (diatoms - 52, peridinium - 20, others - 6). In the phytoplankton regime in the Kara Sea, two areas are highlighted with increased biomass content (from 1 to 3 g / m3): the area in the northwestern part of the Kara Sea, which comes with warm Barentsomora and Atlantic deep water, and the area of \u200b\u200bcoastal water under the influence of Flock of Ob and Yenisei rivers. The bulk of the plankton in these areas is located in a layer of 0-25 m.
The bottom vegetation is represented by 66 species mainly by red algae, somewhat poorly brown and very little green. Among macrophytes in the Carian Sea, the types of Barentsomorskaya flora are dominated in the Kara Sea. The heat-loving forms are found very rarely, and the farther from the sheds of the Karian gate to the north and northwest, the mortar probability to discover them.
Ichthyofauna
The Ichthyofauna of the Kara Sea is 54 species. The coast of the new land, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Caracan Gate, is encountered, in the lips and bays - Omul, Ryaskushka, Koryushka, Halto, Nelma and Harius. However, there are no fishing clusters. In 1945, the ichthyological expedition produced 43 hour trains with an otter-trawl in the most promising in fishing relations of the parts of the Kara Sea, the total catch was 500 copies of fish.
Kara Sea is part of the Northern Sea Route. Main Port. - Dickson. Sea ships also enter the Yenisei River to Igarka and Dudinka. In cargo transportation, the largest proportion has the largest, construction materials, coal, wheat, fur, and recently it began to export Norilsk ore.
Kara Sea is located eastern Island New Earth, it is widely open to the Arctic basin. Most of its water area lies on the mainland, so it refers to the type of mainland seasons. Its area is 883 thousand km2 volume of 98 thousand km3, the average depth is 111 m, the greatest depth is 596 m.
There are many islands in the Kara Sea. The overwhelming majority of them have small sizes and are located along the Asian shore. The largest islands - white, shocal, Sibiryakova, Dixon, Russian, etc.; Arkipelagians - Arctic Institute, News CEC, Sergey Kirov, et al. Somewhat relatively major islands (Schmidt, Ushakov, Visa) are far from sushi, in the north of the sea.
The coastline of the Kara Sea is very winding. Eastern shores New land is raised by numerous fjords. Significantly dissected mainland coast. Baidarats Guba and the Obba lip are deeply in the land, between which the peninsula lies, and large bays are located in the east: the Yenisei, Phasinsky, Gydan's lip.
Diverse on the outer form and structure, the seaside sections belong to different morphological types.
Abrasion shores prevail, but there are accumulated and icy. The east coast of the island is a new land - a breakdown and hilly. The mainland coast in places is lowlands and the hollow, swearing places.
The relief of the Cara Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Sea is very uneven, the depths of up to 100 m are dominated. In the shallow water of the southern and eastern parts of the sea adjacent to the mainland, there are numerous small recesses, separated by raising of different heights. Relatively smooth bottom - in the central regions.
To the north of the mainland coastal shallow water is the central karsa elevation extending to the mainland slope. It shares two gutters: in the west, the trip is the holy Anna (there is the highest depth of the sea), and in the east - the trop of Voronina with depths of more than 200 m. Along the coast of the new Earth, an isolated Novoemel trip with depths of more than 400 m is stretched along the coast of the New Earth.
Located in high latitudes of the Arctic and directly associated with the Arctic pool, the Kara Sea is characterized by the polar climate. Relative proximity slightly softens the climate of the sea, but the new earth serves as a barrier on the path of warm atlantic air and waters, so the climate of the Kara Sea is more severe than the climate of the Arctic.
The greatest number of storms are observed in the western part of the sea. The coast of the island has a new land is often formed by a local hurricane wind - Novoemel Bohr. It usually lasts for several hours, but in winter it can last 2-3 days.
The share of the Kara Sea accounts for about 55% (1290km3 per year) of the general drain of all seas of the Russian sector of the Arctic. Ob River annually brings an average of 450 km3 water, Yenisei - about 600, Pyasina - 80, PUR and TAZ - about 86 and other rivers up to 75 km3. Approximately 80% of river water comes to the sea at the end of the summer - early autumn (June-September). Almost all the mainland flow enters the Kara Sea from the south.
The structure of the Water Kara Sea form surface arctic, assist and deep atlantic water.
Located in high latitudes and for a year, completely or largely covered with ice, the Kara Sea warms it very weak.
Vertical distribution varies by season. Saltness of surface waters varies ranging from 3-5 in the area of \u200b\u200bDixon Island to 33 and even 34 ‰ in the open sea.
The wind stirring of water on open spaces of the sea occurs the most intensive in the fall, during frequent and strong storm winds.
The sea creates a relatively stable flow system associated with the circulation of the Arctic basin waters and neighboring seas. The Kara Sea is characterized by a cyclonic cycle in the southwestern part and multidirectional flows in the southern, central and northern regions.
The speed of flows to the sea is usually small, but with long and strong winds they increase.
In the sea, the correct semi-sufficient tides prevail, but in certain areas there are daily and incorrect tides.
Speed tidal flows Reaches considerable values. For example, the island is white, in the Cara Gate Strait, the West Bank of the Taimyr Peninsula, it significantly exceeds the speed of constant currents in the Kara Sea. The values \u200b\u200bof the tides are relatively small. For all the points of the coast, they are equal on average 0.5-0.8 m, but in the rivals exceed 1 m. Often, they are often suppressed by a savory-ride level fluctuations that are more than 1 m on the mainland seaside, and in the depths of the bays and lips in Bearing seasons reach 2 m and even more.
The Kara Sea is completely covered with ice in autumn-winter time, and only part of its surface is released in summer. Ice formation begins in September in the northern seasia and in October-in the south. From October to May, almost all the sea is covered with ice different types and age. Coastal zone It takes stock.
East Islands New Earth is the Kara Sea. The northern border goes from the m. Arctic (about. Komsomolets Archipelago Northern Earth) to m. Kolzat (about. Grem-Bell archipelago Franz Joseph). The Western Sea border passes from this Cape to M. Desires on the new land, further along the eastern shores of the new land, on the western border of the Caraca Gate Strait, on the West Bank oh. Vaigach and on the western border of the Strait of the Ugra ball on the mainland. The eastern border of the sea is on the shores of the Islands of the Archipelago of the Northern Earth and the Eastern Borders of the Straits of the Red Army, Shokalsky and Wilkitsky, and the South Border - on the mainland shore from the m. White nose to m. Proncischev.
Kara Sea is widely open to the Arctic Basin of the Northern Ocean. Most of its water area lies on the mainland, so it refers to the type of mainland seasons. Its area is 883 thousand km 2, the volume is 98 thousand km 3, the average depth is 111 m, the greatest depth is 600 m.
There are many islands in the Kara Sea. The overwhelming majority of them have small sizes and are located along the Asian shore. The largest islands - White, Shocal, Wilkitsky, Dixon, Russian, etc., and archipelagoes - Arctic Institute, News CEC, Sergey Kirov, Nordencheld, and others. Some relatively large islands (Schmidt, Ushakov, Visa) are far from land, on North of the sea.
Peninsula Yamal
The coastline of the Kara Sea is very winding. Eastern shores of the new land are raised by numerous fjords. Significantly dissected mainland coast. Baidarats and Obska lips are deeply in the land, between which there are ms yamal, and large bays are located in the east of: Gydansky, Yenisei, Pysky.
Diverse on the outer form and structure, the seaside sections belong to different morphological types. Abrasion shores prevail, but there are accumulated and icy. The east coast of the new land is a breakdown and hilly. The mainland coast in places is lowlands and the hollow, swearing places.
Climate
Located in high latitudes of the Arctic and directly associated with the Arctic pool, the Kara Sea is characterized by the polar climate. The relative intimacy of the Atlantic Ocean slightly softens the climate of the sea, but the new earth serves as a barrier on the path of warm atlantic air and water, so the climate of the Kara Sea is more severe than the climate of the Arctic Barents Sea.
In the autumn-winter time, the Siberian anticyclone is formed over the Kara Sea, the polar maximum is enhanced, and the atmospheric processes over the sea affect the holy of the Icelandic minimum. At the beginning of the cold season in the northern part of the sea, the north wind prevails, and in the south wind unstable towards. Wind speed at this time is usually 5-7 m / s. Winter baric situation determines the predominance of most of the sea of \u200b\u200bsouthern, southwestern and southeastern winds. Only in the northeast often blows the winds of the Northern Rumbes. The wind speed is on average equal to 7-8 m / s, often it reaches the storm power. The greatest number of storms are observed in the western part of the sea. The coast of the New Earth is often formed by a local hurricane wind - Novoemel Bohr. It usually lasts for several hours, but in winter it can last 2-3 days. The winds of the southern directions, as a rule, bring the continental air to the Kara Sea, the continental air strongly cooled over the mainland. The average monthly air temperature in March on the m. Chelyuskina is -28.6 °, on m. Desires -20 °, and the minimum air temperature can reach -45-50 °. However, with southern winds in the western part of the sea, sometimes relatively warm marine air polar air. It is brought by cyclones who come from the West and, meeting on their way the chain of Novoemel Mountains, deviate to the south and south-east. The most often of warm-air shutters occur in February, with which even some increase in the average air temperature is connected. In addition, these invasions of warm air and Novoemel Bora cause unstable winter weather in the western part of the sea, whereas in its northern and eastern regions is relatively stable cold and clear weather.
In the warm season, the Siberian maximum is destroyed, the low pressure is disappeared, the polar maximum is weakened. In connection with this, the winds are blowing, unstable in the direction, whose speed usually does not exceed 5-6 m / s. Cyclonic activity weakens. Spring heating occurs quite quickly, but no significant increase in air temperature is happening. In May the average monthly temperature Air keeps around -7 ° in the West and about -8 ° in the east of the sea.
In the very warm month, July, the air temperature is on average equal to 5-6 ° in the western part of the sea and 1-2 ° in the East and the North-East. In certain areas of the mainland coast, the temperature may increase to 18 and even up to 20 °. On any summer a month snow can fall out.
The share of the Kara Sea accounts for about 55% (1290 km 3 / year) of common run in all seas of the Soviet Arctic. Ob annually brings an average of 450 km 3 of water, Yenisei - about 600, Pyasina - 80, PUR and TAZ - about 86 and other rivers to 75 km 3. Approximately 80% of the river water comes to the sea at the end of the summer - early autumn (June - September). In winter in very small quantities in the sea, water is poured only from the most large rivers. Almost all the mainland flow enters the Kara Sea from the south. In general, almost 40% of the area of \u200b\u200bthis sea are under the influence of mainland waters, which create a surface capacked layer with a sharply pronounced density gradient. For the Kara Sea installed western, oriental and fan-shaped options for the spread of collapsible waters. Focused in the area about. Dixon affects the development of the flow system. Thus, the mainland stock - an important factor in the formation of hydrological characteristics of the Kara Sea.
Water and salting temperature
The structure of the Water Kara Sea form surface arctic, assist and deep atlantic water.
Surface Arctic Waters occupy Most of the sea. They are formed as a result of mixing waters coming from other basins and mainland, and their further transformation. The thickness of the layer of surface arctic waters in different parts of the sea depends mainly on the relief of the bottom. On large (200 m and more) depths, these water lie up to the horizons 150-200 m, and in shallow areas spread from the surface to the bottom. In general, they are characterized by a temperature close to the freezing temperature, and a slightly reduced salinity (29-33.5 ‰). Surface arctic waters are divided into three layers. The upper (0-50 m) has a homogeneous temperature and salinity, which is explained by the active mixing of water during the winter vertical circulation process. It is littered (from horizons 20-25 to 100 m) layer with the same low temperature and sharply increasing (up to 34 and more) salinity. Deeper (from the horizon of 100 m to 200 m) is a layer with characteristics intermediate between subsurface and deep atlantic waters. In spring-summer time, a thin (5-10 m) layer of elevated temperature and low salinity is distinguished on the surface of the sea spaces of the sea in the upper layer of surface arctic water.
Near the mouth of rivers in the warm season, river waters are mixed with cold and salt surface arctic water. As a result, peculiar water is formed here with elevated temperature, low salinity and, accordingly, with a low density. It spreads over the surface of more dense Arctic waters, on the border with which (horizons 5-7 m) creates large gradients of salinity and density. Crumpled surface waters sometimes extend to considerable distances from the formation places. Under surface arctic water in the chutes "St. Anna "and Voronina are relatively warm (0-1 °) and salty (about 35 ‰) Atlantic waters. They come from the Central Arctic Basin and as they move from the north to the south are transformed, and their upper boundary (isotherm 0 °) rises from the horizon of 100 m to the horizon of 75 m. The number and characteristics of the atlantic waters entering the sea are changed from year to year .
Located in high latitudes and for a year, completely or largely covered with ice, the Kara Sea warms it very weak. On the surface, the temperature is generally reduced from the southwest to the northeast. In the autumn-winter season, the surface of the sea is intensively getting out, and on open spaces the water temperature quickly decreases. In winter, in a layer, it is universally close to the freezing temperature of water and is equal to -1.5-1.7 °.
In the spring, solar heat is consumed primarily on the melting of ice, so the water temperature on the surface is practically no different from the winter. Only in the southern part of the sea, previously other free from ice and experiencing the impact of mainland, the temperature on the surface of the sea is gradually rising. In the summer, at the warmest months - July and August - on free from ice spaces, the temperature of the water on the surface is 3-6 °, and it is slightly above the freezing temperature.
The vertical distribution of water temperature varies to the seasons. In winter, the temperature is almost everywhere close to the bottom of the freezing temperature. Only in the chutes "St. Anna "and Voronin, along which the deep atlantic waters of the warm layer of the Arctic basin penetrate into the sea, it begins to rise from the horizons 50-75 m and in a layer of 100-200 m reaches 1-1.5 ° values, and it drops deeper again. In the most southern parts of these gutters, the temperature on the horizons 100 - 200 m slightly rises. Spring in the liberated ice southern regions The sea temperature of the water above 0 ° is observed to the horizons 15-18 m in the southwestern part of the sea and to the horizons 10-15 m in the east. Deeper it drops sharply to the bottom. In the northern part of the sea, the water distribution of water temperature vertically is preserved. In the warmest summer months, the temperature of the water in shallow water in the southwestern part of the sea becomes above zero from the surface to the bottom. In Western regions, a relatively high temperature of the water is observed up to 60-70 m, and it smoothly decreases deeper. In the east of the sea, the temperature of the water on the surface is 1.7 °, with depth it quickly decreases and on the horizon 10 m reaches the value of -1.2 °, and at the bottom of -1.5 °. In the sea covered with the northern part of the sea, the vertical temperature distribution in the summer is the same as in winter. At the beginning of the autumn cooling, the water temperature on the surface is slightly lower than in the subsurface (up to 12-15 m in the south-west and up to 10 to 12 m in the east) horizons from which it decreases to the bottom. With autumn intake, the temperature is aligned in the entire thickness of water, excluding the areas of propagation of the depth of atlantic waters.
Free communication with the Arctic pool, the large mainland stock, the formation and melting of ice - factors that determine the values \u200b\u200band distribution of salinity in the Kara Sea. The salinity of its surface waters varies in the range from 3-5 in the area about. Dixon to 33 and even 34 in the open sea.
In the cold season, when the river flow is small and intensive ice formation occurs, the salinity is relatively high.
As a result of the spring inflow of river water, the surface salinity is reduced in thessias and in the coastal strip. In the summer, due to the melting of ice and the maximum propagation of river waters, the surface layer is placed. The lowest salinity (less than 5) is observed in the areas of Ustyev Obi, Yenisei and other major rivers. The north of the Ob-Yenisei shallow water salinity of surface water increases to 15-20. For the northern regions of the Kara Sea (to the north and northeast of m. Desire), the salinity of the surface layers quickly rises from the south to the north to 34.
The distribution of salinity is influenced by the process of melting ice. Among the ice salinity on the surface at 7-8 ‰ below, than on the free ice areas of the sea. In the thickness of water, the salinity increases from the surface to the bottom. In winter, for most of the sea, it is relatively evenly rising from 30 ‰ on the surface to almost 33 days. Even near the mouth of the rivers, the bottom water can have a high salinity.
In the spring, especially at the beginning of the season, the distribution of salinity vertically is like winter. Only off the coast of the strengthened influx of mainland waters is desolateing the most surface layer of the sea, and with a depth of salinity sharply rises to the horizon 5 - 7 m, below which it gradually increases to the bottom.
In summer, salinity from low values \u200b\u200bon the surface (10-20) rises sharply with a depth and on the horizons 10-15 m is equal to 29-30. From here it increases more smoothly, and the bottom of its values \u200b\u200breach 34 and even higher.
This nature of the distribution of salinity vertically in the summer months is especially pronounced in the eastern half of the sea - in the zone of river waters and among drifting ice in the northern areas of the sea. In stormy weather, the wind mixes the upper 5-meter layer of water, so in it is installed homogeneous, but somewhat higher than the mixing, salinity. Immediately under the mixed layer, the value of it immediately increases sharply, below it increases smoothly with depth. In the western part of the sea, relatively homogeneous and salty of the Barentsi waters are received, so the salinity is slightly higher here, and with the depth it increases not as sharply as in the east of the sea.
By autumn, the river flow decreases, and ice begins to form in the sea. As a result, the salinity on the surface increases, the salinity jump begins to smooth, it changes the vertically more evenly.
Relief DNA
The relief of the Cara Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Sea is very uneven, the depths of up to 100 m are dominated. In the shallow water of the southern and eastern parts of the sea adjacent to the mainland, there are numerous small recesses, separated by raising of different heights. Relatively smooth bottom - in the central regions.
To the north of the mainland coastal shallow water is the central karsa elevation extending to the mainland slope. It shares two chute: in the west of the chute of St. Anne (there is the greatest depth of the sea), and in the east - Voronin's chute with depths of more than 200 m. Along the coast of the new Earth, isolated new-beddable depths with depths of more than 500 m are stretched.
Relief bottom and flow of the Kara Sea
Flow
Water density in South and eastern parts Kara Sea is lower than in Northern and Western regions. In the fall and in the winter they are more dense than spring and especially in summer. The density increases with depth. In the fall, in winter and at the beginning of spring from the surface to the bottom, the density increases smoothly. In the summer, during the maximum propagation of river waters in the sea and when melting ice, the density of the upper layer with a thickness of 5-10 m is lowered, and under it sharply rises.
Thus, the increase in density with depth occurs a very sharp jump. The thickness of the water is divided into two layers. This is most brightly expressed in the east of the sea, in the zone of propagation of river waters, less bright - in the north, where the decrease in the density of surface water is associated with desalination when melting ice. In the western part, the density increases smoothly with depth, as the homogeneous waters of the Barents Sea penetrate here.
The wind stirring of water on open spaces of the sea occurs the most intensive in the fall, during frequent and strong storm winds. In the central and western regions, stirring penetrates to the horizons 10-15 m, and on the Ob-Yenisei shallow water, its propagation depth does not exceed 5-7 m, which is associated with a sharp bundle of water in density due to desalination.
Much more developed autumn-winter convection. The most favorable conditions for the density mixing are developing at the western banks of the Northern Earth, where there is a rather weak water stratification, rapid intake and intensive gland formation. Convection here penetrates the horizons 50-75 m. Similar conditions for the development of convection and approximately the same depths of its distribution are noted in the south-western and northwestern parts of the sea. In the central regions and in the Ob-Yenisei shallow water under the influence of mainland, convection develops only due to the caustion during the ice formation and reaches the bottom only by the end of winter. Water slips over underwater slopes enhances vertical circulation in areas with dramatically changing depths.
The sea creates a relatively stable flow system associated with the circulation of the Arctic basin waters and neighboring seas. The mainland stock supports the stability of flows. The Kara Sea is characterized by a cyclonic cycle in the southwestern part and multidirectional flows in the southern, central and northern regions. The western ring of flows form partially by the Barents Country Waters coming here through the southern Novoemel Strait and moving towards Yamal and on the north along its West Bank. At the northern tip of the Peninsula, the Yamal Current is enhanced by Ob-Yenisei, and also north it gives a branch to the new land. Here this flow turns to the south and in the form of an East-Novoemel flow moving along the shores of the New Earth. In the Karian gate, this course gives a branch to the Barents Sea (flow of a liter), where it merges with the Barentsi waters, which are included in the Kara Sea, and closes the cyclonic circulation. With a significant development of the Siberian maximum, atmospheric pressure and relatively northern location of the Icelandic minimum, this rode of currents covers the entire western part of the sea. In cases of intensive development of polar maxima and displacements to the West of the Icelandic minimum, cyclonic water cycle is limited to the extreme south-western part of the sea, and the flow in it is somewhat weakened.
In addition to the Ob-Yenisey flow in the area of \u200b\u200bDixon, the Western Taimyar current begins, the waters of which are mainly carried out in the Wilkitsky strait, and partially spread along the western coast of North Earth to the north.
Above the chute "St. Anna "is traced to the same period as the continuation of the Yamal (or Ob-Yenisei) flow. It is directed to the north and goes beyond the Kara Sea.
The speed of flows to the sea is usually small, but with long and strong winds they increase. As for the patterns of the movement of deep water, then (with the exception of the patterns of the propagation of depth of atlantic waters, penetrating from the Central Arctic basin in the sea in the underwater gutters) they are still not clear enough.
Within the Kara Sea of \u200b\u200bthe flow, we carry relatively homogeneous water in thermohalin water indicators, so in it the front sections are not expressed in fuzzy. Peculiar fronts in the summer are the areas of contact of river and seawater and cloth water. Their position and dimensions are often changed during warm times, and in the cold season they are missing.
Flips in the Kara Sea are expressed very clearly. One tidal wave enters here from the Barents Sea between Franz Joseph's Earth and the New Earth and extends to the south along the east coast of the New Earth, the other of the Arctic Ocean goes south along the western coast of Northern Earth. In the sea, the correct semi-sufficient tides prevail, but in certain areas there are daily and incorrect tides.
The speed of tidal flows reaches significant values. For example, from about. White, in the Karsian gates, at the West Bank of Taimyr, it significantly exceeds the speed of constant currents in the Kara Sea. The values \u200b\u200bof the tides are relatively small. For all points of the coast, they are equal on average 0.5 - 0.8 m, but in the rivant lips exceed 1 m. Often they are insecratedly suppressively suppress the level of levels that are more than 1 m in the car Bearing seasons reach 2 m and even more.
Frequent and strong winds develop significant excitement in the Kara Sea. However, the size of the waves depend not only on the speed and duration of the wind, but also from icecome. In this regard, the strongest excitement is observed in the minced years at the end of the summer - early autumn. The greatest repeatability has a wave with a height of 1.5-2.5 m, less often there are waves 3 m or more. The maximum wave height is about 8 m. Most often, strong excitement is developing in southwestern and northwestern, usually free from ice parts of the sea. In central shallow regions, waves are weaker. During the storms, short and steep waves are formed here. In the north of the sea, the excitement is fried by ice.
Arcity
The Kara Sea is completely covered with ice in autumn-winter time, and only part of its surface is released in summer. Ice formation begins in September in the northern seaside and in October - in the south. From October to May, almost all the sea is covered with ice different types and age.
The coastal zone occupies digest. In the northeastern part of the sea, the fixed ice forms a continuous band stretching from O. White to the Nordenchelda archipelago and from there to the northern earth. In the summer, this strip solder is wagged and disintegrated into separate fields. They persist for a long time in the form of the North Smel ice array. In the southwestern part of the sea, the dit takes a small area.
Morustea still ice is located a zone of clean water or young ice. This is an area of \u200b\u200bfeeding worn. In the southwestern part of the sea, Amderminskaya and Yamal wormwood are located, and in the east of the central part of the sea - Ob-Yenisei wormwood. In open areas of the sea, drifting ice are common, among which annual local origin prevail. Their maximum thickness (in May) is 1.5 - 2 m. In the southwest there is a Novoemel array, which melts during the summer "on the spot." In the northern regions, the ice remains constantly. Sugges of oceanic ice arrays come down here. The distribution of ice in spring-summer time is very diverse and depends on the winds and flows.
Economic significance
The fish population of the Kara Sea is not burnt and focused mainly in the southern part, off the coast of the mainland and the new land. There are Omul, Rocky, Koryushka, Navaga and Sayka. Near the straits, Kar's gates and Mushekin, the ball meets a cod, penetrating here from the Barents Sea. In the summer, the herd of Belukh is concentrated in the Obska, Yenisei and Phasinsky bays.
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