Something I still can't gather back to and continue to help look for you information on questions of interest. Let's listen to the problem renatar.

"When the Crusaders invaded the territory of the current Poland, they put their castles in Torun and Nashava. So far I can not find the information where the Nashavsky Castle was located - on the place of the ruins of the current Drubovsky or somewhere else."

A difficult task is actually. Surely renatar. Already turned half the Internet in search of my information, but let's try to figure out something together.

So a little story ...

At the end of the XII century, an adventurous epic began, which lasted more than a hundred years, known to us as crosses. Crusaders survived many disappointments. Idealism on which the first knightly orders of the Templars and Hospitallers arose, soon declined. It was at that moment that the time of a new, more mercantile knightly order was coming. This Order originated not at the initiative of the clergy or military elite. Fathers-creators of the Order were merchants from two cities of the Hanseatic Union: Bremen and Lübeck. These merchants actively traded on the Holy Land and witnessed all the horrors, which was accompanied by the siege of acres. As a result, they organized a temporary field hospital, whose tents were removed ship sails. For this merchants were given a promise to highlight them the land after the acre is taken.

When the acre fell, a hospital and a hotel was built on the highlighted land. In 1196, Pope Celegen III gave the community of the status of a spiritual corporation, and in 1199, Dad Innokenti confirmed this status, and later he transformed a corporation to the Knight's Order. At the same time, the Knight's charter was borrowed from the Templars, and the hospital was hospitallers. So the Order of the servants of St. Mary in Jerusalem, who later received fame as a Teutonic Order.
The new Order of the German Knights did not show himself in hostilities on the Holy Land. He also could not boast of fabulous wealth who managed to scatter other orders. The Order remained an exclusively German organization, there were very few foreigners in its ranks. The main feature of the Teutonic Order was his close relationship with the German citizens' burghers. As we will see in the future, this relationship was particularly strongly manifested during the Action of the Order in Prussia, where the Order was engaged in the construction of castles and cities, and also participated in trade.

The developed castles of the Teutonic Order is closely related to the expansion of the Order in Prussia. As the border is promoted, new temporary fortifications were built, which gradually turned into permanent locks. Three historical phases are traced in the history of the castles of the Order. The first phase continued from 1230 to 1283. It was the era of the conquest of Prussia. At this time, wooden forts were built, which were gradually replaced by brick buildings, many of which were preserved to the present day. Castles were used for defense and offensive in confrontation with Prussian pagans. The second phase began with the Lithuanian crusade in 1283. At this stage, the castles performed in the role of the bases to promote the Tuton Order to the East. The third phase began with the association of the Polish and Lithuanian crown in 1386. As a result, the castles of the Order were under a serious threat from a new Christian state. This threat reached its apogee at the beginning of the XV century, when the famous Grunval-Lskaya Battle (1410) took place. According to the results of the TO-RULSKOTO of the world (1466), almost all the castles of the Order moved to Poland, and the Order itself became a Polish crown by Vassal.

Map indicating the location of the most important castles of the Teutonic Order

The appeal to the Catholicism of the pagan Prussia occurred by whit and gingerbread. The Order has always been supported by the Hanseatic Union, Polish knights, papal legates and German colonists. The Order also showed a lot of diplomatic skill, which allowed him to be able to edit in the submissive. The land where the Teutonic Castle was erected, the land of the Order was considered the land, and the Order was obeyed only to dad and anyone else.

When a Prussian crusade began in the first half of the XIII century, TSU part of Europe inhabited many pagan tribes. A single state here did not exist here, and local rulers tried to preserve independence, both from Christian and pagan neighbors. The local regions were pretty exotic names: the skeleton, natantia or varma. Prussian farmers and hunters from time to time made raids on neighboring areas, and the rest of the time led trading with foreign merchants, sailing in the village of Vistula. This was a wild country of forests and swamps stretched from Baltic Sea In the north of polish border In the south and west and Lithuanian forests in the East. Attempts to colonize these lands in the past, but only the Teutonic Order managed to reverse the resistance of local residents

Chorugwe Toruni

An important event occurred in 1223. The motley army from the German and Polish knights gathered in Culme (Hellno) for a campaign against Prussian pagans. This campaign provoked a fierce counterattack of pagans, which led to great losses on the part of the Crusaders. As a result of this catastrophe, Mazovian Prince Conrad and invited the Teutonic Order to Poland so that he helped him to delete the situation. In exchange for his services, the Order demanded the Helmno area and all the land, which will be able to conquer during the operation. Grandmaster Order Hermann Background Salza grasped good luck for the tail. With the support of Emperor Friedrich II in 1226, Pope issued a Golden Bull in Rimini, in which the details of the state constitution were determined to the smallest details, which should have been created in Prussia.
So the campaign of the Teutonic Order began. The first castle of the Order received from the conrad of MAROVETS. This castle was lying on a hill on south Bank Vistula, opposite the place where the city of Torun (Thorn) will appear later, near the place of the droves of Dwentsy (Wordland) in the Vistula.

The garrison of the castle consisted of only the seven knights headed by Bran-denburg by Conrad von Landsberg. In addition, the castle lived to one hundred squires and sergeants, as well as many servants who baked bread, cooked beer, washed underwear and looked behind the horses. The Order retained its essence of the monastic chivalry. According to the tradition, with the time of stay on the Holy Land, the Orden had doctors. The first castle of the Tutons was called the Foelzang- "Swan song".

So we discovered the first castle, which was in the question of the table of orders.

This is the first of the castles, laid by the teutons in Prussia, destroyed in 1454 at the very beginning of the thirteen-year-old war. Here is the first line of defense, on the right side the entrance doors are visible, and the Tower of Dancer is visible from the left. The only thing that survived the castle in the original form is Danzker

Right in the city center - the canned ruins of the castle of the Crusader. He was not destined to sleep for a long time, based on the 1236th, he was destroyed in 1454th.

Reconstruction of the castle

There is still such information:

1232 - in Poland, on the right bank of Wisla Tutons built the first fort, then founded the cities of Hellno and Kvidzin. Their tactics were the same: suppressing the local pagan chap, the population was forcibly paid to Christianity, they built a castle, the lands around which arrived Germans began to use. The capital of the Tutons in Prussia became the city of Marienburg (Him. "Mary Castle"). Moved in the eastern direction, the knights built many castles and fortresses on their way. (Pruf)

Numerous gothic buildings are preserved in Toruni: this is gothic Cathedral, and the old town hall, and the ruins of one of the first in Poland of Teutonic castles, and defensive walls of the city with gates and towers, as well as gothic homes and barns.

The historic complex of Toruni consists of three parts:
1. Old Town,
2. New city,
3. Teutonic knightly castle of the XIII century.

Ruins of Castle Crusadsev

The construction of the castle began in 1236 on the site of the Polish registered settlements of the X-XII centuries, which was heard uncharacteristic for the Tuton castles of the XIV-XV centuries. It was the first Teutonic knightly castle in Poland. The castle was built at a small height, on the banks of the Vistula River. Three parts can be distinguished in its architectural composition:
1. High castle (chapel, dining room, hostel and other rooms for knights).
2. Wide internally space.
3. Footage of the castle (economic buildings: stables, mills, bakeries, brewery, granaries, forge, stables, etc.).
But already in 1454, the castle was conquered and destroyed by the inhabitants of the old city of Toruni, at the beginning of the uprising of the TEVTON ORDER (13-year war). This war was discontinued in 1466 by the signing of the Second Torun Treaty. Torun gets the title of the Royal City.

Both parts of the old quarter of Toruni (old and New town) were ever surrounded by huge medieval defensive fortifications. The defensive walls of bricks, fortified by bastions, were built. These walls were a defensive system consisting of a double line of walls and the moat between them filled with water. The total length of the walls was about 4 km and had 11 gates. Until our days, only a kilometer of the wall (mainly on the part of the Vistula), 9 towers and 3 gates, the remaining parts of the fortifications were demolished in the XIX century.

So, the first fortress was determined. And what we see further

In the immediate vicinity of Hellno, a relatively few pagan population lived. The exacerbation of the situation began when Konrad brought his army from the castle and began to break the dwellings of those who refused to take Catholicism. In 1230, the teutons received reinforcements in the form of a shelf Hermann Balke, who for many years led the crusade in Prussia. It was he who built the second castle below the Vistula . This castle became a base, from which the teutons were hit to the opposite coast of the Vistula. Initially, the Teutons tried to attack directly to the east, deep into the Prussian forests. Balke decided to change the strategy and the first thing to secure his position to the north along the Vistula. In a short time, the entire population in the Helmno area was drawn to Catholicism. Konrad Mazovsky kept his word and left the conquered territory of the Order. In 1231, on the northern coast of Vistula, opposite Fogezgzang was founded by the castle of Thorn (Torun). Hellno renamed Clam surrounding its area in Kul-Merland. In 1232 there was a destroyed castle Clam.

Or now let's follow the chain again ...

In December 1230 (according to other information in spring 1231), waiting when Vistula got up, the Order Brothers with Knecht, headed by Hermann Balc, appointed by Landmister Prussia, together with the detachment of the Crusaders crossed east coast rivers. The first captured Prussian fortification was adapted to the temporary refuge. This fortification was named Thorn. In the same year, the place was found on the very bank of the river, where it was decided to lay the castle, which also received the name of Thorn. Therefore, the first fortification was called Alto Thorn or Old Thorn.

In this, 1231, the Order no longer planned to progress in Prussia. The main task was to strengthen and equip your bridgehead on the right bank of the Vistula, thus obtaining a solid base for further movement to the North and East. The following year, the Order actively started promoting Prussian lands. The following castles based on the Order were AlthauC and not far from it - Kulm . But the ways of supplying from the thorn were not blocked, and therefore were attacked by Prussians. The Order was forced to lay on the road between the castles to the Torn and Althaus another castle - Birgelau.

At 1239-40, the Order had 21 fortified item. But the Prussian uprising began in the Order's plans. As a result, many castles were captured and destroyed. The uprising lasted about 7 years. During this period, 5 temporary locks were built, 4 of them were located along the Vistula - 2 of them on the left bank - since the supply through the Thorn was interrupted.

Well, we will return to the history of the Crusaders in Poland.

Radray's fortress (Radzyp-Hellshinsky) was founded in 1234 to protect the coupheroid from the east. At the end of the XIII century, the castle was rebuilt in a brick. In 1410, the castle was subjected to devastation. His ruins still testify to the was the power of the Order. Bricks with an external pattern were used for the outer decoration of the castle. High and narrow windows give the castle a type of fortified church.

Having two locks: Kul and Torn, the Teutons continued to war, acting with the former cruelty. The pagans responded to the same coin. So, the teutons cut out all who refused to take Catholicism, and the pagans were killed by anyone who took the Catholicism. However, the Teutons gradually pushed the pagans and found another, very important castle in 1232. This castle was called Ma Rienverder, currently known as Kwidzyn. Apparently, a year earlier Balkes experienced problems due to the unwillingness of the knights to bother his dignity of physical work. Therefore, for this campaign, it is a stock by a special circular from Pan, in which the importance of construction work has been emphasized in Koto-Rom.
Pan's diplomas were entered by proud knights. Among the builders of Marrever-Dera, the names of Conrad May-Wetsky and Henry Silesian, who, by the way, will soon die in the battle with Mongols under the lignic. An additional bait for the builders served as a particle of the Cross of the Lord, stored in Mariped. Balke collected enough supplies, declaring that a campaign will follow after completing construction. Wooden castle was built in just four weeks. After construction, many knights went home, but many remained for the winter, waiting for the start of the promised campaign. The fighting began at the interface on the Sirguls River. The Teutons and the Allied Poles on the ice forced the river and caused a severe defeat of the Prussian army.

Marienburg Castle, fully restored these days. Castle serve tourist center And represents one of the most beautiful European castles. The snapshot made from the opposite bank of the river the river. Two twin towers are visible, once covered the bridge over the river.

But soon the Poles went home. Order alone did not have strength in order to develop success. Therefore, Balke began to strengthen the already conquered positions. The next Teutonic castle was radar (now Rudzyn Xe.i-Minsky), founded in 1234. This castle covered Cultorland from the east. Two more than a year before expansion continued. Pause, among other reasons, was due to the fact that in 1236, in the battle in Saul, the order of the Zamarevians was defeated. The remains of the Order joined the Tv-thinned Order. As a result, the area of \u200b\u200binterests of the Order now extended from Vistula to Novgorod.

Chronology

• 1190 The foundation of the Teutonic Order on the Holy Land.
• 1226 Golden Bulla
• 1228 Order Receives Culmerland (Helmno) in Poland.
• 1231 Built Torn Castle (Torun).
• 1233 Built Marnep-Verden Castle (Kwidzyn).
• 1234 Dad transforms the Order to the state.
• 1237 Teutonic Order is ruled by the Order of the Lieremen in Livonia.
• 1242 Alexander Nevsky Victory over the Teutonic Order in the battle on Muddy lake - Battle on the Ice.
• 12u1 drop acres. The capital of the Order is transferred to Venice.
• 1309 The capital of the Order is postponed from Venice to Marienburg (Malbork).
• 1370 Death of the King of Poland Casimir III.
• 1377 Yagailo becomes Grand Duke Lithuanian.
• 1381 Sverflection of Yagayil.
• 1382 Kestuto's overthrowing, the flight of Vitovt.
• 1383 Restoration of Yagayil and Vitovt.
• 1386 Yagaylo was baptized under the name of Vladislav and married Jadvig, the heir of the Polish throne.
• 1391 Osada Vilnius.
• 1401 Formal alliance between Poland and Lithuania.
• 1404 Peace treaty between Poland / Lithuania and the Teutonic Order.
• 1409 The second uprising in the same Majia ended with the conclusion of a new peace treaty.
• 1410 July 15- - Battle of Grunwald (Tannenbeg).
• 1411 First Torun world.
• 1416 Constance Cathedral.
• 1422 War in Gollub and Melno world.
• 1430 Death of Grand Duke Lithuanian Vitovt.
• 1433 Bohemian mercenaries are taken by Storm Dirhau (TCHEV).
• 1434 Death of King Vladisla Va-Yagailo.
• 1440 The emergence of the Prussian Union.
• 1446 Advanced to the Polish throne of King Casimir IV.
• 1454 The defeat of the Poles during Chojnice. The beginning of the thirteen war.
• 1457 Fall Mariebourg (Malbork).
• 1462 Battle with Lake Zas-Novovets.
• 1466 Second Torun world.
• 1525 Secularization of the Teutonic Order.

Unfortunately, find the second castle specified in the question

For their foundation, Torun is obliged to knights of the Teutonic Order, the ruins of the castle of which still can be seen in the region of the Old Town. And the historical truth is that it is the "grateful" residents of Thorn and destroyed him, pre-driven crusaders from the city.

However, everything is in order ...

In 1217, a campaign against Pranusskaya Gagnants, who captured the lands of the Polish prince I Mazzovsky, was announced in Pope Roman Honorime III-M. Its gave way to persuasion of their Russian wife (granddaughter Svyatoslavich's granddaughter), Prince asked for help from Teutonic Knights, promising to hold the ownership of the Kulm land (current Helmno), as well as the preservation of seized territories. Few people know that the first representatives of the Teutonic Order, which arrived at the time of the Kulm lands were only two brothers-knight! In 1230, another five crusaders were joined under the command of Hermann background side.

This is what you can learn from the chronicles compiled by the priest's brother and the chronicler of the Teutonic Order of Peter from Dusburg: "Brother Hermann Balke, Master of Prussia, striving to follow the case of faith, together with the aforementioned prince (by Conrad Mazovakov) and the force of the troops passed through In the land of Kulm and on the shore, in the lower flow of the river, built in 1231 the castle of Thorn. This building was made in some oak tree, in which fortifications were arranged for defense; on all sides, they surrounded themselves back; the approach to the castle was Only one. These seven brothers had ships with them, so that in the event of a Prussian attack, it was possible to retreat in Nessaão, if hopeless circumstances force them to it. Over time, they have erected around the city's mentioned castle, which later, leaving the castle, due to The constant spills of the river moved to the place where it is now both the castle and the city of Thorn. "

Crusaders moved about 10 kilometers up the river and settled on the site of the former Slavic settlement, where earth shafts with partial stone walls were preserved from the previous residents. Here they started the construction of a fortified fortress.

Over the next decades, a residential brick building was built on the territory of the fortress. Next, they started the construction of the monastic building, the chapel of the fortress, broke through the ditch with the gateway, which separated the castle from the Old Town. In 1255, Bishop of Sumbia (now Kaliningrad region) Gebhard von Hirsterg highlighted two kilograms of silver on the construction of the tower and the walls of the castle. However, the amount turned out to be quite minor and the tower was built only a few decades later. The construction of the complex continued even for a hundred years and, at the end, had a horseshoe-shaped plan for later Teutonic castles.

In the architectural composition of the complex, three parts could be distinguished: a high castle (main castle, tower, chapel, other residential premises), household buildings (stable, mills, bakery, brewery, forge, etc.) andthe inner space of the fortress.

1. Pond. 2. Tower Gdanisco. 3. Castle tower. 4. Castle. 5. West ditch. 6. Gateway. 7. Signal tower of the Old Town. 8. Upper mill. 9. Castle Hospital. 10. Western gate.

It was the first castle of the Teutonic Order on the lands of Kulg. The historical value of the castle was that it was here that the base of the Teutonic knights was located during the period of Christianization of Prussia. The settlement, surrounded by the castle, was named Thorn and acquired the right of city already in 1233.

At the beginning of the 15th century, Thorn was a significant economic center and exporter of goods, mainly food grains, pets and products of them. Castle granaries contain more than 550 tons of grain, and domestic livestock numbered about 500 horses, 3,000 sheep and goats, 400 cows and bulls, as well as 600 pigs. Pantle castle were broken from food abundance - they had a huge amount of dried beef and pork meat, about 5,000 cheese heads, four cream oil barrels, several saline fish barrels, 16 barrels of salales, peas, and stuff, so on. All these figures became known due to the scrupulousness of the knights, which carefully archived all their livelihoods.

As for weapons, at that time it did not cause the same impressive emotions. Despite the fact that Thorn was an important border city and a point of observation of Polish lands, the Arsenal of the Castle looked much more modest not only compared to such large centers as Malbork or Gdansk, but also less small fortifications like Zedloga, Ostroda and Balga.

During Great War (1409-1411) between the Knights of the Teutonic Order on the one hand and the Grand Durability of Lithuanian in the Union with the kingdom of the Polish and Russian principalities on the other, the result for the first turned out to be deplorable. During this period throughout three weeks Thorn, who spoke on the side of the Order, courageously resisted the demands of the capitulation, but in the end she passed his position in August 1410.

The city was given to the Polish king Vladislav Yagaylo to the management of Vincent Granovsky (whose wife, by the way, after his death, married King). And the king himself arrived in Torun with a small retire on September 29, 1410. The chronicles report: "When the king sat down from the ship, he was met by city officials and simple people. Then under the maintenance of chants" Your power, your kingdom "The whole procession was headed by a solemn congestion to the parish church of St. John." However, the king and Poles and Poles in the city were not always solemnly met. In 1404, during an official visit to Torn, King Vladislav some kind of cook ... hollows. Unhappy grabbed and on the orders of the Great Magista, they ordered a drowning. However, thanks to the mercy of the king, she escaped this harsh punishment. True, the chronicles do not indicate the cook made this atrocity intentionally or by chance :-)

The Polish occupation of the castle lasts until February 1, 1411, after which, in accordance with the first peace treaty concluded in Torun and the Polish Tutton and the Kingdom, the Polish troops placed on the territory of the castle were forced to leave it. The new comment (commandant) of the castle became Eberhard Hallelefeld, who hurried to improve the defense capability of the complex: By 1413, the castle was 19 combat units of artillery and firearms, a large number of lead bullets and three porch pods. Thanks to this, the castle was able to stand in 1414 and 1422 in new wars and the next attempts to seize the castle by Polish troops.

In the 1420th year, a fire flashed on the territory of the complex, heavily damaged many buildings. On the very bad relationship of the Crusaders with the city at that time showed the following complaints from the compete, which said, "that during the fire of citizens, instead of helping in extinguishing, stood and mumbled over knights-monks."

In less than two years, the recovery of the complex began, at this time the castle was covered with a new roof. However, due to the deplorable financial situation (Teutonic knights were on the ears in debt to Torunsky shots), not all the objects of the fortress managed to repair, as evidenced by the record dated 1453, which refers to the poor condition of the object.

By 1428, 15 knight brothers lived in the castle. In addition to weapons, each of them had 2-3 horses at that time, with the exception of the comut and one of the knights named Ludwig von Landek, which was at the disposal of six horses. Arms did not have priests and the kitchen manager.

In the XVth century, Torun's mothers decided to get rid of the "guardianship" of the Teutonic Order. On February 6, 1454, a deputy of the city council with a trumpeter appeared near the walls of the Fortress and, after being attracted to the sounds of the pipe, demanded a conversation with a kits of the castle. Such a situation has never had a place in the history of the courtyard and strongly alarmed his inhabitants, forcing them to hide them in the castle. But two days later, several thousand inhabitants of Toruns were besieged by the castle, who defended only twelve knights and a small handful of mercenaries, whose moral spirit was supported by two priests. Albrecht Calb Fortress Comsus refused to submit to the requirement to surrender and threatened the retribution for this riot. Then the crowd started at the fortress the crowd. In the end, knights had to take the conditions of surrender. Accompanied by the municipal protection of the Crusaders, they brought out the city, after which the journaling crowd would safely plunder the complex. Further, with the consent of the city council, the townspeople started the systematic destroying of the fortress so that no longer a single military garrison could begin to jeopardize the freedom of the city. Almost some ruins remain from the residence of the Crusaders.

Over the next five centuries, a real city dump formed on the site of the castle ruins. In 1958, excavations began here. I remove the 8-meter cultural layer, the archaeologists managed to open the walls and basements of the castle.

Conducted from the further destruction of the ruins of the castle turned into a museum. Today the castle is a tourist attraction, here are held street festivals, fashion shows and the holiday of the Christian song.

Active rest in Poland is a pleasure. Mountains, sea, cycling tracks, tourist routes. What is just not here. A separate item on this list is traveling through Teutonic castles in the northern part of the country.

The Teutonic Order for several hundred years of its domination on these lands built about 90 castles and fortresses. Some of them did not live to this day - were destroyed, burned or demolished. Those who remained are striking the greatness of gothic architecture, boast a rich history, shrouded with numerous secrets and legends. All this testifies solely on the unsurpassed mastery of medieval builders. Teutonic castles willingly attend tourists from all over the world. We offer you to walk with the traces of the Crusaders.

Crusaders - Knights of the Teutonic Order.

The expedition route in the footsteps of the Crusaders starts from Toruni. This city was founded by the Knights of the Teutonic Order in 1230. It can boast wonderful, full historical attractions, old measteam and not much younger than new meat. From the mighty Teutonic Castle, destroyed during the time of 13-year war, remained only colorful ruins.

The ruins of the Teutonic castle in the city of Torun.

Approximately 15 kilometers in the southwestern direction from Toruni is the Castle of Bezhoglovsky - a small village with a well-surviving fortress. The Fauglovsk Fortress is one of the oldest Teutonic buildings (1270 g). It was in it a residence of the comut (commander of a separate squad of a knightly order). The castle was destroyed several times during battles, but in the middle of the XIX century it was completely rebuilt in a neo-neutic style.

The Faublovsk Fortress is one of the oldest.

We are moving through the vistula and go to the north to the city of Nobets. Already from far away, the massive ruins of the Teutonic castle, which was built on an artificial island, not far from falling out of the VDA in Vistula. Svetska castle retained a part of the medieval wall and high, more than 30 meters, a cylindrical tower, from the top of which a delightful panorama opens.

Tower of Svetskoy Castle.

Now we will have to go on the banks of the Vistula in the northern direction, in order to achieve the city of anger. Most beautiful view On the city will open to us from the East. Growsk Gothic castle was built in the second half of the XIII century. A particularly luxurious castle looked at the time of living in his walls of the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order Mikhala Kosymiter.

Gnevsky castle.

Far in the West, near the ancient borders of the State of Teutonic, there is a majestic Chertovsky castle. It has been preserved to this day only partially - a fragment of the city wall and a high 46-meter tower, which offers a delightful view of the city of Chelukhov. One of the Comments of the Chershovsky Liddy was the famous conrad von Valenrod - 24th Master of the Order and the greatest commander Middle Ages.

Teutonic fortress in Clohov.

Another, nominated far to the west, landmark - Teutonic castle in Mostov. This is one of the most preserved fortresses whose history begins in the XIV century. The architect of the Ladovsky Castle was Mikolai Fellenstein - the one that built a fortress in Malbok. Today in the castle there are a museum and a hotel.

Bytovsky castle.

We return to the Vistula Valley, and then we follow along its east tributaries of the hole to see the most significant attraction of Teutonic traces. Castle in Malbrok. This is the most huge brick building in the world, it was built to substantiate the capital of the TEVTON state in it. Every year, thousands of tourists come, in order to admire these treasure of gothic architecture.

Malbork is the most famous castle of Crusaders.

Now we go south to see the castle in the piece. On the armor between the two lakes, in a place engaged in an excellent defensive position, a junk castle rises, built in the middle of the XIV century. In the building, underground floors, defense walls and ditch were perfectly preserved. Currently, the Association of the Knight's Brotherhood of the Earth of the Stymskaya.

Started at 11 c. Crusades led to the phenomenon of creating knightly monastic associations, "orders." The first such association that appeared in the Holy Land was the Order of Temmernovnikov or Templars (temple. - Temple. The next knightly order was created on the basis of the Jerusalem Hospital of St. John

The German Order was also created on the basis of the hospital that appeared during the third crusade in 1190 in the siege of the city of Acre. In 1198, it was decided to create a knightly order, his first master was Hermann Walpot (Germann Walpot).

With the arrival of Hermann Background, the Salza (Hermann von Salza 1209-1239) changed. In 1210-11. Hungarian King Andrasha II (1205-1235), invites the Teutonic Order for the defense of the borders of Hungary from the invasions of Polovtsy.

The leader Theodoric was appointed to the Britrenland expedition. Under his leadership in 1212, the development of the obtained territory began. The Order was built 5 locks.

In the fight against the Polovtsy, the Order has achieved certain success, making them a number of defeats. Part of the Polovtsy was forced to recognize his power and take baptism . In 1225, Andras II expelled the Teutonic Order from Hungary.

The successful struggle of the Order with Polovtsy attracted the attention of Polish Prince Konrad Mazovsky. His principality in the north of Poland was constantly subjected to ruinous raids of Prussian pagans. In 1225, Konrad Mazovetsky asked for help to German ordinance brothers.

After long negotiations, consent was achieved and the Order sent his knights to Prussia. In 1230, the ordinary squad under the team of the Landmacerster Prussia German von Balc approached the border.

Conquest Prussia

In the spring of 1231, the Order Brothers led by German von Balc, crossed on the eastern bank of the river. On the banks of the Wislas, they built a boil strengthening, calling him Thorn. The next year, they began to conquer the Prussian lands starting the offensive on the banks of the Vistula. As you move to consolidate your possessions, the Order built locks. The first locks were weddown. Earth shafts were poured around the perimeter of which a wooden parisade with wooden towers and residential premises for garrison was installed. The fortress surrounded deep rally. At the initial stage, the Order often used Prussian fortresses.

After the founding of Elbing in 1238 The Order was committed by a reconnaissance foreign expedition on the bay on two ships. Moving along the shores of Warmia to the north, they were discovered, the Prussian fortress of Hondaeda . An attempt to take the fortress by storm was unsuccessful, almost the entire landing was destroyed by prouds.

A year later (1239), well-armed ships with the new squad of the knights moored to the foot of the high shore, which was Honda. After a long siege, she switched to the Order of the Order. Slightly rebuilding the old fortress, called it Balga .

At 1239-40, the Order had 21 reinforced point.

In 1242, the territories captured by the Order began a rebellion that lasted about 7 years.

After the suppression of the uprising, the Order began to further conquer the Prussian lands

Head with the Czech king Otakar (OtTokar) was captured by Sambia (deputy). The result of this offensive was the foundation Konigsberg (1255).

To continue the onset of the Order prevented the second uprising of Prussians, which began in 1260 and was finally suppressed in 1272.

After the suppression of the uprising, the Order almost immediately began to conquer the Prussian lands of Naughty and the chalihood.

By 1283, the advanced orders of the Order came to the Memel River (Neman) and at its cool coast in 1289 built a fortress Landshut (Ragnit). At this stage, the main territory of Prussia was conquered.

The development of the conquered territory and tactical improvement of defense from the starting attacks on the part of Lithuania began.

Due to the practical absence of roads, the main transport arteries were rivers in this region It was the pregel river. From Konigsberg along her a large number of locks were built, including Arnau (OK 1302), Tapiau Velau in 1320 Taplaken (OK 1310), Norkitten (OK 1320), Insterburg (1336).

In 1309, the Hochmeister Residences (Veliky Magista) was transferred from Venice to Prussia to the Komtus castle Marienburg based on about 1270 g

Immediately after moving the Great Master's Master, the Prussia began the mass construction of castles in stone. By that time, the Order of the castle was developed in the Order, as for the residence of Compets and the smallest fortified fortresses. Everything was united despite large difference In some abrasions and location. It is due to this plannedness and uniformity of construction, Prussia castles form a certain group of the United States of the Middle Ages. As a rule, these were four-branched locks that have from one to four flibels with bergphride and high defensive walls. . These castles had a spoke on strengthening (Foreburg), as well as defensive wall From bricks with combat move.

For the XIV century a large number of expensive castles were built.

Of great importance was the question of building materials. Prussia is poor in the stones in its territory, there is also no Kamenomanian on its territory, and therefore piles, columns, some building blocks were made from brilliant granite and limestone blocks. Therefore, the main building material for the Prussian castles was the baked brick of manual molding. In addition to ordinary brick, a shaped brick was also required for the internal surfaces of the arch, windows, doors and for supports of the arch. It was also used in large quantities of glazed brick. When laying, a solution was needed for which the lime extracted in Nenenburg was required in the large quantities. Lime better quality Tosted from Gotland Island.

Along with the restructuring of old castles, the foundation of new, which after 1310, was often immediately built of stone.

Work on the construction of locks was huge not only in terms of volume, but also in difficulty. From the material spent on the construction of the castle, it was possible to completely build a medieval city of medium sizes.

Also small castles were built, served by the residences to the Order of Officials (Fogem, Pflegram - Managing, Cameramine, etc.). In addition to the cost of materials, the cost of labor and the production of construction materials, the construction itself). Order paid and highly qualified specialists.

Cuttings Castles (Konventburg)

The territory of the Order of the United States shared on the comvoria, major administrative units that were centers of the military and economic organization of the Order. He headed this unit of the comvor, with the Knight's Convention, their residence was the castle. Castle himself, ( hohburg) I had from one to four flies , in the form of a closed quadricle. Often with a large tower (Bergfried) and small towers on dangerous areas.

The main floor in the castle, was considered the second, where it was possible to climb from the courtyard through the covered gallery, there were chapels on the floor (chapel), the Hall of the Kapitula (room for the meeting of the Order of the Breaks), Reterter (Dining Room), and Dormtorium (Bedroom), and so The same Danzker (toilet) is sure. In the winter period, residential premises were heated, by incandescing stones in the basement, over the air channels, warm air was supplied through the holes in the floor. On the ground floor there were shopping premises (kitchen, etc.). The basements stored food and others necessary for defense materials. The repository also served as the third floor, mainly used him as a bread barn. Under the roof of the main castle around the perimeter there was a military course and loopholes for the shelling both outside and to the courtyard. (Especially large castles had four and even five floors). In the courtyard necessarily had a well. The courtyard himself was paved with untreated wildlife, and so that rainwater was not stood, had an inclined view with the tap of water into the well.

The safety of the castle complex was provided at the expense of large pvs and walls with a combat stroke surrounding the castle itself. There was a site called such a wall and castle parhs.

The construction of large massive buildings that represented well-strengthened complex, had a pre-smoking fortification ( foreburg), And often a few Furburgs, with high walls, and numerous buildings of storage facilities, for storing food, forage, weapons, all sorts of workshops, stables, as well as residential premises, etc.

These castles were built not only as pure military structures, but also as symbols of the status of the knightly community and territorial power. Matches of architecturally were full of dignity. Rich ornamental forms and building elements attached their unique features to the North European Gothic. In many cases, artwork works of the highest class were used. Elements of architectural jewelry were used, somehow openwork stone thread, multi-layer capitals, friezes with inscriptions, glazed panels. The most beautiful work of the Order Architecture are the halls with ribbed crops. Castles were decorated as reliefs and bas-reliefs for which the limestone was applied caused from Gotland .

On the territory of the Königsberg region there were 4 Komtrusky Castle:

Balga, Brandenburg, Konigsberg, Ragnit. Temporarily performed the functions of the Municipal Castles: Labeau, Tapiau, Lohastt, Insterburg.

Firmari

At Kitrusky castles, a company very often had a company for patients and old managing brothers and ordinar priests, which in old age or injury could not carry the service. There were two types of Firmari, for the order of the Knights, the Odden priests, and separately for servants. Sometimes for gray raincoats (serve brothers of more than-known origin) and simple knecht firmairi were separate as in the castle of Osterod. But for a separate treatment of gray raincoats - it is perhaps the only proof . Usually they were treated in the same room with knights. The table of the company, at least in some castles, was provided with her own kitchen, where they were preparing better and more abundant dishes, as the ordinance statutes demanded. With a large meaning in medieval medicine to the food diet, you can talk about the dietary kitchen. The kitchen had his own chef, and sometimes (in Königsberg) and two cooks. In large castles with a convention from 30 to 60 brothers, there were large rooms with their own straight (dining room) for patients and elderly knights, with a separate bath. Ordinance statutes recommended the patients with bathing brothers. Firmairi were constructed in such a way that every ordinar knight had a private room (cilya) and a common holiday room. In most cases, this complex included a chapel, a kitchen and a basement. Everything looked like a small hospital in which life proceeded insulated .

Bath

Baths were fairly widespread in Europe, respectively, the Order everywhere built Bani in their castles. They had not only in castles with a large convention, but also in the castles of fogs, pflegers - managers and samples. Baths were built in the same way as in Firmai: the boarded floor, laid on the stone flooring, glass windows. On the furnace struck stones, being crammed, they were watering with water to obtain steam. Water for washing heated in boilers, washed in "baths" (wooden barrels). For bath procedures, deciduous brooms were also used. Sometimes there was a special well in the baths .

Water supply

According to research B. Schmid (B. Schmid. ) There were 19 wells in the castle complex of Marienburg. Well in a high castle had a depth of up to 27 m. It was laid out by stones. There is a wooden canopy over it with a tile and a wheel for pulling water tanks, the well, obviously, was built in the 13th century. In the premises of the Grand Master in the middle castle in the floor there was a round hole, which led through the floors to the basement to the well. Usually the well was in the center of the castle yard, as in Königsberg in the courtyard of the house of the convention.

Danzker

The characteristic feature of the Odden castles, there were dance butts (toilets), these were the impressive towers behind the peasants of the castle corps, in most on the aquatic stream (creek, bay, river, and in a flowing rally), with the lock they were connected to the indoor transition on powerful columns ( In Marienverder, this move had 54 m. Length). Often, they combined defensive functions and architectural beauty and form a distinguished lock complex. But, first of all, they performed the functions of the exhaust place for the inhabitants of the castle. In addition to the tower dresscakers, there were as small, hung on the outer defensive wall of the room with outer hatches for unclean. Königsberg castle had two Danzker, one for the House of Convention Second, for Firmairi. As a rule, Dentantschers had several places .

Heating

The heating system was also thoroughly thought out. In the 13th and first half of the 14th centuries. The castles were heated by open fireplaces and coal bends. Later, the caloric heating is found everywhere (heating with warm air), the oldest is found until 1300 in Marienburg. Under heated premises, a special furnace was located in which large boulders were poured, then the warm holes and warm air from the hot stones along the thermal channels and through the holes in the floor heated the room was opened. The chimney pipe was also used for open fireplaces. Thanks to this heating system, severe Prussian winters were carried out quite comfortable . Later in the castles began to use indoor furnaces. The bedroom furnace in connection with the ventilation cams, finally accepted the finished form in Prussia around 1370.

Small castles

Along with the major castles of conveterns, numerous small locks were needed to control the lands.

The purpose of small locks was very diverse.

The competence with their often huge territories needed smaller departments (administrative units). They were headed by separate ordinary brothers or ordinar officials.

and existed in the form Pflegamt. - Calicism, (management department), Waldamt.- "Staiting" and K.ammer.ä mter. . Headed them respectively Pfleger- Soars (managers), Waldmeister.- "Forestry" and cameRarius. - Camera.

The territory adjacent to the convention lock was controlled as a separate administrative unit similar to samples. Along with the compelons, there were other administrative districts that were in submission of the Landmister or Masters were Vogtoien. - FUGETS (governors), with fogs at the chapter as supreme administrators. Fog sites arose in the master's period, sometimes from the abolished comvoria.

Differences in the purpose of small locks were insignificant on their architectural form; In all these castles, approximately the same conditions were available: the Order of the Official was required to be a residential, representative and, office space. The castle was supposed to be a chapel, intended for the entire pre-smoking area. These few rooms could easily settle down in a building of the same convetern type building. In addition, for various military and economic needs, a yard and other premises were needed. The fortress walls expanded the area of \u200b\u200bthe castle, the buildings under their protection could be adjusted to the main structure and even form multiplegel facilities. Therefore, there were one, two, - three - and even four-fledged castles, for example Tapiau, Labeau, Insterburg. These locks in the initial period were used as Kitruski, and when they were rebuilt in stone, from the very beginning, they were constructed as pflegnce. The scale of the locks were not associated with their destination. Most likely, they depended on the size of the subordinate territory, or the value of the castle as a military point.

Small Order Locks begin to form when the development of the conversion locks has reached its higher PointThis happened after 1320. Until that time, not a single small castle built from stone was not detected. At the initial stage, the castle structures were completely influenced by a standard convector lock. But in the end, they acquired their special shape. .

ZWISCHENWERKE - Advanced and intermediate fortifications, were constructed to protect the boundary or as a cover between larger fortifications. They were small in size and, as a rule, rarely received architectural design. Numerous surviving castles survived in Prussia, may be by most part residues of the smallest defensive structures.

The Order built small fortifications to protect the population. Simultaneously with the settlements, he founded the castles whose military goal was to ensure the security and protection of the population. Later, they began to perform the functions of previously lying on the castles of the conversion: they became military castles, the bastions found by the country's defense.

Trees (urban) castles prevailed inside the country, as a rule, they were located near settlements or cities and are two separate fortified places, (city and castle) separated by the walls and Rips.

Castles of sambit bishopric

On the territory of Kal region. There was a sambian (deputy) bishopiness, he was allocated three separate parts. Two of them were in Sambi, one in Nadrovia.

After the start of the coming of the order to Prussia Roman Papa Gregory IX On August 3, 1234 publishes Bulla, in which the Friedrich "Golden Bulle" gives permission II. to conquer Prussia and subordination of these territories, the Order, but provided that the third part of these lands will be transferred to the Church. Papal legat Wilhelm von Modena in 1243 arrived in Prussia and divided it into four bishops. Since Sambia by that time was not yet conquered, the bishop of its territory was only in partibus infidelium.

After conquest at 1255g. SAMBIA (Outlook), soon happened its section. In 1258, between the first bishop Heinrich von Strattberg and Landmaster Prussia Gerhard von Hirsberg was drawn up a contract for which the bishop chose the southern and northwestern parts of Sambia.

Until 1260, the center of the bishop of was in Konigsberg, but already in 1264, the bishop founded his residence Fishhausen On the shore of Fria Huff (Cal. Bay). After the conquest of the Order of the Northwest, a third of the territory was transferred to the bishop. To control border lands in Nadrovia in 1350, the castle was founded Georgenburg.

In their architecture and form, they practically did not differ from the Odden castles. In total, there were 11 castles of the Siberian Bishopra: Fishhausen, Rinau-Galtharben, Medenau, Laptau, Trenberg, Noyhausen, Roundedden, Tsigenberg, Zalau, Georgenburg, Kvedna. Of these, 2 strengthen Rinau-Galtgar Bank, Cigenberg, served asylum fortresses. They did not have a constant garrison and were used only during Lithuanian raids. In these fortresses of refuge, the local population was glaels, it also took part in defense.

Torun arose thanks to the Knights of the Teutonic Order, who called the Polish Prince Konrad Mazovian to protect the boundaries from the local tribes of the pagans. The crusader detachments fought with Prussians and shared prey with the prince. At the beginning of the thirteenth century, Crusaders, on the banks of the Vistula River, on the site of the Prussian fortress, founded the castle of Old Thorn (Torun), where General Order was located.

The castle was built in the form of a horseshoe, in the fourteenth century there was a wide moat, a lot of economic buildings and even a mill with a dam.

I'll show the castle itself a little later, but for now, a couple of photos of buildings in the district. This is the Meshchansky Yard of St. George. There were meetings of citizens and merchants, and it was also a summer residence of the Brotherhood of St. George.

On the other hand, a football field from the castle, and the building in the center of the frame is a hotel 1231. This is a restored building of the old Mill of the Tutons.

But back to the story. During the thirteen-year-old war, the castle was withstanding the siege and constantly demanded money for recovery. In the fifteenth century, the citizens, merchants and clergy created the Prussian Union to resist the authorities of the Order. The siege of the castle begins and due to the lack of supplies the castle capitulate. He was plundered and destroyed, and the Crusaders were expelled.

True there is a legend that tells a little different about these events:

The castle was intended to keep the siege, so the supplies there were plenty there. But often castles are captured due to betrayal, it was so this time. The merchants have satisfied the Castle Cook to send the garrison and give a signal about the attack. The cook, after completing the task, when the garrison of the castle fell to bed, climbed into the tower and waved the huge little ones. The townspeople rushed into the attack, captured the castle, and the cook continued to sit on the tower and look around the battlefield. But in vain, because the teutons are so bored with the citizens that they immediately decided to blow the castle and, without thinking about the cook, laid explosives. The explosion thundered and the explosive wave of the cook dropped into the Helmen gate, from where the townspeople were removed and awarded.

This ended the history of the castle and Teutons in Toruni.

Once the castle looked like this:

(antarcticaedu.com)

Now only the Gdanisco Tower remained from the castle, to which a long transition led.

The fact is that the tower served to the toilet. In the floor, holes were done, and impurities fell into the stream below. Left is the building of an old mill.

And the destroyed castle itself looks like this:

There are various rifetters and costume shows.

The wall lies something stone, similar to the reel. But I had no one to ask. Maybe you have any ideas?

I was lucky, on this day there was some holiday and the entrance to the ruins of the castle was free.

Now in this place is the shooting range, on which they shoot from the onions.

I walked around the ruins and then I noticed the passage down.

Wow! The basement of the crusader castle! Around not one person, I am with a tripod. No bans!

Rear, some terrible sounds were distributed in the dark pass. I neatly looked into the room - torture. Dark room, with periodically changing weak illumination.

There are also ancient vampires from the Nosferaite clan inhabit. Creepy messengers.

You make a step and from the darkness someone howls.

Love, right?

Fuh ... fears behind. This is a refectory.

Statue of a traitor's chef with a big cook.

Armor. In such an accessible place that I could not resist and touched. Interesting, real?

That was how bricks did in the Middle Ages.

Chericar with a terrible hand.

Layout of the castle.

Eh, such beauty was destroyed.

What is it? Clay lamp?

In the courtyard there are siege guns. Big - it requires, and small, it seems, too.

On the wall, the poster exhibition.

Door to the toilet tower Gdanisco.

The history of the castle is told on the walls and drawings hang. But I did not photograph the main hall, he was full of schoolchildren and I was hastily retraced.

An interesting place where you can touch the story.

To be continued...

Other parts of travel around the city of Torun.