Alexandrian lighthouse was built. Alexandrian Lighthouse: Photo, Description, History and Interesting Facts

17.10.2020

Alexandrian Lighthouse - assistance to navigators, challenge the marine element. This seventh miracle of the world has arisen thanks to the skillful human hand and died due to nature whims. Alexandrian (Farosky) Lighthouse, who served to people 1.5 thousand years old, crushed the series of underground jolts. The majestic building for a long time did not want to give up and fought until the latter, withstanding three earthquakes and collapsed during the fourth. So died the highest facility in the ancient world.

Faros Island - Perfect Place for Alexandria Lighthouse

The glorious Egyptian city of Alexandria during the time of the ruler of Ptolemy Saker, rapidly grew into a major trading policy. Rimnitsy ships with a variety of goods reached. But to get to the local port, they had to maneuver between insidious reefs, which were very much on the approach to Alexandria. Bad weather increased the risk of shipwreck.

Alexandria Lighthouse was located on the island of Faros, near the Egyptian coast of the Mediterranean Sea

Visibility for the navigators at first wanted to improve fire inciting on the shore (so did the Athenians in the 5th century. BC), but this was not enough to serve signals to ships going away from the coast. "Lighthouse! That's what we need, "said Ptolemy in one of the sleepless nights.

Faros Lighthouse was a landmark for ancient navigators going to the port of Alexandria

The ruler was lucky - on the map, a little more than a kilometer from Alexandria in the Mediterranean Sea was the island of Faros, and God himself ordered to build a lighthouse there. The construction of Alexandrian lighthouse was entrusted with an engineer to Sostrah, a resident of the book. Construction began immediately, for the sake of him between the mainland and the island even built a dam. Work on the Faros Lighthouse continued approximately from 5 to 20 years and ended at the end of 3 tbsp. BC. True, the system of signal lights appeared only after 100 years.

Power and beauty of the Faros Lighthouse

According to various data, the height of the Alexandrian lighthouse was from 115 to 137 meters. From the considerations of practicality, it was erected from marble bonds bonded by lead mortar. The best Alexandrian architects and scientists have come to the construction site - they came up with a lighthouse project consisting of three tiers.

Alexandrian lighthouse consisted of three steps: pyramidal, prismatic and cylindrical

The first level of Alexandrian lighthouse was a pyramidal form with planes focused on 4 parties of light. His protrusions decorated the statues of Tritons. The premises of this level was intended for accommodating workers and soldiers, storage of equipment, fuel and products.

Inside the Faros Lighthouse, a spiral ramp was built for delivery of firewood and oil on top

Eight faces of the second stage of the Farosky Lighthouse Ancient architects designed by the winds of the winds and decorated with statues from bronze. Some of the sculptures were movable and served for flora. The third tier of the structure had a cylindrical shape and ended with a dome on which there was a 7-meter bronze sculpture of the Lord of the Seas of Poseidon. But they say that in fact the top of the dome of the Far Lighthouse decorated the statue of a woman - guardianship of the navigators of Isides-Farii.

Sostrat proud of the beacon is not in vain

Electricians at that time, humanity has not yet known, and for the signals to the navigators at the top of the Alexandrian lighthouse, a giant bonfire was burned. Its light intensified, reflected in polished bronze plates, and was visible up to 100 kilometers in the district. The ancient legends read that the radiance coming from the Farosian lighthouse was able to burn enemy ships before approaching the shore.

In the dome of the lighthouse constantly burned fire, illuminating the path of navigaters at night and day with poor visibility

At night, the directions of ships pointed out powerful flames, during the day - smoke clubs. So that the burning of the fire was not stopped, the Romans settled the uninterrupted flow of firewood on the top of the Alexandrian lighthouse. They were pulled on the carts harvested by mula and horses. To do this, built a canopy road in the form of a spiral inside the Farm Lighthouse, one of the first ramps in the world. Although some scientists argue that the firewood was lifted on the top of the lifting mechanisms.

Figure of the Farosky Lighthouse of the Archaeologist Tirsch (1909)

Interesting to know. Alexandrian Lighthouse was charged with a powerful fence with braces, so he could serve as a fort and observant post. From the top of the lighthouse managed to see the enemy fleet long before his approach to the city. In the underground part of the structure held reserves of drinking water in case of siege.

Alexandrian Lighthouse was at the same time a fort and could withstand a protracted siege

Costrath Book is very proud of his brainchild. He was nearing the idea that the descendants would not recognize the name of the Creator of the Alexandrian Lighthouse. Therefore, on the wall of the first tier, an inscription engineer is an inscription: "Sostrath from the Kiddy, the son of Dextifana, dedicated to the Savior Savior to the sake of navigators." But loyal was afraid of the anger of the Egyptian ruler, usually assigning all merits to himself, so the phrase hid under a thick layer of plaster, at which slipping the name of the vain ptolomere sector. Slices of clay very quickly fell off, and during the lifetime of the Farosky lighthouse, travelers could read the name of his true creator.

Decay and destruction of the Alexandrian Lighthouse

The alarming signals about the destruction of the Farosa Lighthouse began to appear during the fall of the Roman Empire. He was not supported in the proper condition, and the once majestic structure began to decline. The course has fallen into the bay IL, the ships could no longer enter the port of Alexandria, and the need for a lighthouse on the island of Faros gradually disappeared. Over time, the bronze plates-mirrors of Alexandrian lighthouse were removed and remembered - it is assumed that they "diverged" around the world in the form of coins and settled in numismatics collections.

The only images giving the concept of the architecture of the Farm Lighthouse - embossed drawings on the ancient Roman coins

Earthquakes in 365, 956 and 1303 AD. Significantly damaged the building - the epicenters were at a short distance from the place where the lighthouse was built. And in 1323, the most powerful underground shocks accelerated the death of Alexandrian lighthouse - some ruins remained from the construction ...

Modern reconstruction of the building of the Alexandrian Lighthouse

One of the architectural options of the Lighthouse, made of sand

Modern 3D visualizers give various ideas regarding the appearance of Alexandrian lighthouse

In the 14th century AD Egypt set firing arabs. First of all, they rolled the sleeves and tried to restore the Alexandrian lighthouse. But their zeal was enough only for a 30-meter structure - then construction works were stalled. Why Arabs did not continue the restoration of the Farm Lighthouse - a story is silent. And only in 100 years in the place where the Faros Lighthouse was erected, Sultan Egypt Kite Bay built a fortress - she stands there so far, without today's time. Now there is the base of the Egyptian fleet. From the very Alexandrian Lighthouse, only the basement remained entirely built into the fortress.

The Faros Lighthouse will rejudge!

Many centuries Alexandrian lighthouse was considered the highest building on Earth. Therefore, it is attributed to 7 Ancient wonders of light. Lighthouse, or rather, everything that remained from him was discovered in 1994 - some fragments of the building were found at the bottom of the sea - the archaeologists were delighted with this message from the historical past. And in May 2015, the Egyptian government decided to reopen the Faros Lighthouse to rearrange - in the same place where the original was once erected.

Reduced building of the Alexandria Lighthouse built in one of the Chinese parks for entertainment and recreation

Volume Reconstruction of the Faros Lighthouse on Scientation

When construction starts, it is not known. The greatest difficulty when trying to build an exact copy of the facilities - the lack of "injective" images of the Alexandrian Lighthouse, therefore, architects will have to soak, based only on information from the descriptions in several written Arabic sources and the photo of the ruins. The appearance of the Farm Lighthouse was reconstructed using computer simulation - about the appearance of the seventh miracle of the world show only the ruins and its images on Roman coins.

Layout of Alexandrian lighthouse from cardboard, giving a concept about the main structural elements of the building

Interesting to know. Another possible tip to create a project of the future lighthouse can be a tomb in the Egyptian city of Abusir. She was built in the same period as the Alexandria lighthouse. The tower is even called Abusira Lighthouse. Historians suggest that it was specially built as a reduced copy of the Farosky Lighthouse.

Alexandrian Lighthouse was described by antique historians and travelers, including the "Father of History" Herodotus. The most complete description of the Lighthouse in 1166 was Abu Al Andalusi - a famous Arab traveler who said that the lighthouse was not only a useful construction, but also worthy decoration of Alexandria.

One of the seven wonders of the ancient world in full size on the landscape (3D modeling)

Farosky Lighthouse and today remains a symbol of the city of Alexandria. His stylized image decorates the flag of the city. Moreover, the drawing of Alexandrian lighthouse is banging in the seals of many state institutions, including a local university.
The structure of the minarets of Islamic mosques is identical to the architecture of the Alexandria lighthouse.
The reconstruction of the Faros Lighthouse is strikingly similar to the New York Skyscraper Empire State Building.
A copy of the Alexandrian Lighthouse is built in the Chinese Entertainment Park Window of The World.
It is assumed that at the first attempts to determine the radius of land, the ancient Greek scientists were used by Alexandria (Farosky) Lighthouse.

In contact with

Alexandrian Mayak was one of the highest artificial structures for almost 1000 years and survived almost 22 earthquakes! I wonder if not?

In 1994, French archaeologists have discovered several ruins in the waters off the coast of Alexandria. Large blocks and artifacts were discovered. These blocks belonged to the Alexandria lighthouse. Built by the first Ptolem, Alexandrian lighthouse, also called the Farosky Lighthouse, was the only ancient miracle with the actual goal - to help sailors and ships to enter the harbor. It was located on the island of Faros in Egypt and was an excellent example of ancient architecture. The lighthouse was a source of income and an important milestone for the city.

History

◈ Alexander Great founded the city of Alexandria in 332 BC.

◈ After his death, Ptolemy I Soter declared itself as a pharaoh. He built the city and put into operation the lighthouse.

◈ Faros was a small island associated with Alexandria in bulk called HEPTASTADION.

◈ Alexander called 17 cities with his name, but Alexandria is the only city that has been preserved and flourishes.

◈ Unfortunately, Alexander could not see this beautiful structure in his city, as he died in 323 BC.

Building

◈ Alexandrian lighthouse was built between 280 and 247 BC. It is about 12 to 20 years for construction. Ptolemy I died before it was completed, so he was opened by his son Ptolem Philadelphia.

◈ The cost of construction amounted to about 800 talents, which are currently equivalent to 3 million dollars.

◈ Lighthouse was approximately 135 meters high. The lowest part was square, the average was octagonal, and the peak is round.

◈ To build a lighthouse were used limestone blocks. They were sealed by molten lead to withstand strong waves.

◈ Screw stairs leveled to the top.

◈ In a huge curve, the mirror reflected the light during the day, and the fire was buried at night at the very top.

◈ Light of the lighthouse could be seen by different data within a distance from 60 to 100 km.

◈ Unconfirmed sources say that the mirror was also used to identify and burning enemy ships.

◈ 4 Statues of God Triton stood on four corners from above and the statue of Zeus or Poseidon in the center.

◈ Lighthouse designer was a Sostrat Book. Some sources also attribute to him sponsorship.

◈ Legend says that Ptolemy did not allow the compassion to enter his name on the lighthouse walls. Even then, Costrath wrote "Sostrath, the son of Dextyphon, dedicated to the Savior Savior Rames" on the wall, and then put the plaster on top and wrote the name of Ptolemy.

Destruction

◈ The lighthouse was badly damaged during the earthquake in 956, and then again in 1303 and 1323.

◈ Although the lighthouse survived almost 22 earthquakes, he finally collapsed in 1375.

◈ In 1349, the famous Arab traveler Ibn Battuta visited Alexandria, but could not climb the lighthouse.

◈ In 1480, the residue of the stone was used to create a Fort Kite Bay in the same place.

◈ Now there is a military fortress of Egypt on the spot of the lighthouse, so researchers can not get there.

Value

◈ The monument has become an ideal model of the lighthouse and has an important architectural significance.

◈ The word "Faros" - the lighthouse comes from the Greek word Φάρος in many languages, such as French, Italian, Spanish and Romanian.

◈ Alexandrian Mayak is mentioned by Julia Caesar in his works.

◈ Lighthouse remains a civil symbol of the city of Alexandria. Its image is used on the flag and print province, as well as on the flag of the University of Alexandria.

One of the most prominent monuments of the ancient world is now under water in ruins. But everyone can swim around the ruins with equipment.

Alexandrian lighthouse

In the III century. BC e. On the small island, the Faros in the Mediterranean Sea, near the shores of Alexandria, a lighthouse was built, so that the ships could safely transfer reefs on the way to the Alexandria bay. At night, they were reflected in this (to enhance the brightness, the light of fire was reflected from the bronze plates) of the flame languages, and in the afternoon - a pole of smoke. The structure was called the name of the island. On its construction, ™ in various data, left 5 to 20 years, and it was completed around 280 to n. er, during the reign of Ptolemy II, King Egypt.

The Faros Lighthouse consisted of three marble towers standing on the basis of massive stone blocks. The first tower was rectangular, there were rooms in which workers and soldiers lived. Above this tower there was a smaller, octagonal tower with a spiral ramp leading to the upper tower.

The upper tower of the form resembled a cylinder in which the fire was burning, helped ships to achieve bay safely. The total height of the lighthouse was 117 m.

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Alexandrian lighthouse


Alexandrian Lighthouse, drawing of archaeologist H. Thiersch (1909)
Lighthouse name
original name	Φάρος της Αλεξάνδρειας
Location
Coordinates	31.214167 , 29.885 31 ° 12'51 "p. sh. 29 ° 53'06 "in. d. / 31.214167 ° C. sh. 29.885 ° C. d. (G) (O)
Height	140 meters
Suitable
Distance	56 kilometers
on wikisklad

Alexandria (Farosky) Lighthouse - One of the 7 wonders of the world was built in the third century BC. e. In the Egyptian city of Alexandria, so that the ships can safely with the reefs on the way to the Alexandria bay. At night, they helped them in this reflection of the flame languages, and the day - the pillars of smoke. It was the first lighthouse in the world, and he stood for almost a thousand years, but in 796 N. e. It was badly damaged by the earthquake. Subsequently, the Arabs who came to Egypt tried to restore it, and to the XIV century. The height of the lighthouse was about 30 m. At the end of the XV century. Sultan Kite-Bay erected on the spot of the lighthouse fortress, which is worth it now.

The lighthouse was built on a small island of Faros in the Mediterranean Sea near the shores of Alexandria. This revived port founded Alexander the Great during the visit to Egypt in 332 BC. e. The structure was called the name of the island. It was 20 years old for its construction, and he was completed around 283 BC. e. During the time of the Board of Ptolemy II, King Egypt. The construction of this gigantic structure lasted only 5 years. Architect - Costrath Book.

Guide light

Lighthouse's death

In the XIV century, the lighthouse was completely destroyed by an earthquake. A few years later, his debris was used to build a fortress. The fortress was subsequently rebuilt.

Literature

Seven wonders of the world

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Alexandrian lighthouse - Alexandrian lighthouse … Russian spelling dictionary

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Daria Nessel | Oct 10, 2017

Alexandrian lighthousebuilt on Faros, an antiquity skyscraper, which was equal to which could be created only after the 16th centuries. For its unprecedented height, more than 100 m is considered one of.

Alexandrian Lighthouse - observational outpost

In 332 BC At the mouth of the River Nile, Alexander Macedonian founded the capital of his empire in Egypt and called it Alexandria. The prudent conqueror chose a place to be a comfortable harbor at the intersection of waterways, invulnerable from sushi and did not feel a shortage of water in a arid African climate.

The desert stretching for a thousand miles south, the lake and one of the sleeves of the Nile delta approached all the conditions for the beginning of the construction of the city.

The seventh miracle of the world is a Farosky Lighthouse.

The death of Alexander the Great in 9 years did not allow this project in his life. Diarat (military leader) Ptolemy I as a result of a section of a giant power strengthened in Egypt and implemented conceived by Macedonian.

The founder of the genus right in Egypt about 300 years old, the descendant of the Greek aristocrat, the associate of the famous commander, intelligent and cautious ruler, managed to bury Alexander at himself, thereby putting his kingdom to a special position compared to other parts of the broken empire.

The last representative of this Cleopatra dynasty committed suicide in Alexandria after the news of the death of Mark Anthony and the defeat of the Egyptian troops Roman legionnaires.

Investing considerable funds, he turned this settlement to the Cultural Center of Civilization, where outstanding philosophers, poets, mathematics, sculptors, such as Euclide, Geron, Konstantinos Cafavis lived and worked.

The Alexandrian Library and Museuion appeared during the reign of Ptolemaev (the co-program of Ptolemy I was his son).

Commercial vessels from three continents threw their anchors in the aquatorium Alexandria. The Egyptian fleet was dominant on the Mediterranean. Required a reliable port, which and the capital should have become.

Sea routes to Alexandria were close to dangerous reefs, so the construction of the beacon was a necessity. In addition, to protect against the attack from the sea, a observational outpost was needed, since the plain nature of the terrain did not allow to see the enemy from afar.

Alexandrian lighthouse.

Construction of Alexandria Lighthouse

Alexandrian Lighthouse was erected in a short time, in just 5 years (approximately 285 - 280 BC) and stood almost ten centuries.

Such a short schedule is explained by the favorable circumstances that have developed in this period: sufficient financial and labor resources and non-aggression treaty prisonered by Ptolem with their enemies.

According to the testimony of the ancient Greek historian, 800 talents were spent on the Faria Lighthouse, 800 talents were spent.

The coast on which was founded by Alexandria, did not have a natural shelter, therefore the dam was built for the creation of an artificial bay.

The dam performed three functions:

divided the waters on the sea and river,
prevented the bottom of the bottom,
it happened in it with further maintenance of the Alexandria lighthouse.

Mol defended the port complex from storms and hurricanes.

On the eastern rocky coast of the Faros on a massive granite base with parties 180, 130 meters, a three-tie fortress was erected with a total height of various estimates from 110 to 180 meters, acquired by the fortress wall.

Material for construction served granite and limestone, lined with marble.

The first tier was a structure, about the 20th - storey house, with a square base that had a perimeter of 120 meters focused on the sides of the light.

Four towers and statues of Tritons (mythical semi-cuisine-binding, the movement of the tail of the tail of the pacifier or glowing waves rose on its flat roof.

Inside the first floor there was a garrison guarding the Alexandria Lighthouse, and attendants, as well as the necessary inventory and stocks and water in the case of siege.

The second, the sorcerer tier was an octagonal prism oriented towards the direction of winds. Inside this floor, by assumption, there was a ramp at which fuel was raised to the upper tier.

According to the legend on the second tier there were extraordinary statues: one always showed her hand in the sun and lowered it when it came; Other - the direction of the wind; Third - time of day.

The last tier of 8 ten meter columns, closed by a dome, formed a lantern, inside which the fire was burning at night, and the smoke day.

On the roof of the Lighthouse, the Sememeter Bronze Statue of Poseidon, the ancient Greek god of the seas and the oceans towered to the sea.

The flame of the giant fire was maintained by the scenar saws around the clock, warning sailors about the shallows, reefs and pointing the road to the harbor. In fog and rain with poor visibility, the sound of the pipe was given the approaching ships about the proximity of the reliable pier.

Faros Lighthouse.

In Alexandria's lighthouse, a system of mirrors (from polished metal plates), enhance the bonfire and creating a directional beam, visible for a hundred kilometers were applied. He was so jam, that in the darkness was like a shine of the star and sometimes he knocked off the navigators from the course that laid his way, focusing on the starry sky. The genius of local engineers remained in the title of the modern optical instrument: the headlight.

Upon completion of the work, this grand creation was immediately attributed to the wonders of light.

Designed and rebuilt the Alexandrian Lighthouse Architect and Builder Sostrat from Kiddy. Pride for his brainchild forced him to knock out his own name on the stones to keep it for future generations. The inscription said that he, Sostrath from the book, devotes the beacon to the gods - the Savior in the glory of the sailors.

But the monarch demanded that he was perpetuated by him. The resourceful architect smeared with a solution, the message written by him and wrote "Ptolemy I Soter" on top. Years passed, the plaster disappeared, which was all the real creator of the miracle.

Department of Alexandria Lighthouse

The Faros Lighthouse was a symbol of Alexandria. They admired, minted on money, decorated vases and jugs, were made as souvenirs.

By the XII century. The design came into a decline, the ships were no longer here due to the baules and shifts of trading routes. Details remembered into minor monetary signs.

In the XIV century New underground shocks finally destroyed the masterpiece of culture and architecture. On his ruins, Sultan Kite Bay built a bastion that was preserved and still.

Now this fortification is a naval base.

Divers found the remains of a masonry partially flooded after seismicactivity. This served as a reason for a small sensation, a picked press.

Cairo administration since 2015 is considering the possibility of reconstruction of the Alexandrian lighthouse.