Small message about Mount Elbrus. Elbrus - Decoration of the Caucasus and the highest mountain of Russia

I do not know how it is more correct to characterize - sclerosis or dejavu? I remember exactly what I wrote about this. But today, all morning spent in the shocking of his computer archive (I must say big and confusing) and I did not find anything. I tried to find on the Internet - it is also useless. Maybe it was in letters that I accidentally deleted with the next cleaning of the company? And maybe I did not write anything, but just wanted to write, repeating this topic to myself many times?

Early in the morning (!), By making the plan for the next "cleaning" of the accumulated pictures, came across a record of a flight trip to Terkol, and there on the phrase "What a mountain is the highest in Europe?" The traditional question on the knowledge of geography for coming to the terkling ... I wrote about it, but not where? I did not find it, I began to look for info in the internet - finally confused.

In short, you need to clearly fix that I remember and add what I found today.

What is the highest mountain in Europe?

Answer: unknown! In some sources, Elbrus in the Caucasus, in others - Mont Blanc (Alps).

The heights of the vertices have a rather clear certainty.

Elbrus. - 5642 m (Western Top) and 5621 (Eastern). Although other sources are conducted in some sources (for example, 5633 - it looks like the average-parent value of two vertices). Mountain is located in Russia. On the edge of the short side ridge, a few km north of the main Caucasian ridge. It is indisputable high vertex Caucasus and Russia.

MONBLAN. There is a discrepancy. In Russian Wikipedia is written - 4808 m.
In the English Wikipedia - 4010, it clarifies that these are the data of the last measurements made in 2002 before that it was believed that its height was 4807 m (I remember that I remember this value from childhood). The top is located in France, the border between France and Italy passes along the Mont Blanc mountain range a little south of the top.

Regarding "yourself", that's what the following says:
Wikipedia:
Mt. ELBRUS (WEST) STANDS AT 5,642 METRES (18,510 FT) AND IT IS THE Highest Mountain in Europe. Mont Blanc Or Monte Bianco (FRENCH AND ITALIAN- "White Mountain") is the Highest mountain in the alps and in western europe.

Three additional boundaries on the map are demonstrated by alternative, mostly non-geographic, limits:
Line A - passes on tops Ural Mountains And, further, on the Ural River
Line B - passes by Kumo-manic depression And, further, by the Azov Sea
Line C - follows the Caucasian Mountain Waterproof

Note! Wikipedia believes that almost the entire Caucasus refers to Europe (the border on ARACS).

So, what happens: an unambiguous answer to the question "is Elbrus in Europe or in Asia" - no. Those. Everyone can choose the one that he soul, referring to the appropriate authoritative source.

But it should be noted here: all sources recognize that there is no scientific substantiation of this or that version of the border between Asia and Europe based on geological or geographical representations (climate, tectonics, etc.). From this point of view, you need to talk about a single mainland Eurasia.

By the way, it is necessary to remind, about the difference between the concepts of "mainland" and "part of the world". The separation on the continent is made on the basis of separation by the aquatic space from other continents, and the part of the world - the concept rather is historical and cultural. So that,from of this point of view North Caucasus (And maybe the entire Caucasus), rather still applies to Europe.

Okay. Geographic border - The concept is controversial. But high-speed marks are quite measured values.

As we noted above, there are no special discrepancy about the heights of the vertices. But for some other points of Elbrus there are.

What is the height of the shelter 11? I always believed - at an altitude of 4200 m (in Wikipedia is also written). But in some publications, I found - 4100 (perhaps these typos).

But about the rocks of Pastukhov - a full bitterness. I always believed (in different sources) that their height is 4810 m. It was fundamentally: it was believed that the exit to the rocks could be equated to climbing Mont Blanc (although the conquest of Mont Blanc is an order of magnitude harder).

Wikipedia (and a number of other sources) is written otherwise - 4700 m (and in some places I found even below - 4600 m.)

There is also written that the Saddle of Elbrus is located at an altitude of 5200, although I remember the figure of 5300 m.

Here, perhaps, all.

This given 4 photos: Elbrus from Chief (this is my picture) and from acidifying (below), as well as Mont Blanc - view from France (above) and from Italy.

Mount Elbrus is the highest mountain peak in Russian Federation. The height of it is 5642m. It is located in the territories of the two republics: Karachay-Cherkess and Kabardino-Balkaria.

Elbrus is a layered volcano, sleeping, has a conical shape and is composed of a large number of layers, hardened lava and ash. Last eruption Elbrus was over 1500 years ago. Modern scientists argue about whether Mountain is acting volcano or extinct.

At the top and near the mountain glaciers are located, there are 23. The most famous: Irik, Big Azau. There are on the mountain and glaciers, forming avalanches from ice, terkol, for example. When melting, the purest glacier water flows from Elbrus and nourishes such rivers as Kuban, Baksan, etc. due to the change of climate, the glaciers gradually disappear.

The weather near the mountain is very changed and unstable. During the day, she can change several times, with a sunny on a rainy, sharply appears a storm wind, and suddenly pokes to a full calm. Winter is harsh and frosty, with abundant snow and snowstorms. At the foot of the mountain, the average winter temperature is -10 0 ° C ÷ -25 0 S. On the top below -35 0 C. Summer air heats up slightly above +15 0 S. Alpinists and tourists when climbing should not forget about this changeability.

Elbrus for a long time attracted lovers, athletes to himself. The first ascent to the mountain was at the beginning of the XIX century. Climbers compete in skill and professionalism, conquering Elbrus, receiving masters of sports and a world-class specialist. Numerous climbing competitions are held on time, therefore, numerous devices, cableways, etc. are built on its slopes, etc.

The terrain, near Elbrus, is very diverse. Here you can see: the gorge, clusters of large stones, glaciers, streams with melt water, waterfalls formed by these streams. At an altitude of more than 3000 m, glacial sediments and lakes from ice are opening.

Elbrus's floral world is very diverse and has more than 3,000 varieties. Mint, sea buckthorn, mother and machech, and others are growing here. Among animals can be found a mountain goat, a raccoon dog, wild boar, jackal, root, lynx, fox, wolf, squirrel and bear. The sky mastered such birds as an eagle, neck, Korshun, Berkut, Balaban, and others.

Option 2.

Mount Elbrus is located in the Caucasus, in the past he was a valid volcano, now it is listed as one of the biggest extinct volcanoes. The last volcano eruption was recorded about 2,000 years ago.

Elbrus is also called a "double-headed", because it has two vertices that are fully covered with the glaciers of century ago. The area of \u200b\u200bthe glacial part is 139 square kilometers. The eastern part of the mountain has a height of 5,621 meters, Western 5642 meters. When Tayania glaciers are formed by very powerful streams, which with rapid power flow down, filling with their waters the most important rivers that are in that region: Kuban, Baksan and Malka. Thanks to the melting of glaciers, the mountain feeds the water almost the whole part of the North Caucasus.

The study of Elbrus began in the 19th century, Russian researchers. The first expedition went to study in 1829. The slopes of the mountain are considered the highest in all of Russia, they are loved for athletes in places. Many athletes dream of conquering the top of Elbrus. Before the middle of the mountain can be reached using a cable car.

At an altitude of about 3,600 meters, a very unusual hotel is located, which is called barrels. " The houses of this hotel are completely reminded by barrels, only large sizes. The hotel is specifically built on this height so that tourists can wait time, because the human body needs a small addictive to the high-altitude climate, because big height In the mountains, the percentage of oxygen content in the air is very small than below.

At high height, a person needs to breathe more often, capturing deeper by air. Next, when lifting up 510 meters, the next hotel is located, entitled "Shelter Eleven". It is called so, because many years ago the eleven conquers of the mountain staged a hat there, they really liked this place, that soon they built a small hut there, and over time, a wonderful hotel was built on this place, for the same conquerors of this wonderful the mountains. In the "shelter of eleven" climbers are gaining strength for further conquest. After all, it is not necessary to be able to get to the top of the top, for this you need to train long and very hard to train before the very first lift, and always remember about the technique of fireless behavior on the mountain. All the difficulties that the traveler experiences with the lift to Elbrus are fully justified.

2, 4, 8th grade

The only city of the Moscow region included in 1969. in a tourist route « Golden ring"It is the city of Sergiev Posad. Located a city in the northeastern part of the region of 52 km

Let's start with the fact that the gymnastics is one of the popular sports related to exercise and having Greek roots. The main direction of gymnastics is to develop and strengthen the human body.

Mount Elbrus (Caucasus, Russia) - detailed description, location, reviews, photos and videos.

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From school age, each of us remembers the magnificent two-headed elbrus if not on textbooks of geography, then on textbooks of literature. After all, the great Lermontov, hitting the Caucasus to the Caucasus, was truly fascinated by him, he loved with all his heart and felt him not only in verses, but also in the colors. His paintings depicting Elbrus, Beshtau, Gorge and mountain chains Caucasus perfectly transmit beauty and special, harsh, ancient and exciting spirit, poetics of these places.

In the Labor Caucasus system, Elbrus takes special place. This is the highest mountain range of the side ridge Caucasian Gor.. Geologists have determined that Elbrus is a cone of the extinct volcano. The Western Top reaches the height of 5642 m, and the eastern - 5621 m, they are separated by a deep saddler, which is also a five-thousandth, its height - 5325 m.

Since Elbrus is very high, it is always covered with a header of firms and ice, from which 54 glaciers are descended in different directions, the largest of which are large Azaau, Irik and Terekol.

Ascent to Elbrus.

Naturally, even in those days, when the mountains were the point of application of the sports interests of only climbers, and not attempts by skiers and snowboarders, attempts to conquer Elbrus. Eastern vertex In 1829, Kabardin K. Hashirov, conductor of the Russian scientific expedition, and Western in 1874 - English athletes led by F. Grove and Kabardinian conductor A. Sottayev, participant, by the way, the first ascent of the Russian expedition.

During the Soviet power of climbing in Elbrus, they became very popular, they turned into mass "mountaineering", in the largest of which in 1967 did not participate in any few 2400 climbers.

At an altitude of 4600-4700 m, the rocks of Pastukhov, the Russian military topograph, which was the first to conquer both Eastern and Western - the tops of Elbrus. Above these cliffs in winter is the ice field. From the height of 5000 m begins the "oblique regiment", as it is called climbers, a fairly hollow plane rising, rising upstairs. Traditionally, the climbing route to any of the vertices of Elbrus passes through his saddle. From there to both vertices remain about 300 m.

From the north side of the mountain range, the infrastructure is as long as poorly developed, there are only some climbers huts here, which are used and tourists, and employees of the Ministry of Emergency Situations. As a rule, the northern side of the eastern vertex is made from the northern side, the route passes through the Rocks of Lenza (from 4600 to 5200 m).

During the Soviet power of climbing in Elbrus, they became very popular, they turned into mass "mountaineards", in the largest of which 2400 climbers participated in 1967.

Skiing

In our country, Elbrus has always been and remains one of the most popular centers. ski Sport and tourism. The most visited slopes of Elbrusya is Mount Chegeet, which is well equipped with both cable-chair and cable-pendulum lifts. The tracks here are varying degrees of complexity, anyone who wants, from Asov to beginners, will find on Chief the track in their capabilities. Cheget has and quite attractive for tourists choices of entertainment. There are cafes and restaurants on the slope, there are inventory rental locations. From the top of the mountain offers a wonderful view of the double-headed elbrus.

clone Elbrus

Tourbases

As for Elbrus itself, then, with all its severity and external inaccessibility, not as impressive, it would seem, the presence of a person here is also a certain tourist infrastructure. It focuses mainly on the southern slopes of the mountain range, where there is a pendulum-charming cable car, whose height is 3750 m. Here you will meet the shelter "barrels", in which there are more than ten six-bed insulated residential trains and a kitchen. This place serves as a starting platform for modern athletes rising to Elbrus. There is a new, more modern, shelter "Liprus", open in 2013. It accommodates 48 people and is located at an altitude of 3912 m. The most high-altitude hotel is Elbrusya - "shelter eleven", its main building burned in the 90s of the 20th century, but in Currently, on the basis of the boiler room, a new building has been rebuilt. In addition, the shelter has several 12-seater trains and a kitchen. In the evenings, the operation of a diesel generator with electricity supply to trailers is organized.

Sedlovna Elbrus, like the starting point for all climbers, whatever the vertices they have sought to achieve, have long needed their own shelter, because the higher the participants of the climb are rising, the harder it is given to them every centimeter of the path. Therefore, the shelter at an altitude of 5300 m is really necessary. Since 2007, work is underway on its construction. The shelter will be a 6.7 m semicherele with a diameter mounted on the foundation. By 2009 were made by the designs of the dome, construction work began. However, in the scheduled period - 2010 - the shelter could not be discussed, currently work continues.

How to get there: by plane to Kislovodsk, Nalchik or Cherkesska, then by bus, taxi or rented car.

Elbrus is a major stratovancan, folded from the layers of lava and volcanic ash. It has a conical shape with two vertices located approximately one height. The Western Top of Elbrus rises at 5642 meters above sea level, Eastern - just below, at 5621 meters. The vertices are separated by a gesturing saddler height of about 5300 meters above sea level and are three kilometers from each other.

Elbrus is considered extluous volcanoBut the last eruption occurred not so long ago from a geological point of view - at the beginning of our era, approximately in the first or second century.

There are several versions of the origin of the mountain. According to one of them, "Elbrus" means " high mountain"Or" sparkling mountain "in Iranian language. Karachay and Balkarians who have been living on the territory of the Caucasus in the area of \u200b\u200bElbrus, they call this Volcano Mingi-Tau, which is translated as "Eternal Mountain".

Geographical location of Elbrus

Caucasian Mountains are divided into two parts: Big and Small Caucasus. Large Caucasian Ridge passes on the border of Russia with others southern countries (Georgia, Azerbaijan) from black to the Caspian Sea. The territory of the Big Caucasus on the Russian side is divided into several republics and regions: this is Adygea, Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Dagestan, North Ossetia. Elbrus is located on the border of the Kabardino-Balkarian and Karachay-Cherkess Republic.

A few kilometers from the foot of the volcano passes the border of Russia with Georgia.

The mountain is located in the northern part of the ridge at a distance from the rest of the vertices, so it is perfectly visible from all sides of the Precaucasia - the double cone is visible even in a hundred kilometers. Elbrus is between the central and western Caucasus. West Side mining system passes from Elbrus to black Sea coast, Central lies between this vertex and Kazbek.

The volcano is surrounded by several gorges - Adylsu, Adyirsu, Schheldy, glacier arrays and mountains. The locality at the foot of Elbrus and in the region of the River Baksan, which is part of the Terek basin, is called Elbrus. This is a resort region and a protected area with unique natural beauty, sources of therapeutic mineral water and excellent opportunities for ski and hiking.

The boundaries between Europe and Asia are definitely not defined, and if you consider the Caucasian ridge border, then Elbrus is the highest point Europe. Otherwise, this title belongs to Mont Blanc in the Alps.

Mount Elbrus fascinates not only climbers, but also ordinary travelers. From year to year, tourists come to the foot of the mountain to see the greatness and power of the peak. Few people remain indifferent and disappointed. This mountain, shrouded in secrets and legends, incredible ascents of the past and the present make it even more attractive and popular.

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Geographic characteristics

The Elbrus was noted on the map of Russia, between the two republics - Karachay-Cherkess and. The nearest city at the foot of Mount Tyrnauses is the city of Elbrus.

The peak has two highest peaks, the height of the Eastern Vertine is 5621 meters, and the height of Western is 5642 meters. The distance between them is 1500 meters. On average, the steepness of the slopes is 35 degrees. Academician V.K. Vishnevsky for the first time was determined by the height of Elbrus, and it was 5421 meters.

23 glaciers flow from the mountain slopes. The area of \u200b\u200bglaciers is 134 square kilometers. The maximum length of glaciers is about 7-9 km. Their total area declined for the last 100-150 years by 19%. A glacier who flows into the Kuban Valley decreased by 33%. Elbrus glaciers feed on three major Caucasian and Stavropol rivers:

• Kuban;
• Malka;
• Baksan.

Until now, the exact boundaries between Asia and Europe are not determined, so the mountain is often referred to as the highest mountain top Europe and equate to the "seven vertices" mountains. A two-service stratovancan was formed on an ancient volcanic basis. It is believed that these two peak are completely independent volcanoes and do not depend on each other. Both vertices have their own reinforced form and a pronounced crater.

Find a mountain on a map will not be difficult, as today in access a wide variety of maps and public routes with detailed descriptions.

general description

Elbrus - heightwhich is famous for his ancient history. The age of the mountain is determined by the state of the upper part. Her peak has a vertical rift. Last eruption highest Pick Russia occurred in about 50s. e.

Mystery of the name of the mountain

Where is Elbrus? Perhaps, almost every schoolboy in the country will answer this question. But where does the name of the mountain come from, few people know. It is worth noting that the peak is not one name and has a total of a dozen.

Today it is very difficult to understand what the name appeared earlier. If speak about modern name, on one of the versions, it comes out of the Iranian word "AiTibares". Translated, sounds like a high or brilliant mountain. The vertex on the Karachay-Balkar language is called "MINGI - TAU", which is translated into Russian - "Mount of thousands". But also there is another name for Balkarians - Ming-Tau, which is translated as "Mountain, Orange". Modern representatives of this community are called Elbrus - "Mountain, around which the wind is spinning" ("Elbrus - Tau").

Distributed and names in other languages:

• "Jin Padishah" - "Lord of Spirits" (Turkic);
• "ORFI - TUB" - "Mountain of Blessed" (Abkhaz);
• "Yal - Buz" - "Snow Mair" (Georgian).

Local climate

Under the influence of seasonal air mass, the climate of the mountainous region is formed. Climatic conditions Characteristic for mining relief. For the elbream, the circleness of good and bad weather is characteristic.

Summer cyclicity is a week. In the first June days the weather is worse than in July. The climate during this period is wet and cool. The temperature at an altitude of 2 thousand meters sometimes reaches +35 degrees, and at greater height - +25 degrees. From the end of August, autumn comes. Winter comes in October, at an altitude of more than 3 thousand meters. At this mark average temperature Makes up - 12 degrees. The absolute minimum is fixed in minus 27 degrees. Spring occurs only in early May. During this period, snow is actively coming out at 3 thousand meters. Often it comes in the form of wet avalanche.

The higher the height, the thickness of the cover is more. So, 60-80 cm is the average thickness of the top of the vertex. On the northern slopes of snow more than southern. On more large altitudes Eternal snowfields and fibilion fields remain. Due to them, the mass of all Elbrus glaciers is increasing.

Volcanic activity

Elbrus is considered to be extinct volcano. When studying the mountain, geologic scientists investigated its layers, which contain the ashes of the volcano. It is proved that it was this ash that was formed from ancient times as a result of eruptions. Having studied the first layer, scientists found out that the first eruption of the vertex occurred about 45 thousand years. e. The subsequent - second layer was formed after the eruption of the Volcano Mount Kazbek. He also formed about 40 thousand years ago.

Today it is exactly proved that it was the second eruption that was the most powerful, even in modern standards. People - Neanderthals who live at the foot of the mountain at the time were forced to leave settled places to find more favorable living conditions. It has been established that the last time the volcano everacted 2 thousand years ago BC. e.

History to Elbrus

Back in 1829, the first conquest of Elbrus was committed. Head of the Ascension Expedition - George Emmanuel. Members of the scientific expedition were famous physicists, zoologists, botany, geologists and other scientists. It was they who became the open-enders of the reinforcers of the highest peak of the Earth - eastern Elbrus.

In 1868, a re-climbing of the English group of scientists was carried out eastern part the mountains. In the same year, the first conquest of Mount Kazbek was also committed. The Western Top of Elbrus was conquered in 1874 by climbers from England, A. Sotheev was conducted by the expedition conductor.

During the scientific expedition on mapping the Caucasus in 1890-1896, the Eastern and Western Mountains of Elbrus were ascent. At the head of the expedition stood a Russian scientist, a military topographer - A.V. Shepherds. It was he who left behind detailed maps Terrain and Mountain Elbrus - Photo. For the studies of the Caucasus and Elbrus, part of Elbrus cliffs was named after Pastukhov ( south part). Pastukhov rock height is 4800 meters.

In 1891, the shortest time of climbing in history was recorded - just 8 hours. The lifting began with the foot of the southern slopes and ended in the eastern vertex.

Swiss climbers, for the first time in history, in 1910 implemented the so-called Elbrus cross. They committed climbing two vertices at the same time, within one expedition.

The first conqueror of Elbrus - A. Japaridze (1925).

Soviet climbers were the first winter climb In 1934. And in 1939, the first ski descent from Elbrus was carried out by the Moscow skier V. Hippenrater.

From the first part of the twentieth century, the climbing to Elbrus began to wear the most massive character. Thus, in 1928, the uplift was carried out by 32 groups of climbers, in 1935 it was about 2016 people at Elbrus, and in 1960 - 1395 climbers.

In 1963, climbing the motorcycle committed Berbrashvili - Soviet athlete. In 1997, already on the car, the whole team conquered the vertex. And in 2015, the Russian athlete A. Rodicov rose to the mountain with a barbell, which weighed 75 kg.

The rise of 2016 to Elbrus, was listed in the Guinness Book of Records. Russian climbers A. Kimov and S. Baranov rose with a quad bike, to a height of 5642 meters.

Nowadays, climb to Elbrus will not be difficult. For tourists and travelers, the path facilitate shelters - parking and cable cars.