The fact that water in the sea salty - everyone knows no obstacle. But answer the question of which the sea is the most salty on the planet, most people are most likely difficult. However, it was unlikely that a person was thinking about why the sea is salty and is there a life in the world in the world in the world.

1. Dead Sea

Saltness 270 ‰ The dead sea is the very saline in the world, which is located on the border of Israel and Jordan. The content of mineral substances is about 270 ‰, and the concentration of salts per 1 liter reaches 200 grams. In the composition of salts, the sea is significantly different from all others. It consists of 50% of magnesium chloride, as well as rich in potassium, bromine, calcium and many other mineral elements. From its water artificially crystallizes potash salts. Water has the highest density here, which is 1.3-1.4 g / m³, which eliminates the ability to drown.

In addition to unique salts, the sea contains therapeutic dirt that contain 45% of salts. Its features are the high pH value of 9, as well as bitter and oily water taste. Sea temperature can reach 40 degrees above zero, which creates intensive evaporation and promotes high density. If diverse inhabitants live with high salting in other waters, then in the waters of the dead sea it is impossible to meet them.

The fact that in the sea the water is salty for the taste, known to everyone. But not everyone knows that the amount of salt in different seas and oceans, as well as the chemical composition of the salt solution, differs significantly.


In some seas, salt is relatively few, in others, on the contrary, water is more salty than usual.

How do the salinity of the sea?

In order to find out in what sea the water is the most salty, scientists, of course, do not taste it, traveling along the different seas of the planet. Everything is much easier: the salinity of sea water is measured, determining how much salt is contained in one liter of water. To do this, you just need to evaporate water and weigh the remaining salt.

If we do this experience with conventional tap water, we get about 1.5 - 2 grams of salts in a dry residue, which give taste. Distilled water that does not contain salts, absolutely tasteless, unlike conventional drinking water.

Sea salt, obtained by evaporation of seawater, consists not only of a known to each table salt, but also from a large number of other salts and minerals: sulfates, bicarbonates, borates, etc. Actually B. sea water You can detect almost the entire table of Mendeleev elements.

About 80 seas and oceans are noted on the map of our planet, and in each of them the salt concentration is at its level. Little of, different sites The same sea has a different salinity: where a large river flows into the sea, dramatically decreases. The most unsalted in the world is the Baltic Sea: the amount of salt in the liter of its water is barely reaching up to 7 grams.

Most Salted Sea Planet

Sometimes there is a statement in popular literature that the Dead Sea is considered the most salty in the world. In fact, this is not true, and that is why: the Dead Sea is not really a sea, but the lake.


It does not connect with the ocean by any strait, river or channel, so in terms of geography is a lake. Therefore, by the level of salinity, it should be compared with other saline lakes of the planet, and not with the seas.

In fact, the most salty is the Red Sea whose water contains about 41 grams of salt on each liter. This is a very high indicator that the water of the Red Sea was able to achieve thanks to the roast, arid climate of the coast. No river falls into it, the level of the Red Sea is replenished only thanks to the flow of water from the Gulf of Aden.

Water evaporation is very large, and incoming less salty water Do not have time to dilute brine. The neighboring Mediterranean, with which the Red is connected through the Suez Canal, has salinity of only about 26 grams per liter of water.

The water of the Red Sea is amazed by purity and transparency, since no river falls into it, bringing with them river or small sand. Despite the rather serious depth (about 3 kilometers in the deepest part), it is well warmed by sunlight, and even in winter its temperature does not fall below 20 degrees, and in the summer it keeps at 27-28 degrees.


These are the ideal conditions for the reproduction of numerous sea fish, animal, mollusks and other underwater literality. The underwater world of the Red Sea is extremely rich and diverse, despite the high salinity of water.

Most Salted Sea of \u200b\u200bRussia

The most salted sea, washing the shores of Russia, is the Barents Sea, the salt content in which it reaches 35 grams per liter of water. It is located in the northern part of the country, so in the winter is almost completely covered with ice. Only a small section of the sea in the southwestern part remains free.

Even in the summer, the water temperature does not exceed 12 degrees of heat. Despite this, the Barents Sea is rich in fish, among which there are quite a few fishing breeds - perch, herring, washing, tobulk, beluga, etc.


Other North Sea of \u200b\u200bRussia in salinity is a bit inferior to the Barents, but also enter the top ten most salty in the world of the seas. This is a sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev (34 grams of salt per liter), the Chukchi Sea (33 grams of salt per liter) and the White Sea (30 grams of salt per liter of water).

There are about 80 seas throughout our planet. All of them are included in the waters of the World Ocean. As everyone knows, from school bench, the sea is salty, but they all differ in the saturation of different connections. The rating of the most saline seas on Earth is shown below.

White sea whose salinity is ‰.

One of the smallest seas on the planet is also one of the most salty. Area it is only 90 thousand square kilometers. Water in it is heated in summer to 15 degrees above zero, and in the winter it drops to 1 degree Celsius. In the White Sea dwell about 50 species of fish.

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Chukotka Sea with salinity at 33.

In winter, the salinity of this sea rises to 33, in the summer period salinity slightly decreases. The Chukotka Sea has an area of \u200b\u200b589.6 thousand square kilometers. average temperature In the warm season - 12 degrees of heat, in the cold - almost 2 degrees Celsius.

The area of \u200b\u200bthis sea is 662 thousand square kilometers. It is located between Novosibirsk Islands and northern earth. The average annual water temperature is 0 degrees Celsius.

The Barents Sea has salinity of 35.

Barents Sea is the most salty of all located on the territory Russian Federation. It is adjacent to, but almost 16 times surpasses it in the area. Waters are full of different types of fish due to the fact that the temperature of the water in the summer is about 12 degrees of heat. And this attracts many marine organisms, which, in turn, put the predatory fish.

The Japanese Sea, the salinity of which is 35, is located in our ranking on the 6th place.

It is sea between the continent of Eurasia and Japanese Islands. Also, its water is washed by the island of Sakhalin. The Japanese Sea is considered one of the most saline seas in the world. The water temperature is different depending on geographic location: in the north - 0 - + 12 degrees, in the south - 17-26 degrees Celsius. Area Japanese Sea More than 1 million square kilometers.

The Ionian Sea exceeds the salty of the past of our record holder by 3.

This is the most dense and salty Greek sea. His water allow poorly floating people to hone this skill, since high density will help keep the body afloat. In summer, water warms up to 26 degrees above zero. The Square of the Ionian Sea - 169 thousand square kilometers.

Aegean Sea with salinity at 38.5.

This sea ranks 4th in our ranking. Its with a large sodium concentration can cause human skin irritation. Therefore, after swimming in it, a fresh shower should be taken. In summer, water warms up to 24 degrees Celsius. His water is washed offshore Balkan Peninsula, Malaya Asia and Crete Island. The Aegean Sea with aged 20 thousand years old has an area of \u200b\u200b179 thousand square kilometers.

The Mediterranean Sea has salinity in 39.5.

Red Sea with salinity in 42.

It is located between the shores of Africa and Asia. Year-round warm waters Provide favorable conditions for many fish and other marine organisms. The Red Sea besides salinity and warmth boasts. Many tourists love to relax exactly on his shore.

The Dead Sea has record indicators in salinity - 270.

Israel is the most salty on our planet. Its salinity in 270 makes it and the most dense on earth. Minerals saturation helps people to treat all sorts of ailments, but should not be in the water for too long - it can adversely affect human skin.

Mikhail Ilyin

Join the group "Who is who" in

The theme of the second task on the geography of the EGE format sounds like "Lithosphere. Atmosphere. Hydrosphere."

To perform this task, it is necessary to know the saline of most seas, the percentage of the atmosphere, be able to correlate the temperature changes with an increase in the surface of the earth above sea level, to realize the dependence of atmospheric pressure from the height of the earth's surface, distinguish between relative and absolute humidity.

Necessary theory:

To begin with, it is worth clarifying that the task is divided into many subtypes, which becomes clear already from his name. Therefore, the theory and procedure for performing work vary significantly.

1 Type of task: Atmosphere pressure.

The surface of the Earth below the sea level, the higher the atmospheric pressure.

2 Type of task: Malty seas.

The tropical seas are more salty than the northern.

In general, it is better to remember the ready-made table of saltness of the seas, than to try to remember which one can be attributed to tropical, and what is not. Personally, I remembered one of the mnemonic rules, composing the story, somehow we use the names of the seas in it. You can come up with a more efficient way.

In the table below, not all seas are listed, but on probes I did not meet any other than them.

Malty Table Seas:

Red sea

Mediterranean Sea

Barents / Caribbean / North Sea

Japanese Sea

Okhotsk Sea

Bering Sea

Black Sea

Baltic Sea

Caspian Sea

41.5 promil

39.5 promil

35 promil

34 promil

32 promil

up to 32 promil

up to 18 promil

15 promil

13 promil

3 Type Type: the percentage of gases in the atmosphere.

Naturally, there are many gases in the atmosphere, and the percentage of some of them is very small. To remember from them are highlighted by bold, the rest personally have never come across trial tasks.

Percentage of gases in the atmosphere:

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Hydrogen

4 Type Type: the dependence of the air temperature from increasing the surface of the earth above sea level.

The higher the surface of the earth above sea level, the lower the air temperature.

5 Type Type: relative and absolute air humidity.

Absolute humidity - water vapor content in 1 m ^ 3 air [g]

Relative humidity [%]

This task can also be divided into subtypes, so you should show everything clearly.

1. If relative humidity in the table is the same, and it is necessary to determine the temperature, then:

The higher the absolute humidity (d), the higher the temperature.

2. If the air temperature in the table is the same, and it is necessary to determine the relative humidity of the air, then:

The more water vapor, the more relative humidity.

3. If absolute humidity in the table is the same, and it is necessary to determine the temperature of the air, then:

The higher the relative humidity, the lower the air temperature.

Examples of five types of tasks:

1. Atmospheric pressure.

In the items indicated in the figure figures, at the same time measurements of atmospheric pressure are carried out. Place these items in the order of increasing atmospheric pressure in them (from the lowest to the highest).

Also, the task can be represented as a table or graphics, but the principle of its execution does not change from this.

2. Malty seas.

Position the sea in the order of lowering the saline of surface waters (from the highest to the lowest).

1) Barents;

2) black;

3) Mediterranean.

3. The percentage of gases in the atmosphere.

Place the gases in the order of increasing their content in the air atmosphere (from the lowest to the highest).

1) oxygen;

2) nitrogen;

3) hydrogen.

4. The dependence of the air temperature from the rise of the earth's surface above sea level.

Points indicated in the figure figures are simultaneously carried out air temperature measurements. Place these items in the order of lowering the air temperature in them (from the highest to the lowest).

Also, the task can be represented as a table or another graph, but the principle of its execution does not change.

5.2. Relative and absolute air humidity.

(The air temperature is the same, and there is no absolute humidity).

Points indicated in the table figures simultaneously monitors the content of water vapor in 1 m ^ 3 air and temperature. Place these items in the order of increasing the relative humidity of the air (from the lowest to the highest).

5.3. Relative and absolute air humidity.

(Absolute moisture is the same, and relative humidity is different).

On meteorological stations 1, 2 and 3 simultaneously monitors the content of water vapor in 1 m ^ 3 of air and determines the relative humidity of the air. The obtained values \u200b\u200bare shown in the table. Place these weather stations in the order of increasing the air temperature at them at the time of the specified measurements (from the lowest to the highest).

Himalayan mountains extend about 2500 km through several Asian countries. There are nine of the ten highest peaks in the world, including Everest. The word "Himalayas" on Sanskrit means "abode of snow". Many start here here large rivers Asia. Himalayas are the third largest ice deposit and snow. In addition, this is the habitat of a large number of plants, birds and animals.

Description of Himalaya

Probably the most popular reason for which people go to Tibet and Nepal is associated with the desire to see the highest and impressive mountain range in the world. No trip to these countries do without visiting Himalayas, especially, Mount Everest.

For centuries, a unique culture has developed here, which unites nature and people into one. This region is the birthplace of the Buddha. He is full of sacred natural seats, such as secret valleys and alpine lakes.

Himalayas where various natural zones are faced with many problems, and governments are forced to provide their people and protect them natural heritage. Protected areas become isolated foci, and many poachers destroy rare wild animals, filling the illegal market. The consequences of global climate change cast glaciers at a speed higher than ever recorded in the history of mankind, putting a vital source fresh water For billions of people in Asia.

Geomorfotectonic characteristics

Mountains of Himalayas - this is a mold of a mountain massif, stretching from the southern part of the Indus Valley for Nanga Parbat in the West to Namdzhagbarva in the East. The width varies from 350 km in the west to 150 km in the East. The majestic mountain chain is like a wall that limits the entire northern outskirts of the Indian subcontinent.

Geomorphologically, the most unique feature is their height. Himalayas are known for the fact that there are 10 of 14 peaks above 8000 meters.

An important geomorfootectonic characteristic is a sharp bending of Himalayas and associated mountain ranges, which in the West are connected to the Suliman and Kirtara ridges. Similar sharp bending is observed on the eastern tip, where the mountain range is connected to the Northeast Range of Indo-Myanmar, presented by the mountains of Naga and Arakan Yom. These two sharp bends on both sides are known as "Syntax bends" Himalayan ridge. The highest peaks are located in different parts of the mountains, but most of them are concentrated in the central part.

Geophysical characteristics

They are also unique, as well as the geomorfootectonic features of the ridge. The most distinctive feature is the thickness of the earth's crust, which increases from about 35 to 40 km on the plains of Ind-Ganges-Brahmaputra to 65-80 km over large Himalayas. The thickness of the continental bark underlying the mountains is reflected in the picture of negative gravitational anomalies between\u003e -150 and\u003e -350 mgal along the entire length of the mountain belt.

Himalayan geomorphology reflects various aspects of structural-geomorphological features that arose in response to the action of the orogenic forces (relating to the final stage of the development of tectonically moving zones of the earth's crust), which occurred during the recent history of erosion. The mountain range is separated in the axial direction by several units, each of which has a distinct lithotectonic and geomorphological nature and history of evolution.

Division into zones

They are separated in the axial direction for the next five units. Each of them has distinctive lithotectonic characteristics and evolutionary history:

1. Sub-Himalayas, where the belt of late tertiary Molasses deposits is 10-50 km wide, which form a group of silicle. This belt also includes older Murri formations and their equivalent, Dharamshalas.
2. Small Himalayas, where there is a belt 60-80 km width, which consists mainly of low-grade metamorphic breeds of the Proterezhoy period. It is blocked by the layers of granite and metamorphic rocks.
3. Large Himalayas, where the belt is predominantly Precambrian metamorphic rocks. And younger (Cenozoa), a thickness of 10-15 km. It is also the zone of the greatest raising.
4. TRANSGIMALA: The belt is predominantly shelf (usually fossil) deposits of the late Proterezhoy and Mela, limited by the Ind-Tsangpo (ITSZ) suture zone (ITSZ), a relatively narrow belt of ophiolites and associated deposits. This is the location of the Indian continental block with the Tibetan block. North of Itsz is the belt of granitoids by age of 40-100 million years, known as transgimalayan battle granites.

Peaks

Shisha Pangma Mountain is the fourteenth highest mountain in the world and the most high mountainwhich is completely in the Himalayas Tibet. Shisha-Pangma is easy to reach. Good view At the top opens with the Tong La Pass along the Friendship Highway. Tong La Pass rises to a height of up to 5150 meters, and a clear view of the mountains opens on a clear day.

Cho-ohu is the sixth most high peak On the planet and rises to 8201 meters. It is located along the border of Tibet and Nepal. A beautiful view of Cho-Ou opens from Gokio, a small village in Nepalese Himalayas, which can only be reached by one of the most beautiful trekking routes. It begins and ends in Lucla, takes about 12 days.

The town of Old Tingri in Tibet also offers a beautiful view of this gigantic vertex. From the old Tingri for 3 hours you can get to the base camp, from where expeditions are starting from. Of the 14 peaks on the planet, which rise above 8000 meters, Cho-Oyu is considered the least difficult for lifting. For the first time, this vertex was conquered in October 1954.

Makalu is one of the most beautiful of 14 eight-thousanders. It is located 19 km from Mount Everest along the border of Tibet Nepal at an altitude of 8485 meters. He was first conquered in 1955.

There are other famous peaks. It is a Karakor, Kaylash, Kanchenjungu, Nanga Parbat, Annapurna and Manask.

The biggest mountain in the world

Everest - the highest point Himalayas ( 8848 meters). This is the most high top on the planet. It can be viewed both by Nepal and from Tibet. Himalayas on both sides look awesome. FROM small mountain Cala Patthar in Nepal offers a stunning view of Everest. To get to Kala Patthara, you need to go on the road from the small village of Lukla. From Lucly to go to Most Shep, the basic camp in Everest on the side of the Nepal, the next 7 or 8 days of the path will take about 7 or 8 days. From the Horake Sheep on a steep rise will be required from 90 minutes to 2 hours to Cala Patthar, the height of which is 5545 meters. However, Everest itself cannot be seen from the base camp on the side of Nepal, although magnificent views are opened from the neighboring feces of Patthara.

This mountain is the Nepalese and Sherpi called Sagarmatha, and Tibetans are Jomolungma (Chomolungma). Since the 1920s, many of the best climbers of the world tried to climb on Mount Everest, and on May 29, 1953, the first successful climbing of Tenzing Northia (Nepal) and Sir Edmund Hillary ( New Zealand).

Geography and ecology

They extend through the northeastern part of India. To the question, in which country is the Himalayas, it is impossible to give an unequivocal answer: they pass through India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Tibet, Bhutan and Nepal. They are stretched by about 2400 km. The Himalayan Ridge consists of three parallel ridges, which are often called large, small and external hymals.

Two vertices, Everest and 2K (Chochi, designated as the second top of the Karakorum), as a rule, dominate the perception of the region. Himalayas are distinguished by great biodiversity. The climate varies from the tropical at the foot of the mountains to perennial snow and glaciers on the most large altitudes.

Nature

Here you can meet several natural zones. They are discussed below.

1. Mountain meadows and shrubs: they can be found at a height of three to five thousand meters. In these areas, there are usually cold winters and a mild summer, which contributes to the growth of plants. Rhododendrons rise over shrubs, while the Alpine meadows, located directly above them, are distinguished in warm months with a variety of flora. Snow leopard, the Himalayan Tar, Musky Deer live here.
2. Moderately coniferous forests: In the northeast, moderately subalpine coniferous forests are at altitudes from two and a half to 4,200 meters. Located in the inner valley, these forests are protected from harsh monsoon conditions around the surrounding ridges. Basically, pine, boligols, spruce and fir are growing here. Animal world represented by red pandas, takins and musky deer.
3. Moderately large and mixed forests. On medium heights, from two to three thousand meters, in eastern Region There are widespread and coniferous forests. These forests receive almost 200 cm annual precipitation, mainly during the monsoon season. In addition to oaks and maples, orchids, lichens and ferns are growing here. In the cold season, you can meet more than 500 species of birds that stop here in the migration period. Golden monkeys - Langura also live here.
4. Tropical and subtropical wide forests. They are located at the height of Himalayas from 500 to 1000 meters along a narrow band of the main Himalayan ridge. Due to the diverse terrain, the types of soil and the levels of precipitation grows here a large number of plants. Here you can meet subtropical dry evergreen, northern dry mixed deciduous forests, wet mixed deciduous forests, subtropical soil forests, northern tropical native native forests and northern tropical wet evergreen forests. wildlife Includes many species on the verge of extinction, including tigers and Asian elephants. In this region you can find more than 340 different species birds.

Rivers and glaciers

In the Himalayas take their beginning, Ind, Yangtze, Gang and Brahmaputra. All of them are the main river systems in Asia. The main in the Himalayas are Gang, Ind, Yarung, Yangtze, Mekong and Nucian.

Himalayas - the third largest ice deposit and snow in the world after Antarctica and the Arctic. There are about 15,000 glaciers throughout the territory. The length of the Himalayan Siechena is 72 km. He is the biggest glacier outside the poles. Other famous glaciers located in Himalayas: Baltoro, Biafo, Nubru and Chispur.

What can be added to the description of the mountains? Pay attention to several interesting facts.

1. Mountains of the Himalayas appeared as a result of the movement of the tectonic plates, which were collided by India in Tibet.
2. Due to the large number of tectonic movements, still taking place here, there are a lot of earthquakes and underground jolts in the mountains.
3. This is one of the youngest mountain chains on the planet.
4. Mountains affect air and water circulation systems and, accordingly, weather in the region.
5. They cover approximately 75% of the territory of Nepal.
6. Serve a natural barrier for tens of thousands of years, they prevented early interaction between the inhabitants of India and the peoples of China and Mongolia.
7. Everest was named after Colonel Sir George Everest, the British Geodesist, who lived in India in the early middle of the nineteenth century.
8. The Nepalese name of Everest "Samgarmatha" is translated as the "goddess of the Universe" or "Lob of Sky".

So, in this article, the highest and impressive mountain range in the world was considered. This is the Himalayan ridge.