The Ladoga Lake Basin has glacial and tectonic origin. In Paleozoic 300 - 400 million years ago, the entire territory of the modern lake lake basin was covered with the sea. The sedimentary sediments of that time are sandstones, sands, clays, limestone - cover a powerful thickness (over 200 m) a crystalline foundation consisting of granites, gneisses and diabases.

The modern relief was formed as a result of the activities of the glacial cover (last, the Valdai glaciation ended about 12 thousand years ago). The main factor was: change in the level of the world's ocean, the water of the glacier and its weight - began (and continues) the rise of sushi. After the departing of the glacier about 12,600 years ago, a fresh Baltic Ice Lake was formed with a level of 25 meters above the ocean. About 10-9.6 thousand years ago, the water of the lake broke through in the region of Central Sweden and the Aloldiye Sea was formed, the level of which was 7 - 9 m above the modern level of the Baltic Sea.

Approximately 9500 years ago, Sushi raised the shed in Central Sweden and an anchoric lake was formed. In the north of the Karelian Isthmus, it was combined with a wide strait with the Lake Ladoga. The MGA river at that time flowed to the east and fell into the lake in the area of \u200b\u200bthe modern source of the Neva.

Approximately 8500 years ago, the Tectonic processes open the Danish sheds and the Latio Sea is formed. The water level was albeit significantly higher than the current one, but less than in the Lake Anchyl. This led to the formation of the Karelian Isthmus, and the formation of Lake Ladoga.

How long the lake was completely isolated - it is unknown - the water level in the lake rises faster than the rise of sushi occurs, and when the level of Ladoga exceeded the level of watershed, lake water, flooding the valley of the MGU river, broke through the Tosna River Valley.

Thus, about 4 thousand years ago, a new strait between Lake Lake and the Finnish Bay, which became the Valley of the Neva River. The old strait in the north of the Karelian Isthmus by this time was already above the lake level. Last 2.5 thousand years, the relief has not changed significantly.

The northern part of the Lake Ladoga lies in the Baltic Crystal Shield, South - on the Eastern European Platform. In the area nearest to Ladoga, the southern border of the shield passes approximately along the Vyborg - Priozersk - the mouth of the Vidica River - the source of the River Sviri.

The crystal foundation of the northern ligation refers to the ancient primary foundation of Fennoscandia and formed about 2000 million years ago. These are the most ancient geological formation on earth. For millions of years, the ancient mountains of the beetralist shakeped to the picturesque hills, rocks and cliffs. Wpadina Ladoga Lake was formed in the tertiary period as a result of a powerful geological discharge. At the same time, as a result of faults, the formation of the archipelago and the coastal part of the North-West shore of Lake Ladoga. 12 thousand years ago, after the departure of the glacier, almost the entire surface of the liking was under the water of the ancient Baltic Ice Lake. The climate, water level and salinity of the lake changed gradually. About 4000 - 3000 years ago, the formation of the Neva and the level of Lake Lake decreased by 10 meters.

At the end of 9 V.N.E. The change in the hydrography of the region (lowering the level of the Baltic and, respectively, the Lake Ladoga), led to the simultaneous process of cropping the rivers of the Ladoga basin, including wolf with tributaries.

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fig. 4 Ancilant lake includes a palogue 9500 years ago. Labeled stock in the ocean.

Directly in Lake Lake, 32 rivers flow - more than 10 km long, the lake falling into Ladoga, the lake belongs: p. Scrightened from Onega Lake, R. Vuoksa, originating in Finland, r. Volkhov, arising from Lake Ilmen, r. Locking and others.

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fig. 5 River Svir - Podporozhskiy district in the Saint of the Leningrad Region.

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fig. 6 River Svir, Thresholds.

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fig. 7 Sandwear River Svir.

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fig. 8 Vuoksa River.

The Vuoksa River is mentioned in Novgorod chronicles. In the vicinity of the river from prehistoric times, people lived - the parking lots of the Stone Century period were found, there is a mention of the ancient epic "Kalevala". In the distant era of King Ivan Grozny, the Vuoksa River is mentioned as a place of congress to solve state issues.

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figure 9 Vuoksa in Melnikovo.

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fig. 10 Dam on the Vuoksa River in Imatre.

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fig. 11 Priozersk Vuoksa River.

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fig. 12 Rippipes of the Volkhov River.

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fig. 13 Volkhov River in the district of Art. Ladoga and Lyubi (Chernavino-5), mounds in the "Cutting Up".

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fig. 14 Volkhov River - near the mouth.

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fig. 14 River asleep.

Lake Lake is Nevo.

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fig. 16 Ladozhskoe Ozero.

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fig. 17 landscapes of Lake Ladoga.

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fig. 18 Ladoga Lake - Coast.

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fig. 19 Ladoga Lake - Burun.

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fig. 20 Lake Lake - Forest.

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fig. 21 Ladoga Lake - silence.

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fig. 22 Ladoga Lake Autumn.

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fig. 23 Stony lake Ladoga shores.

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fig. 24 troty rocks, pos. Vyartsil, northern liking.

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fig. 25 Ruskeala, former marble quarry.. The height of the cliffs: 30 - 40 m, northern lump.

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fig. 26 Ladoga Lake - Stones.

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fig. 27 Voton Voslitza - River in Karelia, put it.

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fig. 28 on the islands of Lake Lake.

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fig. 29 Cape Rahaneii. Shine on August 18, 2003.

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fig. 30 Gorskii Headoladozhsky Channel Photo 1909

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figure 31 Korena Fortress in Priozersk.

Korela (SC. KEXHOLM, Fin. Käkisalmi "Kukushkin Strait") - stone fortress in the city of Priozersk, on the island of Vuoksa River. Medieval Korela was the north-western city of Russia. The fortress was laid at the turn of the XIII and XIV centuries. Novgorod on the island of the riverpower(Vuoks) To protect the Northwestern Lights of the Republic from the Swedes.

Priozersk - [Karelsk. Kägöisalmi, Fin. Käkisalmi - Kukushkin Strait, Swede. Kexholm - Kukushkin Island] - Administrative Center for the Priozersky District of the Leningrad Region. The city is located on the Karelian Isthmus, on the shores of the northern sleeves of the Vuoksa River, between Lake Lake and Lake Vuoks. Until the early XVII century, the center of the Korel Land, the Korean county of the Water Five. From the XIV century to 1611, the city is known as Korela. C 1580 to 1595 and from 1611 to 1918 the city was called Kexholm. Since 1918, the city, as part of the independence of Finland, became known as Kyakisalmi. In 1940, after the Soviet-Finnish war, the city was departed to Soviet UnionThe name Kexholm was returned. In 1941-1944, during the Soviet-Finnish war, the city was engaged in the troops of Finland and was called Kiakisalmi. In 1944, after the Moscow truce, the city immediately departed to the Soviet Union. In 1948, renamed Priozersk.)

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fig. 32 Fortress Oreshek - Walnut Island, (Fin. Pähkinäsaari) - a small island in the origin of the Neva. Main attraction - the old Novgorod fortress of the XIV century nut.

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figure 33 Map of the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron. Ladoga lake. (Clichable)

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Lake Lake Locally in the North-West of Russia.

Lake Lake has ancient history, peculiar nature and rich natural world.

Its shores, islands and water area have important For the development of the economy and tourism of the region. This is the largest European freshwater lake.

How the lake arose

It is believed that hundreds of millions of years on the site of the modern Ladoga lake was the sea. Modern it is the result of the movement of the glacial coating.

The researchers believe that the hollow on which the lake arose, began to exempt from ice from about 14 thousand years ago. At first there was a releger lake that had stock in the glacial lake, on the site of which the Baltic Sea appeared later.

Over the next few thousand years, the water level in the lake, the area of \u200b\u200bits mirror has repeatedly changed. Later, as a result of changing the profile, the bottom of the Lake, the lake oriented south.

Gradually, the neva channel was formed in its modern form. After the formation of this river, the water level in the reservoir has decreased by 12-13 meters, which refers to the Baltic Basin.

Historical events

In the southern part of his coast in the VIII century, G. Ladoga was laid, who gave the name to the lake. It played an important role in the next century the water path of Varyags from Scandinavia in Byzantium. In the XIII century, the name Lake Lake becomes common. In 1617, after Russia's defeat, in the war with the Swedes, most of the coast of the lake and coastal fortresses and settlements moved the Swedes.

At the beginning of the XVIII century as a result of victorious for Russia, the shores of the lake became completely Russian. After that, shipping channels were arranged. During , most The Ladoga coast occupied German and Finnish troops. To maintain the communication of Leningrad blocked by the Nazis, with the unexposed part of the Soviet state, from the fall of 1941 to spring, 1943, "" was organized.

In the navigation by the courts and cars in a strong ice on it, over one and a half million tons of food and other goods were delivered to the city, more than 1.3 million inhabitants of the city were evacuated. An important role was played by Ladoga ships military fleetcreated at the beginning of the Soviet-Finnish war.

Ladoga lake. Road of life photo

Large trail in the history of Ladoga left arranged on the Lake Islands. The worldwide fame received the island of Valaam with his, founded in the X-XI centuries. According to the legend, the holy apostle was overcome the path from Kiev and Novgorod. When he got to the island, he blessed his cross. In the construction of monastery buildings, prominent Russian architects took part.

On a small island of Konevets in the XIV century, a Christmas-Virgin monastery was founded.

Characteristics and natural conditions

Together with the islands, the Ladoga Lake Square is 18.3 thousand square meters. km. It stretches from north to south by 219 km, with a width - 125 km. The lake is located above sea level at 4, 84 m. The shores of the lake, stretching more than a thousand kilometers, have a variety of rich relief. On the south coast, they are not high, have a lot of challenges, mixed with rifes of stones and small fillings. On this side, the lake has three large bays.

Lake Lake Island Valaam, Valaam Monastery Photo

Its northern shores are predominantly rocky and high. There are many peninsulas, fjords and schher, separated by the straits of small islands. On the east side, two bays, felling off big island. The coastal band is relatively smooth, with wide sand beaches. Even more gentle is the western coast of Lake Ladoga. It is characterized by suitable directly to the water with a dense forest, formed coniferous and deciduous trees, a variety of shrubs. Along the coast, the accumulation of boulders, which can be in the water, creating a danger to shipping.

On the lake a huge number of islands, of which 660 have an area of \u200b\u200bmore hectare and occupy about 435 square meters. km. More semi-pile are located in the Schker area in the north of the lake. Dozens of islands form archipelagoes, the largest of which is Valaam with the 50th islands. Most of the islands are distinguished by high cliffs and shepherd shores. They can be covered with a rich forest or have scarce vegetation.

In the area of \u200b\u200bLadoga, the lake has a specific climate, which has signs of moderately continental and moderate-sea. This is due to the peculiarities of the region expressing in. relative to the small amount of heat falling to the ground and the atmosphere of heat from the sun. During the year, in the aggregate, only two months are sunny. During the year, cloudy days with cloudiness and scattered light prevail.

The average annual air temperature here + 3.3 degrees. In February, it is 8.8, and in warm July +16.3. From December to February, the lake freezes. Its middle is covered with ice only at extremely low temperatures. In April-May it is released from ice. Due to the permanent unrest, the Lake Lake does not apply to calm. Here, the storm is often different with foam-covered waves reaching the six-meter height. Sometimes there are phenomena of the cooling and nucleation of water mass, leading to changes in the water level.

Blowing rivers, cities, ecology

The fullness of the Lake Ladoga is provided by the many rivers flowing into it, which provide about 85% of its water balance. Among them are the largest - Svir, which follows from the lake, Volkhov, originating in Lake Ilmen, Vuoksa, connecting Ladoga with Lake Saima. In total, 35 rivers and a lot of streams are carried out in the lake. Only Neva, leaving him, flows into the Baltic Sea. It accounts for about 92% of the water consumption from the lake.

city Priozersk Fortress Korela Photo

On the shores of the lake there are such cities that have Russian and Karelian names:

• Lacdenpool
• New Ladoga
• Pitkyaranta
• Priozersk
• Sortavala
• Shlisselburg.

These settlements are centers of coastal economic life. The activities of their industrial enterprises are largely provided by lake shipping. Through the lady passes the waterway from the Volga to the Baltic Sea. Millions of tons of cargo are moving on the lake every year. These are petroleum products and oil, building materials, chemicals, etc. Tens of thousands of passengers are transported, including in the composition of tourist cruises.

Economic activities on the shores of the lake led to pollution of the natural environment. Many enterprises instead of the effective cleaning of production waste discharge them into the lake and rivers flowing into it. Near the lake work radiation and nuclear-hazardous enterprises and polygons for testing radioactive components. As a result, contaminated areas were formed in some islands.

Ladoga Schhers Photo

In certain areas of the water area, the content of dissolved heavy metals is seriously exceeded. Some coastal places have a high level of toxicological and microbial pollution.

Animal world

In the Ladoga region of the lake there are over 250 species of birds. The fifth part of them every year in the spring and autumn here transit here. According to Ornithologists, Tinyogian birds come to New Earth and Iceland, South Africa and India. Among them:

• geese
• Duck
• swans
• seagulls
• Kuliki
• cranes and others.

On the shores arrange their nestings many other birds, including related to rare species. On the southern coast in reed thickets, waterfowl nests. In the lake a lot of freshwater fish. During the period of spawning, it goes to throw the caviar into the flowing rivers. In total, there are over fifty species of various fish, including such as:

• trout
• salmon
• zander
• perch
• pike and others.

There are about ten fish species, among which the Ripus, Ryapushka and Koryushka prevail. The most effective fishery in the south of the lake at depths up to 20 m. For Irmetania in Volkhov and other rivers flowing into the lake through the lake along the Neve, sturgeon comes from the Baltic. Sudak to the southern shores are caught here. In Volkhov and near the coast of the lake, there are fish farms of Siberian sturgeon, Siga, trout, other valuable fish.

Ladoga Lake and Seagulls Photo

However, the negative impact on nature reduces the population of valuable fishing fish, such as Sigi, trout, salmon, etc. In the Russian Red Book, the Volkhov Sig and Atlantic Opeter fell. In addition, a unique nerve is listed in this book, which is called Ladoga Killed. The number of these animals in the lake does not exceed five thousand individuals.

• Every year on May 25-26, the "White Nights" can be observed over the lake, which last fifty days and end on July 16-17;
• In 2002, the Atlas of Ladoga Lake was published with the participation of domestic and foreign specialists;
• For the first time, lake is designated in 1544 on the map, made by the German scientist S. Münster;
• Since 2002, the state register has been drawn up on the bottom of the lake ships, aircraft and other underwater objects;
• After the war in some islands, experiments with combat poisoning and radioactive substances were made, new types of weapons and explosives were developed.
• in the 1970s, according to the then lake water standards were the most pure and marked I class I grade, while today the lake's moderately polluted water is assigned only the III class;
• Among the deepest Russian lakes, Ladoga takes the eighth place.

Europe is famous for its beauty and attractiveness. Her nature more than once became the property of songs and legends, fairy tales and poems, essays and stories. Among the whole manifold, water expansions are highlighted. Lake Lake is a bright representative. Its main difference from other water bodies is rich in the vegetable and animal world.

general characteristics

Lake Lake is called the largest throughout Europe. Its area exceeds 18 thousand kilometers square. Interestingly, 457 kilometers of water area occupy the islands of Lake Lake, which themselves are not so great. For example, the area of \u200b\u200bthe largest land plots located in the middle of the lake stroit does not exceed one hectare. And they have more than 650 pieces. Nature has placed islands so that over 500 of them are located in the northwestern part of the lake.

Rocky islands are distinguished by a bizarre form and unusual outlines. Their height is 60-70 meters. It is especially interesting to observe the harmonious combination of coastal and island lines. Share the islands among themselves numerous bays that are crashed into the land plots.

Nature-Mother did not worry on the artistic and aesthetic design of this corner of the globe. Ladoga lake refers to the oldest water bodies. In his century, it seemed a lot, survived the amazing events that could be judged by numerous remnants and remains on his shores and the day.

New research made it possible to learn more accurate parameters of the water object. Ladoga lake spread 83 kilometers wide and 219 - in length. Without island territory it takes out in a total of 17578 square kilometersthat allows you to call it the largest European lake.

The length of the coastline exceeds one and a half thousand kilometers. Scientists managed to calculate the coefficient of its stencil. It is 2.1, which allows us to talk about the presence of multiple bays. The lake bowl has an impressive capacity, which is 908 kilometers of cubic.

Depth of the lake

The depth of Ladoga Lake on average is 51 meters. However, if we talk about the greatest, then the figure grows up to 230 meters. The impressive indicators allows you to judge the depths of the Lake Ladoga. It usually notes areas that are considered to be the deep.

Relief bottom is heterogeneous. Therefore, it is not surprising that the depth of Lake Lake is different throughout its water area. For example, in the southern part there is a lot and smoothness. This helps reduce depth. The decrease is observed from the north to south. In the northern part, the depth reaches 10-100 meters, and in southern this value is an order lower and varies in the range from 3 to 7 meters. Father rocky braids and melons are distinguished, you can even meet the clusters of boulders.

Relief DNA

In general, such differences in depth are explained by the peculiarities of the geological structure of the bottom. What, in turn, is due to his impressive length. The geological structure imposes its imprint also on the lake hollow and its appearance. Interestingly, the relief of the bottom seems to be reminded of islands. It copies them exactly. Thus, at the bottom of the lake, mountains and plains, depressions and potholes, hills and slopes can be observed.

The most often dominated by depths depth to 100 meters. In the northwestern part of their lake more than 500. Interestingly, such formations are concentrated by groups. And they, in turn, create a kind of labyrinth from the bays. This phenomenon was named Schhers. The Ladoga Lake Depth Map allows you to make sure.

The slope of the lake has an average of 0.0105, and the angle is an average of 0.35 degrees. This value near the northern coast is already 1.52 degrees, and the East - 0.03. It is also considered a fairly important indicator.

Animal world

In such a country as Russia, Lake Lake plays a huge role. It is called the supplier of drinking water for the northern capital of the state - St. Petersburg. However, in addition to this, a huge number of a wide variety of animals lives in Ladoga. The main place among them, of course, occupy fish.

To date, it is known about the existence in the waves of Lake Lake more than 58 varieties and species of fish. It is interesting that there are those who are "guests" in Ladoga. This can include sea eel, Baltic salmon and sturgeon. They are only occasionally swim in the water of the lake. A permanent place of their habitat is the Finnish Bay and Baltic.

Unfortunately, due to the mass division of fish today in Ladoga, not all of its old inhabitants remained. Sometimes the representatives of the fish kingdom disappear without visible reasons. For example, sterlet. In Ladogian waters, it is no longer found, and the reasons for this researchers did not find.

New species

But in the lake there appeared new inhabitants. They are represented by pella and sazan. The latter appeared in Ladog relatively recently - in 1952-1953. The reason for this was the fact that it was bred in the nearest Lake Ilman. The fate of the peladi was similar. In Ladog, she "walked" from the Karelian Isthmus where it was engaged in its active breeding in the late 50s of the last century.

In addition, in the waters, you can meet such fish as a path, salmon, pike perch, sig, bream, trout, Ripus and Ryapushka. They are distinguished by value in the field of industry. These types are referred to as commercial. There are less valuable inhabitants of the lake. Among them, it is possible to highlight the roach, a born, pike, hersh, syntin, auction and guster. They are considered no less tasty, but their use in food is submitted by smaller volumes.

Probably, to call really all fish that are found in the waters of the Lake Ladoga, it is impossible. There are so many inhabitants there that work on their detection and study continues now.

On the verge of extinction

Some fish of Lake Lake are now on the verge of extinction. Among them are those that are considered valuable in the industrial field. The brightest example is salmon. In the palm there are individuals, the weight of which exceeds 10 kilograms. They are real giants. Interestingly, the fish is sent to the spawning in the late spring and in the summer. Young dwells there are no more couple of years, and then returns to the lake.

Now the rivers are clogged with lumber, so Salmon's spawning became difficult. In this regard, it was decided to suspend the mass catch of fish. The corresponding law came out back in 1960.

Another valuable fish is the Palia. It dwells in the northern part of the lake. In winter, it can be found at a depth of more than 70 meters, and it rises to 20-30 during the warmer months. The reproduction occurs in the middle of the autumn.

Live in Ladoga and Sigi. Now in the lake there are seven of their varieties. Four of them, namely lake Ladoga, Loudoga, Black and Valaam, are considered extremely river, and three others - Svirki, Veksinsky and Volkhovsky - can live both in the lake and in the river. On average, in the period of reproduction, each individual molded about nine thousand eggs in October and November.

More recently, people were massively engaged in catching Siga, and now this species is on the verge of extinction. A peculiar reason for this can be called the construction of the dam of the Volkhov hydroelectric station. Fish could not overcome such an obstacle, and those measures of people who were adopted for this, did not save the situation.

River Ladoga Lake

Now let's talk about water arteries.

The Ladoga Lake River is very numerous. This allows us to talk about its wide catchment pool. Its area exceeds 250 thousand kilometers square. With such numbers, not every lake boasts.

Finland and Karelia, located nearby, are divided by water riches with a palm, rivers and rivers also carry their waves from Novgorod, Pskov and Vologda lands. Water objects of the Arkhangelsk and Leningrad regions contribute their contribution.

In total, about 45 thousand streams and rivers fall into Lake Lake. It is interesting that before becoming part of the Ladoga, the water of rivers accumulate in the nearest lakes, among which Syme, Onega and Ilmen. They, in turn, allow you to form such tributaries of the main lady, like Volkhov, Vuoks and Svir. A total of more than 57 cubic kilometers of water in the lake for the year. This is about 85 percent of the water mass, which accumulates in the considered by us. geographical object per year.

All other tributaries are called small. There is no explanation for this, because there are also such impressive full-flowed rivers as Janisoki, as well as Tulejoki.

It should be understood that the tributaries of the Ladogi are quite young - by the standards of rivers. They are only 10-12 thousand years old. That is why their major mass has not yet formed wide valleys. They flow among stony local areas and ripples.

From the northeastern part of the lake, the Baltic Crystal Shield lies. That is why the fastest and loud tributaries fall into the palm from the other side. Very often they turn into full-water stormy streams, meeting on their way of rocks, which are quite difficult to blur.

The influx of switches

Lake Lake is located in Russia, and the most full-water flow is called Svir. This river follows from the Svir Lip of Onega Lake, and in the palm of the southeast.

Its length is about 224 kilometers. The river includes two large tributaries, which were called Pasha and Oyat. Interestingly, the origin of this facility is now covered by secrets and mystery.

The Surb River itself and its shores are not distinguished by the painting inherent in Ladoga. The description of the lake Ladoga tells about the amazing beauty of his shores than the swit can not boast. Its coast is covered with ohlkhov shrubs and wetlands, coniferous forests are found. Basically the shores of the River Svir are clusters of stones and boulders.

In antiquity, the switches were famous for numerous thresholds. They were impossible to be called high, but the rings of boulders were of serious interference for shipping. Local residents Very often saw the sailors, helping them to cope with crossings. Very often, residents of coastal villages and cities themselves served as sailors, pilots and even captains. The proximity to the full-water river imposed its mark on the character and lifestyle of people.

But if we talk about the animal world, it is great enough. It is in the waters of this river that the salmon is often observed. In the spring you can meet the flocks of these fish, which are sent at the mouth of the Sviri. The main importance is played by the inflows of Joy and Pasha. Ichtiologists believe that it is these rivers that may contribute to the revival of salmon in the Lake Ladoga.

When visit

Ladoga Lake for the centuries-old history was hidden by secrets, riddles and legends. All this, of course, attracts numerous tourists. People travel to Ladoga to admire the amazing beauty of nature, see one of the largest lakes in the world.

To not guess, you should know when it is better to go, what time to give preference.

A trip here in May and June will be foggy in the literal sense of the word. At the end of May and early June, dense fogs are lowered in Ladoga, they are easy to get lost in which it is quite simple. In such cases, it is very important to take with you experienced guides that will help to go out on the right path and see all the surrounding beauty.

This time is considered cold enough for those places. In the evening, schkers can be covered with a thin crust of ice, and the wind brings dampness. Of particular interest are a few hours after sunny weather. At such moments, the lake shines calm and attractiveness. However, the Breeze flies next instant. He causes meter waves in the bays, although the lake off the coast continues to be different in peace.

One of the brightest advantages of this time, of course, after an attractive appearance of the coastal territory, is the complete absence of mosquitoes. Dignity is called the extraordinary purity of the lake. The bottom, even at a depth of several meters, seems extremely clear. It is believed that if you drink water at such a moment, then happiness will not make yourself wait long. Water itself is clean and tasty.

Now people who appreciate comfort and comfort is worth visiting Ladoga in the last two months of the summer. It is this period that is considered the best for a full-fledged rest. The air and water temperature in this case exceeds the optimal mark, allowing you to swim in the waves of the lake and sunbathe on the shore. On the islands you can collect berries and mushrooms, which are in excess.

To those people who are riding a laugh to admire local beauties, It is worth choosing the autumn months when literally all the coast is cast and bronze. In October, there is a worsening of weather, which is accompanied by fogs and storms. At such times, there are many artists and landscape players here. They try to capture the brown beauty of the Ladoga.

Lake Lake in the winter is also an interesting sight. However, at this time of the year it is quite cold here. But the middle of the lake does not freeze even with severe frosts due to impressive depth.

Now people who want to visit this corner of our immense homeland, follows the Lake Lake on the map. Many tourist firms offer whole routes. If you wish, you can choose one of the proposed or compose your own.

Traveling on the coast of Ladoga Lake will probably remember everyone. Distinguishes this terrain amazing beauty Nature at any time of the year, the variety of flora and fauna, as well as the ability to relax perfectly.

Lake Lake is located in the Republic of Karelia and the Leningrad region of the Russian Federation. It is considered one of the largest freshwater lakes in Europe. Its area is about 18 thousand square meters. kilometers. The bottom is uneven: In one place, the depth can be 20 meters, and in another - 70 meters, but the maximum is 230 meters. In this waters there are 35 rivers, and only Neva flows. Ladget is divided into North and South, East and West.

Formation of aquatorium

Scientists suggest that Lake Lake has ice-tectonic origins. At the place of his hollow about 300-400 million years ago, there was a sea. The glaciers affected the relief change, which led to the rise of sushi. When the glacier began to retreat, then a glacial lake appeared with freshwater, an anchoric lake appeared, which connected with Ladoga. New tectonic processes occur 8.5 thousand years ago, thanks to which Karelian shells were formed, and the lake was isolated. Over the past 2.5 thousand years, the relief has not changed.
In the Middle Ages, the Lake was called "Nevo" in Russia, and in Scandinavia - Aldog. However, its real name happened from Ladoga (city). Now it is so called not only the city, but the river and the lake. It is difficult to determine which object first was called a palm.

Climatic features

In the area of \u200b\u200bLadoga Lake, the type of climate is moderate and transitional: from continental to the sea. It depends on the circulation of air masses and from the location. The amount of solar radiation is small here, so the moisture evaporates slowly. The average number of days a year is 62. Basically the weather is cloudy and cloudy. The duration of the daylight at different times changes from 5 h. 51 min. up to 18 h 50 min. From the end of May, in mid-July, there are "white nights", when the sun sits down the horizon about the 9th, and the evening smoothly goes in the morning.

Water resources of the lake are the main climate-forming factor in the Ladoga area. The water area contributes to the smoothing of some climatic indicators. So air masses from the continent, passing over the surface of the lake, become marine. The minimum atmosphere temperature drops to -8.8 degrees Celsius, and the maximum rises to +16.3 degrees, the average indicators are +3.2 degrees. The average annual precipitation is 475 millimeters.

Recreational wealth

Despite the fact that even in the summer water in the lake is very cold, a large number of people come here to rest every year, so there are beaches for tourists. Many vacationers ride on catamarans and kayaks.

On the lake there are 660 islands, and they were mainly concentrated in the northern part of the reservoir. Among the largest are Western and Valaam archipelagoes, and the greatest islands - Riekkalansari, Valaam, Mantsinsaari, Tulolynsari, Kilple. In some islands, monasteries (Konesei, Valaam) were built, where the power of the saints rests and there are sacred relics. Here there is a Memorial "Road of Life".

On the territory of the Ladoga pool is the Nizhneysk Reserve, where they live different kinds Fauna, including rare. These types of flora grow here:

• blueberries;
• green mosses;
• elm;
• maple;
• linden;
• mushrooms.

Noticeable influence on climatic conditions Provides the lake itself. This is characterized by smoothing the extreme values \u200b\u200bof climatic characteristics, as a result of which the continental air masses passing over the surface of the lake, acquire the nature of the marine air masses. The average air temperature in Lake Lake is +3.2 ° C. The average temperature of the coldest month (February)? 8.8 ° C, the very warm (July) +16.3 ° C. The average annual precipitation is 475 mm. The smallest monthly precipitation falls in February - March (24 mm), the largest - in September (58 mm). During the year, Western and South-Western winds are dominated in most of the Lake Ladoga. The average monthly wind speed in the open part of the lake and on most of the islands from October to January - February 6-9 m / s, the remaining 4-7 m / s. On the coast, the average monthly wind speed varies from 3 to 5 m / s. They rarely marked. In October, storm winds are often observed at Lake Ladoga at a speed of more than 20 m / s, the maximum wind speed reaches 34 m / s. Breeze is observed on the whole coast in summer in the windless sunny days and clear nights. The lake breeze begins at around 9 am and continues until 20 in the evening, its speed is 2-6 m / s; It spreads 9-15 km deep into sushi. Fogs are observed most often in the spring, at the end of summer and in the fall.

For the relief of the bottom of Ladoga, the lake is characterized by an increase in the depth of the south to the north. The depth varies unevenly: in the northern part it ranges from 70 to 230 m, in southern - from 20 to 70 m. The average depth of the lake is 50 m, the largest - 233 m (north of the island of Valaam). The bottom of the northern part is uneven, elegable by the depressions, and the southern part is more relaxed and has a greater smooth. Lake Lake takes eighth place among deepest lakes Russia. Transparency U. western coast Lake Lake 2-2.5 m, in the east coast 1-2 m, in the estuary sections of 0.3-0.9 m, and to the center of the lake increases to 4.5 m. The smallest transparency was observed in the Volkhovsky lip (0.5 -1 m), and the greatest - west of the Valaam Islands (in summer 8-9, in winter over 10 m). Permanent excitements are observed on the lake. During strong storms, water in it "boils", and the waves are almost completely covered with foam. In the water mode, a slight-risk phenomena is characterized (fluctuations in water level by 50-70 cm annually, maximum to 3 m), sewage (up to 3-4 m), the height of the waves at storms up to 6 m. The lake freezes in December (coastal part) - February (the central part), revealed in April - May. The central part is covered with solid ice only in very severe winters. Due to long and strong winter cooling, water in the lake and summer is very cold; It warms only in the thin upper layer and in the coastal strip. The temperature regime varies in the central deepwater part of the lake and on the coast. The temperature of the water on the surface in August to 24 ° C in the south, 18-20 ° C in the center, at the bottom of about 4 ° C, in winter under ice 0-2 ° C. Water fresh and clean (except for areas contaminated with industrial drains), minerals and salts are dissolved in negligible. Water refers to the bicarbonate class (small content of calcium and magnesium salts, slightly more nickel, aluminum).

In Ladoga, the lake was revealed 378 species and species of plankton animals. More than half of the species falls on the share of travot. The fourth part of the total species make up the simplest, and 23 percent falls together on branchist and weary racks. The most common in the lake zooplankton species are Daphnia and cyclops. A large group of water invertebrate animals dwells at the bottom of the lake. In the palm of them found 385 species (mostly different races). The first place in the composition of Bentofauna belongs to insect larvae, which accounts for more than half of all types of bottom animals - 202 species. Next are worms (66 species), water mites, or hydrocarines, mollusks, crustaceans and others. The lake is rich in freshwater fish, which goes to the river. In Ladoga, 53 species and varieties of fish live in the lake: Ladoga slingshot, salmon, trout, hobs, siga, rippushka, born, bream, raw, stain, guster, red-fry, rhe, Som, pike perch, roach, perch, pike, pike and others . The impact of a person on the water reduces the number of valuable fish - salmon, trouts, worships, launch-river sings and others, and the Atlantic Occar and the Volkhovsky Sig are listed in the Red Book of Russia. The most productive areas include the shallow southern part of the lake with depths to 15-20 m, where the main fishing of the fish is concentrated, and the least productive is the northern shatter area. Of Finnish Gulf On the Neva for Ikrometania in Volkhov and other rivers through the lake is the ceremony. A pike perch is located along the southern and southeastern shore of Ladoga. It dwells in Lake Salmon, which falls in the river in the fall, where I caviar. In Lake Lake and Volkhov, Siga, Siberian sturgeon and other fish are breed. In the forecast regularly found 256 species of birds belonging to 17 detachments. On the transit span in the spring and autumn, more than 50 species of birds are marked here. Migration links forbid covers space from Iceland to India and from south Africa to the new land. The most attractive territories for the birds is the southern ligation. Here on the span, there are glazes, swans, geese, ducks, huts, seagulls, crags, cranes and cowlocks, as well as nesting river ducks, crested blacks, red-headed dump, golfish, stall, large and medium crumbs, big delistanis, herbal, golden rzhanka and other kelits, gray crane, eaglane-Belochprot, Skops, Kobikchik, Filina, Bearded, Bolotnaya, and a number of other birds. Northern Schhers are the place of nesting of the Padding, Great and Middle Crochali, Cups (including sea gulls and clubs), Krachek (including the polar colt), Kulikov and many other species, there are accumulations of arctic ducks and kelits. In Ladoga, the only representative of the lastonovih, Ladoga ringed nerve, dwells. The number of sectors in the lake is estimated at 4000-5000 heads (according to 2000). The view is listed in the Red Book.