Opening of Livingston. Travel and Research in South Africa

23.09.2019

David Livingston is a Scottish missionary who devoted his life to the study of Africa. He entered the story as a person filling a lot of white spots on the map of this continent, and as a tireless wrestler with a slave trade, which enjoyed huge love and respect from the local population. Livingston received the status of a missionary in November 1840, and in the spring of 1841, first found himself in Africa. In 1849, he was the first of Europeans to cross the Kalahari desert and opened the NGAM Lake on the edge of Okavango swamp.

In June 1851, having passed to the northeast of Okavanngo Marsh, Livingston first reached the Lignanti River (Low Room Kvando, the largest right influx of Zambezi) and met in the village of Seshek, the ruler of the Makololo (Kololo) of Lantwhana. Soon after their meeting, the leader of Lantowan died, having passed the power to the son of the secohet, who also became a friend of the Scottish missionar. Livingston considered Macololo extremely adapted for missionary work and adopting Christianity.

In November 1853, with a detachment of 160 Aborigines from the Makolololo tribe, Livingston began swimming up the zambezi through a flat, covered savannah plain. His goal was to search for the rules of Kolol to the Atlantic coast, from where it would be more convenient to trade with the outside world and fight the slave trade, and the path where it would be more convenient than south route Through the territory of the drills and Kalahari. Accompanied by the Makololo Livingston group, first descended by boats on the river river to her merger with Zambezi, after which the expedition went against the flow to the riverpida. A month later, the boats had to be left, as numerous thresholds and the beginning of the rainy season made movement on the river too dangerous.

By February 1854, Livingston is already with a small detachment (most of the people he let go on the road) reached a small left tributary of Zambezi - Chefumage. According to his valley, the detachment moved to a slightly noticeable watershed in 11 ° YU. Sh., Behind which all flows flowed are not in the southern direction, as before, but in North. Later it turned out that these were the rivers of the Congo system.

On March 31, 1854, the traveler reached the Portuguese colony - the city of Luanda on the Atlantic Coast. On September 20, he went with his Macolololo satellites back to Lignanti, where they arrived only on September 11, 1855.

2 Opening of Victoria

David Livingston decided to try to find a more comfortable car to the ocean - east. On November 3, 1855, a large squad led by a missionary went on the road. Further traveling down the Zambezi became possible thanks to the support of the leader Majolo Selet. He provided an expedition to porters, support forces and provisions, provided it with a stock of glass beads and iron products, which could be used as a means of calculation, and also allocated a large batch of bone elephant for trading. The seconet personally accompanied the expedition to the most outstanding, in his opinion, the geographical object.

Two weeks later, Livingston and his companions stuck to the bank of the River Zambezi near the Grand Waterfall of the width of 1800 m and a height of up to 120 m, which Africans called "Mosi Va Tuna" (Grozing Smoke). This Waterfall Livingston, who saw him the first of Europeans, called the name of the British Queen Victoria.

Directly to the Waterfall of Livingston was accompanied by two aborigine - Tremeng and Tuba Makoro. They walked off the top beast to the island of Caseruk (now - about. Livingston), located near the crest of the waterfall, and the traveler was able to look into a boiling abyss and count almost the entire system. "Loading with fear of cliff, I looked down into a huge crack, which stretched from the shore to the shore of Wide Zambezi, and saw a stream of thousands of yards widened down one hundred feet and then suddenly squeezed in the space fifteen - twenty yards ... I was Witness the wonderful spectacle in Africa! ", - Livingston wrote.

Victoria Waterfall is a completely extraordinary phenomenon. In the distant past, the deep tectonic forces of the earth split the fastest breed - basalt - on blocks, and a crack of 100-120 m wide formed from one shore to another, 120 m's depth of 120 m. Water zambezi, grunted by a narrow gorge, boil, burly, pumped, raise with wild roar. "All the mass of water that transfers through the edge of the waterfall, three meters below turns into the likeness of the monstrous curtain of the nearest snow blizzard. The water particles are separated from it in the form of a comet with flowing tails, until all this snowy avalanche turns into a myriad of small comets, rushing in one direction, and each of them leaves his core from white foam, "described Livingston seen.

In 1857, David Livingston wrote: "No one can imagine the beauty of the spectacle in comparison with something visible in England. Europeans's eyes never have seen such, but the spectacle was so beautiful admired, there must be angels in their flight! "

3 way to the mouth of Zambezi

Below the waterfall of Zambezi flows through a series of narrow ripple gorges. In order to circumvent this difficult cut, the expedition dismissed to the north and on the Batok's plateau reached the influx of Kafaue's deputies. Going along the Cafaue again to Zambezi, the expedition reached another significant left tributary Luangwa, behind which the land known to the Portuguese began. Refusing to explore the lower Zambezi, long ago, Livingston followed the northern sleeve of the river to the Ocean port of Keliman. On May 20, 1856, Livingston reached the mouth of Zambezi. So he completed a grand journey - crossed the African mainland from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean.

about the formation of a medic. In 1840, sent by London Missionary Society to South Africa, in 1841-52 lived among the Bechuians in the field of Kalahari, which he studied from the south. to the north. In 1849, first reached Oz. NGAMI and in 1851 p. Lignanti, the lower house of Kvando (the right influx of Zambezi). From her mouth, Livingston in 1853-54 rose by r. Zambezi to her upper tributary chefumage; for oz. Dilolo, at 11 ° sh., opened the watershed between the heads of Zambezi and r. Kaia (Congo system) and, turning to the West, reached the Atlantic Ocean in Luanda. In 1855, Zambezi returned to the headwinds, traced the entire river to the Delta, opened (1855) Victoria Waterfall and went to Indian Ocean. In Keliman in May 1856, thus completing the intersection of the continent.

Returning to the UK, Livingston published in 1857 the book "Travel and Research of the Missionary in South Africa"; For this journey, the royal geographical society awarded him a gold medal. Livingston was appointed English consul in Keliman and the head of the Government Research Expedition, which in May 1858 arrived at the Zambezi delta. In 1859 he opened Oz. Shirva and visited Oz. Nyasa ( open Portuguese G. Bokarra in 1616); In 1860, climbed to Zambezi to r. Linyanti, in 1861 completed the opening of Oz. Nyasa. In the UK, Livingston returned in 1864; In 1865, a book was published, written along with his brother and companion Charles, "a story about the journey on Zambezi and her tributaries."

In 1866, again arrived in East Africa and soon lost contact with Europe. In 1867-71, he examined the South and West Bank of Oz. Tanganyka, opened to the southwest of him. Bangveulu and current north large r. Lualaba (upper Congo, but Livingston did not know about it). Seriously sick, he turned back and stopped in Ujiji, on eastern Bank Oz. Tanganyika, where it was found in October 1871 G. Stanley. They examined together northern part Oz. Tanganica and were convinced that this lake is not connected with the Nile. In February, 1872 Livingston sent his materials from Stanley to the UK, in August 1872 moved to r. Lualaba to continue her research.

He died in Chitambo, south of Oz. Bangveulu; Livingston's remains were delivered to the UK and buried in Westminster Abbey. In 1874, his notes were published 1865-72 called "The last diaries of David Livingston in Central Africa".

During travel, Livingston determined the position of more than 1000 points; He first pointed out the main features of the relief of South Africa, studied the r. Zambezi, marked the beginning of a scientific research large lakes Nyasa and Tanganyika. In honor of L. Named city in Zambia, Mountains in East Africa, waterfalls on r. Congo (Zaire). Livingston was a convinced humanist, condemned and struggled from the slave trade. In Scotland, near Glasgow, there is a Memorial Museum of Livingston.

Stunt Herbert

David Livingston (life researcher in Africa)

Herbert Note

David Livingston

Life researcher Africa

Abbreviated translation from German M. K. Fedorenko

candidates of Geographical Sciences M. B. Gornung and I. N. Oleinikov

More than thirty years spent an outstanding Scottish geographer David Livingston among Africans, studied their customs and languages, lived their lives. With childhood, heavier labor and need, he became a passionate champion of social justice and humanism, an opponent of slave trade, racism and cruelty of colonizers.

Arriving in Africa as a missionary, Livingston, unlike most of his fellow, soon realized that the introduction local residents To global civilization should be started with material culture. The search for paths to the peoples of inner Africa led him to large geographic discoveries.

D. Livingston - an outstanding traveler and a humanist of the XIX century

The factory worker becomes a doctor and missionary

Stubborn Scotland

In South Africa on a swing harness

Adventure with Lion

Christian slaves hunters

The leader of the sech accepts Christianity

Missionary becomes a traveler researcher

First opening of Livingston Lake Ngami

The Great Leader Sebitoune

Death Sebituen

From Cape Town to Angola

Attack of boots for colobeng

Lions, elephants, buffaloes, rhinos ...

Visiting Makololo

Through unknown land to the west coast

The edge of the earth!

The first European crosses Africa

Return Makololo.

Moza OA Tunya - "Radiant Couples"

From Victoria Waterfall to the Indian Ocean

After sixteen years - home

CELEBRITY

In the fight against slave trade

At around the thresholds

Opening of Lake Nyasa

Livingston kept the promise of "Ma Robert" sink

Livingston frees the slave

Hunters for slaves on Lake Nyas

1862-th - ill-fated year

Deep disappointment and plans

"Captain" Livingston

Coupled and new plans

In search of rivers

Unsuccessful choice

Bloody trail of the workers

"... as if I had just read the death sentence ..."

Opening of Lakes Mweru and Bangveolo

Neil or Congo?

Bloody slaughter in Nyangwe

"Dr. Livingston, I suppose?"

Last hike

Sust and Chuma

Burry in Westminster Abbey

Afterword

Notes

________________________________________________________________

David Livingston - an outstanding traveler and a humanist of the XIX century

For fate, true great people are characteristic that over time their names will not fill. On the contrary, interest in them is increasing, and not even so much to their affairs, how much to their life and individuality. In 1983, she turned 110 years since David Livingston's death. Nowadays, interest in his personality broke out with a new force, because it was now that the establishment of independent Africa and the revaluation of the history of the continent, with which almost all of Livingston's life is connected.

Livingston's activities in Africa scrupulously fixed themselves in three books that make up the priceless literary heritage of the traveler. In our country, interest in Livingston was always very large and his books were translated into Russian almost immediately after their exit in England, and then repeatedly reprinted *.

* In 1857, the first book of Livingston was published in London - "Journey to South Africa from 1840 to 1856", and already in 1862 its Russian translation appeared in St. Petersburg, re-released in 1868. In 1947 and 1955, this book was published in the USSR in a new translation. Two years after entering London the next book of Livingston, written by him with Brother Charles, - "Journey to Zambezi from 1858 to 1864" - in Russia in 1867 its translation appears, and in soviet time She is reprinted twice in 1948 and 1956. Posthumous book - "The last diaries of David Livingston in Central Africa since 1865 and before his death", prepared for pressing Hoodie Waller, reached in London in 1874. In 1876, a brief retelling of this book was published in Russia, and in 1968 it was published in its full transfer called "Last journey to Central Africa".

However, now we have practically no simple, calculated on the widest circles of readers of the book on Livingstone, whose life is a sample of courage and perseverance in achieving the noble goal, an example of human-minded and combating racial intolerance and oppression. If you do not consider the books of Adamovich, published in 1938 in the series "Life of remarkable people" and in essentially the bibliographic rarity that has already become a bibliographic reader, to learn about Livingston's life, except for miser encyclopedic articles, yes, information about his biography and personality scattered in various scientific Articles and books, or in the prefaces to the volumes of his diaries.

Herbert's book About Livingstone, released in the German Democratic Republic by the century from the day of the traveler's death and the secondary leaving in Russian in the Publishing House "Thought", fills this gap in our entirely extensive popular science literature on great travelers. In his estimates of the period of traveling of Livingston, that is, the epochs of the beginning of the colonial section of Africa, stamp proceeds from the main provisions of Marxism-Leninism, occupying and on other issues of the history of Africa position, common to scientists of socialist countries. The desire to popularize the presentation is characteristic of the entire content of the book.

Biographical information about Livingston's life before it is to move to Africa in a book relatively little space, which is quite explained. First, the main thing in Livingston's biography is his life and activities in Africa. Secondly, its data on early years Life is really stupid, but stamp gathered almost everything known about this period of Livingston's life. On a few pages, the author managed to clearly show the beginning of the formation of a firm character of the future bold traveler and researcher.

The whole rest of the book is based primarily on its own materials of Livingstone, as well as in the books of the traveler itself, in the chronological sequence, but in a peculiar literary manner, which is typical of successful biographical books. In the last chapters, the book, Street, almost literally uses the English newspapers 1874 on the funeral of Livingston's remains in Westminster Abbey in London and includes sections about Livingstone African satellites - Sust and Plague. They are rightly said very warmly as well as the people who made a feat, moved the ashes of the great traveler from the depths of Africa to the ocean.

Talking in detail about Livingston's life, woven quite naturally did not set himself a goal to analyze the scientific importance of its concrete geographic discoveries, in particular, in connection with the overall picture of the state of the geographical study of Africa in the XIX century, although it concerns these issues. It is still thinking that it is useful to do at least briefly in the present preface to emphasize Livingston's importance in world science as a researcher, and not just a traveler, especially since in the history of Africa's study the middle and the beginning of the second halves XIX. The century is usually called the "Livingstone period" study of Africa.

By this time, in the north of Africa is truly the "white stain" on the map only internal, very weakly populated areas of the greatest desert of the world - Sahara remained. In the West, the mainland has already been solved the most important geographical problem of the region - the course of the Niger River is determined throughout the huge trace. However, south of the equator most of Africa remained a "white stain" on the map of the continent. The mystery was for science, the origins of the Nile, the configuration of the Great Lakes of East Africa, the upper flow of the Congo River, the hydrographic network of the Zambezi basin and many other geography problems of this part of Africa, which caused hot discussions among European scientists.

The Livingstone period of the history of the study of Africa, which covered about three decades, is scientifically characterized by the fact that almost all unclear questions, the answers to which served as the basis for the preparation of the modern map of Central Africa to the south of the equator, were allowed precisely then. This happened through the travels of Livingston himself or research, one way or another related to the scientific activities of Livingston, with its discoveries or with geographic guesses expressed by him.

In the course of his travels, Livingston not only "deciphered" a complex drawing of the hydrographic network "White Spot" in the center and in southern Africa, but for the first time the world has reported many details about the nature of this territory. Already after the first big TravelHaving swept the Zambezi pool, he made the most important conclusion for science that internal Africa is not a system of mythical Nagrai, as long as long as it was assumed, and a huge plateau with raised edges, steeply falling to the ocean coast. For the first time, the River Zambezi River was applied to the map of the fallen tributaries in it. The outlines of the lake Nyas, about which Europeans had only vague ideas. One of the largest waterfalls of the world was opened at Zambezi.

Being a simple missionary from the poor family, Daving Livingston managed to enter his name in history as a tireless and brave researcher of the African continent, which until the last days of life was engaged in his favorite business. In honor of Livingston in Africa, cities, waterfalls and even mountains are named.

The beginning of the way

The future conqueror of Africa appeared on March 19, 1813 in the family, and from early childhood was forced to work in the factory. In addition, he managed to study at school, and, having matured, began to comprehend the basics of medicine and theology at the university. At its end, he became a certified doctor and was dedicated to evangelical missionaries.

In 1840, a young man went to Africa, to a cap of the colony. Looking at the continent, he headed to the country of the Bechuian - Kuruman. There was a London missionary society, the road to which was taken from Livingston almost six months.

Fig. 1. David Livingston.

In search of a new place for his mission, David decided to deepen to the north - where there was not a single British missionary. He stopped in Chonuna, where the Babawna tribe lived, and quickly tied friendly relations with the leader.

For six months, Livingston deliberately stopped any communication with European society, to thoroughly examine the language of the Aborigines, their laws, life, vital values, the image of thoughts. It was then that the missionary had an idea - to study all the Rivers of South Africa to find new ways in the country.

Fig. 2. Tribe Apzyme.

First discoveries

On the maps of Portuguese, who were the first to conquer the south-west of the African mainland, there were many white spots. Wanting to fix it, Livingston went on a trip to the North of Africa, during which they had many important discoveries.

Subsequent expeditions to Africa

In 1858, Livingston, together with his family, returned to a black continent, where for the next six years he studied the rivers wider, Zambezi and Rouvum, as well as lakes of Nyas and Chilva. In 1865, he released a book, which described all the details of this trip.

In 1866, the missionary participated in several expeditions, during which he opened Lake Bangweel and MVERU, but his main task was to search for the origins of the Nile.

In search of Livingston, from which no one received Westa for several years, an expedition was sent. He was found in a weakened state - the fever blew up the forces of the tireless researcher, who died in 1873. His body was delivered to London and buried in Westminster Abbey.

David Livingston - Tireless Englishman, African Traveler

Africa! Black continent, over the geography of which the creator especially worked! Here and the greatest deserts and highest mountainsCovered with glaciers, and the famous Rift Valley, seduced by Africa from the Red Sea to Mozambique, and Craters of volcanoes, unlike their collections in other parts of the world, filled to the edges not ashes of the older wheezing acts, and brown jungle, and finally the ancient Nile, carrying your waters from the great freshwater lake Victoria K. Mediterranean Sea. Today, as well as during the Pharaoh Ramses ... In each country, Africa has some kind of nature miracle!

For fate, true great people are characteristic that over time their names will not fill. On the contrary, interest in them is increasing, and not even so much to their affairs, how much to their life and individuality.

How many can you call people who "did themselves"? Well, Lomonosov, it's clear ... And also? Difficult? I want to tell you about the famous traveler David Livingstone, a tireless researcher in Africa.

The history of his life is very well known - one and a half century is not such a long time so that the contours are blurred. The canonical embodiment of the Victorian spirit, which is Dr. David, is still easily absorbed by our consciousness, and we do not often think about how strange, it should have seemed to lean the figure in the residents of Kuruman, Mabotse, Kolobeng, Lignanty - his missionary outposts in Africa. He did not become a "European African": his legendary commitment to the archetypal costume of an impeccable gentleman, even in situations where it cannot be called relevant, - by no means killing, but the natural property of the personality. But still, the change was treated. From England in Africa, a young man was obsessed with good intentions. In Africa, he became a leader of an era, a symbol and a driving force of a dialogue - in all its forms. Good and arrogant, truly useful and, in truth, destructive, everything, in which the European is really ahead of his Negritan contemporary, and everything that was just impaired, everything was fitted in the Figure of Livingston.

David Livingston is a Scottish missionary who devoted his life to the study of Africa. He entered the story as a person filling a lot of white spots on the map of this continent, and as a tireless wrestler with a slave trade, which enjoyed huge love and respect from the local population.
"I will reveal Africa or perished."
(Linguinston)

Livingston David.
(March 19, 1813 - May 1, 1873)
Livingston dedicated to Africa most of his life, having passed mainly on foot over 50 thousand km. He was the first one who decidedly defended the black population of Africa.
British doctor, missionary, outstanding researcher in Africa
He explored the lands of South and Central Africa, including the basin of the Zambezi River and Lake Nyas, opened Victoria Waterfall, Liers Shirva and Bangveulu, the Lualaba River. Together with Henry Stanley explored Lake Tanganyik. During travel, Livingston determined the position of more than 1000 points; He first pointed to the main features of the relief of South Africa, studied the Zambezi River system, laid the beginning of a scientific study of large lakes of Nyas and Tanganyik.
His name is named city of Livingstonia in Malawi and Livingston (Maramba) in Zambia, as well as waterfalls in the lower current of the Congo and the mountains on the northeast coast of Lake Nyasa. Blantyre the largest city Malawi with a population of more than 600,000 people, was named after native city Livingston.

The history of life

David Livingston was born in a very poor Scottish family and at the Ten-year-old age tested a lot of what Oliver Twist and other children from Dickens books fell. But even exhausting work on a weaving factory for 14 hours a day could not prevent David attend college.

Having received a medical and theological education, Livingston entered the service to the London Missionary Society, whose leadership sent him to his doctor and a missionary to South Africa. Since 1841, Livingston lived with a mission in the Mountain Area Kuruman among the Bechuians. He quickly trained their language belonging to the Language Family Bantu. It was very useful to him later during travel, since all the languages \u200b\u200bof the band are similar to each other, and Livingston freely accounted for without a translator.
In 1843, near, in the Valley of Mabotse, Livingston, together with the native assistants, built a hut for a missionary station. During the clouds on Lviv, which often devastated the surroundings of the village, the wounded beast attacked Livingston. Because of the incorrectly arrogant, Livingston's fracture until the end of life was hard to shoot and swimming. It was on a fragmented shoulder joint that was identified by Livingston's body delivered to England.

Livingston's companion in travel and assistant in the work was his wife Mary, the daughter of a local missionary and researcher of South Africa Robert Muffeta. Chet Livingstons spent 7 years in the country of the Bechuiana. During his wandering, David combined the activities of a missionary with the study of nature in the northern regions of the Land of the Bechuiana. Attentively listening to the stories of the native residents, Livingston became interested in Lake Ngami. To see it, in 1849 he crossed from the south to the north to the Kalahari desert and described it as a very smooth surface, cut into dry river beds and is not so deserted as it was considered to be considered. Semi-desert - a more suitable definition for Kalahari.
In August of the same year, Livingston explored Lake Ngami.

It turned out that this reservoir - a temporary lake, in the rainy season with waters big River Okavangano. In June 1851, Livingston proceeded to the northeast of Okavango's swamp in the territory infected by Fly Tsetz, and for the first time reached the Lignanti River - Low Gvando, the right influx of Zambezi. In the large village of Seshek, he managed to establish good relations with the leader of the mighty tribe of Macololo and receive help from him and support.

In November 1853, Livingston began a water journey through Zambezi. Flotilla from 33 boats, on which 160 Negroes of the Makolololo tribe are located, moved up the thorough river through an extensive plain - a typical Savannah South Africa. As the Livingston thresholds overcome the thresholds released black sailors and soldiers home. By February, 1854, when people were quite a bit left, the expedition climbed the river to the upper right influx of Chefumage. After passing his valley to the watershed, Livingston saw that all the flows were flowing in the northern direction. These rivers were part of the Congo system. Turning to the West, the expedition reached Atlantic Ocean Luanda.

Having traced the short river Bengo to her upper, in October 1855, LivingSgton passed to the top section of Zambezi and began to melded along the river. Gone Szezhek, he found a majestic waterfall with a width of 1.8 km.
When the local natives spent it to the waterfall and showed 546 million liters of water, which every minute with a crash fell into a 100-meter abyss, David Livingston was so shocked that he had seen him immediately as his name of Queen Victoria.
In 1857, David Livingston wrote that in England, no one can even imagine the beauty of this spectacle: "No one can imagine the beauty of the spectacle in comparison with something seen in England. The Europeans's eyes never had seen this, but the spectacle was so beautiful admired, should be angels in their flight! "

"Lifting to the fear of cliff, I looked down into a huge crack, which stretched from the shore to the shore of Wide Zambezi, and saw a stream in thousands of yards widened down one hundred feet and then suddenly squeezed in the space fifteen - twenty yards ... I was Witness the wonderful spectacle in Africa! "

Statue of David Livingston on the Zambian side of the Victoria Falls

This Waterfall, who received the name of Victoria in honor of Queen, is now known as one of the most powerful in the world. Here, Zambezi waters are lowered with a ledge of 120 m height and leaving a rapid flow into a narrow and deep gorge.

Waterfall, named Livingston Victoria in honor of the British Queen, is an amazing spectacle: the gigantic mass of water falls into a narrow slit in basalt rocks. Crashing the myriad splashes, they form thick white clouds, highlighted by rainbows and emitting an incredible roar.

Solid refreshing splashes, overflowing rainbow, tropical forest, constantly pronounced by a ghost fog. Delight and endless surprise cover anyone who had a chance to see this miracle. Below the waterfall - Zambezi proceeds in a narrow gorge with rocky shores.

View of the River Zambezi
Gradually going down the river through mining country With many thresholds and waterfalls, on May 20, 1856, Livingston reached the Indian Ocean at the port of Keliman. So it was completed the intersection of the African mainland.

In 1857, returning to his homeland, Livingston published the book "Travel and Research of the Missionary in South Africa", which in a short time came out in all European languages \u200b\u200band made the author famous. Geographic science replenished important information: Tropical Central Africa South of 8 parallels "turned out to be an elevated plateau, somewhat downstream in the center, and with clefts around the edges, on which rivers run to the sea ... The place of the legendary hot zone and the burning of the sands took a good irrigated area resembling its freshwater lakes North America, and with its hot wet valleys, jungle, gates (elevated edges) and cool high plogramns India.

Wild Africa, open by English researcher
For a half decades, Livingston lived in love with local residents and began his friends with them. He treated his conductors, porters, rowers as equal to, was frank with them and benevolent. The Africans responded to him full of reciprocity. Livingston hated slavery and believed that the peoples of Africa would be able to achieve liberation and independence. The English authorities took advantage of the high reputation of the traveler at Negro and offered him the position of Consul in Keliman. By adopting a proposal, Livingston refused missionary activity and closely engaged in research work. In addition, he contributed to the penetration of English capital to Africa, regarding it as progress.

But the traveler manifes new routes. In May 1858, Livingston with his wife, a small son and brother Charles came to East Africa. In early 1859, he explored the lower reaches of the Zambezi River and its northern inflow wider. They were discovered several thresholds and waterfall Merchison.

Spring in the pool of this river Livingston discovered and described Lake Shirva. In September, he examined south coast Lakes Nyasa and, producing a number of measurements of his depth, received values \u200b\u200bmore than 200 m (modern data is adjusted to this amount up to 706 m). In September 1861, Livingston returned to the lake again and, together with his brother, had advanced on the West Bank for more than 1200 km. Next, it was not possible because of the hostility of the aborigines and the approach of the rainy season. According to the results of shooting, Livingston was the first map of Nyasi, on which the reservoir pulled out almost 400 km from the meridian (according to modern data - 580 km).

Cape McLirl on the lake of Nyas, who David Livingston opened and called in honor of his friend Astronomomom Thomas Maclira.
In this journey, Livingston suffered a heavy loss: on April 27, 1862, his wife died from tropical malaria and the faithful companion Mary Muffet-Livingston. Livingstone brothers continued the journey. At the end of 1863, it turned out that the shepherd shores of Lake Nyas are not the mountains, but only the edges of high flatbed. Next, the brothers continued the discovery and study of the East African zone of faults, that is, the gigantic meridional discharge system. In England, in 1865, the book "The story of the expedition to Zambezi and its tributaries and the opening of Lake Shirva and Nyas in 1858-1864" was published.
Lake Nyasa

When David Livingston, during his next expedition in Africa, discovered Lake Malawi, he asked local fishermen about the name of this impressive reservoir. To which they answered him - "Nyasa". Livingston called it the lake, without realizing that the word "Nyasa" in the language of local residents and means "lake". Lake Malawi (as it is called today) or the lake of Nyasa (so it continues to be called in Tanzania and Mozambique to this day) plays a very important role in the life of Africans. Every year several tens of thousand tons of fish are caught here.

Ninth largest in the world, Lake Malawi has about 600 km long and a width of up to 80 km. Maximum depth of 700 meters, height above sea level 472 meters, water surface area of \u200b\u200bapproximately 31,000 square meters. km. On the water area of \u200b\u200bthe lakes are the state boundaries of three countries. The main part of the lake and coastline (Western and South) belong to the state of Malawi, northeastern belongs to Tanzania, and relatively most eastern coast Located under the jurisdiction of Mozambique. Two very large islands, Forecom and Chisuumul, as well as Reef Taiwan, are located in the waters of Mozambique, but belong to the state of Malawi.

Lake Nyasa, one of deepest lakes Mira
In 1866, Livingston, landing on the eastern shore of the continent opposite the island of Zanzibar, went south to the mouth of the River River, and then, turning to the West and rising to her upheavals, went to Nyase. This time the traveler went around the lake from the south and the west. For 1867 and 1868, he examined in detail the Southern and West Bank of Tangani.

Were studies on tropical Africa are always fraught with dangerous infections. Livingston did not escape them. For many years, pain Malaria, he weakened and so stood that it could not be called even a "walking skeleton", because he could not walk and moved only on her stretchers. But the stubborn scotsman continued research. To the southwest of Tanganyiki, he opened Lake Bangveulu, whose area periodically varies from 4 to 15 thousand square meters. km and river Lualaba. Trying to find out to the Nile or Congo system, it belongs, he could only assume that she could be part of the Congo.
In October 1871, Livingston stopped for recreation and treatment in the village of Uzhiji on the eastern shore of Tanganyiki.

At this time in Europe and America were concerned about the lack of any news from him. In search of the journalist Henry Stanley went. He completely accidentally found Livingston to Ugiji, and then they went around the northern part of Tanganiki together, finally making sure that Nile does not follow from Tanganyiki, as many thought.

Stanley called Livingston with him to Europe, but he limited himself to the fact that the diaries and other materials were transferred to London with a journalist. He wanted to finish the study of Lualaby and went to the river again. On the way, Livingston stopped in the village of Chitambo, and on the morning of May 1, 1873, the servants found him dead on the floor of the hut. An adorable white defender Africans breathed his body and carried the remains on her stretchers to the sea, overcoming almost 1,500 km. The Great Scot was buried in Westminster Abbey. In 1874, his diaries called "Last Journey David Livingston" were published in London.

The young man, thinking about living, decisive, would make life from whom, say without thinking - do it from David Livingston!