Every year, from the end of September, a lot is formed, which melts in July. The surface of the sea (except Bering Strait) is annually covered with ice about ten months (about five months half of the sea, about seven months, from November to May, - Northern third of the sea). Gulf of Lawrence in some years is not cleared by ice from ice. In the western part of Bering Strait, the ice-brought ice can occur even in August.
This strait, which Bering Sea connects to the Chukotka Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Northern Ocean, is also named by the Bering (). His expeditions opened part of the Aleutian Islands and investigated natural features These places. For their discoveries and for the fact that many geographical names This region is associated with him, the brave navigator paid life, - in 1741, during the second Kamchatka expedition, he was buried on one of the Commander Islands (Bering Island), also named after Captain-Commander.
In modern archeology east End Siberia, Chukotka and Alaska are often determined by the general term boring. It is believed that the first inhabitants of America moved to it from Asia about 30-40 thousand years ago, when there was a land jumper between Siberia and Alaska, the remains of which today are and.
Between Asia and North America
Today, the name "Russian America" \u200b\u200bis found mainly in historical documents. But in 1799-1867. Almost the entire basin of the Bering Sea controlled Russia. The settlement of the Harbor of St. Paul (now - the city of Kadyak), founded by Russian industrialists on the island (south of the Aleuta Islands), became the center for the development of these territories.The Russian American company, created for the extraction of sea beavers, lisces, foxes, seals and cats, Gregory Shelekhov and Nikolai Rezanov, was approved by Emperor Paul I. The name American itself was exclusively the geographical meaning. This colonial trading company did not have foreign capital and worked in Russian interests, in many respects by performing government functions. The local population - Eskimos and Aleuts baptized into the Orthodox faith, built not only the factors, but also churches and schools. Aleuts like "foreigners Russian Empire", I paid in the treasury Yasak, and from 1821 they were recognized by Russian subjects.
In 1825, the Aleuts were settled by the Commander Islands. By studying the prey of the Foon, the company gradually concluded that it is necessary to preserve the preservation of the population of the fur beast. Numerous restrictions began to be accepted. Since 1805, "Run" temporary prohibition of fishery is introduced. In 1832, a limit on the fishery of the cats was introduced - annually not more than 4000. But in 1867, after the sale of Alaska USA, the company was dissolved. Immediately after that, the commercial resources of the former Russian America were significantly reduced.
general information
Neighbouring countries : the Russian FederationUnited States of America (Alaska).Large bays: on the Russian coast; Anadyr, Karaginsky, Olyutormsky; On the US coast: Norton. Bristol, Kusokvim, Kotseb.
Main ports: Anadyr, Providence (Russia), Mr. (USA).
Numbers
Sea area: 2,315,000 km 2.
The greatest depth: 4151 m (average depth 1600 m).
Water volume: 3,796,000 km 3.
Length: from north to south - 1,600 km; From East to West - 2,400 km.
Width Bering Strait: In the narrowest place - 86 km.
Climate and weather
Bering Sea is in three climatic belts.The northern zone of the sea has the Arctic climate, and the south refers to the zone of moderate latitudes. For the central part, the subarctic climate is characterized. From the south comes the warm Aleutian flow, so the southern part of the sea is always free from ice.
The average annual temperature reaches: -10 ° C in the north and -5 ° C in the south.
The water temperature in the summer is: + 5 ° C in the north and + 10 ° C in the south, and in winter -1 ° C in the north and -2 ° C in the south.
Economy
Bering Sea - an important way for sea transport. The northern seaway and the Far Eastern Sea Path are connected here.Of the 300 species of fish, which are found in the Bering Sea, 30 - Fishery: Salo, Clabal, Cod, Keta, Minttai, Herring, Sair, etc. Also mining Kamchatka crabs and shrimps. Fishing whales and marine beasts (cats, seals) is limited.
Curious facts
■ During World War II, the Aleutian Islands belonged to the United States were occupied by Japan.■ Most Aleuts and Eskimos living in Alaska are confessing Orthodoxy. Services are conducted in Russian and local languages. Children are still constructed by Russian names. One of the most revered saints is St. Herman Alaskan.
■ In 1821, a special decree of the royal government of Russia was released on the ban for foreign vessels to approach the coast and the islands of Russian America. Thus, Russian marine crafts were guarded from poachers.
■ In 1748, two thousand skins were brought from the Commander Islands to Nizhnekamchatsk marine CotesBut because of a rough astest, there were no wishing to this product. Someone guess to take the skins in Kyakhta, the center of China's fur trading with Siberia. Having bought the skins very cheaply, the Chinese have processed them, since then the comedian fur began to be valued everywhere.
Bering Sea, the outskirts of the sea in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean between the continents of Eurasia and North America, washes the coast of the United States and Russia (the largest of it is eastern Morese). It is connected in the north of the Bering Strait with the Chukotka Sea, separated from the Pacific Aleutian Grocery and Commander Islands. Area of \u200b\u200b2315 thousand km 2, the volume of 3796 thousand km 3. The largest depth of 5500 m. The coastline is severely cut, forms many bays (the largest; Karaginsky, Olyutorsky, Anadyr - Russia; Norton, Bristol - USA), bays, peninsulas and capes. Karagsky Islands (Russia), St. Lawrence, Nunivak, Nelson, St. Matvey, Profitovova (USA).
The coast of the Bering Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Sea is diverse, mostly developed high, rocky, strongly rugged bay shores, as well as fjord and abrasion-accumulative. Aligned accumulative shores prevail in the east, where delta are located large rivers Yukon and Kusokvim.
Relief and geological structure of the bottom. By the nature of the relief of the bottom of the Bering Sea, the sea is clearly divided into shallow and deep-sea pieces of about the line from the cape of the head to the island of Uzak. The northern and southeastern parts lie on the shelf with depths of up to 200 m (prevailing depths of 50-80 m) and width in the northeast to 750 km (46% of the Square of the Sea) - one of the widest in the world Ocean. It is an extensive plain, weakly inclined to southwest. In the Quaternary period, the shelf periodically dragged and the land bridge between the continents of Eurasia and North America appeared. Within the shelf, large depressions are Anadyr, Navarinskaya, Khatyr and others, made by Cenozoic Terigenous sediments. The depressions may be reservoirs of oil and natural fuel. The narrow mainstream slope with depths of 200-3000 m (13%) and with large dna slots almost all over the entire length passes into a deep-sea bed with climbing ledges, in many places they are cut through underwater valleys and canyons. Canyon boards are often cool, swearing places. In the central and south-western parts - a deep-sea zone with depths of over 3000 m (37%), originated in coastal zone narrow shelf strip. The underwater ridge of Shirshov with depths over the ridge of 500-600 m, stretching south of the Olyutorm Peninsula, divides the deepwater part of the sea to the Komdorne and Aleutskaya brand, from the island arc, he is separated by Ratmanov's fruit (depth of about 3,500 m). Smooth bottom of both Kotlovin is slightly tilted to the southwest. The Shirshov Ridge is a complex constructed joint zone of two lithospheric plates (Commander and Aleutskaya), along which it was bored (possibly with making) oceanic cortex to the middle of the Miocene. The foundation of the Aleutian brand has a rankonal age and is a fragment of the Mesozoic ocean lithospheric plate of a Coula, which separated in the chalk period from the Pacific plate with a large transformer fault, converted to Paleogen to the Aleutian island arc and the same deep-water flavored. The power of the sedimentary chalk of chalk quaternary age in the central part of the Aleutian basin reaches 3.5-5 km, which is obvious to the periphery to 7-9 km. The foundation of the Commander Bowl has a Cenozoic age, formed as a result of local spreading (the bottom of the bottom with the neoplasm of the oceanic cortex), which lasted until the end of the Miocene. The paleospreding zone is traced east of the Island Karaginsky in the form of a narrow end. The power of the sedimentary cover of the Neogen-Quaternary age in the Commander Both reaches 2 km. In the north of the Aleutian Islands, Arc to the north of the Bauers Ridge (former Late Volcanic Arc), terminating the eponymous brand. The maximum depths of the Bering Sea are located in the Kamchatka Strait and near the Aleuta Islands.
At the shelf, bottom sediments are mostly terrigenous, near the shore - threshold, then sands, sandy yers and aleurites. The precipitation of the mainland slope is also predominantly terrigenous, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Bristol Gulf - with an admixture of volcanogenic material, indigenous yields are numerous. The capacity of precipitation in deep-water basins reaches 2500 m, the surface layer is represented by diatomace.
Climate. For most of the Bering Sea, the subarctic climate is characterized, in a small area of \u200b\u200bnorth of 64 ° Northern latitude - the arctic, south of 55 ° Northern latitude - moderately marine. Climate formation occurs under the influence of the cold masses of the Northern Ice Ocean in the north, open spaces of the Pacific Ocean in the south, adjacent sushi and the centers of the atmosphere. In the open part of the Bering Sea, remote from the influence of continents, climate sea, soft, with small amplitudes of air temperature fluctuations, cloudy weather, with fogs and plenty of precipitation. In winter, the northwestern, northern and northeastern winds bringing the cold sea arctic, as well as cold, dry continental air prevail under the influence of the Aleutian minimum. Wind speed off the coast 6-8 m / s, in the open sea - up to 12 m / s. Often, especially in the western part of the sea, storm conditions with winds up to 30-40 m / s are developing (up to 9 days). average temperature Air in January - February from 0, -4 ° C in the south and southwest to -15, -23 ° C in the north and northeast. At the coast of Alaska there was a decrease in air temperature to -48 ° C. In the summer, the influence of the Hawaiian Anticyclone is increasing, the winds of southern directions with a speed of 4-7 m / s are dominated over the Bering Sea. In the southern part on average, tropical typhunas with winds of hurricane power penetrate 1 time per month. The repeatability of the storms is lower than in winter. The air temperature in the open sea is from 4 ° C in the north to 13 ° C in the south, in coastal areas noticeably warmer. Annual atmospheric precipitation from 450 mm in the northeast to 1000 mm in the south-west.
Hydrological mode. River stock is about 400 km 3 per year. Up to 70% of the runa give the Yukon River (176 km 3), Anadyr (50 km 3), Kuskokvim (41 km 3), and more than 85% of the drain falls on the spring summer time. Compared to the volume of the sea, the magnitude of the fresh drain is small, but the river waters come mainly in the northern areas of the sea, leading in the summer to a noticeable debris of the surface layer. The features of the hydrological regime are determined by limited water exchange with the northern ice ocean, relatively free bond with the quiet ocean, the mainland drain and the creation of water when melting ice. Exchange with the Chukotka Sea is difficult because small Square The cross sections of the Bering Strait (3.4 km 2, the middle depth above the threshold of 39 m). Numerous straits connecting the Bering Sea with a quiet ocean have a cross-section with a total area of \u200b\u200b730 km 2 and the depth of over 4000 m (Kamchatka Strait), which contributes to good water exchange with Pacific waters.
In the structure of the Bering Sea, four aquatic masses are mainly isolated in deep sea parts: the surface, subsurface intermediate cold, intermediate Pacific warm and deep. Changes in saline with a depth of small. Both intermediate aquatic masses are not only near the Aleutian islands. In some parts of the Bering Sea, in particular in coastal areas, other aquatic masses are formed depending on local conditions.
The surface flows of the Bering Sea form a circulation counterclockwise, which dominant winds are significant. Along the shores of Alaska to the north, the Beringigomora branch of the warm flows of Kurosio, which partially goes through the Bering of the Strait and, taking the cold waters of the Chukotka Sea, moves along the Asian shore to the south and forms a cold Kamchatka flow, increasing in the summer. The speed of constant currents in the open sea is small, about 6 cm / s, the speed in the straits increases to 25-50 cm / s. In coastal areas, the circulation is complicated by periodic adorption-withdrawal currents reaching 100-200 cm / s sheds. Tides in the Bering Sea are improperly semi-sufficient, incorrect daily and correct daily, their character and the magnitude vary greatly from the place to the place. On average, the height of the tide is 1.5-2.0 m, the greatest - 3.7 m is noted in the Bristol Gulf.
The temperature of the water on the surface in February varies from -1.5 ° C in the north to 3 ° C in the south, in August, respectively, from 4-8 ° C to 9-11 ° C. Surface waters in winter from 32.0 in the north to 33.5 ‰ in the south, in summer, under the influence of melting of ice and river flow, salting decreases, especially in coastal areas, which reaches 28, in the open part of the sea, respectively, from 31.0 In the north to 33 ‰ in the south. The north and northeastern parts of the sea are overnightly covered with ice. The first ice appear in September in the Bering Strait, in the North-West - in October and gradually distributed to the south. During winter, Bering Sea to 60 ° north latitude is covered heavy ice. All ice are formed and melted in the Bering Sea. Only a small part sea ice It is made through the Bering Strait to the Chukotka Sea and Kamchatka in the North-West Pacific region. Ice cover is destroyed and melts in May - June.
Story study. Bering Sea is named after Captain-Commander of the Russian Fleet V. Bering, with the name of which discovered in the 1st half of the 18th century - Bering Strait, Aleuta and Commander Islands. Modern name It was introduced in the 1820s by V. M. Golovnoy. Earlier was called Anadyr, Bobrov, Kamchatsky. The first geographical discoveries of coast, the islands, the Peninsulas and the Straits of the Bering Sea are made by Russian landlords, bribers and sailors at the end of the 17-18 centuries. Comprehensive research of the Bering Sea was held by Russian military sailors, hydrographs and naturalists especially intensively until the 1870s. Before the sale of Russian America (1867), the entire coast of Bering Sea was part of the Russian Empire.
Economic use. In the Bering Sea there are about 240 species of fish, of which at least 35 species of commercial. Cod fishing, cambals, halves, Pacific perch, herring, salmon. Kamchatka crab and shrimp are mined. Bold walruses sea lions, Kalans. On the Commander and Aleutian Islands - fanning of sea seals. Osserny whales, coushlots, beluga and killes are found in the open sea. On the rocky shores - bird markets. Bering Sea has a major transport value as part of the Northern Sea Route. Main ports - Anadyr, Providence (Russia), Mr. (USA).
The ecological state of the Bering Sea is consistently satisfactory. The concentration of pollutants increases in the wellhead zones of rivers, in the bays, in ports, which leads to a certain reduction in the size of hydrobionts in coastal areas.
Lit.: Dobrovolsky A. D., Zubdivin B. S. Sea of \u200b\u200bthe USSR. M., 1982; Bogdanov N.A. Tectonics of deep-sea depression of the outskirts of the seas. M., 1988; Zagodin B. S., Kosarev A.N. Seas. M., 1999; The dynamics of the ecosystems of Bering and the Chukchi seas. M., 2000.
Bering Sea is the outskirts. It is located in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean and shares the Asian and North American continents. In the north-west, it limits the coast of Northern Kamchatka, Koryak Highlands and Chukotka; In the northeast - coast Western Alaska. The southern border of the sea is carried out along the Commander and Aleutian islands chains, forming a giant arc aroused to the south and separating it from the open waters of the Pacific Ocean. With a boring strait in the north, it is connected to the northern ice ocean and numerous straits in the chain-aleutian ridge chain in the south - with the quiet ocean.
fig. 1.1
Border of Bering Sea
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The northernmost point of the Bering Sea is the peak of the hall. Cross; South - about. Gorey (Aleuta ridge). The extreme western point is located on the coastline of the Karaginsky Bay, and the East - in the mouth of the r. Kvichak, flowing into the Bristol Bay. Bering Bering Coastline has difficult outlines due to the presence of numerous peninsulas, bays, islands and straits. The largest on west coast Are Bays: Ozernaya, Karaginsky, Olyutormsky, Anadyr, Machigmansky. On the eastern coast These are bays: Norton, Kusokvim and Bristol. On the Beering Coast of the Aleutian Islands, due to their small sizes of large bays, there are no, but their shores are largely dissected by numerous coves. Islands in the Bering Sea are diverse both in size and by origin. There are single islands and entire archipelagoes elongated in the form of ridges. Within the sea, a significant part of which occupies the spaces of Asian and north-American underwater continental outlook, as well as the transition zone with the quiet ocean, stand out mainland Islands And the islands of the transition zone. The mainland islands are sushi sections within the continental blocks of the earth's crust. They are not a few. This is the coastal islands - Karaginsky, Diomida, Nynivak, Gagmester - and many smaller islets and rocks, as well as rather large, distant from the coastline of Alaska Island of St. Lawrence, St. Matve, Profit. The islands of the transition zone include the linearly elongated archipelagoes of the Commander and Aleutian islands, the vertices of the underwater Aleutian ridge. Island chains here, like other similar formations, double. The inner boringomora arcuate ridge is the volcanic islands, and the outer Pacific is folded. The length of the Commander-Aleutian ridges from 150 islands is 2260 km. Islands Square 37840 km2. With wide straits, it is dissected to separate archipelagoes: Commander, Middle Islands, Kraci, Andreyanovsky, Fox. Within these archipelagments, individual chains of external and internal groes come closer to their full merge (Andreyanovsky and Fox Islands). In some archipelagments, internal chains are absent (Commander and Middle Islands). The largest islands are located on the flanks of the Aleutian ridges - in the Archipelago of Commander and Fox Islands. It is the island of Bering, Unshadic, Unlaska and Mknak. The height of the major islands reaches an average of 600-1000 m. Existing volcanoes Climbing above: Volcano Makushina (about. Unfulnka) - 2036 m, Shishlin's volcano (o. Uzmak) - 2857 m. Table 1.1. Morphometric characteristics of the Straits of the Commander-Aleutian island ridge (software, with a reduction). |
On the "top" of the Pacific Ocean, next door to the northern neighbor - the Arctic Ocean, spread its waters of the Bering Sea. This is a semi-footed with a pond, which occupies an area of \u200b\u200b2304 thousand k.km, having an average depth of 1598 m, the maximum - 4191 m (BowRes).
Beringov's borders of the sea: in the north - Pershotka and Pershes of Alaska, between which Bering Strait is located - the connection between the two oceans, in the south - the chain of the Aleutian and Commander Islands, which separates the sea from the Pacific Ocean. Western borders rest in Eurasia, Eastern - to North America.
Sea location full map Pacific Ocean.
Called the sea by the name of the famous navigator V. Bering, who gave most Life study and research of the Northern and Eastern seas of Eurasia.
Winding coastline Throughout the bays, bays, capes and braids. The shore is more stony and even rocky. Many blowing rivers and rivers. From large bays you can allocate Olyutvsky, Anadyr, Bristol, Norton. The fastest rivers - Anadyr, Apook, Yukon. The sea is rich in the islands, most of which are fragments of continents, towering over the surface of the water. Large islands: Karaginsky, St. Slavtia, etc.
The bottom of the Bering Sea is almost half represented by the continental shelf. Southern half of the sea is much deeper than the northern, here are the hooks: Aleutskaya, Bowers and Commander.
The relief of the bottom, especially in the southern and south-west areas of the sea, is cut by underwater ridges. The shelf sections of the bottom are smoother, coated, mainly sandy, sandy-orst soils and a pebble. The coasts often encounter stony areas with large boulders and even underwater cliffs. The bottom soil in the basins and deep-water sections are predominantly or saturated (diatoms of gray or greenish color) with impurities of volcanic origin among which basalts prevail.
Bering Sea is located in the Arctic, subarctic (in the north) and moderate (in the south) climatic belts. The temperature regime has big influence The proximity of the Arctic and continents. The air temperature in the winter is lowered, on average to -23 degrees. With (in the north) and up to -4 degrees (in the south). Summer warmer - + 5- + 10 degrees. In winter, water on the surface has a temperature from -1grad. With (in the north) to +2 degrees (in the south). In the summer - from +5 degrees (in the north) and up to +10 degrees (in the south). The sea is covered with ice for almost 10 months a year, especially its northern regions. South part The waters are released from the ice cover for half a year.
The flows in the Bering Sea are directed counterclockwise, their direction can be significantly adjusted by the winds.
Flips, on average, do not exceed 2-3 meters, but in narrow bays and bays can reach 7 m.
The development of flora and fauna in the Bering Sea occurs according to the scenarios of the harsh climate of the north and moderate southern.
Water vegetation is represented by almost 50 types of coastal algae, and the species diversity of algae in the south is richer. Rich water and phytovodorospons, thanks to which zooplankton develops well.
High rocky shores are often chosen by numerous starfish, arranging noisy birds. Here you can meet different types of chas (silver, mobs), kair, deadlocks, toporists, cumbers and other birds, often adjacent to the same rock. The diet of this skiing community is a small staya fish, and only small birds (small haute) feed on zooplankton. Here, on the rocks, sealing-sites are often attached, which can jump from high rocks into the water. Syuly - very large seals, reach a length of 3 meters with weight more tons. Often on the shores you can meet and wallages who choose for fantastic shores.
Marine otters are numerous here - kalans, which are industrial due to valuable fur.
The wealth of the sea of \u200b\u200bthe sea Zooplankton remains unnoticed and cetaceans. Gorbachi, gray whales, toothy whales are often swimming on fattening, casual whales. China's fishing in the waters of the sea is carried out, but production is strictly normalized, so as not to cause damage to the livestock of these marine mammals.
Bering Sea Fish world is represented by 240 species of fish, including many valuable fishing species. As in all the northern seas, there are farm, grated fish. Numerous Cambalous (star, Kambala-Ersh East, Yolkophera, Beatnaya, etc.) These fish are fisheries. Gorobusha, Ketu, Castle, Narko, are mined here and salmon. These are the most valuable fishing fish of the Bering Sea .. But cases of aggression towards people from these sharks in the Bering Sea are not registered. Yes, and swimsuchikov here you can recalculate on your fingers - only heat Packed divers, divers Yes "Walrow" can afford to splash in it not very gentle waters.
South-west of Bering Sea, near the shores of Eurasia, settled
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