it was formed as the Crimean region on June 30, 1945, the status of the republic was obtained in 1991. Its area is 26.1 thousand square meters. km (4.3% of Ukraine). The population is 2134.7 thousand people (4.3% of the population of Ukraine), including the urban population - 1338.3 thousand people (62.7%), rural - 796.4 thousand people (37.3% ). Population density - 81.8 people. on square. km.
Located in the Crimean Peninsula and is the most southernmost region of Ukraine. In the West and the south is washed by black, in the east - the Azov seas. Kerch Strait is separated from Russia. The length of the Autonomous Republic from north to south is 210 km, from west to east - about 325 km. Susche borders with the Kherson region. With the mainland, Crimea is connected by a narrow (8 km) Perekopsty, for which iron and car expensive. The second transportation from the territory of Crimea is an artificial embankment through Sivash. Acts also ferry crossing "Caucasus" between Kerch and the Taman Peninsula of Russia.
In administratively, the Republic includes 14 administrative districts, 16 cities, including 11 cities of regional subordination, 56 urban-type settlements, 957 rural settlements.
The administrative center is the city of Simferopol, the first mention dated XVI century, the city is since 1784. The population of the city has 338.9 thousand people.
The territory of the Crimea is characterized by significant natural diversity. The Crimean Mountains located in the southern part of the peninsula determine the separation of the territory to the North - flat (so-called. Steppe Crimea) and the South Mountain (Mountain Crimea). Along the southern foot Crimean Gor The narrow pebble strip of the southern coast of the Crimea extends. Minerals are represented by iron ores, natural gas fields on the shelf of azov, as well as deposits of building materials. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe Karadaga deposits of semi-precious stones. The South Coast of the Crimea is one of the most important resort areas of the CIS (climatotherapy, sea bathing from June to October, dirt, grape collecting).
The climate of the northern part is moderately continental, dry; South - subtropical Mediterranean type.
Rivers of the Crimea are small and low-water (r. Saligir, Belbek, Black, Kacha, etc.), on the largest of them created reservoirs that serve as sources of cities water supply. The largest water artery is the north-Crimean canal, the waters of which fields are irrigated. In Crimea, a large number of lifeline salted lakes (lake. Sasiek, Red, Sakskoe, etc.).
The Crimean Peninsula is ancient times of Slavic land (Slavs penetrate and settle here already in the VIII century). The most ancient inhabitants of the peninsula are the Kimmerians who basically lived in the Northern Black Sea region and settled in the Crimea. During the Middle Ages, part of the Crimean XII centuries.). The C-Peninsula was part of the Old Russian Tmutarakan Principality (x 1475 to 1774. It was a vassal of the Ottoman Empire.
In 1783, Crimea became part of Russia. In 1784, the Tauride region was formed, which included the Crimean Peninsula, Taman and the Earth north of the renovation to the Dnipropetrovsk governorship. After 12 years, its territory entered the Novorossiysk province. At the end of the XVIII century, Crimea began to intensively settle down from the central regions of Russia. October 18, 1921, the Crimean ASSR was formed. In 1944, Crimean Tatars and representatives of other non-Slavic peoples were evicted from Crimea. After the end of the war, the population resettlement began here with the territories of the USSR, which were especially injured. In June 1945, the Crimean ASSR was transformed into the Crimean region. In 1954, the Crimean region from the composition of the RSFSR was transferred to the Ukrainian SSR. In 1991, the Crimean region was transformed into the Republic of Crimea, which is part of Ukraine.
Crimea is a bright example of a complex multinational and multicultural social system. During the 1990s, in general, the Crimea records a stable tendency to reduce population population. The decline in the region's size is defined both by natural loss and migration outflow, and their ratio in Crimea is almost equal.
The age composition of the population of the republic is characterized by a higher share of people of working age compared to the Mid-Ukrainian indicators and a somewhat elevated specific weight of younger age groups.
Historically, the complex ethnic structure of the population has developed in Crimea. The Ukrainian regional community of Crimea is the most small in Ukraine. The largest share of the population of the Crimea is represented by the Russians (they accounted for more than 2/3 of the total population), while Ukrainians accounted for a little more than a quarter of its inhabitants. During the 1990s, some changes have planned in the ethnic structure of the population of Crimea. They are connected, firstly, with the migration influx of the Crimean Tatars and the outflow of representatives of other ethnic groups (primarily Russians) beyond the republic. The largest number of Crimean Tatars was recorded in the central and western regions of the republic, in some of them the share of Crimean Tatars is more than 25%.
Among religious organizations, communities of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate prevail, Muslim organizations have a rather noticeable influence.
The territory settled extremely unevenly. With an average population density of 81.8 people. on square. KM on the territory of the resort South Coast City Councils, he rises to 100 people. on square. km. For Crimean Peninsula The specific structure of the settlement is characteristic. Its base make up several basic elements. First, these are two major center of Simferopol and Sevastopol and, secondly, two "resort" group forms of resettlement are the South Coast and Saksco-Evpatoria. A relatively uniform and fairly extended homogeneous network of resettlement is observed in the steppe of the peninsula. In two centers of the settlement of the Crimea and about a third of the entire population of Crimea living towards them in total. Within the limits of the South Coast Lento-shaped group of city councils, a total of almost more than 17% of the total population of the republic is concentrated, or almost 15% of the total population of the peninsula, including Sevastopol. In western spa zonewhich includes the city of Saki and Evpatoria, as well as close settlementsThe total amount of cash is approximately 9% of the population of the republic.
The natural and climatic conditions of the peninsula identified the leading development of the sanatorium-resort economy, which has international significance. Specialization and other sectors of the service sector are largely related to this area of \u200b\u200bactivity. In the industrial complex of the industrial complex, the leading place is occupied by the food industry, oriented towards the processing of local raw materials. Among its branches of the general-Ukrainian value are played (Massandra), foonworking (Kerch, Yalta), canning (Simferopol), Etiroslenichny (Simferopol, Bakhchisarai, Alushta, Sudak) and tobacco-fermentation (Yalta, Simferopol, Feodosia). A chemical complex is functioning in Crimea, which is represented by the Simferopol Plastics Plastics, Saki Chemical Plant and others.
Agriculture is diversified. However, the leading role belongs to grain farm. Figure and technical cultures are cultivated on the irrigation lands. Gardening and viticulture, cultivation of ester and passenger crops developed.
Main attractions: State Architectural and Historic Reserve "Sudatsky Fortress" in Sudak, State Historical and Architectural Reserve in Bakhchisarai, Alupkin State Palace and Park Museum-Reserve.
Advantageous economy geographical position Autonomous Republic of Crimea is due to the fact that autonomy occupies the territory of the Crimean Peninsula located in the south of Eastern Europe Between 46 ° 15'-44 ° 23 'northern latitude and 32 ° 29'-36 ° 39' East longitude. The Square of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea takes 26.1 thousand km2, which is 4.3% of the territory of Ukraine.
Crimea is located in a latitudinal belt of the globe, located at equal distances from the equator and North Pole.
In the north of the peninsula is connected to the mainland narrow (7-23 km) Perekopsty. From the West and the south of the peninsula washed the Black Sea, from the East - Kerch Strait, and from the northeast - water Azov Sea And his bay of Sivash.
Black Sea - Extremely deep (up to 2245 m), almost closed, oval shape, reservoir. By area of \u200b\u200bits water surface (413488 km2), this flat-bottomed brand is more than 15 times superior to the Square of the Crimean Peninsula.
Azov Sea, on the contrary, very shallow way. It does not exceed the greatest depth of 13.5 m. It is much inferior to the Black Sea and in Square (37,600 km2).
From the north to the south of the peninsula stretched 180 km, and from the west to the east - 360 km. Borders with the Kherson and Zaporizhia regions of Ukraine Krasnodar Territory Russian Federation. In Crimea prevail sea bordersThe length of the coastline is about 1,500 km.
The richness of Crimea is his soft, close to the Mediterranean, climate for which the abundance of the sun, heat and light is characteristic.
The climate of the Crimea is determined by its geographical position, the relief and the influence of the washing peninsula of the seas. It is characterized by a large number of solar shine hours, but at the same time for most areas - lack of moisture. Abundance sunny days (2180-2470 hours per year), warm sea, moderately wet air saturated with seafood, beautiful mineral springsEffective healing dirt - all this makes an unforgettable stay on the peninsula. The climate of the northern plain part of the Crimea is moderately continental with a short minor winter and moderately hot dried summer.
By the amount of heat and moisture, the Crimea is among the relatively favorable areas for the development of agriculture. There is an active vegetation of wheat, corn, most fruit crops and grapes.
Crimea is rightly called natural pearls of Europe. Here, at the junction of moderate and subtropical latitudes, a wide variety of natural landscapes: mountains and plains, ancient volcanoes and modern mud hills, seas and lakes, forests and steppes, the nature of the Crimean subsensnifier and the semi-desert of the prier ...
It is no coincidence that this corner of the unique land has long been attracting the attention of people, and in recent decades has become a real "Mecca" for millions of resort workers and tourists.
From a bird's eye view, or when looking at a physical map of the Crimea, you can easily imagine the main features of the geography of the peninsula. As if the ancient Taurida's bone, she snapped in the south of the mountain Crimea. To the north of him, the plains extend, the Kerch Kholmogorie spread out in the east. The Crimean Mountains with a giant stone scarcker cut off the subsenedison-free South Coast of the Crimea, and north of them, the ribs of the coastal Girdo, stretches the forest-steppe foothills.
Crimean mountains with a sheer wall are broken in the direction of the sea coast, and opposite their slopes of the field. Self high peaks - Roman-Kos (1545 m), Ai-Petri (1232 m), Chatyr-Dag (1527 m), Northern Demerji (1356 m), sheer walls, from 200 to 400 meters high, stretch along the coast from Cape Ayia to the village Gurzuf.
The territory of the republic employs 257 rivers more than 5 km long. The largest - salgir, a length of 220 km, and the most fulfillment - Belbek (water consumption of up to 150 liters per second).
On the peninsula, mainly along the coasts, there are more than 50 salty lakes used to obtain salts and therapeutic mud: Sakskoe, Sasiek, Donuzlav, Bakal, Old Lake, Red Lake, Aktash, Chokrakskoye, Uzunlar, and others.
In the Crimea, more and more travelers and tourists rushes every year: over the past 70 years, the flow of recreants has increased 100 times! Under these conditions, the Natural and Reserve Foundation of the Crimea is of particular value and scientific and environmental interest.
The share of the protected fund accounts for more than 135 thousand hectares of the territory of the peninsula, which is 5.2% of its area. The Reserved Fund plays a significant role in the preservation of the creations of inanimate and wildlife, stabilizes the ecological situation on the peninsula.
Crimea is a unique region of Ukraine, where 152 properties of the natural and protected fund are located on a relatively small territory, including 6 natural reserves, 30 reserves, 69 monuments of nature, 2 botanical Gardens, 1 Dendrological Park, 31 Park-Monument of Garden Arts, 8 Reserved Drugs, 1 Zoo.
In Crimea, more than 200 mineral deposits are known. Iron ores (Kerch iron ore pool), Sivash salts and seaside lakes (old, red, etc.), Natural gas (Black Sea field), Flux Limestones (Balaclava, Kerch deposits, etc.), Cement Mergeli (Bakhchisarai), Pottery and bleaching clay (foothills). For therapeutic and recreational purposes, therapeutic dirt and mineral springs are used (Saki, Evpatoria, Feodosia, etc.), sandy and pebble beaches (Western and South Coast, Priazovye).
The climatic conditions of the Crimea are very diverse. Crimea is surrounded by a water pool, crossed mountain plateau, with gentle slopes to the north and sharp - to the south (to the Black Sea), which is protected from the influence of the northern winds. Mountains cut through valleys. At various heights above sea level, there are conditions that affect the nature of the climate.
Each slope of the Crimean Mountains has its climatic conditions, for it is subjected to a greater or lesser degree of influence of those or other dominant winds. The warmest part of the southern shore is the space from Cape Ayia to Cape Ai-Todor, as this part of the coast is like in the wind shadow from the cold northern and northeastern winds. The effect of eastern winds is already becoming a noticeable effect of Eastern winds and, thus, the second place on the warmth occupies part of the southern shore from Ai-Todor to Alushta, and the third place is warm - from Alushta to Koktebel, and the degree of gradual transition from the warm climate to more It seems to be in parallel with the gradual decrease in the heights of the mountains from Alushta to Feodosia. Feodosia is already open to the Northern and Northeast winds, and its climate having his own local features, closer comes to the climate of the Kerch Peninsula.
Warm air, coming to the Crimea from the south, penetrates relatively fluently through the low Crimean mountains into the steppe areas of the peninsula. Upon the invasion of cold dense arctic air, the mountains prevent its penetration on the skirt. In this regard, a very significant comparison of the average January air temperature in the central part of the plain Crimea (PGT. Krasnogvardeyskoye) and in Yalta - respectively -2 ° C and + 4 ° C. If there were no mountains in the Crimea, the south bank would have little difference from the steppe coast of the Black and Azov seas. At the same time, the role is not so much the height of the Crimean Mountains, how many of their general directions - from the west to the east, in parallel the coast.
Crimea refers to the number of the most sunny areas of the European part of the CIS. The annual duration of the solar shine here changes within 2180 - 2470 hours. It is especially great on the sea coast, where the Breeze prevents the formation of clouds. From the annual amount of radiation, the Crimea receives in the winter of about 10%, in the spring - 30%, in summer - 40% and in autumn - 20%. The largest amount of solar heat of the peninsula also receives in the summer. The minimum number falls on mountain areas, and the maximum - on west Coast. But be that as it may, in December and January, on the unit of the earth's surface per day, heat is 8 -10 times more than, for example, in St. Petersburg.
In winter, an axis of increased atmospheric pressure is often installed in the winter over the southern part of the European CIS territory in the latitudinal direction, and the reduced pressure zone above the Black Sea. As a result, cold and dry continental air of moderate latitudes or arctic air often invade the Crimea. With this, sharp decreases of temperature and strong northeastern winds are connected. In the same season, cyclones come from the Mediterranean Sea, which bring the warm air of the tropics. Mediterranean cyclones, as a rule, are delayed in the northwestern part of the Black Sea. As a result, warm air acts primarily on the southwestern part mountain Crimea. That is why winter in the Crimea is wet with frequent precipitation and low evaporation. Nevertheless, in winter, precipitation falls almost three times less than in the summer.
Frequent thaws in winter lead to large fluctuations in the temperature and instability and low-rise snow cover.
Spring in the Crimea flows quickly due to the increase in the height of the sun and the duration of the day, the reduction of cloudiness and the influx of southern warm air. In the inner areas of Crimea, a significant increase in temperature has been observed from February to March. Spring is the most dry and windy season of the year with frequent "refunds of cold weather", with night frosts, morning frosts, especially in the brass and river valleys of the foothills, which adversely affects the early bone fruit trees and the thermo-loving grapes.
In the summer, clear, hot and low-aluminous weather with the manifestation of local breets, mountain-valves prevails in Crimea. Due to the fact that the continental air of moderate latitudes is converted here to the local tropical, dry weather prevails on the peninsula.
Sea air masses and Atlantic cyclones bring precipitation at this time. There are abundant, intense, but most often short-term rains. Summer in Crimea lasts 4 - 5 months.
Autumn here - best season of the year. The weather quiet, solar and moderately warm. Autumn warmth of spring by 2 - 3 ° C in central and 4 - 5 ° C in seaside areas. A sharp change of weather takes place, as a rule, in the second half of November.
In Crimea, the annual change in temperature almost coincides with the change in the inflow of solar radiation. The average monthly air temperatures are mostly changed from the north to south, with the exception of the South Coast, where the changes occur to the east and west. Most often, the most cold month is January or February. The lowest average temperature (-4 ° C) in January is observed in the mountains, and the highest (about + 5 ° C) is on the skirt. The tallest the average monthly temperature Most often in July, when it reaches + 23 + 24 ° C, in the mountains - 16 ° C.
During the day, the lowest temperatures are observed before sunrise, and the highest - at 12 to 14 hours. Brizal winds reduce daytime temperatures and increase the night, resulting in a daily amplitude on the sea coast less than away from it. The absolute minimum temperature of the air is mainly in January - February and is in the foothills to -37 ° C.
In Crimea, 80-85% of the annual amount of precipitation falls in the form of rain. The number of days with rains ranges from 80-130 in steppe areas up to 150-170 in the mountains. In the summer, no more than 5-10 days with rains over the month is observed in the Crimea.
The greatest air temperature observed in Crimea, 38.1 ° in the shade was marked in Sevastopol. The smallest temperature of -30 ° was observed in the Crimea in the area of \u200b\u200bSimferopol and Krasnoperekopsk. Thus, the temperature in the Crimea varies in the range of 68.1 °, having annual averages from 10 ° to 13 °.
As of 01.11.2009 in Autonomous Republic Crimea lived 1966.4 thousand people. During 2009, the number of people decreased, which, mainly affected the natural cut. As a result of intraregional migration in 2009, the urban population increased by rural.
The population of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea posted on the territory of the peninsula unevenly. With the average population density of 75.4 people / km2, the density in the plain part of the Crimea exceeds 30 people / km2, in the mountains - about 10 people / km2, in the foothills - about 150 people / km2, and on the coast - more than 300 pers. / km2. On the coast of the Crimea, which is the most valuable in the recreational relationship, 50% of the Republic of the Republic lives. And if the mountains and foothills also include the recreational and valuable territories, the indicator will increase to 75%.
For the Crimea, an increase in the number of cities, as well as urban-type settlements and the relative stability of rural settlements are characteristic. Due to the expansion of the network of recreational enterprises (sanatoriums, rest houses, boarding houses, etc.), the number of urban-type settlements on the coast increased in more than 50 years.
Rural settlements are located in the Crimea unevenly. With the total number of 950 rural settlements and the average density of 4 settlements per 100 km2, in Simferopol district, the density of rural settlements is 6, and in the Black Sea region - 2.2 settlements per 100 km2.
Territory and number of cash in the regions of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea under 01.11.2010
| Autonomous Republic of Crimea | 26,081 | 1966,4 |
| g. Alushta | 0,600 | 52,5 |
| armenian | 0,162 | 25,1 |
| gianca | 0,026 | 37,5 |
| evpatoria | 0,065 | 123,3 |
| kerch | 0,108 | 147,7 |
| krasnoperekopsk | 0,022 | 30,2 |
| saki. | 0,029 | 24,7 |
| simferopol | 0,107 | 360,5 |
| sudak | 0,539 | 29,9 |
| g. Feodosia | 0,350 | 105,8 |
| yalta | 0,283 | 141,2 |
| areas | ||
| Bakhchisaray | 1,589 | 90,0 |
| Belogorsky | 1,894 | 64,0 |
| Dzhankoysky | 2,667 | 75,2 |
| Kirovsky | 1,208 | 54,0 |
| Krasnogvardeysky | 1,766 | 90,8 |
| Krasnoperekopsky | 1,231 | 29,8 |
| Leninist | 2,919 | 63,8 |
| Nizhnegorsky | 1,212 | 51,4 |
| Pervomaysky | 1,474 | 36,1 |
| Raspennensky | 1,231 | 34,6 |
| Saksky | 2,257 | 77,3 |
| Simferopolsky | 1,753 | 154,9 |
| Soviet | 1,080 | 34,3 |
| Black Sea | 1,509 | 31,9 |
The composition of the population of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea in the results of the All-Ukrainian population census of 2001.
A feature of the national composition of the population of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea is its multinationality. According to the All-Ukrainian census of the population in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, representatives of more than 125 nationalities and nationalities live.
Data on the most numerous nationalities in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea are given below:
The table includes data on nationality, whose share in the total number of permanent population ARC is at least 0.1%.
Crimea today is the blessed land of the Crimean Peninsula, washed by the Black and Azov seas. In the north, he extends plain, in the south - Crimean mountains with a necklace at the coastal strip of seaside resort cities: Yalta, Mishor, Alusta, Simeiz, Gurzuf, Alushta, Feodosia, Evpatoria and seaports - Kerch, Sevastopol.
Crimea is located within 44 0 23 "(Cape Sarych) and 46 0 15" (Perekopsky) of northern latitude and 32 0 30 "(Cape Karamrun) and 36 0 40" (Cape Lantern) Eastern longitude. The Square of the Crimean Peninsula is 26.0 thousand km 2, the maximum distance from north to south is 205 km, from west to east - 325 km. The narrow eight-kilometer strip of sushi in the north (Perekopstye) connects the Crimea with the mainland, and 4-5 km - the width of the Kerch Strait in the East (the length of the strait of about 41 km) is separated from the Taman Peninsula. The total length of the borders of the Crimea exceeds 2500 km (taking into account the extreme toasting coastline of the North-East). The Black Sea forms three large bays: Carcinite, Kalaytsky and Feodosia; The Azov Sea is also formed three bays: Kazantipsky, Arbat and Sivash.
Physico-geographical position
The physico-geographical position of Crimea In general, it is distinguished by the following most characteristic features. First, finding the peninsula 45 0 of the northern latitude causes its equidistant from the equator and the North Pole, which is associated with a sufficiently large number of incoming solar energy and a large number of solar shine hours. Secondly, Crimea is almost an island. This is connected, on the one hand, a large number of endem (plant species, which have not found anywhere, except for this area) and endemics (similar species of animals); On the other hand, this explains the significant depletion of the Crimean fauna; In addition, the climate and other natural components have a significant impact of the marine environment. Thirdly, the position of the peninsula relative to the overall circulation of the Earth's atmosphere, leading to the predominance of Western winds in the Crimea, is particularly important. Crimea occupies a border position between moderate and subtropical geographical belts.
Climate
Climate most of the Crimea - This is a climate of a moderate belt: soft steppe - in the flat part; More weta, characteristic of deciduous forests - in the mountains. The south coast of the Crimea has a subsened-free climate of dry forests and shrub thickets.
The Crimean Peninsula is provided with plenty of heat not only in summer, but also in winter. In December and January, there are 8-10 times more, for example, in St. Petersburg in St. Petersburg for a day than, for example, in St. Petersburg.
The greatest amount of solar heat is the Crimea in the summer, especially in July. Spring here is cooler autumn. And autumn is the best season of the year. The weather quiet, solar and moderately warm. True, sharp fluctuations in pressure during the day sharply exacerbate cardiovascular diseases in people are not entirely healthy.
In the Crimea, well-provided heat, biological productivity of plants, including crops, stability of landscapes to loads largely depend on the amount of moisture. And the need for water is constantly increasing at the local population, and the national economy, primarily rural and resort. So water in the Crimea is a genuine engine of life and culture.
A relatively small amount of atmospheric precipitation, long dry summer, distribution in the mountains of the cruising rocks led the poverty of Crimea with surface waters. Crimea is divided into two parts: flat steppe with a very small number of surface watercourses and mountain forest with a relatively thick river network. There are no large fresh lakes. In the seaside strip of the plain Crimea there are about 50 limanov lakes with a total area of \u200b\u200b5.3 thousand km.
Crimean Peninsula, or - Crimea, is located in the south of the Russian Federation. The eastern shores are washed by the waters of the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, and the Western and South Waters of the Black Sea. The peninsula is almost isolated from the mainland part of the sushi, connecting with the continent only in the north narrow, up to eight kilometers wide, the Perekop island. Crimea includes two more Peninsula: Kerch, located between the Black and Azov seas in the East, and Tarkhankutsky, which occupies the Western Signing Part of the Crimea.
The Crimean Peninsula can not be called small. The area of \u200b\u200bits surface is a little less than twenty-seven thousand square kilometers, and even a small country can accommodate in such an area. Such impressive dimensions provide Crimea variety of landscapes: there is on the peninsula and mountains, and lakes, and small rivers, and steppe plains that occupy its main part. In the West, on Tarkhankut, the plains are replaced by limestone ledges, and the surface of the Kerch Peninsula located in the East is predominantly hills.
Crimea borders with Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Georgia. The capital of his, the center of business and cultural life and the largest transportation unit is the city of Simferopol. The number of population of the city is about four hundred thousand inhabitants.
The natural conditions of the Crimean Peninsula are very extraordinary. This amazing land is endowed with fertile lands, and a magnificent sea coast, and majestic, unique in their beauty, mountain arrays. The climate on the entire space of the Peninsula is soft, somewhat inhomogeneous. On the south coast of the Crimea, it is close to the Mediterranean and subtropical, and in the northern part of the peninsula - continental. Summer on the Peninsula Sunny and rather roast, with rare, but abundant rains. It begins, as a rule, in mid-May, and continues until the end of September. Air in these places is not distinguished by high humidity, so even hot summer days Do not give substantial discomfort. Autumn in the Crimea rainy, but warm, almost windless, smoothly turning into a minor winter with rare, not strong frosts.
The Crimean Mountains stretch for a hundred fifty kilometers, starting around the city of Sevastopol and ending near the city of Feodosia. They consist of three, almost parallel to each other, a variety, frightened from the south and hollow-descending in the valleys from the north. The height of the main ridge almost everywhere exceeds a thousand meters above sea level. Split slopes of the mountains are covered with oak, juniper, pine and beech forests and gentlemen with rare species of shrubs. Pine forests Crimea, occupying about 13% of forest areas, is distinguished by a special value.
Over seven hundred square kilometers of the territory of Crimea - reserves replete with rare species of flora and fauna. Many of these species occur only in this area.
There are about a hundred fifty rivers on the peninsula, the total length of which reaches about six thousand kilometers. Almost all rivers, the largest of which, the Salgir River, with two hundred and four kilometers long, and the Chatyr-Lyk River, with a length of one hundred and six kilometers, take its origin in the mountains. In summer, many Crimean rivers dry up, however, in case of abundant precipitation, they quickly turn into rapid powerful streams, with ease of bringing huge boulders and turning age-old trees with roots. In the spring, during the melting of snow in the mountains, these, harmless, at first glance, water sources can instantly become a stormy roaring village, sweeping everything on their path. The most popular rivers in the Crimea - Belbek, Biyuk-Karasu and Black.
Mountain flows, passing through narrow gorges, form waterfalls, the most picturesque of which - powerful waterfall Jur-Jur. Even in the dry time it almost does not dry. Very beautiful Golovkinsky waterfall, lowered from a twelve-meter height in a gorge surrounded by magnificent vegetation, which occurs only in these places. Yalta's waterfall, educated by river Les-Soo, not far from the city of Yalta, is gaining full force, mainly in the spring. At this time he is simply great.
On the territory of the peninsula over three hundred of lakes and Limanov, among whom a lot of mud. Lakes Crimea, located along the coast, mainly salty. At the Tarkhankut Peninsula there is a pretty large freshly Ak-Moody Lake. Mountain lakes Present, mainly artificial reservoirs.
Crimea - one of those corners globewhere all factors contributing to the maximum comfort of existence on the planet are miraculously combined. The reason for this is a favorable climate and the convenient location of the peninsula.
The geographical position of the Crimea.
The Crimean Peninsula is located in the extreme southern part of the European part of Russia and extends from north to south 195 km from the west to the east - 325 km. The square of the Crimea is 26 thousand square meters. km, population 1 million 600 thousand people.
The sea surrounds the peninsula from all sides, and only in the north is a narrow (up to 8 km) Perekopsti joins it with the mainland. From the West and the south, the Crimea washes the Black Sea, from the east - the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov and the Kerch Strait.
The Crimean region was formed in June 1945. In February 1954, it was part of Ukraine. In 2014 in the composition Russian Federation. The administrative center of the region is Simferopol. On the administrative map Russia shows the borders of the Crimean region, settlements, the paths of the message.
Geological past Crimea.
The geological map and the geological profile are introduced to the geological past of the Crimea and the categories of its breeds. In the millions of years, the geological periods of the sea remote from us, replacing each other, then covered, they were exposed to the territory of the current Crimea, with their existence, mainly, the distribution of rocks in the Crimea is connected.
In the local history museum of Crimea, sandstones, clay shale, limestones and other breeds can be seen. Here is a collection of fossils and imprints of the inhabitants of the ancient seas: mollusks and fish, cito-shaped animal Citoterium Prescum, sea turtle, etc.
Within millions of years of the tertiary period in the middle and Southern Europe It was warm and wet, and the Mastodonts, Hipparones, Antelopes were inhabited here. The winning glaciation has changed in the Quaternary period changed the landscape, vegetable and animal world.
The glacier did not reach the Crimea, but the climate was very stern here. At this time, Mammoth, woolly rhino, giant and northern deer, cave bear, cave hyena were found in Crimea.
Minerals in the Crimea.
About 200 deposits of various minerals are discovered in Crimea and studied, which are widely used in the national economy. Kerch iron ores have the most important industrial importance. The ores are closed close to the surface and are mined in an open way, in careers. Crimea is rich in chemical raw materials - chlorine salts, sodium, potassium, bromine, magnesium, which are contained in huge quantities in the rape of Sivash and numerous salted lakes. Gypsum, table salt, magnesium chloride, etc., are obtained from the ramp. The use of these salts opens up great prospects for the development of the chemical industry.
A variety of building materials are produced on the territory of Crimea. Some of them have very important And almost not found in other places in Russia. Dioritis and Andesis are used in road construction, for facing monuments and large buildings, and the Tras in the hammer form is added to the cement to improve its properties. Marbled limestone are used in construction business, apply at metallurgical factories as a flux.
Some Crimean Minerals are rhinestone, chalcedones, carnelians, jashers are used as diverse stones and are appreciated for a rich colorful gamut. Crimea is rich in resources mineral Water From hydrogen sodges to Narzan and Borjomi.
Relief Crimea.
By the nature of the surface, the Crimea is divided into two parts: steppe and mountain. In the north and in the central Crimea, a calm wavy plain extends. The steppe takes about 2 / s of the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe peninsula. In the West, it gradually moves to the Hona and the hills of Tarkhankut. An interesting feature eastern part - slightly hilly Kerch Peninsula - are mud volcanoes, Nothing in common with volcanism has no and spewing cold dirt, and the muffins are a bowl-shaped depression filled with iron ore. In the southern part of Crimea there are mountains consisting of three parallel groic, separated by non-stroke valleys. The mountains stretch from the southwest to the northeast, the weak arc leaning towards the north - their length is 150 km, the width is 50 km. The most significant vertex of the Crimean Mountains is a novel-Kos (1545 g), is located in the main (southern) ridge, in the Babugan Mountainside. The main ridge consists of wavy plateau-ials (pastures) - Ai-Petrinskaya, Nikitskaya, Karabi, etc. In the east of Crimea, the Mountain Group Kara-Dag closes the main ridge, interesting monument volcanic activities of the Jurassic Geological Epoch. The main ridge is largely composed of limestones, which, exposed to atmospheric and groundwater, give vivid manifestations of karst processes (karst dips, cavities and caves).
Plant world of Crimea.
The Flora Crimea is very rich, it is represented by more than two thousand species of plants. The spread of vegetation depends on climate, relief and soil of the peninsula.
On the plain from the north to the south, each other is replaced by a zone of saline vegetation inherent in saline soils of the prier (Sarteros, Sarsazan, Kermek and others), hide and hollow-tanta steppes. Next, the south are a naughty steppes, and the footpaths appear in the foothills with thyme (chebry), rock alfaling, asphinery of Tavric. Currently, virgin lands are rapid. The third mountain range (foothill zone) occupies a forest-steppe, where the groves of low oaks, maples, ash, as well as thickets, hawthorn, rosehip, skumpics are especially common. The slopes of the mountains of the Middle and the main ridge are dressed with oak, beech and pine forests. The ialas of the flavors are covered with herbal vegetation. Single pines and beech boobs are bugged by the wind and give the landscape a kind of harsh color. Of great interest is the flora of the southern slope of the main ridge. Natural vegetation here is the benefit of forests: pine, juniper, fluffy oak and Mediterranean species: pistachio, strawberry tree, yellow-color jasmine. But the typical landscape of the southern shore is created by decorative garden and park vegetation. As a result of human creative activity, exotic plants have become a permanent element of the landscape: Himalayan and Lebanese cedars, cypresses, magnolia, sequoia, ivy, Chinese wisteria. There are plants in Crimea and endemic (inherent in this area) Plants: Maple Stevna (in the forests of the northern slope of the mountains), Yaskolka Biberstein ("Crimean Edel-Wece", on high-mountain plateau and eggs), Pine Stankevich, on seaside rocks from Balaklava to Cape Ayia and near Sudak).
Crimea climate.
The Crimean Peninsula lies on the southern border of a moderate belt. The climate of the Crimea is characterized by some features associated with its geographical position: great softness and humidity, significant sunshine. But the variety of relief, the influence of the sea and the mountains create great differences in the climate of the steppe, mountain and southern co-bank parts of the peninsula. In the steppe Crimea, hot summer and relatively warm winter (Temperature July 23-24 °, the temperature of February 0.5-2 °), the annual precipitation is small. The mountain Crimea is characterized by more significant precipitation, less hot summer.
South Bears gives the most favorable combination of climatic factors: soft winter, sunny hot summer (the average temperature of February in Yalta is 3.5 °, July 24 °), summer breeze, daring heat, fresh breath of forests and parks. The climatic conditions of the Evpatoria district and the southeadcraft coast (Feodosia, Sudak, Planerskoye), as well as the mountain Crimea (old Crimea) are favorable.
Water in the Crimea.
Water Crimea is divided into surface (rivers, streams, lakes) and underground (ground, artesian, karst). Rivers originate on Main ridge The Crimean Mountains, they are short, minor and distinguished by a large uneven flow of flow (spread in spring and in the shower and dry in summer). The most significant river is salgir (for 232 km). The water problem in the Crimea is solved by the construction of artificial reservoirs and channels (reservoirs on Alma, Qache, Saligre, Simferopol reservoir, accommodating up to 36 million cubic meters. M of water). The reservoirs are built on r. Belbek and laid through the main mountain ridge tunnel about 7 km long for the flow of Belbek to Yalta.
The water of the North-Crimean Canal is watered and irrigated the most arid regions of the Steppe Crimea from the rear to Kerch. The construction of this channel will allow to increase corn yields, wheat, rye, tobacco, more intensively developing highly productive animal husbandry. Industrial centers and villages of Crimea will be equipped with beautiful Dneprovskaya water.
Soil of Crimea.
The nature of the soil depends on the soil-forming rocks, relief, climate, vegetable and animal organisms. A variety of physico-geographical conditions created a very dissimilar composition of soils by districts. The prevailing type are southern black soils and dark brown soils. central part Steppe Crimea.
The soils of the foothill, the mountain Crimea and the southern shore are varieties of chernozem: carbonate chernozem, the soils of minnow and forest, mountain-meadow subalpine black soils, brown soils of forests and shrubs of the southern shore. Tobacco, vegetables, esteros, grapes, bone fruit, decorative trees and shrubs are well cultivated on these soils. The main place in agriculture in the steppe Crimea belongs to grain cultures, and from them wheat and corn. In modern conditions, the progressive role of the disappearance of the agriculture system is especially important, largely increasing grain yields.
Black Sea.
The Black Sea refers to the so-called inland seas, as it is not directly related to the ocean. According to its hydrobiological and hydrophysical properties, the Black Sea is dramatically distinguished among other marine reservoirs. Its feature is a sharp fluctuation of surface water temperatures (from one to twenty-eight degrees). The salty of the Black Sea due to the waters of the water of the Danube rivers, the Dniester and others relatively small: in the upper layers 17-18% (in 1 l -i 17-18 g of salt), at a depth, it increases significantly, since the deep bosphoric course brings the masses more salted water out Marble sea. The greatest depth of the Black Sea is determined in 2243 m. Oxygen is contained in the upper horizons, "and a depth of 200 meters and below oxygen disappears and the saturation of gray hydrogen is enhanced.
The Black Sea is a source of fish wealth. The history of the formation of the Black Sea basin has several tens of millions of years, during which its outlines and hydrological regime have repeatedly changed. That is why the composition of his animal world is diverse. Three groups of fish are distinguished in the Black Sea: relict (residual, they include herring, sturgeon fish, many types of bulls), freshwater - in the estuary and the mouths of the rivers (Sudak, Perch, Tarant), Mediterranean universal fears (Hams, Schurot, Kefal, Stavrid , mackerel, pelamic, tuna and others, just over 100 fish species). Tuna is the largest fishing fish, its length can reach three meters, and the weight of five hundred kilograms.
Animal world of Crimea.
The animal world of the Crimea is characterized by a number of features and wears the so-called island character. Many types of animals living in the Crimea near the Crimea in Crimea are absent in the Crimea, but it is encountered endemic (local) forms of animals, the appearance of which is associated with the peculiar geological history of the peninsula (the geological age of the mountain Crimea of \u200b\u200bthe ancient steppe of the peninsula, and the fauna has been formed much earlier and in other conditions). The steppe Crimea refers to European-Siberian zoogeographic subdomains, and the mountain-to-Mediterranean. On the territory of the Peninsula, these subdomains bordered through the line of the Bowls.
Crimean Scorpio (poisonous), found in ragins of rocks on South Bank, Crimean Gecko, Crimean owl, black and long-tailed tit, scoop, cannopsy, mountain oatmeal and some others. Mediterranean animal forms are allocated: phalanx, choppedrand, leopard poloz, yellow-bearing (a non-free lizard is very useful, as it destroys harmful rodents). In the same showcase, the rock lizard, water, swamp turtle; From the amphibian Great Tryton, found in small mountain water bodies, Kvaqsha - the inhabitant of wood plantations near fresh reservoirs, as well as earthmock, water curtain, bats, preserved beech forest with guarded animals: Crimean deer, roots and mouflon. For centuries, Crimean forests and animals mercilessly exterminated. Only after the Great October Socialist Revolution was put an end to the predatory extermination of forests and animals of Crimea.
For the protection of nature and its recovery in the Central Mountain part of the Crimea in 1923 was created State ReserveReorganized in 1957 in the Crimean State Reserve-hunting economy. Flora and the fauna of the Crimean mountains on the territory of the economy is largely restored. Many birds flying Crimea on the way to warm countries: ulit, rzhanka golden, garrhopper, heron white, Korshun, Kvakva, Eagle Berkut and others. These birds are resting in the Crimea in front of the flight through the Black Sea, birds flying to the Crimea to wintering: Chcheli, Snegiri, Svissels, Chiji, Yurki, Lark, Zimnyak Siberian and others.
Take a look at the map of our homeland. In the extreme south of the European part, the peninsula is deeply located, resembling the wrong quadrangle. He is small. Its area is only about 26 thousand square meters. km - 14 times less. In the north is narrow (up to 8 km), it is connected to the mainland, in the south and west, it is washed by the water of the Black Sea, in the northeast and east - the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov and the Kerch Strait.
In the remote geological past in the south of the Russian Plain there were vast seas: Sarmatian, Merotic and Pontic. The bottom of the Pontic Sea Lake began to rise, and his waters gathered, finally, in two hoods: the Black Sea and Caspian, who were first connected by the KuMo Manic Strait. They connected with Mediterranean Sea Through Bosphorus and Dardanelles, then separated from him.
The modern Black Sea arose about 10 thousand years ago. It is one of the most deep seas our country. A strip of coastal shallow debris stretches along its shores - the mainland shallow depths up to 200 m. This shallow has a few more or less steep ledges descends to the central part of the bottom. Maximum depth of the Black Sea - 2245 m.
Black Sea is warm. In the summer, surface waters in the open sea are heated to 24-25 °, and in shallow coastal to 28-29 °. In winter, the temperature of the surface waters of the open sea is 6-7 °. The water temperature of the coastal part is in total about 0 ° with small oscillations. In this regard, in the coastal part, the sea freezes only in particularly cold winters.
Located inside the mainland, the rivers flowing into it, the Black Sea is the middle salinity pool. The salinity of its surface waters is 16-18 ppm, that is, 16-18 weight parts of salt on 1000 weight parts of water. The deep water of the Black Sea is saturated with hydrogen sulfide and therefore lifeless.
The organic world is very peculiar. Here are fish, previously inhabited Pontic Lake, Pontic Relicors, to which Beluga, Ostr, Severe, Tulka, Some types of bulls, etc. There are fish, which in the cold epochs of the past descended from moderate latitudes to the south, penetrated the Mediterranean Sea, and from it in black. Representatives of this so-called Boreal-Atlantic Group of Fish are sprats, salmon, Kambala Gloss, Akula-Katran, Skat - Marine Fox.
There are, although rarely, and representatives of the Arctic fauna are seals. In 1934, the seal was noticed by Batumi.
The most numerous and varied fish of the Mediterranean Fauna: Kefal, Mackerel, Studum, Barabul, Pelamic, Marine Okrug, Marine Caras, Kambala, Skat - Sea Cat.
Little fish lives: marine needle, sea horse, barley.
Two kinds of Mediterranean fish poisonous. This is the sea eers (Sperent) and the sea dragon. In Yersh, the base of the second ray of the dorsal fin is iron, producing a poisonous liquid, which causes a painful inflammatory process.
A big and bold predator is a sword-fish. In a state of irritation, she attacks not only on the fishing bowls, but even on the passing ships.
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