Fernan Magellan's expedition renounces the globe moving. Fernan Magellan: World Travel History

06.04.2020

Searches for the western sea route to India and Magellan

In those years, when they were made geographical discoveries On the shores of the Mexican Gulf, the Spaniards took swimming and other destinations. Portuguese penetrated into Malay Archipelago, with amazement heard the appearance of Spaniards at Molukska Islands. The brave navigator, which led the Western path of Spanish ships to these seas, was the Portuguese Fernan Magelyens (about 1480-1521). The surname got him in the form of Magellan in the form of the Spaniards. He served in the squadron Albuquerca When conquering Malacca, then participated in the campaigns of the Portuguese against Berber, was wounded with a spear in his knee and from this wound remained for all his life chrome. Offended by the fact that King Emmanuel refused him in a ward of a salary, he moved from Portuguese service to Spanish. Magellan believed that it was necessary to look for the sea route to India, floating from southern Coast South America. It is said that the thought of such swimming was excited in Magellan's card BehajimaHe saw in the archive of the Royal Treasury and on which the Strait was drawn, which existed for the reasons of the Behaeim in the southern part of the New World. It is also said that the strengthening of this thought in Magellan contributed to his conversations with Francisco Serrano, the Portuguese, who visited Molukskie Islands. But Columbus has long argued that it should exist between the Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean, similar to the fact that connects the Mediterranean Sea with Atlantic Ocean. Columbus was looking for this strait in the Caribbean, Cabot on the north edge of America; Cortes in the Gulf of Mexico.

Fernan Magellan. Portrait of an unknown artist of the XVII century

In 1515, Spanish Sailor Diaz Solis floated along eastern Shore South America up to 34 degrees of southern latitude, entered into a wide mouth of La fees, floated up the river, believing that this is the Strait that he was looking for. Coming out with several satellites ashore, he was killed by savages as Karavel. Sailors in horror swam back. Magellan continued the case started by Solis. It was the tempting that there was an erroneous assumption regarding Pacific Ocean: At that time, thought that the Southern End of America was not very far from the Malay Archipelago and that there was a lot of gold, expensive stones and pearls between Asia and South America.

Fernan Magellan. Traveling across the world

Magellan concluded on March 22, 1518 with the Spanish government, the agreement granted him and his companion Falero (also the Portuguese) of the ruler's posts and part of the income of those lands that would be open. Magellan and Falero went to Seville to bother so that Fondeeke is rather equipped for sailing a squadron. Spanish authorities provided it at their disposal for two years. The squadron had to consist of 5 ships with 234 sailors. The Portuguese king joined the Spanish government, which concluded such a treatise with people whom he considered to be traitors; He sent them promises and threats, trying to reject from the expedition. Fonsek and other Spaniards in Seville were unhappy that such important rights are given to ingenians. Portuguese sailors who wanted to participate in the expedition, received a refusal. The troubles were bored Falero that he retreated from his intention, and the troubles remained on the hands of one Magellan. At the first time of swimming, Magellan had to experience great trouble from his subordinates. Huang Cartagena, appointed by the head of one of the ships, began to intrigue against Magellan, bowed to the same other captains; They demanded that Magellan refused to bosses over the squadron. But he accepted strict measures and suppressed the rebellion raised by these intrigans.

Monument Fernuna Magellan in Punta Arenas, Chile

Opening Magellanov Strait.

Following along the eastern shore of South America, Magellan passed the mouth of the La fee and continued his sailing south. At the mouth of the Santa Cruz River, under 50 degrees of southern latitude, one of the ships sat down to stranded (May 22, 1520). In this area, Magellan and his satellites saw very high growth natives; They lived in leather huts similar to tents. Spaniards went ashore covered with snow; But these dikari (Patagonians) showed such an enmity to the ingenians that the Spaniards hurriedly returned to the ships and swam further. The sailors began to demand that the squadron sailed to the east to Madagascar and India. But Magellan landed two main rebels ashore and announced that he would search for a strait leading to the Pacific Ocean, at least I had to continue swimming up to 75 degrees of southern latitude. Sleeping three more or four degrees, the squadron entered October 21 (1520) to the bay, which, when followed, to the West, everything expanded. The squadron of Magellan fell to the cape, called Cape Troward, and the navigators saw a wide area of \u200b\u200bwater in front of them. A long winding path for which they sailed, was not the bay, but by the strait they were looking for.

In this Strait, the name of Magellanov, Western winds blow. With its length and the numerous turns made by him, sailing in the direction of it from the east to the West - the case, difficult and now. It is necessary to be surprised by the courage and the art of Magellan, who passed this unknown then by.

Magellan swimming in the Pacific Ocean

One of the ships of the squadron, sent by Magellan to inspect the coast, turned back and disappeared from sight. Magellan was waiting for him for several days, but, who realized that he sailed to Spain, ordered to swim further. The sailors were afraid to swim into unknown places, but did not dare to oppose their energetic boss; For a remark that edible supplies may not get to the time when the squadron sails to some place where you can get new, Magellan answered: "Even if there are rigging belts, I will fulfill this imperitor promise." The squadron stuck on November 27 to the western end of the Strait; Sailors with delight welcomed the sea that opened in front of them. Magellan continued swimming along the coast to the north to 48 degrees of southern latitude; From there he took the direction to the north-west.

The squadron was walking for a long time between the equator and the tropic of Capricorn, but it happened so that she did not see any of the numerous archipelago of the Pacific Ocean, and he seemed to be a boundless water desert. Crossing the equator, reaching 13 degrees of northern latitude, Magellan and his companions finally saw the islands; It was on March 6, 1521. Nagi natives of the olive color of the skin were blindly climbed onto the ships and stole everything that would fall; They were driven, but they returned. The Spaniards therefore called their archipelago to the islands of thieves, Ladrones. For four months of swimming, Magellan and his sailors did not see anything, except the sky and water, did not have any food, except for crackers, sources that scattered into powder; They were delighted, finding coconuts, yams and sugar cane on these islands.

At the end of March 1521 the squader sailed to the Philippine Islands. Magellan stopped here to give rest to a tired sailor. Princes and people accepted Spaniards friendly, treated them. One of the prince of the island Cebu was baptized and recognized the Spanish king to his state truck. Together with Prince, several hundred people of his subjects were baptized.

Magellan demanded that other princes obeyed having sacred; Some of them did not agree to it. Magellan began to burn the village of resisted prince; They fell with their warriors to a small island Makan. He planted on three boats of 50 sailors and swam to Maltan, hoping to easily defeat numerous natives. But in the battle with them, Magellan took a hit spear and fell dead (April 27, 1521). Together with him, the captain of one of the ships was killed, cresan was equal, and six sailors.

The death of Magellan. Figure XIX century

The rest of Magellan's satellites managed to sit in the boat and returned to Cebu. Knipped Prince Osmell. Continuing to pretend to be a friend of the Spaniards, he invited chestnuts on May 1 and other chiefs for lunch. They came to him, there were 24 people. Prince's warriors suddenly attacked Magellan's associates and killed everyone to the painful death. When dying companions and joyful cry of the natives, the remaining satellites of Magellan, who were already only 100 people, floated on two ships, betraying the third fire. They went to the head of the Isles of Mandanao several times and Palavan, then sailed into the harbor of Bruni on borneo Island. Raja of the terrain, Muslim, wanted to exterminate them, but they managed to float and in November came to Molukki Islands, worked by Tidori.

Swimming Elkano

One of the assistants of Magellan, Juan Sebastian Elkano, Captain "Victoria", of the two ships, which was less damaged, took the cargo carnation and at the end of the year continued to swim towards the island of Timar, from there in May (1522) came to the caulation Good Hope. On this path, 15 of the Spaniards and 6 Thimores, who took them with them, died from hunger, so that only 30 people remained on the ship. Having reopening the cape of good hope, Elkano came to the islands of green cape. The Portuguese arrested there 12 people from the surviving sailors Magellan and Elkano, considering the violation of the rights of Portugal, the fact that the Spaniards penetrated the Malay Archipelago. Elkano barely escaped from persecution. Finally, on September 6, 1522, he with 13 Europeans and 3 Asians entered the San Lucarian harbor and went with the surviving Christians in Seville to pay thanks to God for the happy commitment of the first round-tires. The death of Magellan initially delivered Elkano to the fame of the first man who committed circumnavigation. An image of the globe was introduced into his coat of arms.

Monument to Huan Sebastian Elkano in his homeland (Basque Country)

Four years later (in 1526), \u200b\u200ba new squadron was held by the Magellan Strait under the superiors of Garcia Lais and Elkano; One of her Karavel offered the southern end of the new world, Cape Horn. Spaniards arrived at Moluk Islands. Both squadron died during this navigation. The Portuguese, which built the fort on the most important from Muslims, ternate, and subordinate to the Muslim prince of the archipelago, argued that on the demarcation line it is in the half of the ocean, which belongs exclusively to them and that the Spaniards do not have the right to swim there. The dispute lasted for several years. In 1529, Emperor Karl V recognized the Molukskie Islands belonging to the King Portuguese, having received a 350,000 ducators from him for this concession.

Molukkie islands remained the extreme conquest of Portuguese in the south-east. The Philippines, open by the Spanish squadron, were conquered by the Spaniards.

Magellan swimming was allowed by the question of the Western Sea Route in southeast Asia. Around the world swimming soon became an ordinary business; There were many islands in the Pacific Ocean; But the position of them for a long time was markedly on the maps incorrectly in the inaccuracies of the then tools to determine the geographical longitude.

Fernan Magellan - Portuguese navigator. Born in 1470 in the noble family. In childhood, he served as a PJ in the retinue of the Portuguese Queen, received a good education, studied cosmography, navigation and astronomy.

In March 1518, in the Spanish city of Valladolid, where in twelve years before that, the Royal Council was considering the project of Fernan Magellan about the sea hike in southwestern way to the islands of spices, to these "wonderful Malack Islands, which will enrich Spain!".

flagship Karavel Tinidad

In September 1519, the fleet of five ships departed from Sanlucar de Barramed. The flagship walked "Trinidad" with a displacement of 110 tons. A small man with a rigid beard, with cold prickly eyes looked at the removing coast, and occasionally gave short teams.

A housing nobleman from Portuguese Cool, now the main captain of the fleet Fernan-Di-Magalianis has reached the goal that has already been achieved for how many years. Behind his shoulders, participation in pirated raids on the African cily of Kiloa and Mombasa, hiking to India and the Malay Archipelago, a gang island, where a nutmeg walnut grows in abundance, and the island of ternat - the birthplace of the world's best carnations. But gold went into other hands. Now here she is flotilla that will bring him wealth. His project rejected the Portuguese king Manuel, but a contract concluded with the King of Spain Karl V, through which a twentieth of income from newly open lands will come to him, Fernuna Magellan.

fernan Magellan's Expedition in the Ocean

ShipsOf course, were not new. And "San Antono", "Consepesion", "Victoria", "Sant Yago", all of them did not make little in their age, and the team is mostly visited by port taverns. But the fresh wind filled the sails. The relatively safe swimming of Magellan lasted only a few days, to Canary Islands. Chief Captain fleet Refused the recommendation of Portuguese Locations and, reaching the latitude of the Gulf of the Gulf, his Karavellas turned to the southwest. The flagship solution caused Juan de Cartagena discontent, the relative of the king, the captain "San Antoniao", appointed by Karl V inspector of the expedition. Once the flotilla crossed the equator, the inspector stated that the royal instructions violates. The hot spite ended with the order of the inspector's arrest. Cartagena lean offense. In the end of November karavella Reached Brazil, and on January 10 entered the mouth of the La fee. For the first time, the name "Montevidi" is applied for the first time (now the capital of Uruguay is located here - Montevideo). Great Mageldlan Feverishly looking for a shed in the South Sea. But neither a la fee nor the Bay of San Matthias justified the expedition's hopes. The captain decided to hide on the wintering in the harbor of San Julian. Irony of Fate: The navigators were literally near the strait that was looking for. On the second April 1519, an insurgency broke out among the participants of the expedition, but thanks to strength and tricks Magellan The order has restored. It was necessary to have willed qualities to continue swimming with people ready for their own benefit to any betrayal. It was the persistence of captain of flotilla that led to the opening of the passage from the Atlantic to the South Sea. A wide excavation opened on 52 southern parallels, the intelligence consisting of two vessels was opened, confirmed that this was not a river - there was salted water everywhere.

map of the world Fernana Magellan

After twenty-day swimming on the strait, later named the name of the discoverer, Magellan We saw the other sea - southern. The desired goal was achieved. In the immense ocean, the captain never met with a storm. The ocean was surprisingly quiet and calm. He was called "Pacific" - "quiet", "peaceful". In the XVII century, this name was finally approved instead of the name "South Sea". Brutal hunger and illness chased travelers. Three months it took to cross the ocean and reach blooming Mariana Islands. A new stage of the expedition began - dating and battles, where the leader dies in one of them. Like this great navigator Crossed two ocean to find their end in a robbery shy! And only two vessels ended the mission Fernana Magellan. - They saw the islands of the spices, which were at the Molukki archipelago. Ships loaded with spices went back. Trinidad went to the shores of Panama through the Pacific Ocean, Victoria - through the Indian and Atlantic Ocean in Spain. For six months, the Trinidad ship was wrapped in the waters of the Pacific Ocean and was forced to return to Molukski Islands. Sailors captured, where they died in prisons and plantations.

karavella "Victoria"

Test tasks.

1. Fernan Magellan was

a) Spaniard in the service of King Portugal

b) Portuguese in the service of King Spain

c) Italian in the service of King Spain

d) Frenchman in the service of King Portugal

2. Strait connecting the Atlantic Ocean with Tikhim, Fernan Magellan called

a) Strait Drake

b) Magellan Strait

c) the strait of all saints

d) Bering Strait

3. Fernan Magellan's expedition has renounced the globe, moving all the time

a) from west to east

b) from east to west

c) right left

d) from left to right

4. The first round-the-world swimming continued

a) 3 years

5. Captain, who first spent his ship around the world, called

a) Fernand

d) Alvarez

6. List geographical objects In order to achieve the expedition of Fernan Magellan. Put the appropriate letters in the table.

a) Indian Ocean

b) Filipino Islands

c) Equator

d) Pacific Ocean

Thematic workshop.

Before you, five passages from Magellan's satellite records Antonio Pigafette, which he made in the form of a letter to his cover-tele-tele-Sign Philip de Villa Lille Adana. Arrange them in the subject matter and answer questions.

a) On Wednesday, November 28, 1520, we got out of this strait and were loaded into the expanses. Quiet sea. In continuation of the three months and twenty days we were completely deprived of fresh food. We have been drinking with breadcrumbs, but they no longer have crackers, but sugar dust, mixed with worms. We often fed on wood sawdust.

b) We got to Maktan three hours before dawn. As soon as it came up the morning, the forty-nine people were rushed into the water, co-Toraya came to them before Berder. I had to sail the distance of the sow-neck of two shots from the samostrole, before reaching the Bere ha. Because of the underwater cliffs, the boats could not go closer to the shore. When we got to the coast, the native of the number over 1500 people lined up in three detachments. Seeing us, they rushed to us with incredible cries, two squads hit our flanks, and one - from the front.

c) The captain fell face down, and immediately it was blinged by iron and bumps and began to strike with Tesheki until the true leader was taken away. He turned around all the time on-ass to see if we managed to dive with the boats. In Lagaya, he died, we, wounded, retreated as soon as it was possible, to boats that immediately moved into the path.

d) Your creation, fame about such a noble captain did not develop from memory today. Among other virtues, he was betrayed by such a resistance in the greatest turning, which anyone never possessed. He endured hunger better than anything else, unmistakable than anyone in the world, he could easily understand
in navigation maps. And the fact that this is in fact, very seen for everyone, for no one else has such a gift and such a thoughtfulness in the study of how the Circulative Swimming should perform, which he almost has almost accomplished.

e) Grearov that in the city of Seville is equipped with a squad as part of the five co-rings for the extraction of spices at the Molukki Islands under the beginning of the captain-general of Fernan di Magalyanzha (Magellan), I was right out of the city of Barcelona, \u200b\u200bI had a lot of freed letters. For three months, I spent in Seville in anticipation, while the fledged fleet was preparing for swimming, and when the departure was finally occurring, the journey began with extremely happy omens.

d. but b. in g.

1. How many times is the expedition of Magellan crossed the equator?

Swimming was around the world, the equator crossed 4 times.

2. What in the resulting passages gives reason to consider an assessment, which Drew Pigafette Fernuna Magellan, fair?

He was a famous military and sailor. Portuguese, managed to win the location of the Spanish king. Which allowed to collect a round-the-world expedition. The money for the expedition was given by the Spanish merchants, believing Magellan that the journey would be profitable. Supported the Bunce of Spanish captains. He had authority among all expedition sailors. I managed to calculate the path across the ocean. Found a shed connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. I bravely fought and died in a battle with natives. The expedition brought a huge profit, many times higher than the costs.

Magellan. fragola, Separating Archipelago Fire Earth and Continental South America.

4. How many days went on swimming through the Pacific Ocean?

Almost 4 months, about 111 days. November 28 came out with 3 ships in the Unknown Ocean (called him quiet because of the weather), and on March 15, the expedition approached the Big Filipino Archipelago.

Cartographic workshop.

Track the path of Fernan Magellan's expedition and Nazo-Vite geographical objects through which he passed.

2 - Atlantic Ocean.

4 - the sheds of all saints.

5 - Pacific Ocean.

6 - Philippine Islands.

9 - Indian Ocean.

Fernan Magellan (1470-1521) - Portuguese navigator. The first made around the world and crossed the ocean called to them quiet. Proved the presence of a single ocean and provided a practical evidence that the earth has a shape of a ball. Born in Portugal in the noble family.

An expedition was organized from five vessels (Trinidad, San Antonio, Santiago, "Consepesion" and "Victoria") under the leadership of Magellan, who came out into the sea towards Rio de Janeiro. Moved to the south of the mainland, he opened all the Atlantic coast of South America. Motion only during the day so as not to miss the strait. In March, the expedition had to stand up for wintering in a comfortable bay. On the same night, a riot headed by the commanders of ships began on the ships: difficulties and deprivation, which fell into their share, very much of people. The rebellion was brutally depressed by Magellan himself, and in early October the fleet went to the south. In October of the same year, south of the La fee, they were reinforced with mainland and entered the bay, named after St. Julian. For about a month, he examined him, but he did not find a passage to the South Sea. On the shore of the Strait, the expedition once saw the fires of fire and Magellan called the place of fiery ground. Soon the expedition approached the eastern mouth of the Strait, which now wears his name.

The first transition through the Pacific began on November 28. On the remaining three ships, Magellan entered the Unknown Ocean, heated America from the south of the shed. Since the weather at this time was very good, he called the ocean tiche. Almost 4 months went on swimming, during which people had to eat cracked dust, mixed with worms, drink rotting water, there are oxides, wood sawdust and ship rats. Soon hunger and qing began, many died. Crossing the ocean, he passed at least 17 thousand km, but opened only two island - one in the Tuamot Archipelago, the other - in the Line group. March 6, 1521 Magellan opened the island of Guam.

On three ships, only 115 people were left - people were missing, and the ship "CONSEPATION" had to burn. For several months, ships wandered in search of the islands of spices. The Island of Tidor, the Spaniards bought a lot of cloves, a nutmeg, etc. and were divided: "Victoria" with captain Juan Elkano moved to the west around Africa, and Trinidad, who needed repair, remained. Captain Elkano, fearing the meeting with the Portuguese, held significantly south of ordinary ways. He was the first to go through the central part Indian Ocean And, opening only the island of Amsterdam, proved that the "southern" mainland did not reach this latitude. On September 6, 1522, Victoria completed the world journey and returned home, a little later "Trinidad" returned. But it was brought so much spices that their sales compensated for the loss of other ships.

Magellan's journey is considered one of the greatest events of the XVI century: the expedition went to the West, returned back from the east and proved in such a way that the earth has the shape of the ball; For the first time, Europeans crossed the largest of the oceans - quiet, opening the passage from the Atlantic. In addition, the expedition found out that significantly most The surfaces of the earth takes not dry, as Columbus thought and his contemporaries, and oceans. The name of Magellan has two star clusters (large and small magtels clouds) and the shed. All the travels of Magellan described the historiographer and the participant of the Expedition of Antonio Pyfucht.

21. Results of the VGO.

As a result, the RGO was confirmed by the shag of the Earth and the unity of the World Ocean. Continents and countries were opened, landscape parameters and ehommatic capabilities of previously known eastern countries, above all, China and India. There was a new information about the resources, the possibilities of two Americas and island territories.

Publication date: 2015-02-03; Read: 596 | Violation of copyright page

04.12.2017 23:32

Science and opening

Overcoming dangerous straits under South America, Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan entered the Pacific Ocean with three ships, becoming the first European researcher who reached the Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic.

On September 20, 1519, Magellan went from Spain, trying to find the western sea route to Indonesia's spice islands.

Under his command was five ships with a total number of teams in 270 men. The first point of the route was the port in West Africa, then the navigator visited Brazil, where the student-American coast for the purpose of finding a strait in the Pacific Ocean.

On October 21, Magellan finally discovered the strait that was so stubborn. Magellan (then he, of course, was not so called) Strait, located near the southern continental border of South America, separating Fire Land and continental part of the mainland.

The strait overcame only three vessels out of five. The team took 38 days to swim the entire cunning strait.

Magellan's fleet crossed the ocean in the western direction for 99 days. For the entire period of the expedition, the ocean was quite calm enough to be called "quiet", from the Latin word "Pacificus", which means "calm".
By the completion of the expedition, the team experienced a catastrophic food shortage.

On March 6, 1521, the expedition landed on the island of Guam. Ten days later, they threw anchor on the Philippine Cebu Island - the ships were only 400 miles from the islands of spices.

After the death of Magellan, the remainder of the team went on two ships to Molukki Islands.

On September 6, 1522, only one expedition ship arrived back to the Spanish port of Sanlucar de Barramed. On the way back, the team crossed the Indian Ocean on the ship and reinforced the cape of good hope, thereby becoming the first, which made around the world. 1739: Russian ships reach Japan

22.06.2018 20:09

Science and opening

Russian Empress Anna Ioannovna issued a decree according to which the imperial expedition had to explore the coast and islands

Far East, as well as if possible, to come into contact with residents of the Japanese archipelago.

Eated such a decree was following the first Kamchatka expedition, held under the start of Martyn Shppberg, the Russian navigator. The first expedition was aimed at studying the possibilities of building vessels in Kamchatka, as well as a study of waterways to deliver goods. Shppberg as a report provided by Empress a note, which indicated the possibility of studying potential sea routes to the shores North America and Japan.

It was decided to send the second expedition, the preparation for which began in 1737.

The construction of new vessels took place under the careful observation of the Admiralty College and Personally Shpampburg. Later, he was determined on an independent ship with an individual task, the essence of which was to study western coast Kamchatka Peninsula.

The expedition advanced in the summer of 1738 and over the time of swimming was discovered over thirty new islands, including ITUURUP, Shikotan and Green.

Fernan Magellan

The expedition interrupted winter.
Washing it out, Shppberg went to study the sea routes again and on May 22 reached the shores of Japan.

Upon arrival, the Chappberg team entered into contact with the local population, specifying information about the economy, politics and customs of the country, passing through the goods. Nevertheless, due to diseases spreading among the team, the expedition was decided to stop, and to deliver patients to the native port.

Portuguese traveler Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521) was the first European who committed an expedition around the world. He traveled through the Atlantic Ocean, through the southern tip of South America, through the channels and surrounded by the mountains of the Bay, and then through the Pacific Ocean.

And in the end, returned to Spain, making the first world journey in the world.

Magellan was born in a notable portuguese family, and at a young age, was the royal court.

When he was 25 years old, he entered the service in the Portuguese fleet and spent the next six years, participating in military battles. In 1513, during the battle with Moors in Morocco, Magellan received a serious wound to a spear in the left knee, which led him to lifelong chromotype.

And returning to Portugal in 1514, he learned that he was accused of illicit tramp in cattle with Moors. The King of Portugal fired Magellan from the Navy, and Magellan in the hearts announced the completion of his loyalty to Portugal.

In 1517, he offered his services to the main competitor of Portugal, the Spanish King of Karl I, and began a new stage of his career as a Spanish researcher.

September 20, 1519 39-year-old Magellan and about 270 people sailed from Spain, on five ships: Trinidad, San Antonio, Concepcion, Victoria, and Santiago. Their goal was to get to the Molus Islands, along the Western route - who avoided the Cape Controlled by the Portuguese.

Courts went south-western course, crossing the Atlantic and found themselves in South America, in Rio de Janeiro, three months later. They still went south along the coast, exploring all the bays and mouths of rivers on the territory of the current Uruguay and Argentina, trying to find the shed in the Pacific Ocean. On March 31, the tired and dissatisfied crew on board three vessels raised the rebellion against his commanders.

Magellan quickly restored control over his team, as a result of which one of the captains was killed in the near battle, and the rowers were planted alone ashore.

World Travel Fernan Magellan

Finally, in October 1520, the passage was found - now known as Magellan Strait - it really led to the Pacific Ocean.

The second half of the journey passed as hard as the first.

Only three ships remained after one drowned, and the second deserted; The provisional was very small and people died from zing. Having achieved the GUAM island in 1521, Magellan was engaged in robbery villages in retaliatory natives for theft. In the same year, in the Philippine Islands, Magellan was killed in a skirmish with natives on the island of Maltan. Two of his ships continued the journey, reaching Molukskie Spice Islands in November 1521. September 8, 1522, only one ship, Victoria, whose captain was Spaniard Juan Sebastian de Elkano, got to Spain, with 17 remaining crew members.

Columbus (left) and Magellan (Right) (1480 - 1521)

The current opening of the Pacific Ocean has become around the world swimming Fernan Magellan.

Magallans (Fernando Magalhaens) is a famous Portuguese navigator (1480 - 1521).

Fernan Magellan entered the story as the first man on Earth, which made a world journey, that is, a broken globe. Born on November 20, 1480 in Portugal. Belonged to the nobility, in childhood he served as a PJ in the retinue of the Portuguese Queen, was educated, studied cosmography, navigation and astronomy. Then he entered the naval fleet.

Since 20 years old went to the first swimming in India, where he brought the portugal to the suppression of the uprising of the natives on the Peninsula Malacca.

In 1505 he served in East Africa, participated in the war with India.

Upon returning to Portugal, he lost the confidence of the king, as a result of which he retired to Spain and accepted the Spanish citizenship. F. Magellan, like Columbus, wanted to find a short way to India. He applied to a proposal for the expedition to the Portuguese king Manuel, but the project was not interested.

F. Magellan did not stop it, and the navigator, along with her friend, Astronomer Ryui Falker, convinced Karl V in existence to the south of South America a pass from the Atlantic in the Pacific Ocean, the opening of which was to deliver great benefits of Spain.

Karl V project approved.

But Magellan had to overcome many more difficulties before he had an expedition and went into the sea. The exercise of his plan in every way prevented the Portuguese ambassador under the Spanish yard Alvaru da Kat. He tried to inspire Magellan through his rigs that his project does not make sure that it was waiting for innumerable suffering that the Spanish government does not trust him as a foreigner and the royal officials appointed to the expedition will repair obstacles and follow his every step that King Manuel asks him Return to Portugal and is ready to provide him with a profitable position and t.

d. Perevnos did not affect, the Portuguese ambassador stood to the Magellan of the hired killers. And when the attempt was failed, Alvaru da Kat and his handicrafts did everything possible to disrupt the preparation of the expedition. Magellan received poor equipment, unsuitable products, spoiled products, at every step came across unforeseen difficulties. Karl V appointed Magellan by Admiral and the head of the expedition consisting of 265 people and five ships - Trinidad, San Antonio, "Concepcion", "Victoria" and "Santiago".

Finally the fees were finished.

Speaking into loyalty to the Castilian crown and forcing, in turn, to swear officers and sailors, Magellan was published on September 20, 1519 went to the distant swimming from the Harbor Sanlucar de Barramed and headed to the West.

Flotilla Magellan consisted of five ships: "Trinidad" ("Trinity") with displacement of 110 tons, on which the admiral flag was waving; "San Antonio" with displacement of 120 tons, under the supervision of the Inspector of the Fleet Juan de Cartagena; "Con-sepsion" ("conception") with displacement of 90 tons, under the superiority of Gaspara de Kesada; Victoria ("Victory") with a displacement of 85 tons, under the superior of the Treasurer of the fleet of Luis de Mendoza, and Sant-Yago with displacement of 75 tons, under the head of the "feed of his Highness" Zhura Serran.

A relatively safe swimming of Magellan lasted only a few days to the Canary Islands.

The main captain of the fleet refused to recommend the recommendation of Portuguese Locations and, reaching the latitude of the Gulf of Guinea, his Karavellas turned to the south-west. The flagship solution caused Juan de Cartagena discontent, the relative of the king, the captain "San Antoniao", appointed by Karl V inspector of the expedition. As soon as the flotilla crossed the equator, the inspector said that Fernan Magellan violates the Royal Instructions. The hot spite ended with the order of the inspector's arrest.

Cartagena lean offense.

From Equator Magellan turned to the "Earth of the Holy Cross" (Brazil), and on December 13, 1519, the fleet threw anchor in the magnificent harbor of Santa Lucia, known now as Rio de Janeiro. However, Magellan was not the first European who visited this bay, as historians believed. From 1507 to 1510 in the Book of Santa Lucia, one of Magellan's satellites lived, Zhuan Lopic Carvalha. On the ship "CONSEPION" sailed with him as a unit of his ten-year-old son, born of a woman of the Brazilian tribe Tama.

There were other Portuguese sailors in this bay.

On January 10, Karavellas entered the mouth of the La fee. For the first time, the name "Montevidi" is applied for the first time (now the capital of Uruguay is located here - Montevideo).

The great discoverer Magellan is frantically looking for a shed in the South Sea. But neither a la fee nor the Bay of San Matthias justified the expedition's hopes. When thorough search for the strait in this place was not crowned with success, Magellan led his ships even further to the south. On the path of the sailors came into all the bays, hoping to find this strait, and hunted penguins, despite the fact that the meat of these feathered is rigidly and malfunctively.

The captain decided to hide on the wintering in the harbor of San Julian.

Irony of Fate: The navigators were literally near the strait that was looking for.

Anticipating the duration of wintering and without hoping to replenish edible supplies in this harsh country, Magellan ordered to save provisions and establish a strict diet for people. It was necessary to reach the spring, without exposing the crew to great deprivation to get to more fertile places. But this measure strengthened the dissatisfaction of the sailors, and several officers standing on the side of Juan de Cartagena, decided to cause outrage.

San Julian's bay turned out to be a little fresh water.

Sailors oppressed this sad, lifeless terrain. Therefore, in mid-May, despite the bad weather, Magellan sent to the south of the Sant Yago's exploration headed by Captain Serran. In a few days, the Spaniards opened under 50 ° south latitude of the Santa Cruz River. On May 22, a strong storm rose, and the ship defeated the coastal rocks. The whole crew survived, with the exception of one sailor.

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The victims wrecked with the greatest labor reached the bay of San Julian, after which Serran was appointed captain to Conception.

After this unsuccessful attempt, Magellan decided to wait to improve the weather. Only on August 24, the flotilla left San Julian bay. Having reached the Santa Cruz River, the ships stood here for about two months. The Spaniards rested, stuck with firewood and replenished, as far as possible, edible supplies. With the onset of Spring Magellan led ships even further to the south.

Following along the coastal strip, he thoroughly examined everything emitted in search of the believed strait.

However, the further journey was not so successful. Magellan's ships fell into the strip of Antarctic storms. The team was already ready to overthrow the captain, who started them on the "edge of the world", but thanks to the power and tricks, F. Magellan managed to suppress the rebellion and restore order.

It was necessary to have willed qualities to continue swimming with people ready for their own benefit to any betrayal.

Only three vessels were included in the Strait: one died, the other was changed more than magellan and returned to Spain. The strait was passed within a month and a half and November 16, the Court of Magellan was already floating the Pacific Ocean.

It was the persistence of captain of flotilla that led to the opening of the passage from the Atlantic to the South Sea.

A wide excavation opened on 52 southern parallels, the intelligence consisting of two vessels was opened, confirmed that this was not a river - there was salted water everywhere.

From now on, the new seaway to the east was laid, and the hopes of Magellan came true. However, the epic did not end. The greatest difficulties and tragic events were still ahead.

In the immense ocean, the captain never met with a storm. The ocean was surprisingly quiet and calm.

He was called "Pacific" - "quiet", "peaceful". In the XVII century, this name was finally approved instead of the name "South Sea".

Brutal hunger and illness chased travelers. Provision reserves approached an end, most of the team was sick of quiet. Nineteen people died, about thirty for a long time left out of the order, exhausted by terrible disease.

Everyone considered themselves doomed to death. For three months and twenty days, the ships passed four thousand leagues, but the very boundless water desert was spread around the circle. During this time, only once the navigators came across rocky, fruitless islands, called the name of the Unfortunate Islands, as there was nothing that could support the forces of hungry people.

Many no longer hoped to see the land alive.

For more than three months, the ships spent in the Pacific Ocean before March 4, 1521 the Earth appeared on the horizon. These were the islands of the previously known Filipino archipelago. Here the team managed to replenish its stocks. The Spaniards were well met here in the natives, one of whose leaders, Zebu, adopted Christianity and citizenship of the Spanish king.

Magellan took part in the war of this leader against others and on April 27, 1521 fell in battle, with 56 Spaniards. So the great navigator Magellan died.

After that, Zebu changed the Spaniards and part of them changed. The rest lifted anchor and, burned one of the ships, sailed into the sea. Five ships that went swimming, only two vessels ended the mission of Fernan Magellan - they saw the islands of the spices located at the Molukki archipelago.

Ships loaded with spices went back. Trinidad went to the shores of Panama through the Pacific Ocean, Victoria - through the Indian and Atlantic Ocean in Spain. For six months, the Trinidad ship was wrapped in the waters of the Pacific Ocean and was forced to return to Molukski Islands. Sailors captured, where they died in prisons and plantations.

Karavella "Victoria" same, withsting the cruel storm at Cape of Good Hope, entered the Atlantic Ocean.

And only on September 6, 1522 in the Avantport of Seville, the residents of Sanlucar de Barramed saw a lonely Karavella. Steering, 18 exhausted people went ashore - these were the remnants of Fernan Magellan's expedition.

Fernan Magellan's journey is considered one of the greatest events of the XVI century. This expedition finally proved that the planet really has the shape of the ball, and the sailors became the first people who were able to take a world tour.

For the first time, Europeans crossed the largest of the oceans - quiet, opening the passage from the Atlantic.

All the coast of South Americk south of the La Plata, Magellan Strait, Patagonian Cordillera, the island of Guam and the Philippine Islands. In addition, the expedition found that most of the earth does not dry, as the Columbus thought and others thought, and oceans. The name of Magellan has two star clusters of large and small magtels clouds and a strait (drawing below).

Trip around the world Magellan (better drawing of the Magellan's route here).

Everything sea travel Fernana Magellan described the historiographer and participant of the Expedition of Antonio Pyfucht, who participated as a volunteer in the Magellan expedition; The publication was translated into French (3 publications) and Italian; In English there is a publication "First Voyage Round The World by Magellan" (1874).
Cm.

also: the first navigators and travelers

Born in Portugal in the noble family.

In 1517, he moved to Spain and accepted the Spanish citizenship. Another Pope Alexander VI, dividing the land by Meridian, commanded all the lands (and well-known, and not open) to the west of the Canary Islands to consider Spain's property. This circumstance and became an important reason to promote west.

An expedition was organized from five vessels (Trinidad, San Antonio, Santiago, "Consepesion" and "Victoria") under the leadership of Magellan, who came out into the sea towards Rio de Janeiro.

Moved to the south of the mainland, he opened all the Atlantic coast of South America. Motion only during the day so as not to miss the strait.

In March, the expedition had to stand up for wintering in a comfortable bay. On the same night, a riot headed by the commanders of ships began on the ships: difficulties and deprivation, which fell into their share, very much of people.

First World Travel Fernan Magellan

The rebellion was brutally depressed by Magellan himself, and in early October the fleet went to the south. In October of the same year, south of the La fee, they were reinforced with mainland and entered the bay, named after St. Julian. For about a month, he examined him, but he did not find a passage to the South Sea. On the shore of the Strait, the expedition once saw the fires of fire and Magellan called the place of fiery ground.

Soon the expedition approached the eastern mouth of the Strait, which now wears his name.

But only three vessels were included in the strait: one ship died, the San Antonio Ship team deserted, returning to Spain. The ship commander was slandered by Magellan, told the king about allegedly treason. After a month and a half, the expedition reached the Pacific Ocean.

When crossing the Atlantic, the navigator used his alarm system for the first time, and his flotilla ships never lost sight of each other.

On the remaining three ships, Magellan entered the Unknown Ocean, heated America from the south of the shed. Since the weather at this time was very good, he called the ocean tiche. Almost 4 months went on swimming, during which people had to eat cracked dust, mixed with worms, drink rotting water, there are oxides, wood sawdust and ship rats. Soon hunger and qing began, many died. Crossing the ocean, he passed at least 17 thousand km, but opened only two island - one in the Tuamot Archipelago, the other - in the Line group.

Ten days later, the Expedition of Magellan reached Philippine Islands (1521). The squad was well met by the population, and one of the local leaders - Zebu - even accepted Christianity and the Spanish citizenship. After that, Magellan intervened in the distinction of local tribes and died in one of the skits with natives. Zebu, changing the Spaniards, killed some of them. The surviving crew members fled to their ships and went out into the sea.

On three ships, only 115 people were left - people were missing, and the ship "CONSEPATION" had to burn.

For several months, ships wandered in search of the islands of spices. The Island of Tidor, the Spaniards bought a lot of cloves, a nutmeg, etc. and were divided: "Victoria" with captain Juan Elkano moved to the west around Africa, and Trinidad, who needed repair, remained.

Captain Elkano, fearing the meeting with the Portuguese, held significantly south of ordinary ways. He was the first to go through the central part of the Indian Ocean and, opening only the island of Amsterdam, proved that the "southern" mainland did not reach this latitude. On September 6, 1522, Victoria completed the world journey and returned home, a little later "Trinidad" returned. But it was brought so much spices that their sales compensated for the loss of other ships.

In addition, the expedition found out that much most of the surface of the earth is not dry, as Columbus and his contemporaries thought, and oceans. The name of Magellan has two star clusters (large and small magtels clouds) and the shed.

All the travels of Magellan described the historiographer and the participant of the Expedition of Antonio Pyfucht.

21. Results of the VGO.

As a result, the RGO was confirmed by the shag of the Earth and the unity of the World Ocean.

Continents and countries were opened, landscape parameters and ehnamic capabilities of previously famous Eastern countries were specified, primarily China and India.

There was a new information about the resources, the possibilities of two Americas and island territories.

The VGO accelerated the process of initial capital accumulation, and also marked the beginning of colonial trade and politics. In the colonies, one of the sources of the initial capital accumulation was extraconomic coercion - slavery.

Christopher Columbus at the very beginning of the epoch created the Encomendo system (slave plantations):

- slavery got widespread on gold and silver mines.

- Revolution of prices, which additionally deepened the difference in the pace of development of capitalism in different countriesoh Western Europe.

studopedia.org - Studdiadia.org - 2014-2018. (0.001 s) ...

The first world swimming under the leadership of Fernan Magellan began on September 20, 1519 and ended on September 6, 1522. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe expedition was largely repetition of the idea of \u200b\u200bColumbus: to achieve Asia, following the west. The colonization of America has not yet managed to bring significant profits unlike the colonies of Portuguese in India, and the Spaniards wanted to swim to the islands of spices and benefit. By that time it became clear that America was not Asia, but it was assumed that Asia lies relatively not far from the new world.

In March 1518, Fernan Magellan and Rui Faleir, Portuguese Astronomer, were in Seville to the Council of India, and said Molokki - the most important source of Portuguese wealth - should belong to Spain, since they are in Western, Spanish hemisphere (under the contract 1494), But it is necessary to penetrate these "islands of spices" in Western way, so as not to initiate suspicions of Portuguese, through the South Sea, open and attached Balboa to Spanish possessions. And Magellan convincingly proved that between the Atlantic Ocean and Southern sea Must be shed south of Brazil.

After a long bargaining with the Royal Advisors who spoken by the solid share of the expected income and concessions from the Portuguese, a contract was concluded: Karl 1 pledged to equip five ships and supplied the expedition to the supplies for two years. Before sailing, Faleir abandoned the company, and Magellan became the sole head of the expedition.

Magellan personally followed the loading and packaging of products, goods and equipment. Sukhari, wine, olive oil, vinegar, salt fish, dried pork, beans and beans, flour, cheese, honey, almonds, anchovies, raisins, prunes, sugar, quince, capers, mustard, beef and fig. In case of clashes, there were about 70 guns, 50 Arkebuses, 60 crossbows, 100 lat sets and other weapons. For trade, they took the matter, metal products, women's decorations, mirrors, bells and mercury (it was used as a medicine).

Magellan raised the Admiral flag on Trinidad. The captains of the rest of the courts were appointed Spaniards: Juan Cartagena - San Antonio; Gaspar Kesada - "Concepcion"; Louis Mendoza - Victoria and Juan Serrano - Santiago. The full-time composition of this flotilla was calculated in 293 people, there were still 26 freelance crew members on board, among them the young Italian Antonio Pigafetga, the historian of the expedition. In the first world swimming, an initinal team was departed: except for the Portuguese and Spaniards included representatives of more than 10 nationalities from different countries of Western Europe.

On September 20, 1519, Flotilla headed by Magellan left the port of Sanlukar de Barramed (the mouth of the Guadalquivir River).