Great navigators came out of Lisbon. The most famous travelers and their discoveries

Cape San Vicente (Cabo de São Vicente), an extreme southwest point of Europe, is the main attraction of the Portuguese province of Algarve. There are always a lot of tourists here. They are photographed, carelessly approaching the cliff itself, - "Here I am, on the edge of the world!", Landsome by German "Vurssthen" in the Kiosk "The Last Sausage in front of America", and they are cracked into the ocean smooth seventy-meter rocks. One is like a ship's nose, the other is on the narrowed language, and all together - on a clawed stone paw that wants to reach the horizon. "Slšstutam, Sshstutam ..." - Separate waves. What is there? In the south - Africa, in the West - America, will answer you any schoolboy.

Since the Cape San Vicente was for Europeans the border of the inhabited world, and they did not know either Africa (with the exception of the northern part of the mainland), nor America passed a little more than five centuries. For our planet, this is one moment. Picturesque rocksThat tourists take pictures today, have not changed, but the ideas of people about the geography of the land have changed straight.

The second half of the 15th century is considered to be the beginning of the era of great geographical discoveries: they follow one after another, as if someone pre-prepared the navigation triumph. And indeed it is! It is difficult to say how late Europe would recognize that there are other lands for immeasurable water desert, if it were not for a person whose name is not known to everyone, - Portuguese Infante Dom Nenrique O Navigator (Infante Dom Nenrique O Navigator). Just as in cinema, the audience love is getting famous for the famous actors, and the director, the true inspirer and the organizer of the act, often dwells in the shadows, in the history of the seaflings on hearing the names of the legendary discovers. Everyone heard about Vasco da Gama, Columbus, Magellane ... And about Enrique of the Marithelvater? For his life, he made only three neighboring swimming and no new lands found. Nevertheless, Enrique the navigator rightfully deserved his honorary title.

Cape San Vicente

Infant Enrique (1394-1460), the third son of the King of Portugal Juan I and Philippes Lancaster, in his youth, was distinguished with the seizure of the North African port of Ceuta (this marine campaign of 1415 laid the beginning of Portuguese expansion in North Africa). After the South Company, the infanta did not have a shortage of tempting proposals of the military and diplomatic career. However, the descendant of the Portuguese and nephew of the English kings is removed as wilderness, to the very south of Portugal, and, becoming the governor of the province of Algarve, marine expeditions are equipped with one after another. What for? To penetrate from the sea on west Coast Africa, and if lucky - find the sea route to the East, to India, where there is an abundance that in Europe is valued by the weight of gold, spices. Infant Enrique seemed to foresee the future: after in the middle of the 15th century, the Ottoman Turkis defeated Byzantium, the path east on land was closed for Europeans.

What country, if not Portugal, followed the sea path to the country of spices? "Cinderella of Europe", tailored to the most edge of the continent who has no way out to connect the peoples, has already been hugged Mediterranean Sea., Portugal is converted only to the ocean, from which, unlike the sea, there was no finish, except for fishing near the coast. WHO ARE HAVE FLOW TO SOUND along the African continent on the legendary Cape Nun (from the Portuguese "NAO" - no), if, according to an ancient authority in the field of Ptolemy geography, Africa is a deadly desert - approached the Antarctic Ice and it is impossible to encourage it. An even more hopeless way to the West on the limitless ocean, sising unprecedented monsters.

Marine Cranks. Illustration from "Cosmogarfia" Sebastian Münster. 1550 year

But not only superstition and fear of the unknownness did not give sailboats to leave far from. It was no less difficult to go to the ocean swimming for sailors than for a modern person to make a space flight. The art of shipments was in decline, the experience of antiquity sailors and the Vikings, which came at the end of the 10th century to North Americawas thoroughly forgotten. Ship imperfection, lack good cards And more or less accurate navigation instruments, ineptful and childish sailors, "I encountered Enrique when I started my sea expeditions. What was done? Learn navigation!

How interesting and configuring this strange prince ... His motto was the words "talent to the good achievements." Stern and ascetic, he did not acquire a family and in 1420 he became the Supreme Master of the Knight's Order of Christ, the successor to the Templars dissolved in 1312. Infant Enrique was a romantic dreamer, greedily listening to the stories of captains about the distant lands, a fanatical missionary, striving to spread Christianity, a tough business, who has established a successful trade in African slaves. But the main thing - he was an intelligent organizer and a turning researcher. Reaching in Sagresh (Sagres), a little east of Cape San Vicente, Enrique Maja Plant created the first navigation school in Europe.

This is how it describes her Stafan Tsweig in the novel "Magellan. Man and his act "(1938):

"According to, perhaps, romanticizing reports of Portuguese chronicles, he commanded to deliver books and atlases from all parts of the world, called on the Arab and Jewish scientists and instructed them the manufacture of more accurate navigation instruments and tables. Each sailor, every captain who returned from the swim, he called to himself and asked in detail. All this information was carefully stored in the secret archive, and at the same time he equipped a number of expeditions. Reusually promoted infant Enrique Development of shipbuilding; For several years, the former Barcas - small open fish boats, whose team consists of eighteen people, are transformed into a real NaOS (Portuguese carriage name - MA) - Sustainable ships with displacement of eighty, even one hundred tons, capable and in stormy weather to swim in Open sea. This new, long-range type of ship led to the emergence of a new type of sailors. To help theft is the "Master of Astrology" - a specialist in a navigation case, able to understand Portulanians ( navigation maps - MA), to determine the deviation of the compass, celebrate the Meridian on the map. The theory and practice are creatively merged together, and gradually in these expeditions from ordinary fishermen and sailors grow a new tribe of the seavals and researchers, which are boring in the coming. "

Portuguese Karavel

From 1416 to the death of Infanta in 1460, dozens of ships went to the ocean in his will and on its (and actually the Order of Christ) funds. Ships went on a way from a comfortable harbor in Lagos (Lagos), which east of Sagresh. The first navigation was performed on one-one barks, from the 1440s - on three-person karavels with oblique "Latin" sails. On White Sails, Karavel was labeled the scarlet cross - the sign of the Order of Christ.
Captains did not dare to turn back: an infant infant was dismissed for them is terrible than any marine mousse. Why Enrique did not personally participate in swimming, it remains not fully clear. It may have been believed that the part of royal blood was to swim only with the military, and not with research objectives. Perhaps the infant himself believed that he was needed on land, than in the sea.

Nuno Gonzalves. Altar San Vicente (1456-67).
Right in the second row - Enrique navigator

On infanta Enrique and about the school navigation on the secluded shore, legends went among contemporaries. What to talk about later times when, after the pirated raids and the great Lisbon earthquake, 1755, there was no trace from school - only a strange stone disk resembling a rose of winds. They write that Enrique was a cripple, a gloomy hunchburn, that he never went to the sea at all that the navigation school did not exist at all that a certain secret order acted under the hollow of the school ...

Portrait of an enrique navigator.
Fragment of the Altar San Vicente.

But back to reality. What were the results of expeditions? It may seem that in a number of stunning discoveries of the next decades they are rather modest. Approximately as a flight to the moon in comparison with landing on Mars. But it was these swims that became the first step towards the conquest of the ocean. In 1419, the island of Madeira (in general, by chance, the ships would not be perfected so far to swim to the West, if they were not taken by storm), in 1427, Dioi Salves reached Azores. In 1460, Dioi Gomes opened some Islands of Cape Verde archipelago. After many unsuccessful attempts in 1434, the captain lived Eanish was able to move to the south along the African mainland, encroaching the fatal Cape Bohador (26 ° north latitude). Cape for a long time seemed an insurmountable obstacle, because in this place was far away from the sea, and remove from the shore to get around, sailors were not solved. The chronicles report that the captain brought infanta from this significant swimming wild roses, torn south of Cape Bohador (Cabo Bojador).

Slave market in lagus

The psychological frontier was taken, and the following expeditions were moving further to the south. By 1444, Karavella from Lagusa passed the southern border of the Sahara and reached fertile and populated coast Africa. The dream came true to Enrique to penetrate the African mainland, bypassing the desert by the sea! Since that time, the sailing along the African coast has become purely commercial - gold, "White Gold" - Elephant Bone and "Black Gold" - slaves were brought to Portugal. The slave market in Lagus flourished. Alas, and here infant was the first in Europe!

Enrique The navigator did not see the main fruits of his efforts. In 1486, Bartolome Diash reached the southern tip of the African continent and turned it. Vasco (Vashka) da Gama (indicating that he was born in the same 1460, when Enrique died) fulfilled his infantal infanta and in 1498, it was commissioned to Calcutta in Africa. In 1500, Pedru Alvaresh Kabral opened Brazil. Portuguese navigators made something about infant Enrique and could not think: in 1543 they got to Japan! The achievements of Portugal could be even more significant if the King Zhuan I did not reject in 1485. The proposal of the Columbus Genoese, and King Manuel I in 1515 - the project of his compatriot Ferno Magalyesh, who, already as Fernando Magellan, moved to Spain. As a result of the navigation, Columbus and Magellan was accomplished under the Spanish flag and for the Spanish crown.

Monument to Enrique to the navigator in Lagus.

From the "Cinderella of Europe", Portugal has become a queen of the seas, but not long: its decline began in the 16th century. The era of great geographical discoveries is the highest takeoff in the history of this country. Portugal remembers who is obliged to the fact that it became a springboard for mankind in the Atlantic, and honor the navigator enrike. In 1960, the 500th anniversary of the death of Infanta, two monuments were installed in Portugal. The first is a monument to Enrique to the navigator in historical center Lagush, near the embankment of the river, according to which his ships went into the ocean. About how Infant Enrique looked in the mature years, we know thanks to the Portuguese artist Nuno Gonzalweš. In the grand altar of San Vicente (1456-67), there is a portrait of an enrique of the navigator, with an accuracy of recreated by a lifetime miniature from the "Chronicle of the conquest of Guinea" 1453. Empodded in dark bronze, Enrique appears the same as Nuno Gonzalves depicted, - Gordy, smart, strict.

Monument to the discoverers in Lisbon.

Monument to the discoverers in Lisbon.

The second monument is "Padrao Dos Descobrimentos" (monument to the discoverers) - installed on the embankment of Lisbon, at the mouth of the River Tejo. This is the 52th meter tower in the form of Karavella, on board the famous Portuguese: kings, knights, priests, captains, cartographers, artists, poets. Among them are Vasco da Gama, Louis de Kamoens (Luis Di Kamokhins), author of the "Louisiada" poem, the opening of India, Fernando Magalyash-Magellan, an artist Nuno Gonzalves. On both sides, the deck of the shapes are streamlined, and ahead, on the nose of the vessel, is an enrique navigator with the caravella model in his hands. He looks there, where the Temie falls into the ocean, as if he is trying to see unknown land outside the horizon: in the south - Africa, in the West - America.

Marina Agranovskaya
Photo by the author

Fada Mar Português on the verses of Fernando Pessoa

Not only a country with a wonderful climate and magnificent beaches, but also with a centuries-old glorious story. The past of Portugal was noted by a perennial igm of various conquerors, and from the beginning of the XV century, she sends the status of the colonial empire. A small state in the south-west of Europe, with the territory of just a twice as many of the Moscow region, owned by the colonies on the Western and Eastern Coast of Africa, in the east of India. And the biggest colony was located in South America - Brazil.

The foundations of marine and colonial domination on the west coast of Africa laid the son of King Juan I, Enrique. Starting from 1415 to his death in 1460, he organized several expeditions, the result of which was the colonization of the coast from the North Africa to the Equator. In addition to capturing and research, the land of Portuguese interested in drawing up cards and dissemination of Christianity.

The result was impressive - courts with gold and slaves were reached into the country. Enrique got a monopoly on the slave trade. At the same time, the expeditions gave impetus to the development of shipbuilding, they needed ships capable of delivering a large amount of cargo.

The state economy, as you know, defines its policies. Portugal exports in those years was not great. They grown in the country, and they are growing still, wheat and maize, olives and almonds, grapes and citrus. But the main obstacle for active foreign trade was geographical position Countries: She was away from the existing trading paths. The search for new trading routes was vital. And these routes were found.

Portuguese navigators was opened india . In 1487, the Expedition Bartolomeo Dysol, sailing along the western coast, discovered south coast Africa. Before this discovery it was believed that Africa stretches far to the south. So the cape was discovered Good Hope, hopes for the opportunity to find the sea route to the desired India with its wealth.

This path was found in ten years by sailors Vasco da Gama. At the same time, East Africa and the West Coast of India, the current Goa, were opened and applied to the land of Earth.

The largest Portuguese colony, Brazil, in 1500 discovered an expedition to Pedru Alvaress Kabral. Famous Florentica and Spanish Mariaptor Amerigo Vespucci for five years, from 1500 to 1504, served on the Portuguese Fleet. With the experience of sailing to the shores of America on Spanish ships in 1499, he made his contribution to the study of Brazil by Portuguese.

The opening of the expedition led by the Portuguese Fernan Magellan was practically confirmed by the Earth's Sharo-shaped form. In 1519, his ships moving along eastern coast South America, found the strait between the mainland and the archipelago Fire Earth, Magellan Strait.

The meaning of the great geographical discoveries of Portuguese navigators is extremely high, their honor and glory belongs to Portugal forever.

Yuri Trifonov

Porto is one of the oldest Portuguese cities. The name of the country formed from the merger of two words is also happening: Latin "Portus" - "Port" and Greek "Kalos" - "beautiful."

Thus, two settlements were called, once located on the banks of the Douro River. Greek on the right, and Roman on the left. The left and right bank of the port connect six bridges. One of them was designed by Gustav Eiffel, the author of the Eiffel Tower.

Porto is the birthplace of Heinrich Morzavitel. Thanks to this, the prince of Portugal in the XV century entered the era of great geographical discoveries. Portuguese sailors opened the land for the Christian world lying in thousands of miles from Europe, and subjugated to the Portuguese monarchs of the territory, many times extensive of their European possessions.

Porto, according to many, - the most scenic city Portugal. And it is impossible to disagree with it. By narrow it, it can be wandering for hours. And everywhere felt the port of the port with the sea. And it's not only in the air, impregnated with the smell of iodine ... Even on urban areas here - not familiar with all pigeons, but seagulls ...

Most of the Portuguese border passes through the sea, so the sea traditions for Portugal is not an empty sound. In this country, much is connected with the sea, in particular its name. The sea is not only sea battles, long-distance hiking, unknown countries and endless beaches. The sea is also fishing And fishermen.

Fisheries for centuries played such an important role in the life of Portuguese, which in one of the modern areas of the port they established the only one in their kind monument - a monument of the fishing network.

In recent years, Portugal polls much less fish than before, the European Union introduced strict quotas. But no matter how deficiency it has led. And in every seaside city or village, there is a market where they sell the freshest fish today's catch.

That's what I couldn't imagine, so this is what the Portuguese fish market, in the farthland of the Algarve, will be so quiet and calm.

A variety of assortment amazing imagination. Favorite local fish - dried cod, as the Portuguese speak Bakalau. Oddly strange it sounds, bring it from Norway. And generally always brought from Nordic countries. A cod quota is highlighted small, so you have to carry from Scandinavia.

From morning kilogram Sardin costs four euros, and in the evening - already two. The people comes victory and buy all in bulk, so nothing disappears.

Large fishing vessels go to the fishery in almost any weather - and in the calm, and in the storm. For the owners of small boats, today's excitement means forced simple. But they had time to thoroughly check tackles and put them in order.

Some of the fishermen really believed with gear. But the vast majority of the sea workers use unexpected leisure more pleasant ways. They fill the coastal zucchini, where they drink beer and cut into cards.

And the storm, by the way, lasts the fourth day. And all these days they will probably speak in the morning wives that went to work. In one zucchin, the fisherman advised me to get acquainted with Sebastian. He is the oldest fisherman. In the sea went back at the dictator of Salazar. Why, there, Salazar is an old man Sebastian, according to the stories of the same seaman, a fish caught with Henrich Seaflifer.

The history of Portugal is inextricably linked with the epoch of great discoveries. In the XV century, he focused on land, the Portuguese wanted still to have complete domination at the sea. Attempts to study the seas and oceans began. This era was opened by Prince Enrique, the legendary Heinrich navigator.

The younger son of the Portuguese king Juan I did not accidentally get nicknamed navigator. Settling on the Sagresh peninsula, he gathered around him cartographers, astronomers and shipbuilders. And in the local fortress opened the School of Waving.

In 1416, it was found to start long and well-organized maritime expeditions under the leadership of Henry Maritavochor. It should be noted that Heinrich himself for the navigator, as it does not sound a paradoxically, never went to the sea. He was only the organizer of these campaigns.

For many years, the Lighthouse, built on the Cape Sau-Vincent, near Sagresh, helped sailors not to break about the rock. Now it's just a monument. Its height is 61 meters, and the ray length is 90 km. This is the biggest lighthouse in Europe.

Heinrich Maudzhetser informed his captains: "No danger that will meet you can not be more waiting for you awards." After the death of Heinrich, distant expeditions, which he laid the beginning did not stop. One of them, in July 1497, went to search for a sea route to India.

It continued the case of Heinrich Seavwater Young court noble origin of Vasco da Gama. Only he actually took part in marine campaigns. Yes, Gama became the first European, who had a good hope of a good hope and reached the shores of India on the ship. In Portugal, he returned with hundreds of Indian spice bags, which were valued in Europe more than gold.

Five hundred and overnight years ago, on the site of the San Zheronimush monastery was the chapel of Heinrich Mariable Major. In her, Vasco da Gama prayed to India to India. And here, on his return, he was met by King Manuel I. In honor of the opening of the sea route to India, this monastery was laid. Sun, in the monastery of San Zheronimush, and were in the end the remains of Vasco da Gama were postponed.

The greatest poet of Portugal Luis Di Kamoens was buried in the same walls, which devoted the journey of the famous navigator the poem "Luziad".
Yes Gama died during his third campaign to India in 1524. Initially, he was buried in the city of Kochin, in the first Catholic Cathedral built by Portuguese in India. There still shown his empty grave.

Opening new lands, the Portuguese navigators declared their property of the Portuguese crown. Already by the end of the XVI century, Lisbon was subject to a whole empire, stretching from Brazil in the West to the Chinese coast in the East.

On all this space, Grozny Forts are scattered - like towering over the priest, the capital of the current republic Cape Verde, and before the seventies of the last century - the Portuguese colony of the island of Green Cape.

The guns of these forts helped keep in humility the local population and reflect the encroachment of other European powers, more than once trying to impose a hand on the colonies of Portuguese.

Living memory about the era of the great geographical discoveries and arising from the colonial empire arising from the colonial empire is the islands of the portuguese-speaking Christian culture, integrated into a decarly foreign environment.

So in the Chinese aomer, the former Portuguese colony of Macau, the sculptures of Madonna "" and the Catholic saints are hardly more than Buddhist statues.

In Malaysian Malacca there is a quarter where all signs in Portuguese, and in the courtyards of houses there are Catholic altars. Descendants of Portuguese live here. However, Portuguese blood flowing in their veins is so diluted by Malaysian, which externally they do not differ from the indigenous population.

Brazil is a huge fragment of the Portuguese Empire, and an area, and a multiple of the former Metropoline. And nevertheless, the symbol of Rio de Janeiro is a statue of Christ - an accurate copy of the sculpture that Lisbon decorates.

Macau, Malacca, Cape Verde, Rio de Janeiro and many other points on globeWhere people of different races speak Portuguese, are separated from Portugal a thousand kilometers of sea routes. The feat of the people who are given these ways, worthy of admiration. After all, they swam on ships that are not very superior to the size of the present fishing barcasses.

Atlantic Ocean (1419-1507)

From the VIII to the XV century, the Venetian and neighboring maritime republics held a monopoly on European trade with the Middle East. The Great Silk Road and the Spice Road, for which spices, incense, medicinal herbs, medicine themselves and opium, made these medieval cities-states are fabulous rich. The spices were the most expensive and demanded goods in the Middle Ages, were widely used in medicine, religious rituals, cosmetics, perfumes, as well as taste additives and for conservation. All of them were imported from Asia and Africa. Muslim merchants, mainly descendants of Arab navigators from Yemen and Oman, controlled sea routes through Indian Ocean, by overfilling the product coming from its locations on Far East In India, mainly in the skin, and then transported it to the West to Ormuz on the shores of the Persian Gulf and in Jidda on the Red Sea. Hence the land routes they followed mediterranean coast. Venetian merchants sold these goods further throughout Europe before the elevation of the Ottoman Empire, which happened after the fall of Constantinople in 1453, cutting off Europeans from mixed marine and land trading paths.

Forced to roll their activity in the Black Sea region, as well as because of the war with Venice, Genoa returned to North African grain trading, olive oil (which was also used for lighting) and the search for silver and gold. Europeans experienced a constant shortage of silver and gold, as the coins moved only in the direction from Europe, spent on the eastern trading, which was now cut off. Several European workings were already exhausted, the lack of gold and silver bars led to the development of a complex banking system for trading risk management (the first State Bank, San George Bank, was created in Genoa in 1407). Making a swimming also to the port of Bruges (Flanders) and in England, the Genoese community also settled in Portugal, which began to benefit from their enterprises and financial transactions.

For the first ocean journey, Western Europeans used a compass, and also enjoyed the latest achievements of cartography and astronomy. Arab navigation devices, such as astrolabe and quadrant, were used for navigation. For European swimming, as a rule, portulas were used in close proximity to the shore. These cards marked well-known routes marked by coastal reference points: the navigators floated through each of the previously known items, following the indication of the arrow of the compass, defining their location by landmarks.

Portuguese geographical discoveries

In 1297, after the completion of the reconquists in Portugal, the King of Dinish I drew his attention to foreign trade and in 1317 he concluded an agreement with the Genoese merchant Manuel Pesiano, appointing him the first admiral of the Portuguese Fleet, the purpose of which was the protection of the country from Pirates-Muslims. The outbreak of the epidemic of the bubonic plague led to a decrease in the population of the country in the second half of the XIV century, it contributed to the increase in the importance of the sea coast, where most of Population was engaged in fishing and trade. In 1325-1357, Afonus IV Portuguese patronized maritime trade and sent the first expeditions to the Atlantic Ocean. Canary IslandsThe already famous for the Genoeseians were declared officially open by the Portuguese Expedition in 1336, but in 1344 the Castillas challenged the rights of Portugal on them, intensifying their influence on the sea.

In 1415, Ceuta was captured by Portugal, which sought to obtain control over navigating the African coast. Infant Enrique (Heinrich), subsequently nicknamed by the navigator for the fact that he dedicated the life of the organization of research maritime expeditions (although he himself did not participate in these expeditions), was well aware of the profitability and prospects of Trans Scarecrove. For centuries, trading paths for which slaves and gold and those who connected West Africa with Mediterranean through Western Sahara were controlled by hostile Portugal Muslim states of North Africa.

Enrique wanted to know how far Muslim possessions extend to the south of Africa, expecting to beat it and establish maritime trade with West Africa, finding allies in the legendary Christian states to the south, in particular the lost Christian kingdom of Presbyter John, and also wanted to find out whether it is possible to get into Far estate, sources of precious spices, by sea. He financed the Sea Expeditions south from Mauritania, attracting merchants, shipowners and other interested in the opening of new trading paths. Soon were opened in the Atlantic Ocean of Madeira (1419) and the Azores (1427).

At that time, the Europeans did not know that Nun was behind Cape on the coast of modern Morocco, and unfolded their ships at once, as soon as he was reached. Vintage marine myths called this Cape the limit for navigation, warned about ocean monsters, unsuitable for swimming the sea and the scorching sun, which would destroy any ship, watched to swim for this cape, but the seating of Prince Enrique neglected them: Starting from 1421, they regularly swim over His, and in 1434, one of the captains Enrique, eneesh, he hung Cape Bohador.

A large technological jump was the appearance in the middle of the XV century Karavella, a small ship capable of mailing sailing onwards than other European ships of that time. It became the development of Portuguese fishing vessels, she became the first ship, which was able to go beyond the boundaries of the usual coastal coastal swimming pools and safely go out into the open ocean. For navigation, the portuguese used ephemerides, this method has passed a significant development in the XV century. These tables produced a revolution in navigation, allowing the breadth of breadth. Nevertheless, the exact calculation of longitude has been unavailable for navigators for several centuries. Regular swimming on Karavellah became farther, on average, the navigators moved south to one degree per year. The coast of Senegal I. Green Cape In 1445, Dinishev Diash was achieved in 1445, and in 1446 Alvara Fernandys had reached the shores of modern Sierra Leone.

Constantinople's fall in 1453 and the transition of the city under the control of the Ottoman Empire was a strong blow for the Christian world, and trading paths to the East for Europe closed. In 1455, Dad Nicholas V published Bulla Romanus Pontifex, which reinforced the previous Bulla dum Diversas (1452), and passed all the land and sea, open on Cape Bohador, to possess the Portuguese king Afonus V and his heirs, as well as trade and conquest at Muslims and pagans, which was the beginning of the policy of mare clausum in the Atlantic. The king, who learned from the Genoesers about the sea route to India, ordered from Fra Mauro Map of the world, which arrived in Lisbon in 1559.

In 1456, Diogu Gomeres reached the banks of the Cape Verde archipelago. In the subsequent decade, several captains in the Prince Enrique service, including the Genoese Antonio Da Naly and Venetian Alozia Kada-Mosto, discovered the remaining islands that were mastered in the XV century. In the 1460s, the Portuguese opened the Gulk Gulf Coast, rich in gold and ivory.

Portuguese studies after the death of Prince Enrique

In 1461-1462, Pedro De Sintra reached the shores of Sierra Leone and gave names to many geographic objects. Prince Enrique died in November 1460, after which the financing of expeditions ceased until in 1469, Lisbon merchant Fernan Gomisch did not receive a monopoly on trade with the Guinean bay in exchange for an obligation to investigate 100 miles to the south every year. With its financing of Zhuan de Santaren, Peru Eshkobar, Lupo Gonzalves, Fernan de Po and Pedro de Sintra did even more than he promised. They reached the southern hemisphere and the islands of the Gulf of Guinea, including Sao Tome and Principe in 1471. In the southern hemisphere they used to navigate the constellation of the South Cross.

In the area, alluvial gold with Arabic and Berber merchants began in this area, and in 1481, Zhuan II began to build the factor of San George-da Min on the Golden Coast. In 1482, Diogu Kan opened the mouth of the Congo River, and in 1486 reached Cape Crosse (modern Namibia).

In 1488, the Expedition Bartolomeu Diash reinforced the Southern Cape Africa, who called "Cabo Das Tormentas), anchored in the bay of Mossel Bay. And then headed east to the mouth of a large fish river, hitting the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic. At the same time, Peru Da Covilian, secretly sent by the king on land in search of the presbyter John and "Land of Spices", reached India and Ethiopia, where he collected important information About the Red Sea and the coast of Kenya and found out that the sea route in Ost-India is possible. Soon, Cape Storms was renamed Zhuan II to "Cape of Good Hope", since the possibility of the sea route to India opened optimistic prospects for trade, and also refuted the views that existed from the time of Ptolemy that the Indian Ocean was surrounded by land.

Lisbon is located on the northern shore of the River Temie.

At the site of the current capital was the main settlement of the Iberian tribe of Lusitan. In the second century BC e. Lisbon was captured by the Romans, in the V-VII centuries belonged to Westges, in 714 captured by the Moors. In 1147, the city was wanted by Mavrov, and he became part of the Portuguese kingdom. Since 1260, Lisbon is the capital of Portugal.

To better learn about the history of the city and the country, you need to start a trip from the monastery complex, where many centuries ago, Portuguese caravels went to their famous swimming.

First, on the site of the monastery was the small chapel of Heinrich Seavwater. With the name of this Portuguese Prince Enrique, the son of King Juan I, is associated with the beginning of great geographical discoveries. He himself - in spite of the nicknamed - never floated, but, by creating a navigation school in Sugresche, where he collected the best maritime experts from all over Europe, in every way encouraged the development of seaworth. In his youth, in 1415, Enrique participated in the seizure of the bustle of the first European colony on the Black Continent, and when he was already in adulthood, expanded his possessions to Madeira and the Azores and began promoting south along the Western shores of Africa. In this monastery in a small chapel prayed before sailing in July 8, 1497, here he met King Manuel I after a glorious return in 1499. In gratitude for the opening of the way to India and at the expense of the treasure that the navigator brought, Manuel I in 1500 began the construction of the monastic complex.

The triumphal temple of the monastery is at the same time the tomb. It is the sarcophages of Vasco da Gama, Louis De Kamoens, the greatest Poets of Portugal. In the cathedral there is a monument to King Sebashtian, who in 1578 moved by a cross campaign against Mavrov in. The detachment was broken, and the king himself disappeared. But still in Portugal there is a brave knight.

In Lisbon, a lot resembles the former imperial majesty of the country. The solemn area of \u200b\u200bthe city, which overlooks the waters of Temue, is the name of Prasse-do Commeri - after all, maritime trade played a huge role in the life of the country.

Not far from the Belen Tower is a grand monument to the openers. Under it, in the middle of the square - a huge mosaic map of the Earth, on which the names and dates record the discovery around the world made by the Portuguese. And from the high opposite shore, Lisbon looks like a colossal white statue of Christ, erected by folk donations in 1962.

Lisbon is similar to many european capital. With their Champs Elysees - Avenida da Liberdady and Pedestrian Arbat - Rua Augushta. All this is in the "Lower city". There are a district of banks in Lisbon, the type of City, a huge tribune for the bloodless Portuguese Corrida and the stadium, collecting fans of the Lisbon football club "Benfica".

From the west " Nizhny city"Restricts Bairra-Altu -" Upper Quarter ". The rise in Bairra-Altu can be made using a single lift of the filigree metal structure of the "Santa Jupt" of the work of the Eiffel. Upstairs - the oldest Lisbon quarter of Alfam, where you get into the medieval confusion of streets, alleys and aisles. Alphaba is the former Moorish quarter, poor people live here.