Travelers who opened South America. Study of South America

23.09.2019

The opening of South America is directly connected with the name of Christopher Columbus - the famous navigator who was looking for India.

His searches continued for about a month, three ship "Pint", "Santa Maria" and "Ninia" left Spain in 1492 to cross the Atlantic Ocean. Then Columbus saw the land, which is now the Bahamas.

South America's opening history

Then the famous navigator was confident that he was located in Asia, and called Islands West India - West India. After the discovery of the navigator was made by three more maritime travel.

And only in 1498, Columbus visited South America - he landed on the shore, located opposite the island of Trinidad. Columbus was confident that he opened India.

The real opening of South America happened with the help of another navigator - Amerigo Vespucci. This happened at the beginning of the 16th century, when the Italian participated in the journey to the shores of the West Indies.

Then Vespucci realized that his predecessor was not discovered by India, but an unknown mainland, which was then called the new world. The name went on behalf of Vespucci himself - the territory was called Amerigo land, which later turned into America.

The proposal to call the mainland just that came from the German scientist Valdzemueller. Subsequently, the name of Columbus was named one of the countries in South America.

Story Study Study

The value of the opening of the mainland of South America is still spoken. Indeed, in those days, the inhabitants of Europe had nothing known about the other part of the world, and the brave travel of Columbus forever changed the ideas of humanity about our planet. This is the largest geographical discovery.

But after the discovery, a long process of colonization began. After it became known about the opening of the new lands of Columbus, the conquerors who wanted to find incredible treasures, wealth and assign their land there. These conquerors were called conquistadors.

But in order to fulfill their ideas, they needed to exterminate and enslave the indigenous population of South America. This process was accompanied by constant looting and devastation of newly open territories.

At the same time, many geographical studies of new lands took place with the conquest: the coastal maps were created, long transitions on land.

One of the important points in the history of the development of South America is the expedition of the scientist Alexander Humboldt. The German researcher was aimed at learning the nature of the mainland and explore its indigenous population.

His works are priceless - he described the nature surrounding him, studied about 12 thousand plants and even created a map of South America, which can be called geological.

He conducted so in-depth studies for 20 years that the book written later was called by the book almost the second discovery of America.

This work is of particular scientific importance, as the studies of the German scientist are extensive and relate to many geographical factors.

South America's opening is directly related to the name of Christopher Columbus - the famous navigator who was looking for India. The search continued for about a month, the three ships "Pint", Santa Maria and Nigna left Spain in 1492 to cross the Atlantic Ocean. Then Columbus saw the land, which is now the Bahamas. The famous navigator was confident that he was located in Asia, and called the islands of Western India - West India. After the discovery of the navigator was made by three more maritime travel.

And only in 1498, Columbus visited South America - he landed on the shore, located opposite the island of Trinidad. Columbus was confident that he opened India.

The proposal to call the mainland just that came from the German scientist Valdzemueller. Subsequently, the name of Columbus was named one of the countries in South America. But the value of the opening of the mainland of South America is still talking. Indeed, in those days, the inhabitants of Europe had nothing known about the other part of the world, and the brave travel of Columbus forever changed the ideas of humanity about our planet. This is the largest geographical discovery.

At the same time, many geographical studies of new lands took place with the conquest: the coastal maps were created, long transitions on land.

His works are priceless - he described the nature surrounding him, studied about 12 thousand plants and even created a map of South America, which can be called geological.

He conducted so in-depth studies for 20 years that the book written later was called by the book almost the second discovery of America.

This work is of particular scientific importance, as the studies of the German scientist are extensive and relate to many geographical factors.

Russian scientists were engaged in the study of South America. For example, Botany Vavilov investigated the origin of many cultivated plants in 1932-1933. Motherland for these plants is South America.

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All the themes of this section:

Geographical position of South America
South America is completely in the Western Hemisphere. Most of it is located south of the equator. The mainland lerses the southern tropical. He is strongly stretched from north to south, stretching over more than

South America's relief characteristic
The relief of South America is clearly distinguished by the flat-polar platform of the Underman East and the Mountain Andyian West, corresponding to the moving orogenic belt. South American raising

General characteristic of the climate of South America
Natural conditions of South America are diverse and contrast. According to the nature of the structure of the surface on the mainland, two parts are distinguished. In the east for the most part, lowland, elevated plains dominate

Internal Water South America - General Characteristics
Features of the relief and climate of South America predetermined its exceptional wealth of surface and underground waters, a huge amount of drain, the presence of the largest river of the globe - AMA

River Parana and Uruguay
The second largest river system of South America includes the Parana River with Paraguay and Uruguay, having a common mouth. The system (La Platys) has received its name from the same hygantic estuary

Orinoko River
The third largest river of South America - Orinoco. Its length is 2730 km, the pool area is over 1 million km2. Orinoco originates on Guiangian Highlands. Its origin was discovered and explored by the French ex

Natural zones of South America - General characteristics
In connection with the predominance on the continent of a roast wet climate, forests and relatively little deserts and semi-deserts are widespread here. On both sides of the Equator in the Amazon basin is located

Characteristics of Amazonian forests
Amazon's rainforests or Amazon jungle are located on an extensive, almost flat, plain, covering almost the entire Amazon River basin. Actually, the forest occupies 5.5 million square kilome

Recreational capabilities of the natural zones of South America
The South American zone is extensive in the area and internally diverse. It should be noted a number of features characterizing this zone: 1) Most of the zone is located in tropical and antiquation

Geographical position of Australia
Australia is the only country of the world, which occupies the territory of the whole mainland, as well as about. Tasmania and adjacent islands. The country is located in the southern and eastern hemispheres, washed mo

Opening and study of Australia
Historical - the geographical essay on the discovery, settlement and economic Development Australia Opening History and Research Australia The first penetration of Europeans on the land located south-east

Geological structure, relief, minerals of Australia
In the geological past, the main part of the mainland territory was with Africa part of The mainland Gondwana, from which Australia separated by the end of the Mesozoic. The basis of modern M.

Characteristics of the climate of Australia
Australia is located in the southern hemisphere, and the seasons are opposed to European. However, the concept of four seasons can be applied only to the southern part of Australia, in the north the mainland dominates

Features of the inland waters of Australia
Australia is poor in surface waters, which is associated with the domination on the mainland of a dry tropical and subtropical climate, lack of high mountains With snow and glaciers. In Australia, few rivers and oz

Characteristics of the natural zones of Australia. The originality of the organic world of the mainland
Natural zones. If you compare accommodation natural zones Australia and Africa, will find that in Australia, as well as in Africa, a large area occupy Savannan zones and tropical

Geographical location, the origin of the islands and the nature of Oceania
Oceania is the largest cluster of the islands in the central and western parts of the Pacific Ocean. Islands of it are scattered from subtropical latitudes of northern to temperate latitudes of the southern

Effect of Natural Terms of Australia and Oceania on Tourism Development
Australia and Oceania are becoming increasingly attractive areas of international tourism. Australia is a country holding a whole continent. In the country is relatively small on numerically

Antarctica - geographical position, discovery, research, modern status
Geographers distinguish the concepts of "Antarctica" and "Antarctica". The name "Antarctica" comes from the Greek words "anti" - against, "Arcticos" - Northern, i.e. lying against the northern polar land

Features of Nature Antarctica
Antarctica is the coldest mainland of the planet. Under the conditions of the polar night, it is strongly angry. And in the summer, the Ice and Snow Pokrov Antarctica reflects nearly 90% of solar radiation

In 1500, Kabral went to India, but he was too devoted to the West, he fell into a powerful flow and it issued him to unfamiliar shores. New earth He called Terra de Santa Cruz. Soon the Portuguese discovered a valuable red tree there, which the Portuguese called Brazil. The country received a new name Terra to Brazil. Now we call her Brazil.

The proposal to call the mainland America came from the German cartographer Waldzemueller. Subsequently, the name of Columbus was named one of the countries in South America.

Pizarro took several attempts to sailing along the shores of South America in search of rich countries. However, only in 1528, Luck smiled in Pisarro. Swipping the Equator, his detachment landed somewhere on the coast of Ecuador or Peru. In one place, they welcomed the Woman's Woman, and by how she kept her approximate how many gold and silver were on them, they realized that they were in very rich edges.

With a detachment of 400 people, he rushed to the conquest of the country unknown to him. It turned out to be the Great Empire Inca. Despite the inequality of the forces, he managed to capture the Supreme Ruler of the Incas and subordinate the country

The first European crossed all the mainland was Francisco de Orelian. He served as Pisarro, and then went to search fabulous country El Dorado. Eldorado failed to find, but he went to the upper agents of Amazon. Here the ship was built on which Orelian reached the Atlantic Ocean

In 1799, Humboldt and his satellite Eme Bonplan landed in the city of Kuman on the northeast coast of South America. The researchers assumed to rise up the Orinoco River deep into the mainland, to find out if Orinoco with Amazon connects.

Exploring the influx of Orinoco - the Kasikiaar River, travelers discovered that she flows into Rio-Negro, Amazon's influx. The merit of Humboldt is that he gave scientific description interesting phenomenonwhich is called the bifurcation of the river, its split. As a result of this journey, a map of the Orinoco region and Rio-Negro was created, which had not only scientific, but economic significance.

In 1801, Bonplan and Humboldt investigated the western part of the mainland, Equatorial Andes, volcanoes, vegetable belts on mountain slopes. They rose to the Volcano Chimbraso, who was considered then the highest point The globe, and although they have not reached its vertex (6272 m), but broke the recovery for that time - 5881 m.

A significant contribution to the study of Brazil was made by the Russian Expedition of Academician Gregory Ivanovich Langsdorf. In 1821-1828 She studied Brazilian Highlands, the right tributaries of the Amazon and penetrated such areas where Europeans did not go.

Expedition members brought to their homeland large material on geography, flora, fauna and ethnography and a collection of live plants for botanical Garden. Grigory Ivanovich Langsdorf described the classes and customs of many Indian tribes in detail.

French expedition 1843-1847. Under the leadership of França Castelino investigated the large territories of South America. From Rio de Janeiro, the expedition members were held on the Brazilian Highlands to the West, examining the Plateau MATU Grosu, where the origins of the Paraguay River are castelly installed. Then they crossed the Grand Charac area in the central part of the mainland. In Bolivia, Castelno investigated the deserted Central Andyian Pune, visited the lakes of Popo and Titicaca. After that, the expedition exceeded Peruvian Andes and reached the city of Lima on the shore of the Pacific Ocean. Back K. eastern coast The mainland Castelino passed on Amazon.

Henry Bates is over 10 years old (1848-1859) held an English researcher Henry Bates in the Amazon Pool. With his many years of research, he significantly expanded the scope of scientific knowledge about the animal world of Amazon. Bates gathered about 14 thousand types of insects, including 8 thousand species, previously unknown science. The material on ethnography was also very valuable. plant peace and the geological structure of Amazonian lowland. Bates discovered that the ocean tides raise water in Amazon at about a thousand kilometers from the mouth of the river.

The first researchers of Patagonia and the shores of Chile were the British. In 1826-1830 The English warships "Advencher" and "Beagle" under the command of Philip King and Robert Fitz Roy studied the coast of Patagonia. The expedition found that Fire Earth Not a single island, but archipelago. The second expedition on the Beagle ship (1831 - 1836), under the command of Fitz Roy, played an even greater role in the study of Patagonia and Fire Earth through the participation of Charles Darwin.

Goal:

Formation of students of ideas about GP continent, the ability to compare South America and Africa's GP, acquaintance of students with the history of the opening and research of the mainland and meaning for humanity;

Implementation of the educational process: a person part of nature;

Development of skills to work with atlas, contour card, additional literature, independent skills, ability to analyze and draw conclusions.

Method: independent work in groups.

Type of lesson: Studying a new material.

Equipment: Physical Card. South America, TSO, additional literature, textbook, atlas, contour card.

During the classes

1. Organizational moment.

2. Studying a new material.

Guys, today at the lesson we will continue to study the mainland. And the mainland, with which we will introduce today - South America. Lesson I would like to start with a video device (South America review with comments - 2 minutes).

Geographers call South America with the mainland of natural records. It is here that are: the most high waterfall The world - Angel (1054 m) and the most beautiful Iguazu; It dwells the most severe and long snake Anaconda (length - 11 m, weight - up to 230 kg); The largest butterflies and the smallest bird-hummingbirds. And this list can be continued. You can learn about this and many other things from the books presented on the stand. The fact that South America is the mainland of natural records proves the christmas poem, which I took the epigraph to the lesson:

Yes, the southern cross will sow you,
Names are almost like music.
Hibarks in the middle of garbage
May South Cross donate you!
Herds, tired wasting,
Hungry-royal gaucho.
And birds are tiny butterflies,
And butterflies - with the scope of birds.

So, the subject of the lesson: "South America. GP. History of opening and research". What tasks should we solve today at the lesson? (Tasks on the board). In order to solve the tasks set in front of us, we will break into four groups: "Young geographers", "Analysts", "primer discovers", "Researchers". Each group solves a certain task set in front of it using a plan-tip (Appendix 1-4). 10 minutes are given to work in groups. After the time expires, the group is reported on the work done.

"Young geographers":

1. South America, the island of fiery land, which is separated from the mainland by the Magellan Strait; Galapagos Islands, Falkland Islands.

2. Regarding equator most of The mainland lies in the southern hemisphere, relative to the zero meridian of the mainland lies in the western hemisphere.

3. length from north to south 70 years - 66 x 111 km \u003d 7326 km.

4. The length from the west to the east of 10 yosh is 42x109.6 \u003d 4603.2 km.

5. Extreme Northern Point Cape Galinas 12 SS 72 Zd.

Extreme southern Point Cape Froard 54 Yush 71 Zd (Island Cape Horn 56 Yush 68 Zd).

Extreme Western Point of Paragnas 5 Yush 82 Zd.

Extreme East Point Cape Kabou-Brranka 7 Yush 34 Zd.

6. Separated from North America by Panaman Canal, from Antarctica - Strait Drake. Washed in the West - Safety ocean, in the East - the Atlantic Ocean, in the North - Caribbean Sea. The coastline is disseminated weakly - the bay of the La Plata. Flows: warm - Brazilian, Guiangsky; Cold - Falkland, Peruvian.

"Analysts":

Using atlas maps, give a comparative characteristic of South America and Africa GP:

(a) South America, as well as Africa crosses the equator with the only difference that Africa is almost in the middle, and South America - in the northern part.

From this it follows that South America is mostly located in the southern hemisphere, and its smaller part is located in the northern hemisphere;

b) South America, as well as Africa is located in an equatorial, subequatorial, tropical, subtropical climatic belts. However, the ratio of territories within the same belt, different. Thus, the rain belt of Africa is more than South America, however, the South American subtropical belt in the area prevails over African, besides in the south of South America - there is no moderate belt that in Africa.

c) The initial meridian crosses Africa in the western part, therefore it is located in Western and eastern hemispheres. Unlike Africa, South America is completely located in the western hemisphere, since it lies in the west of zero meridian.

d) the Atlantic Ocean is amused (what?) Eastern shores of South America and (what?) Western banks of Africa. From the west, South America washed the water of the Pacific Ocean.

e) South America is closest to the mainland North America. These continents are interconnected by Panaman Canal. From other continents: Antarctica - Strait Drake.

"Distributions":

date	Traveler	Opening
1492-1493	H. Columbus	The first expedition is big Antille Islands And San Salvador.
1493-1494	H. Columbus	The second expedition is small Antilles and Puerto Rico.
1498	H. Columbus	The third expedition is the island of Trinidad and north coast South America.
1500-1502	A.Vespichi	Eastern shores South America, " New World”
1520	F. Magellan	Atlantic Coast, Fire Earth, Magellan Strait

"Researchers":

The value of the history of opening and research

a) the opening of new, unknown land - "new light";

b) Colonization of the Land of Spain and Portugal, which led to the disappearance of the civilization of the Indians, the looting of Indian peoples and their appeal to slavery.

c) the discovery of cultivated plants that are growing today in many countries of the world: corn, potatoes, peanuts, pumpkin, tomatoes, beans, tobacco.

3. Fastening.

Test. Having answered correctly on the test questions, according to the first letters of the names, you will learn the strait called in honor of the traveler who opened it.

The total name of the extreme points (Cape)
The most severe and long snake. (Anaconda)
Extreme northern point of the mainland. (Galinkas)
Complete the statement by N.M. Przhevalsky: "A ... Life is beautiful because you can travel." (Yet)
Bay of South America. (La Plata)
High-balance savannah pool plains of the Orinoco River, which explored the town of Langsdorf. (Llanos)
The mainland, which is separated from South America by the Strait of Drake. (Antarctica)
Name that gave open land A. Vespucci. (New World)
Island in the south of the mainland. (Fire Earth)
Russian Botany, who opened the foci of cultivated plants. (Vavilov)

BUT

ABOUT

4. Homework: Paragraph 40, prepare messages about travelers and researchers (optional).

South America's discovery and study is closely connected with the name of the Spanish navigator Christopher Columbus. Thanks to him, he learned the world about new, previously unknown lands. However, this discovery turned out to be random, since the main task of the Columbus expedition was to find a short path to India.

South America's opening history

Up to the 15th century, the territory of South America was inhabited by indigenous people - the Indians who had their own unique culture, traditions and customs. Their civilization developed in a closed territory, without any influence from the outside.

The long-term isolation of the American Indians was violated on October 12, 1492, when the Christopher Expedition of Columbus came across one of Bahamas Islands. After a month wandering on Atlantic Ocean. His ships "Santa Maria", "Ninya" and "Pint" moored to the ground, which the navigator mistakenly accepted for west Coast India. After the surface study of the islands and coastline Northern Shore of South America, the navigator returned to his homeland.

Fig. 1. Christopher Columbus

Notifying your opening of the King of Spain, Columbus received significant financial support, and with 17 ships returned to West India - Western India. - How he continued to count. The purpose of this expedition was simple - the search for gold in new lands. So it was conquered and mastered Haiti. In the future, Christopher Columbus made two more expeditions to the shores of South America, but he never realized his mistake.

This opening of South America as a new continent occurred in the 16th century due to the Italian navigator Amerigo Vespucci. Escape to the shores of "West Indies", an experienced sailor quickly realized that Columbus was wrong.

Table "Openers of South America"

*date*	*Traveler*	*Opening*
	H. Columbus	First expedition - Large Antilles and San Salvador
	H. Columbus	Second Expedition - Small Antilles and Puerto Rico
	H. Columbus	Third Expedition - Trinidad Island and North Coast of South America
	H. Columbus	Fourth Expedition - Caribbean Coast of Honduras, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama.
	A. Vespucci	Eastern shores of South America, "New Light".

Geographic studies of South America

Opening of the Columbus of America forever changed the view of people about globe. This event has become one of the most important in the history of all mankind.

Having learned that new lands were opened by the Spanish navigator, the flow of fans of light profit was hung there. Travelers dreamed of inconspicuous treasures that could be found in the new light. Such people are invaders from Portugal or Spain - called conquistadors.

Fig. 3. Conquistadors

In the blind desire for wealth, they ruthlessly destroyed local residents, robbed their settlements, devastated the captured territories. However, together with this barbarity, there was a study of new lands: the maps of the mainland and the coast, descriptions of nature and relief were created.

A great contribution to the study of the mainland has made one of the most famous researchers in its time - German scientist Alexander Humboldt. For 20 years, he thoroughly studied South America: her vegetable and animal world, indigenous population, geological features. The book written by them later became almost the only full and reliable source of information about the new light.

What did we know?

Studying one of the interesting topics on grade 7, we learned who discovered South America, as the process of its conquest and research happened, and how the discovery of this mainland affected the presentation of medieval people about the structure of our planet.

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