Who opened the island of New Earth. Archipelago New Earth

The material found and prepared for the publication of Grigory Luchansky

A source:Novoemel excursion. Collection edited by R. L. Samoilovich and M. M. Yermolaeva. Part one. Total. International Geological Congress. XVII session of the USSR 1937, Leningrad, Publisher of Hospital Murputi, 1937

Physico-geographical essay on the new earth

V. D. Aleksandrov and A. I. Zubkov

I. Climate

The island position of the new land gives her climate of marine character, which manifests itself in a cold summer with frequent mistresses and small rain and relatively small frosts in winter, as well as somewhat large than in the continental parts of the Arctic, the number of precipitation. In addition, the presence in the west of the Sea Holf Stream in the West, and in the east of the Cold Kara - leads to a lot of weather variability, and causes some difference in the climate of the Western and Karsian coasts of the new land.

1. Wind mode

The most characteristic feature of the climate of the new land is the frequent repeatability of strong winds.

Changes in the wind force for months are shown in the table at the end of the text. It follows from consideration that the greatest average annual wind speed is observed in small carmaculas; In second place is a cape of desire. But in relation to the repeatability, these two stations are changing in places. The intermediate position is occupied by the Musian Ball and the Russian harbor, which are characterized by lower wind speed and more lull. According to the strength of the wind, the new land is in the first place in the Union, only in some mountain areas the wind speed exceeds Novoemel (for example, the Marharot Pass, where Bohr rampates).

For the winter months - from November to March - the strongest winds come.

The most frequently repeated wind is boron. The wind direction during the bonds perpendicular to the new land, i.e., on the Western shore, in various places of the coast, it is, respectively: ETN, ESE and SSE, and on the eastern - WTN, WNW, NNW (the first observations of the borsa are produced in becoming small carmaculas , on the west bank of the Southern Island, where the direction of it is from the east. Hence the local name - "stock"). The wind blowing from the mountains reaches a hurricane strength in the coastal strip. With the removal from the shore, it is noticeably weakened, and at a distance of 10-15 miles, in the open sea, it subsides at all. These features of Novoemel Bora were forced to consider it by local phenomenon, but research V. Yu. Visa showed that the boron depends on the general movements of the atmosphere in the Barents and Kara Seas area deformed by the Mining Chain of the New Earth. The wind, crossing the Novoemel elevation, changes its strength and direction: it turns perpendicular to the new land (passing in the soased path) and enhances from the leeward side. Bound origin by west coast Mostly cyclonic and is usually caused by the appearance of a baric depression to the west of the new land.

The course of meteorological elements during the bonds is currently sufficiently studied and allows for most cases to prompt its appearance for 6 to 8 hours before the start of the storm (V. Y. Visa). The air pressure gradually falls hours for 10 before the bore. When the wind blows from the shore, the characteristic still clouds appear above the mountains, similar to pieces of wool, the overall cloudiness decreases noticeably. At the same time, there is a sharp drop in the relative humidity of the air. In the midst of the storm cloudy, humidity and pressure increase again. The air temperature at Bore is usually reduced. Much less often, weakly pronounced hair dryers are observed, which are accompanied by a slight increase in temperature.

Wind speed during the boards is very large. The highest rate measured by anemometer was 38.5 m / s. The average rate of bors in small carmaculas is 14.4 m / s. However, these data poorly reflect the true nature of the wind at Bore, with a distinctive feature of which is an extraordinary breakiness (as well as the impermanence of direction), and individual impulses, separated by the gaps of relative lull, achieve great strength. During such gusts, the wind rises heavy barrels, throws the carbasses into the sea, raises and carries dust, sand and small stones. In winter, with strong storms, the air is filled with snow, and therefore visibility is reduced to several meters.

Borus continues on average about a day, but there were cases when the casual storm lasted to 6 days and more. So, for example, according to the Karmakul station, in 1935. Bora, which began on February 20, lasted on March 3 at a speed of up to 40 m / s.

2. Temperature

Despite its northern position, the new land is characterized by warm winters compared to other parts of the Soviet Arctic.

The average annual temperature at the very northernmost point of the New Earth - at the Cape of Desire - only 9 °, 3, while at the mouth of the Lena, i.e., in the paragraph located on 6 ° south of the cape of desire, the average annual temperature is equal to 17 °.

The average monthly air temperatures on the new land are presented on Table. 12, from where it is clear that at the cape of desire, the average monthly air temperature is kept below 0 ° for 10 months, and in the Russian harbor, the Mikeley ball and small carmaculas - 8 months.

The coldest month on the new Earth is March, the average temperature of which is equal to 21 °, 4, and in small carmaculas - 15 °, 5.

The warmer month is August with an average temperature for small carmaculus 7 °, 0, and for the cape of desire only 2 °, 1.

The minimum temperature on the nose Earth was observed during the wintering of Sedov in Foki Bay - 50 °, 2. In January in 1913 In small carmaculas for all the time of observations, the temperature did not fall below - 39 °, 6. The maximum temperature observed in small carmaculas was 23 °, 0.

Absolute minima for all months of four stations turn out to be negative, and absolute maxima (except 3 months of capes of desire) are positive. Consequently, in all months there is a thaw, but we do not have a single month without frosts.

3. Weather rigidity

Thanks to the extremely strong winds, the weather rigidity on the new earth is very large, despite the relatively high temperatures.

We indicate that Verkhoyansk, lying near the cold pole, has twice less hard weather than a new land, and therefore winter in Verkhoyansk is transferred to a person easier than on the new land, despite the fact that the average January temperature in Verkhoyansk is equal to 50 °, 1 And the absolute minimum reaches - 69 °, 8.

This is explained by the calm state of the atmosphere in Verkhoyansk, where the probability of the lull in January reaches 69%. whereas for small carmaculus does not exceed 7% (V. Y. Visa, 1928). In general, with regard to weather rigidity, new land is in the Soviet Arctic in the first place.

4. Sidelines

The amount of precipitation falling on the new earth is relatively small. The average annual amounts of precipitation are expressed by numbers:

Cape desire - 115 mm

Russian harbor - 156 mm

Mastecin ball - 224 mm

Small carmaculas - 238 mm

It follows that the amount of precipitation significantly decreases from the south to the north. June, August, September, the smallest - March, April, May are the largest in terms of precipitation. At the same time, it should be added that the precipitates falling in winter are not fully taken into account because the snow from the rainer is partially blown by strong winds.

5. Relative humidity

Below are the data regarding the relative humidity of air and cloudiness.

Average annual humidity:

Cape desire - 89%

Russian harbor - 81%

Mastecin Ball - 82%

Small carmarkets - 83%

6. Cloudiness

Cloudy on the new earth is large: a cloudy sky with low clouds is observed most often. The maximum average cloudiness at the Cape of Desire occurs in June, the minimum - in February. In small carmarkets, the maximum cloudiness falls in July. In the total period from December to May has less cloudy, which coincides with the period of low temperatures. With the onset of spring, when melting begins, cloudiness increases; At this time, on the new earth, there are clear days only occasionally, usually the sky is tightened with low clouds; Pretty fogs.

Average annual cloudy:

Cape desire - 7.9%

Russian harbor - 7.6%

Mastecin Ball - 7.8%

Small carmarkets - 7.6%

II. Vegetation of new land

1. General comments

Short summer with low temperatures and high air humidity, long-term cold winter, and most importantly - strong winds, creating extreme weather rigidity and extremely uneven distribution of snow, cause, in general, poor development of vegetation on a new land.

This also contributes to the mountain nature of the country, since with an increase in the height above sea level, the conditions of existence deteriorate. The new land is dominated by rocky placers, bare-ripped plots, polygonal soils with poor vegetation, and only in the plain parts of the southern island, on the sea sediments, trampled by the sea, we are watching the swamps with solid moss-grassy cover and spotted tundra with a pesting composition of vegetation.

Due to the harsh conditions of the existence of moss and lichens predominate over the flowering. Flower plants are low, the height of them in most cases is in the range of 10 - 15 cm. Extremely developed patterned (for example, Silene Acaulis), unnecessary, sharpening forms, most adapted to protect against wind and using a warm surface air layer. Adverse climatic conditions are an obstacle to plant breeding by seeds, so all representatives of the Novoemel Flora Perennials. Many species have a strongly developed ability to vegetative reproduction.

Currently, 208 species of vascular plants are known on the new land (including 2 types of ferns, 3 types of horsages, 1 plane and 202 flowering) and about 400 species of moss, lichens, fungi. With the promotion to the North Flora of the Novoemel Islands, and north of 75 ° C. sh. There are already 78 types of flowering.

2. Age of Flora.

The age of Flora of the new land is relatively young. It was formed in geologically recent time, since the settlement of plants was possible only during the period when the new land began to be freed from the glacial cover that covered it in the era of the maximum glaciation. This is also confirmed by the lack of smalnikov relics on the new land and the very weak development of endemism. Pure newosemel forms are only three types of dandelion and one race polar poppy - plants, generally inclined to very rapid education and the separation of new forms.

The Flora of the New Earth, presented, mainly, circumpolar or very common in the Arctic species, in general, is similar in its composition with Flora Vaigach and together with him with the fleece of the polar Siberia closest to Vaigach, that is, is predominantly Siberian. A small group common with Eastern Siberia species is absent on Vaigca and in the nearest parts of the Arctic. At the same time, some plants are for the new land with common with Svalbard, Franz Joseph and Greenland, or are either absent or rarely found in the nearest parts of the European and Asian North. Some of these plants were found on the new land only on the North Island. Analyzing these features of the Novoemel Flora, A. Tolmachev suggests that the settlement of the new land went different ways: the greatest amount of species penetrated from the south, through Vaigach, except for this, there was a more ancient path of settlement through Svalbard, and, finally, part of the plants migrated directly from Eastern Siberia. At the time when a drying existed in the Kara Sea, now hidden by water.

3. Botaniko-geographical zones

On the new land, as mentioned above, plants usually do not form solid cover. Well-developed floral cover, held from a number of associations, we find only the plain parts of the southern island, where there are favorable conditions for the existence; On the North Island and in the mountains The main role in the landscape is played by open groups. Depending on the distribution of plant formations, we allocate the following botanic-geographical zones on the new earth: in the south, the formation of the tundra zone is developed in the plain parts of the southern island, in the form of its northern subzone of the Arctic tundra, characterized by the lack of shrub centers, the domination in the reducing conditions of spotted tundra and the development of peat and turbines.

Finally, on the North Island, on a latitude of about 75 °, we see the transition from the tundra zone to the Arctic desert zone or Barren Ground American authors.

Thanks to the mining nature of the country, on the new land, except for the latitudinal, vertical zonality is manifested. The nagorno-arctic tundra is allocated in the arctic tundra subzone, in the Arctic desert zone - the belt of the Nagorno-Arctic desert. Nagorno-Arctic tundra is developed in the mountainous part of the southern island to the latitude of Panekaya Land, where, as a result of the northern position, and through an increase in heights above sea level, it shifts to the coast and replaces, in the central part, the belt of the Nagorno-Arctic desert. Nagorno-Arctic Tundra moves along the coast north Islands to latitude of 75 °. The belt of the Nagorno-Arctic desert begins at the highest points of the northern part of the southern island and extends to the north, occupying the southern part of the North Island to 75 ° latitude and extending to all mountain areas free from the glacial cover.

The subzones of the Arctic tundra. In the Arctic TundR subzone on heavy loams containing only a small mixture of small pebbles and wrenches, there are spotted cereal and shrub-moss tundras. The vegetation occupies 65 - 75% of the area, the rest of the surface is occupied by bare lugglish spots.

On the soils of crushed-lunistly developed moss-lichen spotted tundra.

Often there are spotted tundra on polygonal soils. Polygonal soils in their character are diverse, depending on the ratio of rocky and subline parts, from the position in the relief, on the conditions of moisturizing, the depths of the snow cover, etc. Here we meet the so-called cellular soils, stone networks, stone rings, stone stripes. In the Arctic TundR subzone, spotted tundra develops on polygonal soils, and both the rocky part (stone stripes) and convexes of the fineness between them are usually deprived of vegetation (except for water lines on the stones). The vegetation forms a roller around naked crug-and-drifted spots, is located with hair and curtains along the stone strips. Here are developing mainly moss-lichen associations.

On the sublime areas of the relief remaining in winter free from snow, on the vertices of hills, on the steep slopes, along the edges of the high banks of the rivers, the plants do not form solid cover, but grow scattered with separate specimens or small fragments of phytocenoses on a rubbish surface. Early freight from the snow, these places in the middle of June are pleased with the eye of the adorable lilac colors of the camneur, blue - forget-me-not, yellow - lappies, poppy and others.

In a good drainage, a favorable exposition in relation to solar radiation is developing small areas of the meadow tundra with a pesting cover from cereals and squeezing. Often, meadows develop in the fields of the Lemming and Sands.

The reductions are developed hypinous and sediments and hypinous-fluffs, which occupy large areas on the west coast and the southern tip of the southern island. Sometimes in grass prevails Diipontia Fischerii, the shores of the lakes usually grows by the head of Arctophyla Fulva. Flat peat bugars with a mineral core of a loycline containing the power on the ice are often observed in the swamps. Often there are relic peatlands with peat, more than a meter in the stage of degradation, erosion and re-wiping. They are witnesses of the ex-climate optimum former here. In modern peatlands, the peat power usually does not exceed 25 - 30 cm.

On the karsk side, lichen tundra uses great distribution. On the western side, lichen tundra is found in small areas.

Moving from the coast of inland, we enter the mountainous country. The predominant landscape of the Nagornic belt of the Arctic TundR is the stony marks and stone fields with scanty vegetation. On the slopes of the mountains, in the hollows and saddles on the sublinous-stony polygonal soils, tundras are developing with rare and open vegetable cover of poor species. Wrap licirs predominate and moss. In some of the most favorable conditions, a spotted moss-lichen tundra with moss, lichen, extreme develops on well-protected areas on polygonal soil. Polygonal tundra develops on thin soils, the surface of which is broken into polygons; In the recesses between the latter there are willow, stamps. Occasionally there are hypinous-fluffy and hypinous-dies bolotts. Above 250 - 300 m above sea level, they are replaced by Kochkarnik on a wet loam. In the event of a good drain of the water on the bare substraction, Zlak will settle.

The vegetation of river valleys in the lower and middle flow of rivers is much richer. Here we are watching well-developed swamps and spotted tundra on deluvial soils with a richer species composition, as well as tundra meals. On the river valleys and the most protected areas of the slopes of vegetation types, characteristic of the plain parts of the coast, are quite far penetrating the island deep into the north.

The arctic desert subzone is characterized by the almost complete absence of plant, associations. Rare and scarce vegetation scattered with single specimens, and only in small areas there are fragments of phytocenoses. Polygonal soils prevail; No fear processes. In the distribution of vegetation, the main role is played by the nature of the snow cover, which is due to the relief position in relation to the dominant winds. At the tops of the bottom Morain, on the gentle slopes, everywhere, where during the winter snow cover is blown away with strong winds, single specimens and other few species growing under the protection of the microrelief from the leeward side are developed. On the slopes, in places of accumulation of snow cover, vegetation has the character of small phytocenoses fragments. Here, mostly, we meet lichens with few types of flowers, such as, for example, single copies of camneur, Yaskolki, Krupki, etc., and on the edges of the polygons and on stony rings, Cetraria Hiascens are developing, boiled lichens and mosses from the genus Drepanocladus. In highly moistened areas of the relief, there are small fragments of the Kochuchka Kochuchka Deschampsia Arctica or cereal-hypinous associations.

In the mountainous part of the northern island, deprived of glacial cover, and on the highest altitudes We enter the northern south island in the belt of the Nagorno Arctic Desert, characterized by the complete absence of plant associations. The association of precipitated lichens on the stones and nude stony spaces with single specimens of flowering vegetation, the number of species is insignificant: at an altitude of 400 - 500 m above sea level, only two or three types of flowers are found on the latitude of the Russian harbor. The last two species are pioneers when setting up new spaces, penetrating far away in the island of nunataks.

III. Animal world

1. General comments

The animal world of the new earth does not differ in a large variety of forms. The fauna of terrestrial mammals and birds of the new land is represented by the following biological groups: 1) ground mammals and birds, biologically related to vegetation; 2) predators; 3) Birds are the inhabitants of coastal rocks and islands, biologically bound by the sea.

Within the limits of the vegetable subbands and belts of the fauna of terrestrial mammals, as well as some representatives of ornithofauna focus, mainly in the Arctic tundra subzone and in the coastal parts of the Nagorno-Arctic tundra. Less inhabited by the subzone of the Arctic desert; The belt of the Nagorno-Arctic desert is almost uninhabited. The Arctic Tundra subzone, having the richest vegetation, is the most favorable station for representatives of these fauna groups. However, the influence of a person makes some species leave more favorable areas and move to the north. Here we have in mind the reindeer, which is now found mainly in the subzone of the Arctic desert.

2. Ground mammals

From representatives of terrestrial mammals on the new land there are only five types: reindeer, sands, two types of lemming and a polar bear.

The reindeer at the same time was found on the new land with numerous herds, upholstered, mainly in the subzone of the Arctic tundra. Oleny fishing occupied one of the prominent places, providing meat and skins the local population, and moreover, a significant amount of skins was exported to the mainland. Internal fishery was the main cause of reducing the number of reindeer. Currently, the deer in minor quantities is maintained mainly on the northern tip in the area of \u200b\u200bthe cape of desire and on the Karaski side of both islands. The deer is quite rare in the arctic tundra subzone, most of the deer lives in the Arctic desert subzone and in the belt of the Nagorno-Arctic tundra. His switches within deer islands are committed depending on pasture state. In winter, on the southern island of deer, they walked on the Karskaya side, moving to the south of r. Savina, where on the cross spaces they find more favorable conditions for the extraction of feed than in the northern part of the island. In the spring of deer is converging to the north, as well as in the mountainous areas. On the North Island in the winter time, the deer rush on the Kara side and in the area of \u200b\u200bthe cape of desire. In the spring and summer, they hold on the spaces of both coasts free from the glacier.

Currently, in order to protect deer from the final extermination, the Committee on Reserves at the ICTC forbade a deer hunt for a period of five years.

The sands are spread throughout the new Earth, and most of it lives in the subzone of the Arctic tundra, where there are greater opportunities for mining food and in winter and in summer, since in winter, the sands here finds more lemming, and in the summer there will be a lot of birds and, moreover, here More favorable conditions for NOINA. Novomel Lagopus Spitzbergensis VRR believed to meanness of Alopex Lagopus Spitzbergensis VRR. The number of sands on the new land is prone from year to year in large fluctuations, depending on the state of the feed base. In some years, the sands occurs on the islands in large quantities, and other years of sand is little. Years, abundant sandy, repeated on a new land in two years.

Lescent arranges holes near the coast of the sea on the dry slopes of sobes, as well as on the coastal slopes. Puppies appear in May - June in the amount of 3 - 12 pieces.

During the spring period, the songs are linen. The molting ends in June, at this time the sands has a brown color. The change of summer cover on the winter comes in September. In December, the sands has winter color; From this time, the season of pessing begins on the new earth.

Polar bear. The polar bear off the coast of the New Earth appears mainly in winter, when ice fit. Previously, the bear was spread along the coast of the whole island, now it is found at the northern tip and on the Kars side. In the summer of bears - a rather rare phenomenon on the new earth. Sometimes in the summer you can meet on the karsa coast and the northern tip of the bears remaining after the departure of ice, which keep close to the bay, sometimes far deep into the island. Bears are powered, mainly nervous, waving it on ice bay y is purged.

3. Marine mammals

Of marine mammals The coast of the new land there are walrus, nervous, sea hare, Greenland seal and Beluha.

The walrus spread earlier in a large number of walrles was strongly injured from predatory fishery in the Duoktyabrs period, so currently the shores of the new land are found in minor quantities. In the fall on the southern tip, as well as in the north of the new land, small herds of walruses appear on fokers.

Sea hare and nerve are distributed off the coast of the New Earth in a rather significant amount. These two species are the main objects of the coastal hunting of the local population. In the spring of the coast of the New Earth, the herdland of Greenlandian seal appears, which during migration comes into the bay.

In the fall, the shores of the new land suits large herds of Belukha.

4. Ornithofauna

With the onset of spring the coast and tundra come to life from the arrival birds. Caires and seagulls appear in the bazaars, Tundra is announced by the cries of geese, swans and gagar, on the shores of the lakes and bays flying the couples of Kulikov.

Ornithofauna of the new land is represented by 40 species, of which only polar owl, the number of yes, two species are paid by constant inhabitants. The rest of the bird's population flies to new land for the nesting period. In the spring in May, as soon as the first protalynes appear, huge flocks of geese arrive here, most of which nests in the Arctic Tundra (goose land, oh. Mebservation, Karship), where there are most favorable conditions for their lives (abundance of lakes, rich vegetation ). Here we encounter a white barbecue, gray goose. In addition, in the mountains and on small islands, a black chamber and a barking chamber nest.

At the end of July, during molting, in the field of their mass habitat, in the goose land, the Rogachem Earth, geese gather on the shores of lakes by thousands of flocks. In the subzone of the Arctic tundra nests the swan, having arrange their nests on the vertices of the sips near the lakes.

Especially rich in quantitatively, the bird's population of the coastal rocks, so-called traffic tures.

The main population of bird bazaars form Cayry, in a relatively small number, seagulls are found here. Bird bazaars on the new land are common around the entire Western coast, they are numbered about 45. The largest bazaar is in the unnamed, whose population reaches up to 1500,000 birds. Cayra arrive at a new land at the end of May. The laying of eggs begins in mid-June. Cayra puts one egg on a small naked ledge of a rock. Chicks appear at the end of July and remain in the bazaar until the end of August, when Kayra, together with their offspring, leave the bazaars.

In small islands of the Novoemel archipelago, Gaga nests. Gaga flies towards the shores of the new land in May and keeps until the end of October. This bird, quite important in fishing relationship, is common in both coasts of the new land. Gaga colonies nest together, sometimes with the black chamber. Pretty significant colonies of GAG are concentrated on the islands in the southern part of the new land. In addition to sea gaga, the new land is found by Gaga-Grebenuha, which nests on the shores of the lakes in Tundra.

From other representatives of the ornithofauna of the new Earth, a mock ducks that live in huge quantities in bays and bays, then crochali should be noted.

5. Ihthyofauna

Myththyofauna of fresh reservoirs of new land is poor. Here we find one representative of Salo-Golts, who meets in lakes, as well as in large rivers, where he spends the winter, and in the spring it turns out to be in the sea and returns to the lake in late August. The golots are also widespread in closed water bodies, devoid of a runaway, located sometimes high above sea level (for example, in the Rogachem Mountains).

From sea fish to the west coast suitable in large quantities. Cod appears at the end of June and keeps in the coastal strip until mid-October. In the fall, there is a massive approach of the skike.

In 1936 The ichthyological expedition of the Arctic Institute from the West Bank of the New Earth found herring, mackerel, sider and pikes. The emergence of these thermo-loving fish belonging to the boreal element of ichthyofauna, in the Barents Sea, is an indicator of the warming of the water of the Atlantic flow.

IV. Population and fishery

1. The history of colonization on the new earth

New Earth from a long time attended by Russian industrialists. When the Russians appeared on the new land for the first time, it is impossible to say exactly, since historical documents were not preserved about this, and on the basis of an existing historical material relating to a later time, it is possible to speak only allegedly. The movement of Russians to the north to the shores of the Ice Ocean began in the XII century.

The great Novgorod in pursuit of the expansion of their colonies gradually based its settlements in Pomorie and the Pechora Territory, where in the XV and XVI centuries. There were already significant foci of Novgorod colonization. The exit to the sea, of course, of course, was the impetus for the development of navigation, and the rich villages forced the industrialists to take distant swimming in the ice-bearing sea. During these swims, brave Russian industrialists opened a new land.

In 1556 English navigator Stefan Boruro, following the mouth of the Pechora east, reached unknown Islandwhere the Russian industrialists met, and one of them is a horse's feeder - told him that the Big Islands visible from the island was called a new land and that there is a high mountain on the new earth.

In 1594, when the Barents Expedition visited a new land, she discovered the Russian settlement of Stroganov, who moved to a new land and soon died from Qing. In addition, the expedition was found at different points of the west coast of New Earth traces of Russian stay. All this indicates that in the XVI century. The new land was well acquainted with Russians, which, obviously penetrated there at the beginning of the XV century, when navigation and hunting crafts were significantly developed and Novgorod "took place on the nomads of the new land and even to the Karna lip."

Until the end of the last century there was no permanent population on the new land. The industrialists who visited the new land were industrially, mainly the summer season, sometimes wounded and in exceptional cases remained for a longer time. Above we indicated that in the XVI century. There was a settlement of Stroganov on the new land, other cases were known when a person moved to a new land and tried to settle on a permanent settlement there, but all these attempts ended in the death of settlers.

In 1763. From Kemi moved to a new land in the lip of the Black Family of Pakacheva, forced to leave his homeland "because of the prisoner from Popov." Shortly after the resettlement of Pakachev died from Qingi.

Shortly before the start of government colonization in 1896. From the Lessel Tundra moved in a boat to the new Earth Nenets Thoma Culk.

In 1877 Seven nonsense families (35 people) were resettled in small carmaculas, and in the same year a rescue station was founded. In the future, two more events were opened - in the lip of Pomerania (1894) and in the Belouchie Lip (1897), where eleven nonsense families settled. Finally, in 1910. On the northern island in the lip of the Cross, the fourth becomes founded, where 11 Russians from Shenkurian county moved. Thus, in 1910. The population of the new land in four storms was 108 people. For the supply of colonists, from 1880 g. Warehouse flights were installed on the new land. The initiation of the royal government in the field of colonization of the new land was extremely non-serious. Hunting equipment and industrial vehicles were primitive and did not provide sufficiently the possibility of using the island's fishing riches. Spring fox, for example, was produced mostly with the help of wooden traps - "Coule", the trap was rarely used. A predicted method of fox mining was also practiced, by poisoning with His Strichnin, who supplied the Industrialists of the Norwegians. Almost all seasons of the year associated with the sea, industrialists had, in the form of vehicles, only small fit boats. The housing during the fishery was served by a chum or tiny hut, built by the industrialists from the fins themselves.

The fishery was carried out unevenly, his move on the seasons was uneven. Both the primitiveness of production methods and the absence or poor quality of treatment reduced the number and value of the production. The lack of proper transport led to the fact that the industrialists often left the products of fishery on the Karskaya side, without being able to deliver it to settlements. This provision led to the resurrection of natural resources, which contributed to the absence of natural wealth: birds were predicted at the bazaars, the Gagachi Pooh was gathered with the killed bird, etc. Private entrepreneurs, both Norwegian and Russians who visited new land , soldered the local population, extinguishing fishery for troubles. As a result of such colonial activity, the crafts fell, and the Novoemel population was in a non-balance debt among merchants and fists-industrialists.

2. Settlement of the new land and the development of fishingafter the October Revolution

After the October Revolution, when intervention was eliminated in the North Territory, the era of economic and cultural heyday was occurring on the new land. Along with improving the living conditions of local industrialists, the Soviet government took measures to settle the Novoemel Islands. If until 1925. On the new land there were 4 becoming, of which the northernmost was a cross lip, now there are 10 commercial families, of which 9 are located on the west coast from the southern tip of the new land to the cape of desire and one - on the Kars side (Pakhtusov Islands).

The table below gives an idea of \u200b\u200bhousing and fishing construction on a new land.

Housing and commercial construction

1. Russian harbor - Based in 1932. - 1 house, 5 rooms, 95 sq.m

2. Arkhangelsk Luba - Based in 1932. - 1 house, 6 rooms, 95 sq.m

3. Smidovich - Based in 1930. - 1 house, 7 rooms, 95 sq.m

4. Cross - becomes founded in 1910. - 2 homes, 9 rooms, 188 sq.m

5. Camp - Based in 1933. - 3 houses, 20 rooms, 344.3 sq.m

6. Karmakula - Based Based in 1877. - 4 homes, 17 rooms, 331.6 sq.m

7. Seluchea - Based in 1897. - 4 houses, 14 rooms, 234.81 sq.m

8. Krasino - becomes founded in 1925. - 1 house, 3 rooms, 39 sq.m

9. Rusanovo - becomes founded in 1927. - 3 homes, 11 rooms, 175 sq.m

10. Pakhtusovo - becomes founded in 1933. - 1 house, 3 rooms, 32 sq.m

On the fishing sites, in addition, 56 commercial houses and gods were built for accommodation during the fishery period, of which 13 were on the Kars side.

In 1937 On the construction of the North Ocean Ocean Islands, 434000 r was released by the main department of the Northern Sea A large house-office will be built in the becoming camp, 9 commodomics (of which 2 on the Karskaya side); In the camp, equip the mechanical workshop, on about. Kolgumov will be built a house of culture. In addition, 54 000 r. released on the overhaul of the existing commodomics.

Before the revolution, there was one meteorological station in small carmaculas, where the observations were conducted by a psalmaster or a priest of the local church.

Currently, eight meteorological stations are working on the new land (Cape of desire, Russian harbor, 3 stations in the Millokin Bowl, in small carmaculas, iron gates and well-being), equipped with a radio telegraph. Over the past 3 years, the primerput organized four radiometeorological stations.

The population on the new land has grown significantly. If in 1910 On the new land there were only 108 people, and in 1927 - 187 people, then in 1935. The population has increased to 398 people. The distribution of the population by becoming and by nationality is given in the table below.

The new land is managed by the island council chosen at the congress of delegates from all the becoming coming in a white lip of May 1 of each year. The chairman of the island council annually was unanimously elected a native resident of the New Earth, Nenets Ilya Konstantinovich Vulkilka, which occupies this honorable post is permanently eleven years. The administrative center of the new land is the Belushe Lip. In connection with the promotion of fishery far to the north of the new land, there was a need to transfer the administrative center to the Mashekkin Ball (in the becoming camp).

The national composition of becoming

Russian harbor: Russians - 18

Arkhangelsk Luba: Russians - 20

Smidovich: Russians - 17

Cross: Russian - 33

Mastecin Ball: Russian - 80

Pakhtusovo: Russians - 11, Nenets - 27

Small Karmakula: Russians - 38

Belusheye: Russians - 48, Nenets - 49

Krasino: Russians - 36, Nenets - 6

Rusanovo - 26, Nenets - 9

In the Belouchy Lip function is functioning boarding school. Every year, children of industrialists are going to learn to learn in Belubysia. The policy of the Soviet government, aimed at the steady increase in the culture of the small natives of the North, was reflected on the new land. Middle and scored, almost magnificently illiterate in royal time Residents of our northern Okrain passed during the existence of the Soviet power a huge way to culture. Until the revolution, none of the 26 nationalities of the North had its own writing, the training of Russian literacy was conducted in churches in Russian, such schools were numbered and covered by an insignificant percentage of the population. Now almost all the peoples of the North have their own writing developed by the USSR Academy of Sciences, not only the bucvari and textbooks in their native language, but also their national literature, as well as translations of Russian classics (mainly Pushkin). In 1925/26, in the north there were 35 schools, in 1929/30. 132 schools with coverage of 20% of school-age children, in 1933/34 - 338 schools with coverage of 60.5% of school children, in 1936 . - 500 schools, in 1937. Another 50 schools will be built; Literacy rose from 6.7% in 1926. Up to 24.9% in 1933/34 by graduating from a local school, youth goes to study in technical schools or a specially organized institute of the peoples of the North in Leningrad, where only representatives of the small nationalities of the North are studying. On about. Kolgaev children of Nenets learn at the seven-year school. On the new Earth, the illiteracy of local residents was completely eliminated, all children of industrialists (in 1935 there were 43 student) in the Novoemel school.

Culture touched not only education, but also by life. Chum and tiny homemade fishing huts changed to spacious clean houses.

In each becoming a paramedic point, in becoming a camp - hospital for 30 beds and the study of physical treatment methods. The doctor and paramedics have great authority among the population.

All industrialists are combined into a collective farm, for each of which the commercial area is fixed. Arters are equipped with appropriate fishery, motor bots, carbasses. Fishery fleet in 1935. consisted of 46 floating units with motor motors of various power and 70 units of carbasses and kungas.

In 1937 Glavsevmorput will allocate for the construction of a plaque of 204 000 r. It will be built:

motor bots 25 hp - 3 pcs.

motor boats 12 HP - 2 pcs.

motor boats 6 HP - 4 pcs.

carbasov unloading 35 t - 7 pcs.

carbasses of different sizes - 30 pcs.

An illustration of the growth of commercial and cultural and consumer construction of the island economy are the amounts of capital investments:

1932. - 100 000 p.

1933 - 200 000 r.

1934. - 300 000 r.

1935. - 540,000 p.

1936. - 670 000 r.

(From 1935. The island economy is under the jurisdiction of Glavsevmorthuti).

3. Modern Conditions

The fishery, which is the basis of the economy of the new land, is produced all year round, only the composition of commercial objects changes. Fishets are sands, sea beast, fish, gagachy fluff, as well as a polar bear, bubble eggs and a line bird.

The main role in the fishing economy of the new land is played by sand. The songs are industrialized in all field items from December to March 15. The fishing gun is exclusively a trap, which changed the wooden traps used in ancient in ancient). As a privad, carcasses of the nerve, animal meat and fat, fish, carcasses of Cayra and their eggs are used. The mining of the sand has greatly increased compared with the pre-revolutionary period, both due to the development of new fishing sites and thanks to the rationalization of the fishery and the Stakhanov methods of the industrialists.

Sea beast (Nerpen, Zaita, Beluhau, Birzha) are industrialled by rifles, or apply class-shafts. In winter, beast beast with coastal soldering, in spring - Nerpen and sea hare on ice at the holes. The walrus beat in the fall on the sings. Salo of the marine beast is shifted to Arkhangelsk, belts are cut out of the skins, the carcasses go to the songwalls or on the feed dogs. The extraction of the marine beast has increased significantly in recent years, this is: belt mining from 1927 to 1932. increased from 274 to 7055, Sala - from 4781 to 48,06, skins - from 2257 to 3040 (in monetary terms).

On the growth of the mining of the sea beast in recent years gives the presentation table:

Mining Sala Savelei on New Earth (in centners)

1932-33 - 791,3

1933-34. - 1610.7

1934-35 - 2154,2

Fisheries continues all summer and autumn until October. In rivers and lips, goltz catch, in the coastal strip of the sea - cod. Holtsov was produced until recent years exclusively on the west coast (mainly in the lack of, goose, cross and fluff), and in recent years also on the Kars side (PP. Abrosimova, Savina). Goltsy catch during its annual move from rivers in the sea and back; Thus, there are 2 fishing periods: the spring, when they are industrial and autumn, when the autumn fishery is used, and the main role is used, and the main role is played by autumn fishery (August - September). Locals practiced and treated goltz in lakes in winter. The Halts, the extraction of which is expressed in several tens of tons, serves mainly for local consumption, and the fishing does not have the prospects for significant expansion. But the beginning since 1934 Coastal cod, suitable in summer to the shores of the new land, promises great prospects. Cod mining is expressed by the numbers presented in the table:

Mining Novocel industrialists (in tons)

1934. - 7.

1935. - 120.

1936. - 255.

Plan for 1937. - 310.

Codov was made along the western coast of the Southern Island of the New Earth, and in 1936. All 255 tons were caught up on the side. When applying more advanced fishing tools (tiers, staple chunge, twin logs), as well as the expansion of the area of \u200b\u200bfishing to the mountain of the cross, the production of cods per season can be brought to 10,000 tons (according to G. N. Toporkov).

The Gagachi Pooh Industrialists collect in the spring in June in all commercial areas in small islands. Most of the fluff in becoming Rusanovo on Oh. Pooh, where there is more than 1000 nests. The data characterizing the increase in the production of a gagachy fluff on the new land is shown in the table:

Mining of gagachy fluff (in rubles)

1927. - 2530.

1928. - 803.

1929. - 5797.

1930 - 3677.

1931. - 4740.

1932. - 8771.

The collection of cayra eggs was produced until 1932. In small sizes, only for local consumption. Starting from 1932. A specially equipped egg expedition annually collects eggs to export them to Arkhangelsk, and currently egg fishery plays a prominent role in the island's commercial products. So (in value terms): in 1932. The fishery of the eggs was 26% of all products (62,409 p.), in 1934. - 34.7%. In 1936 350 000 eggs were collected, in 1935. - 300000 eggs. Cayra's eggs are much larger than chicken, not yielding to the latter and nutrition.

For local consumption, it is mined in large quantities of geese, mainly during the molting period. The reserves of this bird in some areas (for example, on the goose land, on O. Besserska) are great.

The polar bear is also an object of fishery, although its number on the new earth has decreased strongly and it is completely displaced from some of the most oblivious fishing regions. Currently, the bear is mined on the Kara Side and on the North Island.

At the same time, wild deer was found on the new land in such a quantity that the production of more than 100 heads reached on one industrialist, and the deer fishery not only provided meat and skins the local population, but served and served the subject of export.

The table shows the number of deer skins taken from the new land from 1891 to 1923.

1891-1895, 1898-1906 - 2580 skins

1907 - 384 skins

1908 - 115 skins

1909 - 90 skins

1910 - 210 skins

1911 - 480 skins

1917 - 200 skins

1919 - 475 skins

1920 - 295 skins

1921 - 3242 skins

1922 - 271 skins

1923 - 377 skins

Total 8620 skins

On the change in the number of wild deer on the new land, the following data is also given: in the winter of 1881/82, 700 deer were produced on the Karskaya side of 7 industrialists, in 1918, 170 deer produced on the goose land, and in 1932/33 deer mining All over the island expressed in 90 goals, and 70 deer were killed on the North Island and only 20 - on the southern. A sharp reduction in the livestock of wild deer occurred in 1920/21, when, according to industrialists, there was an ice earth on the new land; Large role was also played irredity. To preserve and increasing the stocks of the wild deer, at the request of the Arctic Institute, a special decree of the Northern Regional Executive Committee of the Council R. K. and K. D. is prohibited by all wild deer hunting since 1934. in 1939

4. Cost of commercial products

The total cost of commercial production of fishery for all islands (New Earth, Kalkum, Vaigach) was equal in 1930/31. 125,874 rubles. In 1933 From one new land, goods were exported in the amount of 340549 rubles, and in 1936. - by 1 year 200000 rubles.

For the supply of local population with products and fishery, as well as for export from the new land of fishing products, three regular shipping flights are installed. During the navigation season, they serve all fishing becomes, delivering to new land all the necessary, ranging from food, cultural equipment and ending with construction materials and buildings. The rapid growth rate of products is favorably reflected on earnings and economic well-being of industrialists. So, in 1935/36, the earnings of individual industrialists-Stakhanov reached several tens of thousand rubles. For example, the industrialist in the Masian Share of the Tenkov earned within 3 1/2 months 33,048 rubles, industrialist Nenets PyprEP KO - 28 382 rub.

Stakhanovets Pyrheko Akim Grigorievich (Nenets) from October 1, 1935. On October 1, 1936. Passed the following products:

Sands - 174 pcs.

Nerque skins - 66 pcs.

Barbed Bare - 443 m

Sala Sushelei - 700 kg

Pooh Gaga - 16 kg

Eggs Cayra - 980 pcs.

Total worth - 30737 p.

Pyrritko's family consists of a wife and 6 people. Children. 30% earnings he passed into Artel, 7537 p. 12 K. Consired for his own needs, therefore, its annual balance is equal to + 13978 p. 79 K

Among the items that are purchased by the Stakhanovian industrialists to earned money, except for the products needed to meet the urgent needs of the family, appear such things like clocks, binoculars, cologne, silk stockings, ladies' shoes, etc., etc.

5. Reindeer herding

In order to supply the local population meat on the new land in 1928. An experienced reindeer economy was organized. With about. The Kolgueva on the new land was taken by a small herd of deer, which was then replenished with new herds of the Konguevian deer. Despite the harsh climatic conditions, the experience of breeding domestic deer on the new land gave excellent results. In 1934 The experienced flock numbered 550 deer, and in 1935. The number of herd reached up to 809 heads. Currently, there are about 1000 oots of deer in the experimental reindeer farm. The annual increase in the length of the livestock is 25% equal, in this regard, Novoemel Oleneshoz does not differ from the deer farm in Alaska during the flourishing period of reindeer herding (before the crisis), where the herd doubles for 3-4 years. Further development of Novoemel reindeer herding will allow the local population with its products; The latter will also be the subject of commodity export. New Earth's Oleneshoz products are highly high quality, since, thanks to the excellent conditions of summer fat, the slaughter weight of deer is significantly higher than the average (the average weight of the carcass venicle in the fall of 1934 is 65 kg), and due to the complete absence of heaps, the skins are deprived of fistula and can be used. as a leatheria (for generation, mainly haberdashery leather or for high-speed suede.

In the Arctic TundR subzone, especially on the Kara side side to the south of r. Savina, there are large areas of deer pastures that can serve as a base to increase the deer livestock to 4000 goals.

In 1937 The All-Union Arctic Institute organizes a research and biological station on the new land, which will be engaged in the study of hunting, fish and hunting crafts, as well as reindeer herding.

Thus, the new land in recent years has sharply changed its appearance. Radiometeorette stations arose, commerciallyes with spacious blonde houses, schools, hospital, medical groups and other buildings were built, the yield of commercial products of crafts is steadily growing, the cultural and economic welfare of the local population has increased significantly.

Essay of the geomorphology of the new earth

R. L. Samoilovich

ChapterI.

Coastline and horizontal dismemberment

The western coast of the new land is raised much more eastern, which is a characteristic feature of many other Arctic islands.

The presence of fiords, deeply smoking in the coast, is also different south part New land. Along with small bays, like a Keslebrus's lip, stretching at NW only 2 miles, we have a series of typical fiords, cutting the shore in parallel breed stretching. These are Luba Loginov, extending in the north-western direction by 15 miles, the Bay of Rainek, cut into the coast for 10 - 15 miles, the extensive lip of the Sahaniha filled with a large number of islands, and, finally, the black lip, representing a large bay of above 10 miles . Having at the entrance of a width of about 1200 m, this lip is expanding in a distance of 4.5 miles from the entrance to 5.5 miles. On the east side there is a bay bounded by hills. In the north-western side of the Black Lips are two bays, elongated to the northwest, shared by Tisengausen's Cape, of which the Western Bay of about 2 miles are called the song. In addition, in the western part of the Black Lip there are strongly rugged bays - home and Voronin. When leaving the lip is located about. Rose and about. The black.

The most extensive islands at the west coast of New Earth should be attributed to. Interfers' (747.4 square meters. Km), which stretched from north to south, about 28 miles with a width of two to one mile. It is separated from the new land with a rather wide, but shallow strait of a Kostin ball, impassable for large vessels. Numerous islands are scattered in it. From the side of the grip of the new land, there are large bays, of which should be mentioned about the lips of the disappearance, noticed, facing on the eastern shore of the Strait.

On the northern coast of the Strait, the lip of the Belushye is located in the land in the N - NW direction by 6.5 miles, and the Rogachev Bay.

Actually, the Western coast of the new land begins from the Cape Southern Goose Nose (South-West Cape of Gusina Earth) and represents a typical coastal plain with a stretch of 43 miles.

One of the extensive bays in the West Bank is a flunk, which extends in a latitudinal direction, crashes into the shore by 10 miles. From the sea, the entrance to the bay is closed about. Pukhov.

To the north of him there is a lip nameless, perfectly open from the sea, in the Kut of which the r. Unnamed, which is the southern border of modern Novoemel glaciation.

An extensive coastal plain, bearing the name of the Panka Land, adjacent to the Samoilovich Bay itself, is extended, and then in the north to the Syatkin ball.

North of the latter are the lips of Serebryanka and Mityushiha, the width of the latter ranges from 4.5 to 2.5 miles.

Among other bays of the west coast of New Earth, point to the bay of a small and extensive crusade, which crashes into a new land by 13.5 miles to SO. It is south and northern Sulmen Lips, then Mashygin's Guba, who is 18 miles deep into the mainland.

Behind the administration of the Admiralty West Bank of the New Earth acquires the northeastern direction. Here are located: Glazov's lip, Krivoshein Bay, Gorbov Islands, consisting of about. Berch, oh. Lichutin and islands of great and small hare.

This archipelago is covered by the sea of \u200b\u200bLuba Arkhangelskaya.

To the north of the hump islands there are the islands of the Crusades, east of which is issued in the sea of \u200b\u200bPankratyev, with the pancray island adjacent to him. North-east of the latter is a group of Barents Islands.

Unlikely on the north-west coast of New Earth is Nassau Cape, hollow-goes down to the sea. From him to the most Russian harbor stretches inaccessible to landing shore.

The bay of the Russian harbor is one of the most convenient anchor parking lots on the north-west coast of the New Earth. The entrance to the Russian harbor, a width of 4 miles, lies between two capes, - High Cape Makarov in the West and a rather low cape of consolation in the East.

The most notable point at the entrance to the Russian harbor is Mount Yermolayev height of 275 m and about. Rich with a sign, a height of 41 m above sea level.

The Schmidt Peninsula separates the Chief Bay from the Russian harbor, in the depths of which is Cape Conglomerate.

North of the Russian harbor, no comfortable parking lots, although there are several fairly significant bays - Legazdin, Poppy and Alienneva.

Finally, in the extreme north-west, the bay of the beautiful, whose width reaches three miles.

As for the east coast of New Earth, then, ranging from Menshikov's Cape and to the Mushekin Bowl, we have several fairly significant lips here. These are wide, but the small bay Abrosimova, the bay in the mouth of the r. Galla, r. Savina, Bay Litke, etc. However, these bays surveyed by R. Samoilovich do not have comfortable anchor parking.

In this regard, greater interest is the bay of steppe and further the bays of Schubert, Brandt and Klokov, which are also the bays of the Western coast, Fiorith.

On the North Island, directly behind the cape of the Outlet of the Mastekin Ball, located the Bay of Cankrin, and the north is the bay of Checkin, about 6 miles in the north-west direction, branching into two bays. Next - the bay of the Ulomy or Rakekoshlova, from which Dolo Rusanov can be held in the Bay of the Cross. Behind him is the Bay of the Bay, who goes 18 miles to the shore with a width of it from 2 to 3.5 miles. To the north of it there is a number of quite significant bays that have not yet been applied to the card, which is adjacent to the pahtus islands archipelago from the sea.

From Cape Viculov to Cape of the far bank extends in general on NO and has three bays found by the expedition of R. Samoilovich in 1925, - Sedov, Neudukovo and Rusanov bay.

Next to the northeast, the infretected coast stretches, partially representing the opening of the central glacial shield, and in 17 miles from Cape Edward there is an extensive bay of well-being, surrounded by mountains with heights from 240 to 300 m. This bay is crashed in the direction from the south to the north to 10 miles deep into the North Island of the New Earth.

To the north of the cape dangerous, at the entrance to the bay of well-being, the hills gradually decrease and have a height of 145 - 190 m. This coast is distinguished by the lack of any bays, unless not counting the bay of the coast, who goes to the beach is only 0.3 miles.

On the east of it, the Cape is disputed by the pillow, and north of it is an ice harbor, where in 1596. Walled Villam Barents.

Hence, before the cape itself, the desires of the new land is weakly cut, and there are no comfortable anchor parking. The same calm coastline is also different and the northern coast of the new land from the caution of desire to Cape Carlsen, representing a terraced surface, gradually increasing to the central part of the island. Northern Shore lies a small group of orange islands.

ChapterII.

Relief, orography and hydrographic network

The new land in its orographic features can be divided into three parts:

1) The southern part of the island, approximately, to the mountain line Unnamed - Savina Bay, representing a hilly plain, intensively increasing from the south to the north to a height of 300 - 500 m.

2) The area located north of the lip nameless, which occupies the entire space of a new earth from 73 to 76 ° C. sh.

South Plain is gradually moving into a mining plateau with heights of 500 - 800 m, stretching to the Mikekina of the ball.

The Mastekina Bowl area and the central part of the new land north of it represent themselves strongly rugged by glacier and erosion processes of a plateau with separate heights of acute, but for the most part of the donated numbers reaching 1100 m of height above sea level.

3) Finally, the extreme northern part of the New Earth is a bugland plain, strongly rugged by river valleys, gradually decreased to the north, with high ridges of Lomonosov and TsAGI in the western part.

1. Southern District. As we indicated above, south coast New Earth is shattered with a lot of large and small islands. The heights of them, like the shores, in the extreme south of the island fluctuate from 9 - 12 m (Island Razvin y about. B. Olenia) to 40 m above sea level (o. M. Olenia on the eastern outskirts of the Petukhov Bowl).

The area of \u200b\u200bthe southern island of the New Earth, adjacent to the Petukhov ball, presents the abraded surface with several ancient marine terraces of erosion.

Above low-lying spaces with numerous lakes of glacial origin, the rocky hills up to 30 m of heights are isolated. Between the individual rocky seasons of the coast, representing typical cliffs with a height of 10 - 30 m, there are wide wetlands, fused by glaciers, bearing the names "Chevriev".

Wide spreads of shores and braids, which M. Ermolayev, relating to the class of hydrogen formations associated with the coast configuration, divides on two main types: a) coastal shafts that do not violate the main directions of the coastal line (having a direction parallel to the coastal line They separate the relic lakes), and b) braids that violate the initial direction of the coast. Like trees, braids can separate the relic lakes or represent the experiencies connecting the islands with the indigenous coast. Applying gross apparent formations, Ermolaev calculated the formation of some shafts and braids on the new land. For example, the consideration of apparent entities at the Barents Islands led to this author to the conclusion that in the specified area horizontal growth of the Earth 80 times more vertical, by virtue of which it can be expected that in about 100 years, the West Island is connected with the new land and that no more 400 years ago, the Islands of the Barents were a group of three islands, two of whom have grown between them, forming one island.

But at present, the growth of Kos occurs in short periods of time. As Alfers indicates, a few years ago, small commercial vessels and boats could enter the filling, cut into the western shore of the lip rolling; Currently, you can only go there on the boat.

The presence of braids and shafts is undoubted proof of epeyrogeneic processes in the area of \u200b\u200bthe new land, expressing in the negative movement of its shores.

The South-West Bank of the New Earth is distinguished by the reference to the orientation of both individual sections of the coast and in particular the strike of the bays, bays, the location of the islands and the peninsulas, which coincide with the general stretch of rocks from the southeast to the North-West. Positive forms of relief - ridges and ridges - also correspond to the dominant strike of breeds to the North-West (B. Alferov, V. Chernyshev and R. Getzova, V. Lazurkin, R. Samoilovich, V. Kuznetsov).

The orography of the central part of the Southern Island of the New Earth can be drawn according to the data obtained as a result of the intersections of his Acad. F. Chernyshev, V. Lazurkin and E. Freiberg, V. Kuznetsov.

Between lipstick and pp. The Savina and Butakova District of the South Island presents a holly lented plain, which can be divided into three sections according to the orographic signs: 1) Western part, 2) the central part and 3) eastern part (V. Lazurkin).

The western part presents a bandless climbing with a wavy, weakly sobbed surface. As it approaches the central watershed, the relief becomes more dismembered, there are outstanding smoothed hills covered with delulular fission, and separate sharp rocks. Round separate slides ("Bread" in local), resembling lamb foreheads, are typical glacier. The highest point of the district is a disappearance mountain, located 8 km south-east from Yunco Bay. Folded by erupted rocks, it has an absolute height of 120. Separate smoothed vertices have an absolute height of up to 80 m.

According to V. Kuznetsov, the Western slopes of the central Novozemel watershedral represent a gradual gentle rise, complicated by the waviness, giving rows of Uvarov (raising and decreasing). Lowering takes place in the valleys of small rivers and streams and in wetlands covered with grass. The increases represent the smooth places, as if the rolled surface on which the scallops of more dense rocks are pulled. In places there are outstanding district hills and separate sharp rocks. The latter are usually folded by limestone. When approaching the central watershed, the relief becomes more dismembered, especially near the r. Lacking. Sharp, bare crests and small ries with cool, and sometimes and with ridges, create a picture of a mountain landscape. The destruction of rocks is very intense, the entire surface is covered with huge boulders, chaotically sticky on each other. Blinds often reach several meters in the diameter, have a plop-like shape with an uneven surface. Such a stone sea, starting when approaching from the west to the central Novozelsky ridge, occupies a wide range of the ridge and descends about 5 - 6 km on the eastern slope.

The central part is a flat weakly wavy plain, 8-10 km wide (V. Kuznetsov), which gradually rises from the south to the north. According to V. Lazurkina and E. Freiberga, it is represented by several ridges, about 600 m wide each, folded sandstone, stretched out with a common stretch of rocks in the north-western direction. The absolute mark reaches 110 m. The indigenous yields are preserved only by places, a significant part of the surface is covered, thanks to the arctic weathelation, huge boulders, chaotic chosen on each other, and delusional fission.

The highest parts of the relief are confined to the outputs of solid massive limestone or the outputs of the erupted rocks in which the area takes the appearance of the mountain landscape. These are the Rogachev Mountains, stretching by narrow isochi ridges along the coast of the Kostina Bowl. The slopes of the ridges are raised quite cool, places with places, the foot of them is usually covered with a loop of acute debris.

The top points of the area are the peaks of diabase ridges: Mount of Nekhvatova (133 m), array of porgore (209 m), Mount Purig (176 m) (B. Alferov).

According to Acad observations. F. Chernysheva, south of the mountain nameless lies the area of \u200b\u200ba flat elevation of the orography of which is simple: both inside the country from the shores of the sea and from the river valleys, the terrain rises terraces on which short ridges stretched along the stretch of rocks. In this district absolute heights Already significantly more than on more southern sections of the island, and reach a height of 600 m.

The area of \u200b\u200bNew Earth, adjacent to the eastern shore, represents a flat plateau, descending by four terraces to the Car Sea and turning into a wetland tundra. It does not contain individual hills. The east of the central ridge is strongly developed by the Karst Genesis funnel, almost completely covering extensive areas formed, apparently, thanks to the peculiarities of the thermal soil regime.

The whole space of the southern island of the new land is up to the river. Unnamed devoid of glaciers, only the vast fibils were met acad. F. Chernyshev at its intersection of a new land with small carmaculus and r. Abrosimova, and fierce ice, steep walls descending to the rivers and streams, apparently, is completely immobile.

The southern part of the new land is occupied by the coastal plain (Strandflat), which extends to the extensive space between the Western and Eastern coast from the southern cape about 71º20 "s. Sh. Starting from here, the coastal plain is divided by the central elevation of the island, the absolute height of which is 200 or more meters, on two broad bands going along the western and eastern shores towards the north. On the West Bank, the plain includes about. Partieski and ms. goose land, north of it Strandflat narrows up to 5 - 10 km width, then in Pankic The lands expand to 20 - 30 km. The wider band is the coastal plain along the eastern shore of the new land, stretching out with a spherical triangle with the base having 79 ° 20 n stretch of 50 to 60 km and with a top of it, located in the Mastekina of the ball. Although coastal plains are observed and the north of Matokkina Bowl, but they do not reach such strong development here as south of him. Only 76 ° along the northeast coast, the coastal plain is expanding again, it has a width of 15 - 20 km, the glaciers are cut in places and, narrowing, turns along the shore to the caution of desire and then to the west. In the coastal plain of the southern part of the New Earth, two large steps can be distinguished. The first step up to 50 m of height. The outlines of the relief are rounded, the surfaces of the hills are smoothed. The second stage is at an altitude of 100 m, and, according to the observations of M. Klenova, the surface of the plain was subjected to, apparently, not so intense erosion. The hydrographic network of the southern island, due to softer climatic conditions than in the northern part of the island, is much stronger. Taking his beginning on the central watershed, which, apparently, is located closer to the West Bank, the consequent rivers flow towards Western and eastern coasthaving its own director - latitudinal. However, some of them belonging to the number of the largest in their length, such as, for example, non-scatter or r. Savina, carry a winding character. The latter of them in his upper designer flows in the latitudinal direction, changes it to the southeast to then, turning it into the east, pour their waters to the Kara Sea. By the number of the largest rivers on the new land belong to: p. Savina and r. Unnamed in the West Bank and r. Wrongs on the eastern, length from the sources to OZ. Freshly about 35 km (for Kuznetsov). The river at its length has a significant number of tributaries flowing into it from the right and left shore, cutting deep ravines with hanging valleys.

Savina River in his verprece has a tributary p. Small Savin, after the merger with which it flows the multi-water river with significant depths (Kuznetsov). Mouth r. Savina lies in a large basin with gentle slopes. 18 km from Malaya Savina R. Large Savina merges with flowing on the left r. Deep (Ior-Yaga), multi-water and powdered, flowing in a narrow gorge.

The total length of the river is 64.5 km.

From the rivers of the west coast of the new land the largest is r. Unnamed. When it was pushed on his lip of the same name, it forms an extensive delta, moving into shallow and occupying the entire southeast part of the nameless lip on the space of several kilometers down to the island. The latter in the near future should turn into a small elevation of the plain formed by river nanos. The largest channels of the delta have a living section at 100-10 m. As it removed from the shore, the drop in the river becomes cooler, and at the same time, the river valley is narrowed, the bottom of which is filled with the lumbbs of the indigenous rock. In this part of the flow of the river, the side erosion is replaced by the depth. Mountain ridges, barking valleys, rise to the central part of the new land and already 10 - 15 km from the sea reach 200 - 250 m of the embroidered. The overall direction of the flow of the river from the northeast to the southwest, but in separate areas of the river flows steep meability. Length r. Unnamed 76.5 km.

The Rivers of the New Earth regarding the hydrogeographic characteristics can be attributed to the mining and plains (Ogievsky), snow-eyed and partly rain powered.

According to morphological features, Novoemel rivers should be divided into two groups. The first group includes rivers flowing directly to the sea (not in the bays). Such are on the West Bank Pankova River, and on the Eastern - PP. Kolodkin, Buttakova, Kazakov and others. The second group consists of rivers flowing into the bays, and only some of the rivers as r. Unnamed, form a broad with shallow-shaped delta sleeves. Others like r. Caution, form a lake-river system. This system belongs to OZ. The brine, located north of 3-4 square meters. KM from a small lake located to the northeast of the Bay of Lucky. The brine lake has about 15 km of length at 3 - 5 km width and stretched out in the northeast direction. Water in the lake salty, partially crushed by the river into it. Broad bastard of p. Close-in this lake is connected to OZ. Fresh, having fresh water. This lake has a length of 15 km with a width of 2 - 3 km. It is curved by an arc with convexity facing the east (Kuznetsov).

2. The central area located between the lip nameless to P-ov Admiralty, about 76 ° C. sh. The coastline of the west coast, as mentioned above, is reduced significantly more oriental. Here we have the most extensive bays and the coves of the new land. All of them are the nature of the transverse fiords located in the lodges of the ancient tectonic valleys, subjected to further exposure to glacier and water erosion. In particular, the Musian ball, which is not the boundary of any landscape zone, was formed as a result of a joint of two fiords.

The coastal plain does not have this development in the area, as in the more southern part of the new land, although it is observed almost throughout the entire Western coast and in the dry nose, in the crossed lip. In the east, it is located along the coast of such bays, like the bays of Checkin, a little and bearish.

The eastern and western shores of the North Islands are connected between themselves by several through valleys, of which the Rusan Valley is particularly characteristic, which comes from a cross lip to the downowledge to the eastern shore.

According to the observations of M. Lavrov, who passed this valley in 1925, the western coastal part of it has been expanded and breaks up to the sea level by cliffs of 10-20 meters, which is a typical coastal plain, well-preserved here. Next to the east it rises to a height of 250 - 300 m, and as the island is deeply progressed total height Mountains increases, reaching up to 1 km above sea level.

According to M. Lavrov, we have three valleys here connecting the West Bank of the New Earth with the East for 39.5 km.

The observations of this researcher showed that the modern oledenation of the valley is only an insignificant residue of ancient, which has spread to the whole island. Even the greatest elevation of the island, such as the Great Mountain, reaching 943 m above sea level, is traces of glacial impact. According to M. Lavrov, a powerful glacial cover in the area reached at least 1000 m, and the entire Rusanov Valley was filled with ice.

The decrease in the relief is observed in the direction of both the Barents, and the Car seas. There is a small one between individual ridges, up to 100 m in length, Oz. Water partner, the height of which does not exceed 80 m above sea level; towards the West - Oz. Long and east of the watershed - Oz. Average.

3. Northern District. The northernmost part of the new land occupies a buggy plain, having a width of 14.5 km in the cape area, from the north-eastern shore of the new land expanding and reaching at 76 ° 20 "p. Sh. To a width of 35 km. This plain is strongly cut by rivers and Creeks, originating from ice cover and current to the northern and northeastern shores.

Significant mountain hills focus mainly along the western and northwest shores of this part of the new land. Along the north-west coast, we have a group of Lomonosov Ridge with heights of 1000 - 1100 m, with spurs, walking in the south-west direction, named by M. Yermolaev Range of the TsAGI.

In the central part of the new Earth, only individual nunataks with a height of up to 1100 m are observed, which were well observed during a clospene flight in 1931.

According to the observations of I. Petchenov, the Lomonosov Ridge, separating from the coastal plain with a sharp ledger, is a strongly dissected weed elevation, which is dramatically different with its orographic features from the plain surrounding it. It stretches from foreigner bay to Legasina Bay

The highest peaks of the Lomonosov Ridge are located, according to the observations of this geologist, in the central part of the area in the vicinity of Harbor Poppy. Here the ridge comes closely to the sea, with the highest peak of it is a pale mountain, which has 1052 m above sea level. It dramatically stands out over the surrounding area with its flat vertex with a residual glacial shield located on it.

In the area of \u200b\u200bAlienian Bay, the highest peaks - Mount Astronomical and Mountain of Correction - have a height of 753 and 616 m, respectively.

To the southwest of the poppy harbor, individual nunataki, which perform among the glacial cover, reach a height of 650 - 700 m.

The Lomonosov Ridge is connected next to Nunatak with the aforementioned Range of the TsAGI.

As it removed to the north, there is a decrease in the elevations of this ridge, and northern coast It turns into a reduced area, which is an abrasive coastal plain, without any sharp elements of relief, large steps down to the sea and completely free during the summer period from snow, which accumulates mainly in the gorges of rivers and ravines.

According to B. Miloradovich, in the northeastern district of the new land, the valleys are diagonal, with alternating longitudinal and transverse sections. In limestones, the slopes of the valleys are often rolled and forming canyons, and in the lower reaches of the rivers, according to the observations of the specified researcher, the valleys are often asymmetrical and do not have a delta in the sea, but in some cases carrying out negative form of relief, forming small alluvial plains.

Also on the eastern shore, north of Cape Middendorf, the mountains are high and interfere with mainland ice to move to the shore (GRILI).

The hydrographic network of the North Island of the New Earth is much weaker than on the South Island. Rivers eat, mainly due to the ablation of glaciers. Especially they are full of breeding in the spring and early summer period. Walking first on the ice channel, the river then flows on the surface of the soil, lay out a shallow path among deluel sediments. Eternal Merzlota, which on the new land in different places shoves to a depth of 50 to 70 cm, prevents the considerable deepening rivers of his bed.

The more further to the north, the quantity and size of river streams are reduced. However, even on the very northern tip of the new land, at Cape Mauritius and the caution of desire, there are significant furrows, for the bottom of which minor streams are flowing, increasing in their sizes only in the days of a more significant ablation of central glaciers.

ChapterIII

Glaciation

The modern glaciation of the new land is developed mainly on the North Island. By type, the glaciers can be divided into inspired, valley, carriage and mesh. Island glaciation is common, mainly on the North Island.

1. The inspired glaciers kept also during the summer period can be observed in different parts of the new land, including the most southern.

This type of glacier is widespread within the coastal plain. They are found in depressions of the relief, as well as along the lesions of coastal plains, often cool to the sea.

In the area of \u200b\u200bMastekina, the glaciation takes a more intense character. Appearing first by individual stains along this strait, spreading in the eastern and western directions, as well as south of the Mastery of the ball, it gives individual valley glychers, which even in the strait itself are not descended to the sea level.

As the number of glaciers and their dimensions increase. Even in the area of \u200b\u200bMountain, Mityushevy glaciers descend to a height of 180 m, and the largest of them up to 70 - 75 m above sea level. But further to the north, both to the Western and eastern shore of the new land, the glaciers reach the sea, forming the producing barriers from which individual icebergs are numbered. However, the latter never achieve this size as the icebergs of the Franz Joseph land.

The dominant place among the forms of glaciation in this part of the new land is occupied by the Glaciers of the valley type, widespread and most detailed M. Lavirov in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Cross Lip. Most of these valley glaciers descends to the main valley and has distinct lateral and final moraine, which are often located in the form of separate parallel shafts, corresponding to individual stages of gradual reduction of glaciers.

In the central district of this part of the North Island, ice punctures are used, descending to the sides of the slopes. M. Lavrova indicates that there is no solid network of valve glaciers passing between nunatakas, as Grenli pointed out, and there are more or less isolated separate snow fields that serve as pools of independent glaciers of various types.

If we can say that the Mastekina District of the ball and north of it to P-Oov Admiralty is subject to an alpine type detergent, then next to the north, in the central part of the new land, we have a mesh ice cover, from which the Glychers are separated in East and Western Directions and reaching the sea level. In particular, the widespread spread of this kind of glychers have in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Arkhangelsk Lips, in the Russian Harbor and north of her, and on the eastern shore of the Glytchers Nordencheld, in the Gulf of Rusanov and in Bay of Bear. The longitudinal profile of such glaciers, by observations I. Pleasovina, is a weakly wavy line, gradually increasing from the edge of the glacier to the power district, where the glaciers, losing their net character, form a solid ice field, also hollow rising to the center of the island. The transverse profile of such glaciers has a convex form with a gradual decrease in lateral sea.

The edges of the glaciers descending into the sea are distinguished by strong fracture, and the cracks are worn both longitudinal and transverse character, increasing in its quantity and sizes depending on the relief, underlying the bed.

All glaciers, dropping to the sea, form cool cliffs, towering above sea level from 5 to 20 m.

Often, the glychers are connected to each other, such as in the Alienian Bay, forming the median moraine when merging. The overall width of the glacier in the area reaches 11 km (I. emptivals).

Other glaciers of this Area, such as the Carbasyan Glacier, are in a width of 7.5 km, the visa glacier is 4.5 km, the Anunay glacier is 3.75 km.

All these glaciers, as I have already indicated, get your meals from the central ice dome that covers the North Island of the New Earth, and take its beginning on the ice shield.

According to the observations of M. Ermolaeva, the central shield of the new land does not have snow. With the intersections of the island, they were not met by the accumulation of firgoland snow. The same thing affirms I. Pleshovalov, indicating that all glaciers in the area of \u200b\u200bforeigners are deprived of snow cover.

A small accumulation of snow in the area is obliged, apparently, demolishing it from higher places with strong Novocel winds.

According to Grenly observations, the snowy line in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Mastekina of the ball is located, apparently, at an altitude of 580 - 590 m, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe bay of the machine at an altitude of 450 m.

The observations of M. Ermolaeva in the Russian harbor showed that the Gletchers of this area exist at the expense of old accumulated reserves, and due to the absence of a franch. These reserves are not renewed in the future, which contributes to the rapid retreat of glaciers.

Not only individual glychers decrease in their sizes, but also the island cover of the new land is significantly reduced by occupying significantly less space than it was even relatively recently.

Also, a number of facts observed by various researchers, talking about the intense retreat of glaciers on the new land at present. In particular, characteristic of this regard is the presence of side moraine in the Alienian Bay, currently reaching 1.5 km from the edge of the glacier towards the sea. Another Moraine of the same type stretches for 3 km along the south-west shore of the bay from the edge of the glacier.

In the last glacial period, the new land was covered with solid glacial cover, which is confirmed by the nature of the relief of both islands. Even the highest peaks of the mountain hills of the new Earth are smoothed, and epration boulders are scattered on the surface. So, on the Willchek mountain, which has a height of about 900 m, we find a small flat area. In particular, it was good to observe the ancient plain smoothing from the Zeppelin's aircraft during the author's flight over the new land in 1931.

Almost all the hills of the central part of the new land, like the Lomonosov Ridge, Nunataki and Ice Packs, are on the same level.

The fact that the Southern Island of the New Earth is currently almost completely free from ice, indicates that South Island freed from the ice cover much earlier than the North. Accordingly, Masytkin, the ball was freed from the ice cover earlier than the Rusan Valley in the Lip of the Cross.

The modern glaciation of the new land not only occupies most of the surface of the Northern Island, but also in the soil, a significant amount of ice is concluded, sometimes forming a cluster in the form of so-called fossil glaciers. The latter are widespread on the new land and were found both in the West and the eastern shore.

According to the observations of the city of Gorbatsky, the coastal plains of the Cross Lip are littered with a very large number of fossil glaciers who are not amenable to accurate accounting, since they are merged with each other. According to Gorbatsky, these glaciers constituted part of the island glacial cover during the last glaciation and, spreading from the elevations, overlooking the cross lip, were connected to the foot of the mountains, mostly, in one glacial language, which descended directly to the sea.

ChapterIV

Ancient glaciation and transgression

The overall picture of the influence of the cover of the glacial and postradite period to the new land painted Granley in his famous work on the Quaternary Geology of the New Earth.

According to this researcher, ice mass, probably passed through the limits of the sushi that existed at that time, partly following its movement in existing valleys and fiards, and their movement should be lured by less mobile ice barrier near the mouth of the fiords.

It is difficult to establish the number of glaciation, which has undergone a new land, but, in all likelihood, as Granley thinks, its individual periods coincided with periods in Northern Europe. In his opinion, it is possible that during the Great Ice Age in Europe, the glaciation of the new land was moderate. It increased here as it is weakened in Europe, and the last period is the most intense here. Apparently, the glaciation on a new land corresponds to his last period in Northern Europe, namely Mecklenburg according to A. Penko.

Granley believes that depression during the last glaciation of the islands was at least 370 m, but it is possible that it reached 400 m.

In fact, it was probably much more significant, since M. Ermolaev discovered a sea terrace in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Russian harbor at an altitude of 420 m. On this terrace they found a fin. Thus, it is possible that the depression was the same, which it was observed on Svalbard and in Greenland.

According to Granley, the stroke of ice can be traced along the Mastekina of the ball as follows: in a wide bay between the pillars and dry nose, the advanced part of the ice has been preserved, probably for quite a long time. The sea had no approach to the northern end of the mold of the fallower, where the protrusion indicates a decrease in the left side of the ice cliff until the time when the dry rose to a height of 215 m above sea level. Large masses of ice here, probably appeared thanks to the position of the bay near the mouths of large tributaries - the Mutcinus of the Bay and the lips of the Silver, located in the mountainous area on the new land.

On the eastern shore, there were no traces of a 215-meter terrace. Here the ice is also probably descended into the sea as a solid barrier.

The edge of the ice, according to Granley, when a volitional line was produced at an altitude of 215 m and at an altitude of 198 m, was located between a mountain litter and a mountain satellite.

The eastern part of the Mastekina Bowl was released a little earlier. Here terrace is observed at an altitude of 204.8 m above sea level. At this time, the end of the glacier occupied the shed at the transverse cape, remaining long in the same place.

This stage of the state of Glanyli glaciers relates to the "Ra Salpausselka" stage.

To the northeast of the Lip of Silver, on the eastern slope of the valley of the same name, Granley found two very distinct coastline, one of which was at an altitude of 180 m above sea level. Strait, apparently, was still filled with ice at this time, at least partially, probably because the mountains of Litke and Lojkin defended the glacier from the sea. It was fed through the valleys of the river. Chirakina and r. Shumili, and from the east through the strait. These valleys were undoubtedly filled with ice during this period. Masytkina Valley at this time, according to Granley, and later was filled with ice south of the sea ridges. In the next period, the ice retreated on the western side of the Strait for the mouth of the river valley. Shumili, and to the east, the glacier in the strait advanced the west of the whiskey lips and r. Rubin, in a narrow part of the Strait, west of the Bair Valley, where he stopped for a while. Following this retreat followed the rise of Sushi on the coastline at 146 m. The rise in the east was thus more significantly than in the West.

Granley points out that at the time when this coastline was designated, the region of the glacier had accounted for the nasty ridges lying there.

According to the Bair Valley, a large glacier descended into the shed in the form of a fan-shaped blade, almost bone it, in the valley of the river. Chirakina and r. Shumili, undoubtedly existed yet large glaciers.

In the process of further melting, this ice disappeared, and the sushus rose to 121 m, since this level is the first one that can be traced along the entire Syatkin Ball Straig.

As Granley indicates, large glaciers still went to the strait. To the number of such gutters belong, for example, Big Glacier Tretyakova, Bair glacier and a glacier in Shelongnik Valley, where it is noticeable that further deposit of ice took place with breaks. Three consecutive moraine ledges indicate not only the delay in retreat, but also give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe size of the glacier.

The time of intense melting of ice Granley refers to a sobbile time. As the ice cover is liberated, a gradual raising of a new land took place, as evidenced by the presence of a number of ancient coastlines on various, gradually decaying altitudes.

At a time when the dry was only a few meters above the current sea level, there was seem to be changed and climatic conditions. The retreat of glaciers ceased, and the period of ice cover occurred.

It is not necessary to speak in this case about the new glaciation, for it did not disappear even the whole old ice. New glaciers began to move on the old paths. In the north, the glaciers performed on the coastal plain, so that, for example, the Arkhangelsky glacier, as Granley points out, crossed the upper coastline, and Pakratyev's glacier gave a push lying in front of him, and caused the formation of folds. Apparently, the coastline at that time were between 10 and 20 m.

The appearance of peat over the fossil glychers was found to Maryarevsky during the author's expedition to the new land in 1921. It contains a Hy p num with y re r Asea. According to the deceased prof. Dobhturovsky, peat was formed, apparently, during the climatic optimum period of the post-year period.

However, as it is proved by A. 3Bkov, peat on the new earth can be formed at present.

M. Lavrova, pointing to the fact of overlapping the horizon of the peat by marine sediments, believes that after the last glacial period, there were two lower sushi. Two transgression is the first late alternate, with the top level of coastlines, and the later post declaration, not exceeding the height of 54 m.

New Earth and is currently in the process of raising. The negative movement of the coastline indicates a lot of circumstances. We have already had cases emphasize the importance of the formation of CPS in this regard. Currently, the rise seems to be slowly, since the recent coastline is better developed than the former.

Residential House Station at Cape Desire

Polygon soil in winter. The zone of the Arctic desert; Russian harbor

Nagorno-Arctic Tundra.In the foreground Polygon Tundra

Bird bazaar in small carmakers. (Photo L.A. Pentenko)

Old fishing honeycomb on the Kara Side of the Southern Ostrog of the New Earth. (Photo V.D. Alexandrova)

Part of the becoming camp: Warehouses and workshops (photos of GN Toporkova)

Group of students' pioneers

Packing eggs Kayry.

Deer from experienced herd. (Photo M. Kuznetsova)

Family of the Novoemel Nenets. Photo V.D. Alexandrova)

Becoming white; spit. Removed from the zeppelin. (Photo by Dr. Bass)

Nunataka of the glacial shield on the North Island of the New Earth. Senately from Zeppelin. (Photo by Dr. Bass)

Terraced surface on the eastern shoresouthern Island. (Photo by Dr. Bass)

The southern border of the glaciation of the new land, the upper river. Unnamed

Eastern part of the Mastekina of the ball.View from the Snow Cape to Cape Zhuravleva

Schematic map of vegetation of new land. Composed by A.I. Tooth.1 - glaciers; 2 - Arctic Tundra; 3 - Nagorno-Arctic Tundra; 4 Arctic desert; 5 - Nagorno-Arctic Desert

N.V. Mopov
candidate of Biological Sciences
senior Researcher, Moscow

New Earth - the largest and exotic archipelago in the north of Russia

Memory researchers of the new land L .. Grinevetsky, R.L. Zhimalovich and M.M. Ermolaeva

Border and peripheral (distant) regions of the country for various reasons, for example, the inaccessibility and (or) extremity of the natural and climatic conditions, still remain little-known and create such a sort of mysteriousness, mysteriousness. One of the similar mysterious lands is the new land archipelago, located on the border of Europe and Asia and, together with the Vaigach Island, serving a geographical barrier between the two seas of the Western Arctic - Barents and Karsky. This 900-kilometer largest island arc is directed almost from the very coast of the mainland sushi in the direction North Pole. Like a mysterious magnet, she was a few centuries to manila to himself not one generation of travelers and navigators who were trying, despite the enormous risk of swimming in the Arctic Ocean, at least once to step on the foot on the mysterious land, the vertices of which were decorated with white caps of glaciers sparkling on tens of tens Numerous bird colony-bazaars are arranged by coastal cliffs; To visit the rivers literally clogged with delicious golts, with their own eyes to see the colonies of Latin Guses.

Here I was fortunate enough to spend four expeditionary seasons, and therefore my next story is dedicated to this archipelago.
History of opening and mastering the archipelago. Previously, others, from the beginning of the XVI century, the Islands of the Archipelago and the Seaquators around him began to attend Russian industrialists - Zverobyi from Pyrosa and from the lower Pechora. Alas, stories are not a single document directly speaking the brave discoverers of the archipelago, coming from ancient Russia. Only in the oral work of the Pomorov, the legends were preserved about the former commercial expeditions of the distant time on these northern islands. The present, strictly scientific, geographical discovery of the new land - already with cards, records of diaries and compiled later by colorful "pictures" confirming this event, occurred at the very end of the XVI century. In the 1590s. The circumferential northern way - through the Arctic seas - they sought to establish direct trade relations with China and other countries of Southeast Asia, Dutch merchants. They intended to exchange for European manufactory to establish deliveries to this part of the old light of silk, tea, jewels, spices, porcelain, other exotic goods.

Three Dutch expeditions in 1594, 1595 and 1596-1597. They allowed the outline of the Western, Barentsomorsk coast of the New Earth to the geographical map, show main landmarks and objects on it. Dutch opening of the new land in time coincided with the invention by humanity of the first geographic maps Modern type. So the New Earth's archipelago "is incredibly lucky": it was in them (albeit with distortions and inaccuracies caused by the disadvantage of reliable data) Already from the end of the XVI - early XVII century. Almost two and a half centuries, knowledge of the new land was limited to the information obtained by European navigators.

The second "opening" of the new land took place in the XIX century. This period brought the first scientifically reliable information about the archipelago - its geographical position, geology, natural resources, seas, washing the banks of the islands. The beginning of accurate instrumental studies was putting an expedition to the main hydrographic control, headed by F.P. Litter. In 1821-1824. He made four swims to the western shores of the archipelago, describing most of them - by latitude from the island of Kryov Earth (the most southern archipelago limit) to Cape Nassau (North Island). Multi-year expedition F.P. The geographical coordinate of all key seats, islands and bays, which could be navigated in the future during coastal hills, the height of the coastal hills were identified in the future during coastal hills, the height of the coastal hills was drawn up, a map of the surveyed western part of the Southern and North Islands was drawn up.

 
Started by F.P. Litch work on the description of the new land in 1832-1835. Continuing one of his associates on research in the mouth of the Pechora River Suborugurian P.K. Pakhtusov. Unfortunately, in November 1835, his heroic efforts to study the new land interrupted a sudden death. Headed by P.K. The foreign expedition of Russia is obliged by the fact that the map was applied to the South and Eastern areas of the South Island from the Caracan Gate, the southern shields of the Macoquincine Ball and almost 3/4 of the North Islands coastal region, to Cape Far, were referred to A number of the most interesting in the fishery value of the bays and lips.

At the turn of the 1860-1870s. Because of the ice-climatic conditions changed in this part of the Earth (one of the "small warming of the Arctic") navigation situation improved so much that for several years, the Norwegian Survival ships were able to penetrate into the Kara Sea. One of the captains of Norwegian fields - E.G. Johannessene - managed on the narrow strait of the Mashekkin Ball and in the Kara Sea, usually covered with ice cover, insurmountable for vessels of that time (for the first time along the Eastern shore of the new land, Savva Hoshkin was held in the 1760s.), Proceed along the Kara Coast of the Archipelago, reaching The tip of the southern island. This navigator belongs to another record - in 1870, for the first time after Willem, the Barents, he came into a desire and visited the northern part of the North Island. Norwegian National Academy of Sciences found the results of swimming pools E.G. Johannessen is so significant for the knowledge of the Arctic, which even awarded his gold medal. In 1871, E.G. Johannessene followed other captains of the Norwegian ships of the Zverbokov: F.K. The poppy around the cape of desire also passed along the eastern shore of the archipelago, and E. Carlsen reached 77 degrees with. sh. and 60 degrees in. D. And then descended to the southern tip of the new land in the Kara Sea.

In the 1870s. The archipelago first appeared on a permanent population, and before that the island was uninhabited, although the victims of the wreck of navigaters or the beasts of the industrialists were sometimes detained, which for one or another could not get to the mainland before the autumn. These actions, the Russian government responded to the increased danger of the actual Norwegian annexation of the new land, which then de facto was considered to Russian ownership, although Russia's jurisdiction over the Isles of the Western Arctic was not framed by any documents. In this historical period, the Scandinavian authorities almost completely displaced Russian dyes with Novoemel crafts and even founded several of their baseline bases on the islands. According to the Arkhangelian provincial authorities, under whose authorities were the islands of the New Earth, Vaigach and a number of others, on the archipelago it was necessary to create a network of fishing becoming, settling them by themselves (nonsense), as the most adapted to life in such climatic conditions. Thus, the first noviemel becomes - small carmarkets (1877), Mastecin Ball (1894), Belushia Guba (1897) and Olginsky (1910).

Of the other historical events of the chronicle of the development of the new land, having universal importance, I note that it is here that the West Coast of the North Islands began, the world era of polar aviation began. In August, the Russian pilot Ya.I. has already become distant in 1914 Maurice Farman's Avietka firm, weighing only 450 kg, with the power of the Renault engine in 80 l / s and speed of 90 km / h, when any wind gust threatened to dump the car in the Arctic Barents Sea or on the New Earth Glacier , in the fog, "blindly", without knowledge of meteo conditions on the track, without a radio station and climate clothing, made several search flights above the land and sea. These flights are a true human feat.

They were ahead of almost ten years ahead of the next appearance of aircraft in the Arctic, when in 1923 the Swiss pilot Mittelgolzer committed successful raids over the shores of Spitsberena, and in 1924, the domestic pilot B.G. Chukhnovsky flew off for the first time on the Float Plan "Yu-20" New Earth.

All these foreign and domestic individual researchers and entire expeditions left peculiar traces on the map of the new land - the memory of themselves as a mass of geographical names. Novozemel Archipelago - a real historical and geographical memorial, where thousands of toponyms associated with the activities of Austrian, Dutch, Russian and Norwegian expeditions are concentrated - Villema Barents, Yakova Gemuskerka and Cornelius Neiya, F. P. Rosquet, F.P. Lytka, PK Pakhtusova, A.K. Tsivols, officers under the command of K.N. Postech, A. Peterman, Yu. Payer and K. Weiprecht, many others. But the first here, apparently, they still received the "registration" ancient Pomeranian names, which were now donated by unreserved, brave fisosals of the pomexes, even before the Barents sent to the new land for the "fish tooth" (walrus), seals, walrows, golts; Here, in 1594, the official discovers of the archipelago were met in 1594 - the Dutch, driven by the triumvirate of European "captains", Branto Eysbranz, Villem Barents and the Admiral of the Fleet Cornelis. Among the Pomeranian toponyms, I will note the big and small razors of the island, the eye of the lip, the bay of small carmaculas, the lip of Machina, Cape Nikolsky nose, the lip of Sakhanyu, the lip of Stroganov, Yartseva Island, others.

Structure, sizes and geographic coordinates of the new land

Archipelago New Earth is the largest of the archipelago in the Eurasian part of the cycrupolar region of the northern hemisphere. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe new land islands is almost 83 thousand km2. Even if the archipelago is also included by the Vaigach Island, by origin and geology as a new land being organic continuation of the Ural Mountain Country, its area will increase only by 3.4 thousand km2. For comparison, I will indicate that the area of \u200b\u200bthe three other most significant archipelagments of this part of the Arctic Ocean is much less: the land of Franz Joseph is 16.1 thousand km2; Northern Earth, or Earth Emperor Nicholas II - 37.6 thousand km2; Svalbard is about 62 thousand km2. The new land is included in the list of the world's largest archipelago plants, occupying 10th place. Within the entire Arctic region of the Northern Hemisphere, the Novoemel Sushus is inferior only to the Canadian Arctic Archipelago with an area of \u200b\u200babout 1.3 million km2.

So, in fact, the new land consists of two large islands - the Northern, area of \u200b\u200b48.9 thousand km2, and the southern, with an area of \u200b\u200b33.3 thousand km2. From each other, they are separated by a narrow, width of 800 m to 3 km, the crankshaft-curved strait of the Mastecin ball. Strait so narrow, which was almost always clogged with ice impressed by the winds from the East, from the Kara Sea. Therefore, in the old days, and, interestingly, even in the 1920s, when there was a widely large mastering of the new land, in the literature and even official documents, a new land was called as a single island - the island of the New Earth.

The extreme borders of the archipelago islands: Northern Point - Cape Carlsen, 77 ° 01 "S.Sh., 67 ° 52" V.D., Although the north of it are located two groups of islands - small and large Orange (the very northern tip of the latter lies for three seconds north of Cape Karlsen); Southern Point - Cape Kuzov Nose on the island Kryova Earth - 70 ° 28 "S.Sh., 57 ° 07" V.D., Western point - Unnamed Cape on the Peninsula Guasin Earth, 71 ° 50 "S.Sh., 51 ° 27 "VD; The eastern limit of the archipelago is Cape Flissing, 76 ° 42 "S.Sh., 69 ° 02" V.D. The highest point of the new land is Mac Mountain on the North Island (1547 m at sea level), in the area of \u200b\u200bengaged in cover glaciers.

Both large islands of the archipelago are surrounded by a whole scolding of small islands, especially a lot of them along the Western, Barentsomorsky, the shore and in the south - on the border with Vaigach in the Cara Gate Strait. Such islands in the Strait of the Kara Gate, the south of the Peninsula goose land (the central part of the West Bank of the Southern Island) and the north of it, and in the Gulf of the Moller form the systems of Schochnaya Aquatorium. From the largest satellite islands, I will indicate the interruption (at the south-west shore of the South Island) and Kozova Earth (at the southern shore of the South Island).

The archipelago is washed by the water area of \u200b\u200bthe two seas: Barentsva - the most warm in the Eurasian Arctic - and Kara - one of the most ice-bearing in the Arctic. In the south, the border frontiers between them lie in the straits of the Kara Gate and the Ugra Ball, and in the north - about the longitude of the caution of desire. The central axis of the archipelago - the watershed of the two seas - shifted to the west. These are different. The Barents Sea is experiencing a pecaptive influence of the fusey branches of the Golf Stream, which rests in the Novoemel archipelago and do not penetrate the Kara Sea, which is the latter and is a kind of refrigerator on the border of the Western and Central Arctic.

Ecological and geographical features. Geology and origin

The new land archipelago is complicated mainly by the rocks of Paleozoic age, overlapped with quaternary sediments from above. In its geological history, the periods of slaughtering and relative rest were alternated. The most ancient rocks on the Cambrian age archipelago - black phyllitis, sandstones, clay shale and conglomerates with fauna trilobites. Seaside areas of sushi are covered with multi-meter strata of early-fascular covering glaciers. When the glaciers retreated, a gradual isostatic raising of the seabed began, which continues and now at a speed of about 5-6 mm per year. It is likely that modern seaside sites of Sushi were released from under the sea approximately 7600 years ago. One of the evidence of this process is characteristic of the former seabed landscape of modern territory. These are low ridges (sobes) with shallow, but significant in the area of \u200b\u200bdepressions between them, small absolute heights, smoothed by the actions of the glacier and sea waves. The glacial processes and the actions of the sea waves led to the fact that solid indigenous breeds, alkalizing archipelago (granites, sandstones, shale, limestone and others), covered with a cover of loose glacier sediments with a thickness of 1.5-2.5 m. Therefore, there are found on the islands Sand-grabbed soils with boulders and the retailed by the Sea pebbles.

On the further development natural complexes New Earth has a significant impact of generallylanet (global) climate change processes. Such as, for example, the last period of climate warming is a holotourized climatic maximum, when the air temperature was a few degrees above the modern, the honest gap is longer, and winter is softer. In this era, plant communities have developed on the archipelago, close to the composition of modern groups of mainland subarctic tundras - more southern natural landscapes. Reducing the relief on the shores of the streams occupied sedious and cereal-dies, and extensive nizenas with saucers of small ponds borrowed hypinical moss; There were formed peculiar hypinate swamps with mass thickets of moss at the bottom and on the shores of the reservoirs. On the hypinous swamps they grew ordinary in more southern regions, mainly in the south of the Arctic and in Subarctic (as now on Vaigach Island, in Bolyzhemel and Malozhel Tundra), the thermal-loving marsh plants - for example, a sabelnik Bolotnaya, willow, blueberries, cloudberry, some laptops and Camery. Now they have been preserved on a new land in peculiar isolated habitats in the southern and partially northern islands - in refunctions (refuge). From the times of the Holocene climatic maximum, the active peat-accumulation is still continuing in the horror reductions of the relief and lakes of the archipelago, but in the ecological conditions changed since then, it is limited now only to the southern island, where the peatlands with a maximum capacity of 1.2 m are marked, for example, in mushroom The lip, on the white peninsula and the southern tip of the island. In an evolutionary plan, this process leads, in the end, to the disappearance of lakes as a result of the full filling of lake bath peat.

Since the new land is located on the mainland, it is a typical shelf education. Modern relief is determined by the tectonic movement of sushi. Through the islands are characterized by end-to-end robrency valleys, embedded by large faults of sushi and having a latitudinal orientation in the overall direction. Such through valleys were discovered relatively recently, at the beginning of the 20th century, when the Russian researcher V.A. Rusanov made several cross-cutting routes across the North Islands, between the lips of the cross (on the west coast) and (on the Eastern). The same fault is the above-mentioned shedding of the Motokkin, having a maximum depth of 200 m.

The relief of the archipelago is predominated not elongated in some one direction, but scattered mountain arrays. In the coastal region, fjords, schkers, sea terraces, as well as many islands and straits between them. Some areas of sushi rose more intense other and now in the form of islands rise above the water, others, descended or very slowly rose, which led to the formation of many bays and straits. Sushi raises led to a young character of a modern river network with unreclaimed river valleys, thresholds, waterfalls, so-called hanging villages of the valleys. Past and modern glaciations are the causes of domination even at small altitudes of the relief of the high-lived features, where are common chairs, circus, nunatakas, moraine and glacial lakes that give the relief an alpinotype appearance. In height and formats of relief on the new land are the plains (heights up to 200 m above sea level), lowlands (heights up to 500 m), middle mountains (up to 900 m) and highlands (over 900 m).

In the most general form, the relief of each island of the archipelago looks like this. The central areas in the depths of the sushi on the distance from the coast range from several to two tens of kilometers are occupied by an area with heights of more than 200 m - from lowland to highlands, including glaciers, part of which is broken directly into the sea water surrounding archipelago. According to the periphery, this area is protected by seaside plains, whose languages \u200b\u200baccording to river valleys and large slides are penetrated into the depths of the sublime part, sometimes 20-30 km, and in the southern and middle areas of the southern island it even takes solid all the space - "from the sea to the sea", From the line of the Barentsevo coast to the car of Kara.

The coastline of the archipelago is distinguished by large slices, abundantly, especially in the West, abundantly deeply smoking the bays - typical fjords. The largest of them is the Bay of Reinek, Luba Loginova and Sakhanich's Luba, with steep clouds. In the south of the island of the coast, a typical shatter character. But the most impressive fjords are on the northern island, where in their buttous parts (vertices), the languages \u200b\u200bof output glaciers are broken into the water.

Particularly interesting natural objects are the covering glaciers and the whole phenomenon of glaciation. The new land is distinguished by intense glaciation, due to the specificity of the climate in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Arctic. It created all the conditions for the formation and existence of cover glaciers - a relatively large amount of solid precipitation, low average annual air temperatures, cold summer and a large albedo covered with snow and ice surface. Most of North Islands (for about 340 km long, starting from the North of the Archipelago, and the largest width of up to 70 km on latitudes between 75 ° and 76 ° C.Sh.) and the Syatkin Ball adjacent to the South Islands South Islands are located in the field of coating, semi-cutting and mountain glaciation. The field of glaciation on the archipelago is more than 24 thousand km2. The archipelago is the only area of \u200b\u200bRussia, where all existing forms of glaciation are presented - cover, mesh, mining and valley, as well as a glacial shield. North of 75 ° C.Sh. There is the largest area of \u200b\u200ba solid glacial shield, where the thickness of the ice reaches 250-300 m. The ice cover here consists of their two parts - the actual Novoemel glacial shield with heights of up to 1000 m, located north of the Admiralty Peninsula to 66 ° E., and North Glacial hats with heights of 550-600 m, separated from the main ice shield of the Valley of St. Anne.

 
Along with the general tendency of the retreat of glaciers, which can be traced at least for the last four hundred and more years (their initial state was recorded in 1594-1597. Expeditions V. Barents), there are advancing glaciers on the new land. This, for example, Glaciers Petersen and Shokalsky. The archipelago meet both active and low-modular glaciers. From the observations on the Schocalsky glacier in the middle part, the speed of ice movement was determined - 100-150 m per year. In the central parts of the glacial cover, at altitudes 700 m or more, i.e. In the food area, the speed of movement of glaciers decreases to 10-20 m per year. The greatest values \u200b\u200bof the velocities of the movement of glaciers are marked on the passes through the barriers, where it comes to 300-600 m per year. Interestingly, in winter, the speed of movement of glaciers is reduced by about twice as compared to summer.

Being on a new land, it is interesting to observe such a phenomenon as the formation of icebergs. They are formed in the climbing areas of glacial languages \u200b\u200bdescending into the sea. A particularly picturesque picture represent the narrow fjords, in the tops of which constantly with a huge noise, similar to the gaps of powerful shells or bombs, under pressure from the weight of the ice romance of the Gletcher, the multi-meter mountains of greenish ice, raising small "tsunami". From here throughout the entire length of the bay, like flocks of white mysterious birds of bizarre form, "float" in the open sea Newly formed icebergs.

Climate. Archipelago is located in two climatic belts - Arctic and subarctic. On the new earth would be even much colder if not warm waters Golfustrum, the Nordskap branch of which, even if almost cooled, but still comes to the archipelago. She rests on his western, the Barents-Sea coast, where winter temperatures can be 5 or more degrees higher than on the eastern, kara.

The characteristic features of the climate of the Novoemel archipelago are the large humidity of the air, almost constantly the gloomy sky (the number of clear days per year does not exceed 29), frequent and fairly significant precipitation (from 190 mm at the cape of desire at the very northern point of the archipelago to 300 mm at Cape the output; The amount of precipitation in glaciers reaches 600 mm per year), fog and constant strong winds, accompanied by snowstorms, why and often new land is called the "country of winds".

In the Arctic belt is the northern part of the archipelago - the island of the North and nearby small islands, the rest of the new land lies in the subarctic belt. In the northern part of the archipelago, the average temperatures of the coldest month fluctuate from -15 to -20 ° C on the west coast, and on the eastern-20 to -30 ° C. The average temperatures of the warmer month on the coast reach + 5 ° C, and at sea -0 - + 5 ° C. For the southern part of the new Earth, the average January temperature is -5 °, -10 ° C - in the west and -10 °, -25 ° C - in the east. July temperatures reach + 10 ° C on land and + 5 ° C at sea.

An extraordinary phenomenon of the local climate, especially on the island of North, is the famous Novoemel Bohr. It is most often observed in winter, but maybe in the summer. It was in such a summer bor that I had to get in August 1995 while staying on the shore of Ivanov's bay in the north-west of the North Island. During the bords, the wind for a few hours accelerates to the speed of hurricane (up to 30 m / s, with gusts up to 60 m / s). This wind stream as if the "courier" train fell suddenly with a heated part of glaciers down, to the sea; His stream carries small stones, pebbles and sand, causing an unusual phenomenon - in suddenly, the twilight of the twilight from the coast, the low waves with white crests are running to the plains of the twilight from the shore in the direction of the mourn. Bora can last 4-7 days. Usually, after Bora, the weather changes dramatically, as after a major thunderstorm in the middle lane of Russia.

Rivers and lakes. As it is not surprising, but even in the Arctic, on the new land, many rivers and lakes, although they are unevenly distributed over the archipelago. For example, on the island of the North, the most severe in natural conditions, rivers a little. This is a consequence of climatic features, and the presence of glaciation on land. Rivers of the island of northern short, not more than 10-15 km long. The largest of them are goose, Mityushiha, commercial and southern cross. A completely different picture is observed on the island of South, where the river network is more developed. The rivers are extended, several tens of kilometers long; Among the largest of them are the rivers Abrosimov, Savina, Sakhanin, Unnamed, Rogachev, Pooh.

The watershed between the rivers flowing into the Barents and Kara Sea, is expressed quite well. On the Southern Island It takes place along the rosters of the inland areas and shifted to the east, as a result of which the Waterborum Barents of the Barents Sea occupies 2/3 of its square on this island. For most rivers, non-unrecorded valleys are characterized by the journey of boulders, valleys of valleys with extended speech-thresholds, stony flocks and waterfalls. All of them have snow-glacial food. The temperature of the water in rivers in the summer period is cold - it exceeds 8-10 ° C; In glacial streams and rivers, it is also lower - no more than 0.1-0.2 - 1.5 ° C.

There are on the new land and the lake, which is generally uncharacteristic for such high-tech islands, where these geographical objects are rather an exception than the rule, and this circumstance will noticeably allocate the Novoemel archipelago among its Eurasian "fellow". Here the lakes are common and meet from the southernmost limits to the northern; There are even one of the extreme points - at the cape of desire, where a long time was a supplier of fresh water for the supply of the same name of the polar station.

As in the internal, dedicated to the perigrist region (directly at the foot of the glaciers), and in the coastal areas of both islands of the archipelago there are many lakes from a few hundred meters to 1.5-3 km. The tundra plains of the southern island are characterized by a special wealth of standing reservoirs, where the lakes and 2nd lacks, Pakhtusov, Kashin, Sakharov, Zyssa, Ice and Gusino are the largest on the plaza. The archipelago knows several types of lakes: thermocartes (zonal for the distribution area of \u200b\u200bpermafrost), they can only be found on the southern island - on peatlands in the mushroom lip and in the southern part of the archipelago; Real coastal, formed when raising the coastal region and often located at altitudes up to 100-150 m above sea level; Ice Valleys and Mountains. Most water reservoirs are flowing. The depths of the lakes are very different. For example, thermokars and lying on the seaside plains in the southern polar deserts of the North Island shallow - 0.9-2.0 m deep. But on the archipelago a lot of lakes, minor in the area, but, but deep-water, as, for example, found by the author on the east coast of the Southern Island on the shore of Abrosimov's bay (6-10 m deep at the area of \u200b\u200bthe aqueous mirror of no more than 1 hectare). The most deep among the archipelago lakes described and the lakes studied are Lakes Derigina (maximum depth of 90 m) and lack (74 m). All small lakes in a depth of 2 m in winter are frozen to the bottom, and deep lakes in winter are covered with ice layer almost two meters. Such deep lakes differ from all sorts of small presence in the first of them populations of the Arctic Goltz.

Flora and vegetation (natural zones). Unlike all other high-tech archipelago of the circumpolar region, the New Earth lies in two natural zones. A little more than a third of the archipelago (southern island of about 72 ° C.Sh.) is occupied by the Arctic tundra, and the coastal sites there are equible options of the tundrov-arctic vegetation. And in internal, more elevated,
landscapes - mining and arctic tundras. In the seaside part of the island of southern plain versions of the Arctic TundR, the Masian Ball (approximately 73 ° S.Sh.) go, although its mountain area is already occupied by the mining and arctic variants of polar deserts.

The north of the main dividing line of the Islands of the Archipelago - Mushekin of the Bowl, the nature of the vegetation is radically changing. Even on the coast, there are practically no plain sites (they are represented by small fragments) and the lowlands dominate. Therefore, mountain tundra groups go to the very sea, and in the central, the most sublime, part of the mining and arctic versions of polar deserts are common, at all points also go directly to the sea.

The last sections of the mountain variants of the Arctic TundR go to the coastal area of \u200b\u200bthe North Island about about the latitude of Admiralty Peninsula (up to 75 ° C.Sh.), and the north the kingdom of polar deserts, represented by its southern option begins. In this part of the archipelago, where, along the periphery of the North Island, the land rose from the sea or freed from retreating glaciers relatively recently, the primary landscapes with similar to lunar landscapes and primitive, few structured soils are common in evolutionary terms. The polar deserts of a narrow strip (with a maximum width of no more than 2-6 km) go along the edge of the sea to the highest point of the archipelago, encircling it from the Barentian and Kara sides. The inner part of the island is the area of \u200b\u200blifeless covering glaciers.

The main feature of the natural zones of the archipelago is a significant variety of vegetation (more than 240 types of ground flora), which is associated with the extended latitudinal extension of the new land and the proximity of it to the mainland land. And the Arctic tundra, and the polar deserts by the variety of flora differ significantly from the same natural regions In other areas of the Arctic. This is due to the presence of a wide variety of habitat on the islands and microscone refugiii (shelters), predetermined during periods of climatic shift on Earth (climbing and warming of climate) Unhindered migration and penetration of thermal-loving plants, respectively, from the south, from the mainland tundras through the island of Vaigach, north ( During climate warming) or, on the contrary, promotion and lowering far to the south of cold-tech plants of the North (from the polar deserts and their analogues) to the south, fixing such migrants as part of plant complexes.

Certificates are more comfortable for the biota conditions on the high-forearctic islands in the history of this region of the Earth, the presence of hydrophilic species in the composition of the vegetation. For those of them, such as the RDEST comb, several types of Dupponia and FPPSION, ARTICHOFILE Yellow, Pallas Buttercipions, Hyperborean and Others, Tails Lancing and Ordinary, Sabelnik Bolotnaya, Mulberry Neuctating, Bolotnaya Slotchnik, New Earth - the only one among high-tech archipelago The area where these aquatic and voluminous plants are known, which gives the entire archipelago an exotic appearance. In the researcher, it turned out near the reservoirs suddenly the impression is that he is on the mainland, a few degrees in the latitude of south, in a different natural geographic area. Almost like Jules Verne in his "Captain Grand Captain" or Arthur Conan Doyle among expedition participants in " lost World" For part of such plants, Novoemel habitat is the most northern of now known in Europe.

Heat-loving relics, witnesses more favorable than modern conditions on the islands, on the archipelago are "land" cloudberry, blueberries, two types of ferns Cystopteris, a herub round-hearted, Ivan-tea is long-wave and broad-sized, Castile Lapland, dwarf birch, forgetcoming marsh, a number of other plants . These species have been preserved in micro-hobs - in shielding rains protected from strong northern winds, in the crevices of rocks, on the slopes of the southern exposition, where heated soils and stones create favorable temperature conditions, determine the flowering of plants and aging seeds, which is a prerequisite for existence in the time of their populations.

Exotic species have landscapes in the strip of southern versions of polar deserts. These are almost solid arrays of the pebble, boulders, primary, unstructured soils released from under the packing glaciers, or marked sediment with marine waves. As in the real desert of the roast belt of the Earth, there is no continuous cover from vascular plants, and even such primitive plant forms, like mosses and lichens, form small clusters only in hollows, in winds protected from wind, etc. Ecotopes. Primitive, almost completely devoid of vegetation The primary landscapes are experiencing a real moisture deficit; Lakes and rivers here are rather an exception than the rule. Separate vascular plants, their captory curtains together with moss and lichens are marked in very exotic loci, again the same deserts of hot south. The deficiency of organic and moisture, common for the southern and northern desert, causes the type of vegetation for such landscapes - these are peculiar oasis, sometimes there are squares of several tens of square centimeters or even the size of a tea saucer formed in the seaside terrace on emissions of dead marine animals ( whales, coushlots, walrles, seals) or fin. Such organic accumulations, slightly immersed in the pebbles or clay soil and decayed for decades, serve first with the pier MCHAM, on the layers of which lichens are settled, and then - vascular (higher, or flowering) plants. Another potential ecotope for the settlement of plants is narrow, literally a few centimeters width, a strip of shore along large and small streams, rivers and lakes. So harsh conditions of existence of plants here have also caused the poverty of flora of flowering plants, which marked just over 50 species (in 4 more than more than in the tundra adjacent to the arctic deserts). The settlement of polar-desert landscapes comes from the south, from the area of \u200b\u200bthe Arctic TundR. The first barrier on the path of such migrants is the transition region between these two natural zones. It comes to it more than 80 species, but, as can be seen, here and settles, stopping its spread to the north, almost about a third of migrants.
Fauna. As with any northern island, there are very few real land animals on the archipelago. On the new land now there are only four - sands, the Novoemel subspecies of the wild reindeer, hoofed and Siberian (Ob) lemming. In the historical past (before the beginning - the end of the XIX century), when there were many fishing animals on the archipelago and their intensive mining was carried out, there were still a wolf and a fox. Mammals of the greatest diversity reaches sea views.

Coastal sites of sushi and marine waters, like a magnet, attract the walker of the Atlantic, white bear, seals (sea hare, ringed nerve, lysun, or a Greenland seal). Narnal, Beluha and Greenland whale are ordinary from the shore. At the end of the 20th century, when the number of marine mammals, the water area and the land of the archipelago began everywhere in the Arctic, remained the only region, where there is a relatively large number of walrus, and in the north of the North Island - from the Bay of the Russian Harbor to the Ice Harbor - the author found several major fantasies This is gone with a total number of several hundred, and possibly - and thousands of heads. Some of these fantasies, an example, on large Orange Islands, are known since their discovery in 1594 by the expedition of the Dutch merchants.

In addition to amazing colonial seabirds, the new land is the nesting area of \u200b\u200bthe Gaga of ordinary, northern colonial marine duck, the bustle of the barrel, an exotic species, arranging colonies, like seagulls, on the cornices. From another "flying" exotic, there are graceful swans - a mannik, clikun, white, piskulka, tundra, several types of centers (black and red blood).

Of course, the new land is not only the habitat of large animals, mammals and birds. In the soil and on its surfaces, primitive animals live - insects (mosquitoes, midges, rare types of butterflies and beetles), worms, as well as nematodes living in lakes, provicrats, lower crustaceans. These animals are located at the very basis of the trophic pyramids of soil and water ecosystems, making the feed base with small species of birds and inhabiting in island rivers and lakes.
So the most extensive archipelago in the Eurasian Arctic looks like a new land.

"Geography for schoolchildren." - 2015. - Number 3 . - P. 3-14.

The new land archipelago is located in the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Arctic Ocean between the Barents and Kara Seas. In the south, through the Strait, the Karaca Gate is the island of Vaigach. Administrative archipelago is part of the Arkhangelsk region. The archipelago area is about 83 thousand square meters. km, and the length of the southwest northeast is 925 km.

The New Earth archipelago consists of a large number of islands, the largest of which North Island and South. They are separated by a narrow strait of the Motokkin ball, its width is 2-3 km. Cape Flissing - the northeastern tip of the North Island is the easternmost point of Europe.

The islands of the new land are the continuation of the Gersin's folded structures of the Urals. Intensive neotectonic movements raised them to a height of more than a hundred meters, so the new land is allocated among all the Arctic islands with its heights. In Pleistocene, all the islands were covered with mainland ice. The center of the glaciation was located, from where the ice was slipped into the East European and West Siberian plains.

About half of the North Islands occupy glaciers. On the territory of almost 400 km long and a width of 70-75 km there are solid ice cover, its thickness is more than 300 meters. In some places, Ice descends into fjords or breaks into the open sea, forming ice barriers and giving the beginning to huge icebergam, whose weight can reach several million tons.

On the archipelago, the New Earth prevails the harsh, the Arctic climate. Winter here is very cold and long-lasting with strong winds and snowstorms. The speed of winter winds on the archipelago reaches approximately 40-50 m / s, so the new land is sometimes called the "country country". Frosts on the archipelago New Earth reaches 40 degrees. The average air temperature of the very warm month - August varies in the range from +2.5 degrees in the northern part of the archipelago to +6.5 in its southern part. On the archipelago, the new land has many small lakes, in which water can warm up to +18 under the rays of the Sun in the southern regions.

Despite the rigid climatic conditions, there is life on the islands: there are some types of plants (moss and lichen, cereal and cloves, cross-flowers and some flowers like polar poppy and laptop), covering scanty vegetation southern shores of the islands. Noisy bird bazaars nest on the rocks (silvery and pink seagulls, burgomyrs - only about 15 species of birds), and under them there are their fools of seals and walruses. Earlier (24,000-19,000 years ago), large mammals penetrated this territory (the remains of mammoths were found). Now in the south of the archipelago you can only meet only rare reindeers, lemming, sands and wolves. The owner of the territory was and remains a polar bear.

It is interesting:

- Local types of animals save heat and try to reduce heat transfer by all means. Many species achieve this by reducing the size: shortening legs, ears and beaks. And the sands seem to transmit their holes from generation to generation (there are no holes that dozens, if not hundreds of years): In the frowning ground, they are incredibly hard to dug, so the animals are not scattered with ready-made minks.

- Cape of Earthwood on the island of Schmidt Archipelago New Earth is the most remote point from the continent: from the Peninsula Taimyr separates it 470 km.

- Archipelago North Earth gets the least sunny day on the planet - 12 in the year, despite the fact that the polar day lasts more than 130 days.

- The most powerful Ice Dome of the Archipelago was passed in 2001. He provided at the disposal of Ice Curne scientists from the depth of 724 m, which preserved information over the last 8000-9000 years. Kern is investigated in Germany laboratories.

- on the island of the October Revolution and the Komsomolets generated from the shores of the glaciers change coastline During the year more than a kilometer. The record sizes of the iceberg were recorded here in 1953, 12 km long and about 4 km in width.

- Nina Petrovna Demme became the first Russian polarian woman who participated in wintering on northern land in 1932-1934 and also in the post of chief. What is interesting, for her in the same direction, two more nines went: an actinometrist (specialist in measuring the intensity of electromagnetic radiation) Nina Freiberg and Meteorologist Nina Vojatsikha.

- The northernmost island point of Asia is located on the North Earth - this is the Cape Arctic on about. Komsomolets. Hence the north pole is 990.7 km, so the polar explorer expeditions use it as the starting point.

The invasion of polar bears on the archipelago New Earth . It is important to note that in the period from December of the month of 2018 to February a month 2019 near the settlements Archipelago New Earth Local residents have a fairly large cluster-group of polar bears. By decision of authorized persons, starting from February 9, 2019 on the territory of the Arctic Russian archipelago New Earth The emergency mode was introduced. This was done in view of the mass invasion of polar bears.
For example, 52 polar bear were marked in the vicinity of the Arctic village of Belushia Guba. In addition, there were cases of attacking polar bears on people. Cases of penetration of polar bears in residential and various office premises were also reported. It is worth noting that throughout the comfortable village of Beluchea Luba archipelago New Earth Constantly live approximately six-nine polar bears.
According to one well-known scientist invasion of bears, both with the traditional seasonal migration of these animals and the presence of landfills in the Arctic settlements with various food waste.
It is noteworthy that in order to ensure security, the necessary precautions began to be taken. For example, in places of children's walks in local kindergartens, reliable additional fences were installed. In addition, the delivery of local children in kindergartens was organized.
It is also planned to organize a platform for the nutrition of polar bears away from the village of Belushe Guba, which will significantly lock the locals from the invasion of bears.
After 10 days, in February 19, 2019, the emergency was in the Arctic archipelago New Earth It was canceled, due to the "voluntary" departure of the bears.
Location Archipelago New Earth .

Russian territory Archipelago New Earthit is a rather large archipelago, which is widely spread in the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Arctic Ocean, namely between the Kara Sea.
It is part of the northern region of the country. In the south, the Kara Gate is separated from Vayigach Island, whose width is approximately 50 km.
Characteristics of the archipelago New Earth . Extensive archipelago New Earth It consists of: from two rather large islands, namely the North Island and the Southern Island, which are separated by a narrow strait of the Motokkin ball, the width of which is about 2-3 km, and from a plurality of relatively small islands, of which the largest island is the island of Mezar. Northeastern tip of the North Island archipelago New Earth Cape Flissing is considered. This is the easternmost point.

Extension archipelago New Earth In the direction of the south-west to the northeast is 924.9 km. Northern Point archipelago New Earth The eastern island of large Orange islands is considered, and the islands of the picturesque Petukhovsky archipelago are considered the southernmost point, the milestone is the milestone, which is located on the peninsula of the goose land of the South Island, the extreme eastern point is Cape Flissing North Island.
total area archipelago New Earth It is over 83,000 km². It is worth noting that the width of the North Island reaches 123 km, and the width of the southern island is 143 km. According to the 2010 census on archipelago New Earth There were about 3,000 inhabitants.
North Island Archipelago New Earth . Approximately half of the area of \u200b\u200bthe North Island is occupied by glaciers. On the territory that extends almost 401 km long and up to about 71-74.5 km wide, there is a solid white ice cover, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich is approximately 20,000 km². Ice cover thickness here is more than 300 meters. In some places, the ice descends in the picturesque fjords or cool turns right into the open sea, while forming large ice barriers and thus the beginning of a huge ice blocks - icebergs, whose weight can sometimes reach several million tons.
Total area of \u200b\u200bglaciation archipelago New Earth It is 29767 km², of which approximately 92% is a coating glaciation and 7.9% fall on unique mountain glaciers.
On the southern island above the specified archipelago there are sections of whole tundra, which are surprisingly adorable in their beauty.
Climate Archipelago New Earth . On Russian large archipelago New Earth harsh prevails. Winter here is very cold and long-lasting with strong winds and snowstorms. The speed of winter winds on the archipelago reaches approximately 40-50 m / s, so the new land is sometimes called the "country country". Frosts on archipelago New Earth Reach -40 ° C. The average air temperature of the very warm month of the year - August varies in the range from +2.5 ° C in the northern part of the archipelago to +6.5 ° C in its southern part.
Thus, the difference in temperature mode between the coasts of the Barents Sea and the Kara Sea exceeds approximately 5 ° C.
It is noteworthy that such a temperature asymmetry is explained by the difference in ice-mode above the seasons mentioned.
On the archipelago New Earth There are many small lakes, the water in which under the rays of the Sun in the southern regions can warm even up to +18 ° C.

According to many geologists:, Vaigach Island and New Earth - represent an ancient ridge -! Indeed, together they represent and bent, but a one-piece line, which and.
On the ancient maps (for example, the Mercator, which will be indicated in the article) The New Earth represented a single island, and even the peninsula, which was connected to the continent in the Yugorsky Peninsula area, that is, the Ural Mountains in antiquity walked in an continuous chain far to the Arctic. The legends of the hyperboree and there are place, because this ancient ridge and north of the new land continues on the bottom of the Ice Ocean, that is, geologically - the Urals turns out to be longer, at least another thousand kilometers!
What grounds were here before the onset of cooling and ocean lifting is a question for modern scientists!

And for ordinary alone - the new land is known, first of all, the test of the destructive in the history of humanity of the hydrogen bomb, or as it is called - the king bombs! The capacity of the bomb was more than 60 megaton, it is about 30 thousand bombs discarded on Hiroshima! The terrible force, the storehouse of the abyss, but life has shown that those countries that do not have nuclear weapons - in principle cannot have an independent and independent policy! The nuclear shield is one of the few allies of Russia, it is worth wrinkled or dispose of the last nuclear charge or a delivery means, as we will actually learn - which is Western democracy!

The shock wave has rented a globe several times! And the surface of the landfill melted and squeezed out. Test details will be lower.

New Earth from the satellite, visible shedding Mushekin Ball

GENERAL INFORMATION
New Earth - Archipelago in the Arctic Ocean and; It is included in the Arkhangelsk region of Russia in the rank of the municipality "New Earth".
The archipelago consists of two large islands - the northern and southern, separated by a narrow strait (2-3 km) Mushekin Ball and a plurality of relatively small islands, the largest of which is the interruption. The northeastern tip of the North Island - Cape Flissing - is the easiest point of Europe.

It stretches from southwest to the northeast by 925 km. The northernmost point of the new land is the eastern island of large orange islands, the southernmost islands of Pintukhovsky Archipelago, Western - Unnamed Cape on the Peninsula Guas Earth South Island, East - Cape Flissing Islands North. The area of \u200b\u200ball islands is more than 83 thousand km²; The width of the North Island to 123 km,
South - up to 143 km.

In the south of the Strait (width of 50 km) is separated from Vaigach Island.

The climate is arctic, harsh. Winter is long and cold, with strong winds (the speed of the catabathic (stock winds) reaches 40-50 m / s) and snowstorms, in connection with which the new land in the literature is sometimes taken to call the "country of winds". Frosts reach -40 ° C.
The average temperature of the warm month is August - from 2.5 ° C in the north to 6.5 ° C in the south. In winter, the difference reaches 4.6 °. The difference in temperature conditions and exceeds 5 °. Such a temperature asymmetry is due to the difference in the ice-mode of the specified seas. On the archipelago itself, many small lakes, under the rays of the sun, the temperature of the water in the southern regions can reach 18 ° C.

About half of the area of \u200b\u200bthe North Island occupy glaciers. On the territory of about 20,000 km² - solid ice cover, stretching by almost 400 km long and up to 70-75 km in width. Ice power Over 300 m. In some places, the ice is descended into fjords or breaks into the open sea, forming ice barriers and giving the beginning of iceberg. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe glaciation of the new land is 29,767 km², of which about 92% of the coating glaciation and 7.9% mountain glaciers. On the South Island - the sections of the Arctic Tundra.

cruiser Peter Great in New Earth

Minerals
The archipelago, first of all, on the South Island, are known for mineral deposits, mainly ores of black and non-ferrous metals. The most significant is the Rogachev-Thainsky manganese-ore area, according to forecast estimates - the largest in Russia.
Manganese ores are carbonate and oxide. Carbonate ores, with an average manganese content of 8-15%, are distributed on an area of \u200b\u200babout 800 km², the prediction resources of category P2 are 260 million tons. Oxide ores, with a manganese content from 16-24 to 45%, focused mainly in the north of the district - In the North-Thai ore field, the predicted resources of category P2 are 5 million tons. According to the results of technological tests of ore are suitable for producing metallurgical concentrate. All deposits of oxide ores can be developed in an open way.

Several ore fields were revealed (Pavlovskoye, Northern, delayed) with deposits of polymetallic ores. Pavlovskoye deposit located within the same ore field is still the only deposit on the new Earth, according to which balance reserves approved. Balance reserves of lead and zinc in C1 + C2 categories make up more than 2.4 million tons, and the predicted resources of the category P1 - 7 million tons (approved by MPR of Russia as of January 1, 2003).
The lead content in ores varies from 1.0 to 2.9%, zinc - from 1.6 to 20.8%. The projected resources of the Pavlovsky ore field of category P2 total for lead and zinc are 12 million tons (approved by MPR of Russia as of January 1, 2003). In addition, silver reserves are estimated as passing. The development of the deposit is possible in the open way.

The remaining ore fields are much less studied. It is known that the northern ore field, in addition to lead and zinc, contains silver as a passing components (content - 100-200 g / t), gallium (0.1-0.2%), India, Germany, Yttrium, Intrbium, Niobium .

On the South Island are known for manifestations of native copper and meditute sandstones.

All well-known ore fields require additional study, which is hampered by natural conditions, insufficient economic masters and the special status of the archipelago.

In the water area of \u200b\u200bthe seas, washing the archipelago, a number of geological structures were identified, promising for the search for oil and gas deposits. The Shtokman gas condensate deposit, the largest on the Russian shelf, is located 300 km from the coast of the New Earth.

History
In ancient times, a new land inhabited an unknown tribe, possibly belonged to the Ust-Poliah archaeological culture. It is possible that in the mythology of Samoyov (Nenets) it was known as Sirta.

Presumably new land opened in the XII-XIII centuries, Novgorod merchants, but no convincing historical and documentary evidence is not available. Could not prove the championship in the opening of the archipelago and the ancient scandinals.

From Western Europeans, the first archipelago visited the English navigator Hugh Willobi in 1553, headed by the decree of King Edward VI (1547-1553) an expedition of the London "Moscow company" for "finding the north-western passage" and establishing relations with the Russian state.
On the map of Flemish scientist Gerard Mercator 1595, the new land looks like a single island or even peninsula.

Dutch traveler Villem Barents in 1596 heated the northern tip of the new land and carried out wintering on the east coast of the North Islands in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Ice Harbor (1597). In 1871, the Norwegian polar expedition of Elling Carlsen in this place was discovered by the preserved burents hut, in which dishes, coins, wall clocks, weapons, navigation tools, and a written writing report hidden in a chimney were found.

In 1671, an essay of "Journey to the Northern Countries" was published in Paris, the author of which is a nobleman from Lorraine Pierre-Martin de la Martiner - visited the new land in 1653 on the ship of Danish merchants. Going to the shore of the Southern Island on three boats, the Danish sailors and Martiner met there by the Armed Bows of Samoyed Hunters, who entered the wooden idols.

Famous Dutch scientist-naturalist Nikolas Vitsen in the book "Northern and Eastern Tatar" (1692) - First Western Europe Scientific labor about Siberia and Russian north - reports that Peter first intended to build military fort on the new land.

The first Russian researcher of the new land is the Navigraman Fyodor Minks (1768-1769).

Until the XIX century, the new land was actually uninhabited archipelago, near which the fish and Norwegians were hunted. Neither those nor others live and live on the islands could not, and the new land remained only to the transit item. From time to time, small diplomatic conflicts arose, in which the Russian Empire invariably stated that the "New Earth archipelago is in all integrity of the Russian territory."

Since to live on the archipelago, those who claimed him could not, several nonsense families transported to new land. A more active settling of the islands began from 1869. In 1877, small carmaculas appeared on the southern island. In the eighties of the XIX century, a small colony was already on the new land.

White Lip New Earth

In 1901, a famous polar artist Alexander Borisov arrived at the new land, who met a tyko wait to himself into his guards of the young Nenets. During the 400-kilometer trip along the new land on Borisov's dogs, sketches constantly did. Noticing the talent of an interested painting of young Nenets, Borisov taught a tyko of painting. When in 1903, the artist and writer Stepan Pisakhov was exiled to the new land, he also noted the talent of the catch, giving him paints and pencils.

In 1909, the Polar Researcher Vladimir Rusanov arrives at the new land, who, together with Tõko, the Culfice and Pospelov Gregory examined the entire archipelago and made it an exact cartographic description.

In 1910, an Olginsky village was organized on the north island in the Cross Lip, which at that time was the northernmost (74 ° 08 'S.Sh.) by the settlement of the Russian Empire.

The Novoemel Expedition of 1911, exploring the Southern Island, came to the extinct village of Russian industrialists, the existence of which was not known before that time. Located on a black nose in an unnamed tank, nowhere not marked on the maps, the village was a sad sight: human skulls, skeletons, bones, dice scattered in all directions. The crosses immediately, obviously in the cemetery, completely dilapidated and thinned, the crossbars fell off, and the inscriptions were embarrassed. In total, the expedition counted the remains of about 13 people here. Another three-dilated crosses were elevated.

New Earth Polar Plane - 30th year of the last century

Cape Flissing is an extreme eastern island of Europe. Located in the north-east of the North Archipelago of New Earth, Arkhangelsk Region, Russia.

It is a strongly outstanding rock massif to 28 meters high in the sea. Delivers coastal waters to emergency bay (in the north) and Andromeda bay (in the south).
A little south of Cape in the sea flows Andromeda River, followed by Cape Brown. The north along the coast is located relatively large river. Further along the coast is the Cape Demor, which limits the emergency bay from the north.
Cape is open and put on the card by the expedition of Villem Barents in 1596, the name is given in honor of the Netherlands city of Flissingen. South-west of Cape in September 1596, the expedition ship of the expedition to the Loda - its participants had to winter on the shore, building a hut out. "Flash" (wood thrown by the sea). Introduction to myself was mined, in particular, hunting on polar bears and seals. The next year, from fragments of the ship's hull, which continues to remain in Ice Captivity, they built two boats and went back. During this return, Barents died from zing.
This story has become the basis of the plot of the Netherlands feature film "New Earth", the scenario of which is based on memoirs of one of the members of the Barents team, the wintering participant Gerrit de Wiera.

pos. Rogachevo New Earth

Population
In the administrative plan of the archipelago is a separate municipal formation of the Arkhangelsk region. It has status but (closed administrative-territorial education). To enter a new land, you need a special pass. Before the beginning of the 90s. The very existence of settlements on the new land was a state secret. The postal address of the village of Beluchea Guba was "Arkhangelsk-55", the village of Rogachevo and "Points" located on the South Island and the south of the North Island - "Arkhangelsk-56", "Points" located in the north of the North Island and the land of Franz Joseph - " Krasnoyarsk Territory, Dikson-2 Island "(a message with them through Dixon and maintained). In the administrative center - the village of urban-type Belushya Luba, located on the South Island - 2149 people (2013) live. The second settlement on the new land currently existing - the village of Rogachevo (457 people), 12 km from the Belouchie lips. Here is a military airfield - Amderma-2. 350 km north south Bank Strait Mushekkin Shar - the village of North (without a permanent population), the base of underground tests, mountain and construction and installation work. There are currently no settlements on the North Island.
The indigenous population - Nenets was completely evicted from the islands in the 1950s, when a military polygon was created. The population of the villages mainly make up military and builders.
According to the results of the All-Russian Census 2010, the population of the new land is 2429 people and focused only in two settlements - Beluchea Lip and Rogachevo.

Karsian Gate New Earth

Flora and fauna
New Earth ecosystems are customary to the biomes of the Arctic Desert (North Island) and the Arctic Tundra.
The main role in the formation of phytocenoses belongs to MCHM and lichens. The latter are represented by the types of complain, the height of which does not exceed 3-4 cm.

A significant role is also played by arctic herbaceous annuals. Characteristic of the scanty flora of the islands plants are peeling species, such as Iva Creeps (SALIX Polaris), SAXIFRAGA Oppositifolia (SaxiFraga Oppositifolia), Mountain Lichen and others. The vegetation in the southern part is in most dwarf birch, moss and low grass, in areas near rivers, lakes and bays are growing many mushrooms: freight, lump, etc.

The biggest lake is a goose. It contains freshwater fish, in particular the Arctic Caulfur. Springs, lemming, white partridges, as well as reindeer are common from animals. White bears come to the southern areas with the onset of cold weather, being a threat to local residents. From marine animals there are Greenland seal, nerpe, sea hare, walru, whales.
On the Islands of the Archipelago, you can find the largest bird bars in the Russian area of \u200b\u200bthe Arctic. Here will be treated Cayra, deadlocks, seagulls.

Nuclear polygon
The first underwater nuclear explosion in the USSR and the first nuclear explosion on the new Earth on September 21, 1955. Testing T-5 T-5 with a capacity of 3.5 kilotons at a depth of 12 m (black bay).
On September 17, 1954, a Soviet nuclear landfill with a center in the Belushi Liberty was opened on the new land. The polygon includes three sites:
Black lip - used, mainly in 1955-1962.
Mastecin Ball - underground tests in 1964-1990.
D-II Sipnz on the Peninsula Dry Nose - Ground Tests in 1957-1962.
In addition, the explosions were made at other points (the official territory of the landfill occupied over half of the entire island area). New Earth

From September 21, 1955 to October 24, 1990 (the official date of the declaration of the moratorium on nuclear tests) at the landfill, 135 nuclear explosions were produced: 87 in the atmosphere (84 of them are air, 1 ground, 2 windows), 3 underwater and 42 underground. Among experiments were very powerful megaton tests of nuclear charges, carried out in the atmosphere over the archipelago.
In 1961, a hydrogen bomb was blown up in the history of mankind in 1961 - 58-megaton "Tsar Bomb" at the D-II Square site. A tangible seismic wave, resulting in an explosion, has rented three times earth, And the sound wave generated by an explosion, rushed to the island of Dixon at a distance of about 800 kilometers. However, about any destruction or damage to structures, even at a much closer (280 km), the sources are not reported to the polygon of the villages of Amderma and Beluba.

In August 1963, the USSR and the United States signed an agreement on the prohibition of nuclear tests in three environments: the atmosphere, space and under water. Restrictions and charge power were taken. Underground explosions were conducted until 1990. In the 1990s, due to the end of the Cold War, the tests were sharply connected, and now they are engaged only by research in the field of nuclear weapons (Object Mushekin Ball).

The policies of publicity led to the fact that in 1988-1989 the public learned about nuclear tests on new land, and in October 1990, activists of the Greenpeace environmental organization with protests against the resumption of nuclear tests on the archipelago appeared. On October 8, 1990, at night, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Syatkin Bowl, the Greenpeace vessel entered the territorial waters of the USSR, a group of activists of the anti-tenant action was secretly sent to the shore. After the warning volitional Watchman "XXVI Congress of the CPSU", the vessel stopped, the Soviet border guards rose on his board. Greenpeace was arrested and towed to Murmansk, then released.
However, on the eve of the 50th anniversary of the creation of a landfill on a new land, the head of the Russian Federal Agency According to atomic energy, Alexander Rumyantsev stated that Russia intends to continue to develop a landfill and maintain it in working condition. At the same time, Russia is not going to conduct nuclear tests on the archipelago, but intends to carry out non-nuclear experiments to ensure reliability, combat capability and security of the storage of its nuclear ammunition.

Amderma New Earth

The burial of radioactive waste
In addition to testing nuclear weapons, the territory of the new land (and more precisely, adjacent to its eastern coast of the water area) in 1957-1992 was used for the disposal of liquid and solid radioactive waste (RAO). Basically, these were containers with exhaust nuclear fuel (and in some cases and reactor installations of the whole) from the submarine and surface ships of the Northern Fleet of the Navy of the USSR and Russia, as well as icebreakers with atomic power plants.

Topics of the burial of RAO are the bays of the archipelago: the Gulf of Sedov, the Bay of the Og, the bay of the tsivol, the bay of the steppe, the Bay of Abrosimova, the Bay of Welfare, the bay of the flows, as well as a number of points in the newly of the archipelago of Novoemel Wpadin. As a result of such activities and the bays of the new Earth, many underwater potentially dangerous objects were formed (PPO). Among them: Fielded atomic submarine "K-27" (1981, the steppe bay), the reactor compartment of the atomic icebreaker Lenin (1967, the bay of the chivol), reactor compartments and assemblies of a number of other submarines.
The areas of finding PPE from 2002 are subject to annual monitoring from the EMERCOM of Russia. In 1992-1994, international expeditions were held (with the participation of specialists from Norway) to assess the degree of pollution of the environment, since 2012 the activities of such expeditions are resumed.

cape Sedov New Earth

Opening and research of new land
That the new land was known to the Russian earlier than foreigners, the name of the "New Earth" is already evidence, under which this island has become known to Western peoples, and which held himself in all foreign atlas. Also, the English and Dutch openers, Russian industrialists sometimes served as guides in the first swimming in the east, along the northern shores of Russia, informing them at the same time, which was visited in such a direction of the shore, there is a "new land".

Finds on her shores by the first foreign navigators of the crosses of crosses and the gods, also proving it, at the same time testify that she was visited by our compatriots for a long time. But the exact time when the new land was opened by the Russians and what way, remains unknown, and the other can only be supposed to be suggested, based on certain historical data relating to the Russian North.

One of the Slavic tribes, has long been inhabited near Lake Ilmena and the great city of Veliki Novgorod, already at the dawn of its history there was a desire to north, to the White Sea, the Arctic Ocean and on the northeast, to Pechora and the Ural Range, in the UROR , gradually the temper of their indigenous inhabitants belonging to the Finnish tribe and called Novgorod, the common name "Zavorotskaya Chud".

Initially the whole country lying from Novgorod north and northeast to Ural Rorse., Novgorod residents gave one common name "Zavolochnia", as this territory was from Novgorod for the "wolf" - an extensive watershed out of the pools of the Ongi rivers, Dvina, Mezeni and Pechoras from the Volga basin, and through this watershed, during hikes, Novgorod women were dragged ("Transferred") their trial.

Since the beginning of the XIII century, with the expansion of geographical information about the newly conquered country, we began to call only the lands lying between the Rivers Onega and Mezen, and others to the northeast and east of White Sea Received individual names. So, for example, on the north shore of the White Sea was the "Tre" volost or "TERSKAYA BEAR"; The swimming pool of the River Vychugyda was called the "Perm parish"; Swimming pool of the Pechora River - "Pechora Volost". Further, the Pechora and on the other side of the Northern Ural Range was the Vagra's parish, which, as believed to include the Yamal Peninsula. Part of the clouds, between the Rivers Onega and Dvina, besides, the "Dvina Earth" was also called.

The primitive inhabitants of the clouds were generally separate, with the cult of idolatry, Finnish tribes - Yami, Zavorotsky Chud, Perm, Pechora and Ugra (or Ugra):
They lived scattered, in small towns, among forests and swamps, on the shores of rivers and lakes, studying extremely hunting and fisheries. Surrounded from the North Seas, and from the south - drechy forests, they were completely independent, while enterprising Novgorodians did not penetrate their area.

cape desire - the northern tip of the new land

The entry of the region by Novgorod was almost exclusively an act of private enterprise. The movement of them here, first as the conquerors - the earliest, and then as the colonialists - the shopping guests, went mainly by the flow of the rivers, which were in this primitive Territory, the only and most convenient ways of the communication in this, and later the first settlements of Novgorod were also founded on them.

In Russian chronicles, there are guidance that the inhabitants of the Zavolochy are already in the first half of the 9th century were the danutrics of the Novgorod Slavs, and the blades (BUR) Kola Peninsula In the same century there were their allies, coming to trade and crafts, long before the vocation on Rus Varyagov. But later, when Novgorodians began to appear here as conquerors, it's not immediately submitted to the new aliens, giving them a fight sometimes by force, sometimes bought off the payment of Dani. Only since the conquest of the Zavod residents, their first settlements on the lower flow of Dvina appeared, on the shores of the White Sea and the Ice Ocean.
At the end of the 9th century, the mouth of the Navy was not yet, since the Norwegian Viking Otar or Othere, sent by the Anglo-Saxon King Alfred Great to the north in order to find out how far land extends in this direction, and at the second half of the century mentioned to the mouth Dvina by the sea, found a bioram tribe, who spoke, in his opinion, in one language with Finns. At the same time, the ochter does not mention the Slavs. Needlessly encountered biorms and stealing their numerous, he did not dare to swim further up the river. The Land of Terr Finns (TERSKAYA), seen by him when swimming here, was not settled - he saw only temporarily exorious fishermen and beasts from Finns.

Here is not visible here by Novgorod settlements and at the beginning of the XI century, as in 1024 to the mouth of Dvina, where there was a rich trading city of Cui and where the Scandinavian merchants came to trade for trade, came the sea and not for the first time another Norwegian Viking Tour Gund, robbed This time the temple of the miracle of the Divine Yumal. The cloud was known at the time of Europe under the name of Biarmia or Permia, main city which was near the current Holmogor.

But no more than 50 years after the defeat of the Norwegians, the head of the Yumal, here there are already the first settlements of the Novgorod residents with their enamels, which all local people are more or less calmly obey. Since that time, Judgment has merged with new aliens, blister, part of the same in the north-east and east. Currently, only the names are reminded of almost most of our northern rivers, lakes, tracts and localities of various kinds, such as: Dvina, Pechora, Pinega, Holmogora, Shenkursk, Chukhshema, etc.

At the beginning of the XI century, Novgorod appeared at the Murmansk coast of the Ice Ocean. This is evidenced by one Scandinavian rune diploma, from which it is seen that no later than 1030 by the border in the north between Russia and Norway was considered the Sea Bay of Lugen-Fiord, not far from Tromse. Since it is impossible to think, Cheirba said the establishment of borders happened now after the appearance of the first Novgorod residents here, then it is possible with a greater share of the probability to conclude that they appeared here earlier, namely in the x century. The establishment of the boundary was likely to be caused by the already beginning of the prominent activities of the aliens. The appearance of them here earlier than in the mouth of Dvina can be explained by the fact that the Novgorod residents met a lot from the Lopari, since this seven-day walled tribe had no permanent settlements, and moved from the place to the place according to the movement of their reindeer. Therefore, the squad of the Novgorod residents could meet only from the sideways of Norwegians. The border was established by agreement between the Novgorod Prince Yaroslav Wise, later the Kiev Prince, with the Norwegian king Olaf Tolstoy, on the daughter of which Yaroslav was married.

Without a doubt, by the time of the appearance of Novgorod in Dvina Earth and at the Murmansk shore, it is necessary to attribute the beginning of the swimming of Russians in the White Sea and the Arctic Ocean. But information about how far these travels were not available. It should be thought that they were not distant, as Novgorod, still few familiar with the sea, had to get used to him for a while to go in a distant, unknown and dangerous way. And indeed, there are grounds to assume that Novgorod came to Murman not by sea from the Saint Nose, but from Kandalakshi, between which there is only one wolf, about the tops, and it is known that the Novgorod residents made their campaigns mostly on river boats, Oversizing them through watersheds - Volbs.

sunrise in the Kara Sea New Earth

The latter assumption is confirmed by the fact that the Cola was founded by them much earlier than the settlement on the Town of the White Sea - Pony, Umba and Varzuga. If Novgorod walked for the first time on Murman from the White Sea, then these rivers, which they could not help but notice, would also serve as the place of their first settlements. Based on the above, it is unlikely that the new land is open to the Russians from this side, that is, on the side of the White Sea.

Most likely, it could be done by the Pechora or Ugra region, where Novgorod penetrated early, namely in the XI century, to which there are indications of chroniclers. Like the inhabitants of the clouds, Ugra also submitted to Novgorod men, but not immediately - they made repeated attempts to overthrow the Igo aliens, as evidenced by many of the campaigns of conquerors for the assimilation of some natives:
Having communication with the inhabitants - nomads of the Pechora and Ugra Edge - Novgorod men could then learn and hear about the new land, familiar to these nomads for a long time. After all, they could penetrate there through the island of Vaigach, separated from the mainland with a narrow strait and not particularly wide from the new land. You can get on Vaigach in winter on ice on deer, and with him a new land in clear weather is clearly visible.

Does the campaign of the Novgorod residents on the "iron gates" - a hike to the Karo gate, which is also called "Iron" - it is impossible to reliably, since in the north there is quite a few places with such a name.

Herberstein in his memoirs about Muscovy twice mentions some country "Yengronlend", located in the ice-bearing sea, behind the rife and hyperborean mountains and behind the mouths of the Pechora and Ob, the intercourse with which is difficult because of constantly floating ice. But there is this new land mixed by Herberstein with Greenland, especially since such a mistake on his part is very possible in view of the fact that he was a geographical description of this part of Russia, and his personal knowledge in geography could not be especially Extensive and clear? In any case, it must be thought that the Russians who gave him geographical information About his country, new land could not be called "Enteraland". He gave the last name, forgetting this name, reported by the Russians. And about Greenland, as an ice country and also in the ocean, he could hear in Europe.

Was it known to Russian new land openers, what is the island, and not the mainland? It can be assumed that at first she was considered to be the mainland, and only this can be explained by its name and, mainly, the presence of the words "earth" in it. It in the language of Northern Pomorov means "Matter Coast" - the mainland. It could be impressed on the first aliens there or saw her for the first time from Vaigach. For enterprising Novgorod residents, uncontrollably striving in their progressive movement to the northeast and further, which appeared to them a big, still unknown island, it could really seem to see the "land" - so much he was great against the other islands that were seen by them before.

But Novgorod and their successors, making a new navigation to the new land, did not leave any written information about their travels there. They were transmitted in the offspring oral legends and the same way was acquainted with her. The first printed information about the new land appeared only since its visit to foreign seafarers, striving to open the northeast path to China and India.

strait Mushekkin Ball New Earth

Life of polar monk
Father Innocent, Monk-polarist. Life on the new earth
There is a mysterious island in the Arctic Ocean - a new land. From Arkhangelsk to it 1200 kilometers towards the North Pole. And there are people there, in relation to which we are spoiled by the warmth and natural generous southerners. It is here, at the very northernmost point of the Arkhangelsk region, there is the northern Russian Orthodox church in the name of St. Nicholas, the abbot of which for more than 5 years is Igumen Innokenti (Russians).
The average summer temperature there is +3, the snow becomes by the end of June, exposing the Movover-lichen gray-brown desert. Talay water accumulates in the lake, the trees are not at all. And in the winter - endless snowfall, white, from which, according to science, "starve" eyes. Not so much is known about the new land: until recently, it was covered with secrecy. Nuclear polygon, closed military zone. Military lives there with families. No indigenous population: the Nenets lived here before the creation of a landfill, and then, in the 50s of the last century, all evicted. It is here, at the very northernmost point of the Arkhangelsk region, there is an Orthodox church in the name of St. Nicholas, the rector of which for more than 5 years is Igumen Innocent (Russians). "How could you voluntarily go to this northern day?" - Ask a young clergy. "But someone needed to go!" - Father Innokenty is calmly responsible.
Once, at the end of the XIX century, there was a temple on the new land, also sacred-nicolsky, in which missionaries - monks of the Orthodox Nikolo-Karelian monastery. Old wooden church and now exists on the shore of the whiskey lips, in a kilometer from the current village. The structure was collected in Arkhangelsk and transported to this island in the Arctic Ocean. Parishivans were nonsense. More than seven years ago, the command and residents of the village of Belushya Guba were asked to send a priest's bishop of Arkhangelsky and Holmogorsk Tikhon. And in February 1999, the father of Innokenti appeared in the military town of Belushia Guba. Due to the constant adverse weather, the church was decided to arrange in the village itself, for this, a large room was allocated, the first floor in a residential building is a former cafe. And flowed the life of the parish priest ...

In the "big land", Father Innokenti is rare, mainly in educational leave (the priest becomes in absentia in the spiritual educational institution). According to Father Innocent, the permanent parish of the Novoemel Temple - a person fifteen, this is 1% of the total population of the military town. Mostly women. The community gathered pretty quickly, and those who are, can be called active and chrooped parishioners. They are often confessable and communion are complained, the posts are observed, read spiritual literature. For many issues, they turn to the father for advice, and problems are solved together. The priest himself visits military units - present during the oaths, conducts conversations, sanctifies the premises. Good acquaintances among the local population at the father of Innocent a lot, mostly this officers. He communicates with the residents of the priest and on local television, regularly opposes the sermons. it optimal option For enlightenment, because the Sunday School for Children, as the experience showed, can not exist here. During the school year on weekends, children are used to sitting at home: usually the weather is very bad, and you will not make anyone to leave anyone. And in general, there is no place in the village in the village, people get used to a sedentary lifestyle.
Father Innokenty - Monk. We are more familiar when the monastery lives in the walls of the monastery, among brethren, under the beginning of the abbot. There is a completely different situation. Innocent's father came to the Solovetsky monastery at a fairly young age, performed obedience on the closure, was tonsured to the monks. Then he served in the Arkhangelsk Church of all saints until it caused to go to a new land. Now the father lives alone, in an ordinary apartment. In order not to lose physical health at all, it is engaged in sports: goes to the gym, swimming pool, because physical exertion in this climate and with a sedentary lifestyle are simply necessary. In addition, Innocent's father is constantly studying, preparing for sessions in the spiritual seminary. Often spends diet with their choir (singing this priest loves very much).

Father Innokenty is aware of what makes an important thing. Of course, life and priesthood for the polar circle is a victim, but each person must sacrifice something. The main thing is that now the Orthodox parish appeared in the remote point, worship is held, a prayer is taken. People here are already accustomed to the church, and without it it would be hard. And obedience to the monk Innocent is the making ordinary parish priest and a missionary, which is superimposed by the North Island of New Earth.

Test Tsar Bomb
Tsar Bomb (Big Ivan) - Tests of thermonuclear Avia Boms with a capacity of 50 megaton at the Polygon New Earth.
Explosion date: October 30, 1961,

Explosion coordinates:
73 degrees 50 "52.93" N (hour zone "November" UTC-1) 54 degrees 29 "40.91 E.

The largest hydrogen (thermonuclear) bomb - the Soviet 50-megaton "Tsar Bomb", blown off on October 30, 1961 at the Polygon on the island of New Earth.
Nikita Khrushchev joked that it was originally intended to blow up a 100 megaton bomb, but the charge was reduced to not beat all the glasses in Moscow.
In every joke there is some truth: a constructive bomb was really designed for 100 megaton and this power could be achieved by a simple increase in the working fluid. Reduced energy release decided for security reasons - otherwise the polygon was made too much damage. The product was so big that it was not placed in the bombus of the carrier aircraft Tu-95 and partially stuck out of it. Despite the successful test, the bomb for weapons did not receive, nevertheless, the creation and test of superbly had a large political importance, demonstrating that the USSR decided the task of achieving almost any level of Megaton Nuclear Arsenal.

"Ivan" - thermonuclear device, developed in the mid-50s by a group of physicists under the leadership of Academician I.V. Kurchatov. Andrei Sakharov, Victor Adamsky, Yuri Babaev Yuri Trunov and Yuri Smirnov, were included in the group.

The initial version of the bomb mass of 40 tons for obvious reasons was rejected by the designers of the OKB-156 (the developers of Tu-95). Then the nuclear makers promised to reduce its mass to 20 tons, and the aircraft proposed the program of the corresponding modification of Tu-16 and Tu-95. The new nuclear device by tradition, adopted in the USSR, received the code designation "Vanya" or "Ivan", and the Tu-95 selected as a carrier was called Tu-95V.

The first elaboration on this topic began immediately after the negotiations of I.V. Kurchatov with A.N. Putyolev, who appointed the head of his deputy on armament systems A.V. Nadashkevich. The analysis conducted by the lasters showed that the suspension of such a large concentrated load will require major changes in the power of the source aircraft, in the car life design and in suspension devices and reset. In the first half of 1955, the overall and weight drawing of "Ivana" was agreed, as well as a layout drawing of its placement. As it was assumed, the mass of the bomb was 15% of the take-off mass of the carrier, but its overall dimensions required the removal of fuselage fuel tanks. Developed for the "Ivan's" suspension new BD7-95-242 (BD-242) was close by design to the BD-206, but much more powerful. He had three bomber castle der5-6 with a lifting capacity of 9 t. BD-242 was attached directly to power longitudinal bims, finished shipments. Successfully solved the problem of bomb relief management. Electric automatics ensured only the synchronous discovery of all three locks, which was dictated by security conditions.

On March 17, 1956, the Decree of the Council was published, according to which OKB-156 had to begin converting Tu-95 into a carrier of high power nuclear bombs. These works were conducted in Zhukovsky from May to September, when Tu-95V was adopted by the Customer and transferred to flight tests. They were conducted under the leadership of P-ka S.M. Kulikova until 1959, included a discharge of the "Superbub" layout and passed without special comments.

The carrier "Superbub" was created, but his real tests were postponed for political reasons: Khrushchev was going to the United States, and a pause came in the Cold War. Tu-95V was overtaken at the airfield in Uzin, where it was used as an educational plane and no longer listed as a combat. However, in 1961, with the beginning of a new round of the "Cold War", the tests of "superbub" again became relevant. On Tu-95V, all the connectors were urgently replaced in the discharge system, the carriage sash was removed, because The real bomb on the dimensions and the mass turned out to be somewhat more layout and now exceeded the size of the compartment (the mass of the bomb - 24 tons, the parachute system is 800 kg).

Prepared Tu-95V overtakes to the northern airfield in Vaenge. Soon it with a special thermofrofit coating of white and a real bomb on board, piloted by the crew led by the pilot Dusntsov, took the course to a new land. The test of the most powerful in the world in the world of thermonuclear device took place on October 30, 1961. Uponing the bomb occurred at an altitude of 4500 m. The plane shook, and the crew received some dose of radiation. The power of the explosion by different estimates was from 75 to 120 mG. Khrushchev reported on the explosion of a bomb at 100 MGT, and it was this figure that he called in his speeches.

The results of the charge of the charge, who received the name in the West - the bomb, was impressive - the nuclear "mushroom" of the explosion rose to a height of 64 kilometers (according to American observation stations), the shock wave arose as a result of the explosion three times rebuilt the globe, and the electromagnetic radiation of the steel explosion The cause of radio interference during one hour.

The creation of a Soviet heavy duty hydrogen bomb and its explosion on October 30, 1961. The new land became an important stage in the history of nuclear weapons. V. B. Adamsky and Yu. N. Smirnov, who were repeatedly speaking on the pages of our magazine, together with A. D. Sakharov, Yu. N. Babaev and Yu. A. Trotnev, were direct participants in the development of the design of this bomb. They also participated in its test.

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Source of information and photo:
Social team
http://yranga.su/svedenia-novaya-zemla-1/
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