South Kuril Islands: history, belonging. Islands ITUURUP, Kunashir, Shikotan and Habomai must be returned by Japan

19.10.2019

Something some kind of unhealthy bustle began around the islands. It would be necessary to study the question in more detail.

In fact, in a Curil question, it is worth understanding at least in order to have a kind of understanding about the question. Actually, what are the Japanese so hard continue to defend the line of returning their "northern territories"?
On the one hand, everything is clear. The Japanese really need the territory in general and in particular the chickens. Moreover, the Japanese believe that they still have all the rights to the southern chickens. Motivation - "illegal" seizure of the islands plus hope for the 1956 Declaration, which Russia recognizes. But it stands in more detail.

First of all, it is necessary to figure out how historically there was a relationship between Russia and Japan around Kuril Islands.

Orientalist, doctor of historical sciences and professor of Eastern University A. Koshkin argues that Kuriles became part of the Russian Empire in the first half of the XVIII century, when the first reports of the yasak collection (natural tax, mostly fur) were started to appear from the Ainov - indigenous inhabitants of the islands , ITUURUP and Shikotan Kuril Ridge. Already in 1779 year Empress. Catherine II. Angel announced (or, as they were called, "shaggy smokers") of the empires, and all sorts of defeats were strictly banned from them. Subsequently, Catherine II, all the Kuril Islands (including the Southern) were officially announced by the Russian territory.

Quote:

"All the Kuril Ridge, up to the northern shores of Hokkaido, was referred to as component The Russian Empire in the Atlas for People's Schools of the 1780s, in the Atlas of the Russian Empire of 1796, as well as on the "Newest geographic map Russia "1812 ...In the document from October 1792, the head of the Central Government of Japan Matsudayir admitted that "Nemuro district (Northern Hokkaido) is not a Japanese land" ... The whole Island of Hokkaido officially passed under the authorities of the Central Government of Japan only in 1854..

According to the historian, by the time when the Japanese first hit ITUP, who lived there by Aina already wisely owned Russian languages \u200b\u200band could even act as translators! By themselves, these facts no longer allow the Japanese side to declare the "indigenous" of the Kuril Islands.

After decades, the situation began to become extremely problematic relationships between the two countries. And not the latter role in this was played by intrigue from the UK, Holland and a number of other powers of old world (which are incomparably more than the Japanese themselves, were concerned about the expansion of Russia on Far East). As a result, Japan began to increasingly show claims to the island. And Russia, in turn, made numerous unsuccessful attempts to establish diplomatic and trade relations with the Eastern neighbor.

Already then the Japanese clearly understood that Russians are of great interest in establishing trade and diplomatic relations in the East of the Empire. For the remoteness of the Far Eastern Okrain caused difficulties in logistics and supply, and trade with Japan could substantially solve many problems. Subsequently, it became a key constant that determined Japanese disadvadances when negotiating.

January 26.(February 7 for a new style) 1855 year in the city of Simoda Vice Admiral E. V. Putyathin And Tosiakira Kavadzi was concluded "Simo Treatise". At the same time in order to get the opening from Japan to trade ports of Nagasaki, Simoda and Hakodate, Russia had to go to substantial territorial concessions. According to the second point of the treatise, the border between the two states began to pass "between the Islands of ITUURUP and Vrup ... With regard to the island of Karafuto [Sakhalin], he remains unrequited between Russia and Japan, as it was until now."

Japan, as a result, received Kunashir, ITUURUP, Shikotan and Habmira in his maintenance, which earlier officially belonged to the Russian Empire.
(Looking a little further, we note that the day of signing the "Simo Treatise" in Japan, since 1981, it is observed as "Day of Northern Territories". And it is quite clear why the Japanese actualized this date.)

April 25 (May 7) 1875 year by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire A. Gorchakovand the Japanese vice-admiral Enoto Tayaki was signed Petersburg treaty. According to this document, Russia in exchange for the undivided use of Sakhalin, gave all the 18 islands of the Kuril Rud north at that time. Urup. At the same time, the border between the powers from the moment of signing took place through the shed between the ponyus of the blades of the Kamchatka peninsula and the island of Schumay.

The conclusion of this agreement was determined by the desire of two parties to put an end to conflicts between merchants and seamans, as well as other inconveniences accumulated in connection with the joint use of Sakhalin.

Professor A. Koshkin thus clarifies the situation: "Although the contract of 1875 is often referred to" exchange ", in reality it is ... I smoked in exchange for the formal recognition of Japan Russian rights to Sakhalin, which actually belonged to Russia ... Russia was forced to sacrifice its territory that was Officially, including from the point of view of international law, it is recognized as in the Treatment of 1855. And the "exchange" Japanese rights to Sakhalin did not have any legal design. Therefore, the statements that the St. Petersburg Treaty of 1875 "was a truly equal agreement", just, only for Japan. Russia, as in 1855, for good neighborliness with Japan again went to substantial territorial concessions. "

So, as a result of short-sighted policy Russian empire lost its essential part of its territory, practically nothing essentially received in exchange, going to unprecedented concessions for the sake of the establishment of good neighborly relations (which in the end did not work out).

Such a border between the two states was maintained in the next 30 years, until August 23 (September 5), 1905, when Russia suffered a defeat in the Russian-Japanese war. Japan on the Rights of the Winner and, according to the results of the Portsmouth peace treaty, received "in eternal and complete ownership of the southern part of Sakhalin Island and all adjacent to the last island, as well as all social structures and property, there are".
In the future, the Russian Empire experienced a number of shocks: the first world War, February and October Socialist Revolution, Civil War, during which the Japanese supported the admiral troops Kolchak And Ataman Semenova.

After the intervention of the intervention against Soviet Russia, Western powers had to be established and somehow accompany relationships with the new state. Including Japan.

January 20, 1925.the Year between the USSR and Japan, the Convention on the Basic Principles of Relationships (which recorded the establishment of diplomatic relations) was signed. The Soviet Union found a full order of the order in the framework of the Portsmouth Peace Treaty. At the same time, the leadership of the USSR refused to share political responsibility with the Government of the Tsarist Russia for the conclusion of this document. In addition, it has issued all subsequent agreements between Russia and Japan, prisoners until November 7, 1917, assuming their revision in the future or even cancel.

After the start of the Great Patriotic WarWhen the countries of the Hitler Coalition attacked the USSR, Japan adhered to the Neutrality Covenant, signed on April 13, 1941 in Moscow.

Attack of the Japanese Armed Forces on American military bases in the vicinity of Pearl Harbor on Oahu Island, which occurred December 7, 1941.the year, she became a reason for the US joining the second world war.

Two years later, December 1, 1943. years, USA, China and the United Kingdom made Cairo Declarationwhere they identified the key goals of the war with Japan. Quote:

"Three great ally leads this war to stop and showing Japan's aggression.<...> Their goal is to deprive the Japan of all islands in the Pacific Ocean, which she captured or occupied from the beginning of the First World War of 1914, and in that all territories that Japan reflect from the Chinese, like, for example, Manchuria, Formosa and Pescador islands were returned to the Republic of China. Japan will also be expelled from all other territories that she captured with the help of strength and as a result of his greed. "

However, the victory over the Militarist Japan without the participation of the USSR was extremely problematic. The Red Army, hardened in battles against Nazi Germany, became the strongest army in the world. And already on February 11, 1945, when the outcome of war was predetermined, the USSR and the United Kingdom, the USSR and the United Kingdom, signed a written secret agreement according to which "Two or three months after the passage of Germany and the end of the war in Europe, the Soviet Union will enter the war against Japan on the side of the Allies ...".

For participation in the defeat of the Japanese army, the USSR received all the islands of the Kuril Ridge and about. Sakhalin is entirely that actually meant the abolition of the territorial concessions of Japan's Tsarist Russia in Portsmouth and St. Petersburg contracts.

Already on April 5, 1945, the Soviet Union denounced the above-mentioned non-aggression pact with Japan. Thus, the Cairo Declaration smoothly changed to Potsdam, published on July 26, 1945 on behalf of Great Britain, the United States and Chankayshistsky China. In this document, in addition to the requirements of the immediate surrender of the Eastern Agressor, it was stated to limit the sovereignty of Japan to Honshu Islands, Hokkaido, Kyusu and Sikoku, without the slightest mention of the Kuril Islands (as part of Japan).

In such conditions, Japan refused to capitulate that the further actions of the USSR under the above agreement with the Allies were preparing.

August 8, 1945. After three months after the surrender of Germany, the official statement of the Soviet government followed the allied arrangements.
Quote:

"After the defeat and surrender of Hitler's Germany, Japan turned out to be the only great power, which still stands for the continuation of the war.<...> Given the refusal to Japan capitulation, the Allies turned to the Soviet government with a proposal to join the war against Japanese aggression and the reduced deadlines for the end of the war, reduce the number of victims and promote the early restoration of the universal world. Faithful allied debt, the Soviet government accepted the offer of allies and joined the statement of allone powers from July 26 of this year.<...>

In view of the above, the Soviet government declares that ... From August 9, the Soviet Union will consider itself in a state of war with Japan. "

War is over September 2, 1945. of the year. Japan was signed an act of unconditional surrender on the American battleship of Missouri. From that moment on, a new stage began in the history of Japan under the title "Occupation".

January 29, 1946. The American General Douglas MacArthur within the framework of the Memorandum No. 677 excluded the Kuril Islands (Shikotan and Habomai) from Japan. Following, on February 2, 1946, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR at the newly acquired territories was created by South Sakhalin Oblast As part Khabarovsk Region RSFSR. A year later, on January 2, 1947, the Sakhalin region was created as part of the RSFSR.

It is noteworthy that the "section" of Japan after its surrender took place in the approval and participation of allies in the face of the United States and the UK. And this fact does not fit into the myth of the "aggression of the USSR against defenseless Japan".

September 8, 1951. The year was concluded by the San Francis Mirny Agreement between the Allies on the Anti-Hitler Coalition and Japan.

Note that the USSR refused to sign this treaty, first of all because the allies ignored the proposals of our country to the text of the document. In particular, the document did not legally consolidate the territorial acquisitions of the USSR in accordance with the Yalta and Potsdam Declarations.

Some historians dealing with the problem of Russian-Japanese relations pay attention to one important point. Quote: "There is a lot of evidence that the United States deliberately recognized the case to ensure that the San Francisal Contract between Japan and the Soviet Union is preserved in the case of signing the USSR of the San Francis. To this end, the Kuril Islands were not listed in the text of the contract, from which the Japanese government refused, and it was not indicated that the benefit of these territories took place in whose favor. "

Now, exercising short excursion In the history of territorial disputes between Russia and Japan during the XIX centuries, until the end of World War II, we were close to the Moscow Declaration of October 19, 1956,about which was discussed above.
This document was ratified December 8, 1956. The Year of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the Government of Japan.

The declaration fastened the restoration of diplomatic relations and the fact of stopping the war between the countries (however, it was not a peace treaty). Within the framework of the USSR Declaration, it was obliged to support Japan on the issue of adopting it into UN member, refused reparation claims, and also walked on a whole range of concessions.

The key concession became article number 9.:

"The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Japan agreed to continue after the restoration of normal diplomatic relations between the USSR and Japan's negotiations on the conclusion of a peace treaty.

At the same time, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, going to meet the wishes of Japan and taking into account the interests of the Japanese state, agrees to the transfer of Japan of the Islands of Habomai and the island of Shikotan in order, however, that the actual transfer of these Islands of Japan will be made after the conclusion of a peace treaty between the USSR and Japan. "

Thus, the Soviet Union actually voluntarily agreed to give the island of Habomai and Shikotan, but only after the signing of a peace treaty. The meaning of this concession was that the USSR wanted to get the neutrality of Japan in the Cold War. And thereby avoiding the appearance of American military bases from its Far Eastern borders, although it was not fixed in the declaration. From the acquisitions of the USSR received mutual "removal of all claims arising from the war from August 9, 1945." Including territorial.

However, what could be beneficial to Japan in this contract was extremely unprofitable by the United States, which took the course of a cold war with the Soviet Union. In addition, the presence of territorial disputes between Japan and the USSR made it possible western states "Drive wedge" in relations between two neighbors, maintain tensions in the Pacific region.

Re-turn to a specialist in Russian-Japanese relations, an expert of the Strategic Development Center A. Koshkin:

"... Plenipotentiary representative of the government in Soviet-Japanese negotiations 1955-1956. Matsumoto Syuniti later admitted that, having heard the proposal of the Soviet side about the readiness to transfer it to the country of Habomai Island and Shikotan, he "did not believe his ears," and "I was very happy in my heart."<...> But the US Secretary of State John Dalles in August 1956 uncommonly threatened: if the Japanese government recognizes the Soviet Kuril Islands, then the United States will foresee the Okinawa Island and the entire Ryukuy archipelago. Nevertheless, the Prime Minister of Hatiro, Itiro, went to sign the declaration, for she answered the interests of Japan. But soon he had to resign, and the new office was headed by Kisho Nobusuké [Grandfather Sinzo Abe], a politician, who was openly discovered by pro-American. His government began to shy away from further negotiations with the Soviet Union, and to substantiate such a position put forward the requirement to return Japan already four South Rooms, including the largest and most developed - Kunashir and ITUURUP ... "

Thus, the Liberal gesture of Khrushchev, by and large, the territorial dispute under the South Rooms, which can play not a latter role in the loosening of Russian statehood, actualized. The USSR, being the winner in World War II, in the future agreed, even if not a task, but still give off his territories previously defeated the enemy.

Japan, stating a claim for four islands instead of two, de facto went beyond the scope of the Moscow Declaration. However, this was not over.

Already January 19, 1960. Japan has signed a "Treaty on Interaction and Security" with the United States, in which the Japanese authorities allowed Americans for 10 years to use military bases on their territory and contain land, military air and naval contingents.

BUT January 27, 1960. The year of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced the consent of Japan, Shikotan and Haboma Islands only, subject to the conclusion of all foreign troops from its Eastern neighbor and signing a peace treaty between the two countries.
Since then, the situation is in suspended.

The Japanese side insists that the USSR, according to the 1956 Declaration, pledged two islands without any reservation. At the same time, the fact that in the 9th item declaration said: "The actual transmission of these islands of Japan will be made after the conclusion of a peace treaty between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Japan.» . The Russian side is addressed precisely to this position.

Conclusion

In the current conditions of Japan, it is not easy to sign a peace treaty with Russia without prior permission of a territorial issue. For this is against this, part of the Japanese elite and the American ally, who is closer to the other approach - expansion on the smokers (with the subsequent "return of northern territories") through large investment projects.
It is to such a compromise with Japan that foreign and some Russian experts pushes Russia. And they do it quite consciously.

The United States today, in the conditions of a new Cold War, the true rapprochement of Russia and Japan is not profitable. And they will partially allow him only to "tear off" from Russia in favor of Japan a couple of islands, "swallow" to the following.
In any case, we should record that the first "compromise" of Putyatina-Gorchakov, he - "assignment in the name of the establishment of trade relations", in the XIX century actually deprived Russia of all the Kuril Ridge in the absence of a clear legal status of the South Sakhalin, with the subsequent loss of the whole island after Defeats in the Russian-Japanese war. We were able to return the lost only during the time of the USSR as a result of victory in World War II.

The second, Khrushchev "Compromise", he is "a concession for the sake of establishing peace and diplomatic relations," led to the claims of Japan, at least two South-Rie Islands. And these claims last until now.
Obviously, no territorial concessions were given in the long run in our country a special positive result. And already in the XXI century, we again impose another strange "compromise", he is "the assignment of territories in exchange for investment."

In mid-December, the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin will be a visit to Japan. It is already understandable in advance that the main content of the meeting, at least exactly for the Japanese side, will be the question of the Kuril Islands. According to the results of the Second World War, the southern chickens engaged in Soviet troops in September 1945 were included in the USSR. But soon, Japan demanded that four islands - Kunashir, ITUURUP, Shikotan and Habomai - back. At numerous negotiations of the USSR and Japan, it seems to be at first agreed that only two smaller islands are departed. But the agreement was blocked by the United States, threatening the Japanese that if the peace treaty would be signed with the USSR, they would not return Okinawa Island, where their military base was.

The Russians and the Japanese began practically at one time to master these lands, populated by Aina - the ancient and indigenous population of smoking. Japan first heard about the "Northern Territories" only in the XVII century, about them Russian landlockers told them about them. Russian sources first mention the Kuril Islands in 1646, and Japanese - in 1635. In Catherine II, they were even installed signs with the inscription "Earth of Russian ownership".
A number of interstate treaties were signed (1855, 1875), regulating the rights to this territory - in particular, the Simoian treatise. In 1905, after the Russian-Japanese war, the islands finally moved into Japan along with the southern Sakhalin. Currently for Russians, and for the Japanese, the question of Kuril is a matter of principle.

After the collapse of the USSR, Russian public opinion is particularly exacerbated to any potential loss of at least any area of \u200b\u200bthe territory. China's recent transfer of the land plot did not cause much indignation, because China is steadily perceived as the main ally of our country, and these lands in the channel of Amur mean little for the majority of Russians. It is quite another thing - the chickens with their military base, covering the entrance from the Pacific Ocean in the Okhotsk Sea. They are perceived as the East Avolanpost of Russia. According to a public opinion survey conducted by Levad-Center, 78% of Russians oppose the transfer of Japan of the islands of the Kuril Ridge, and 71% of Russians - and against the transfer of Japan only a hubomai with Shikotan. On the fundamental question "What is more important: to enter into a peace treaty with Japan, having received Japanese loans and technologies, or to preserve two deserted small islands?" 56% also chose the second, and 21% - the first. So what will be the fate of the Far Eastern Islands?

Version 1.

Russia will give Japan all the Kuril Rud

Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe has already held 14 (!) Meetings with Vladimir Putin. Only this year, the Prime Minister of Japan was twice in Russia, in Sochi and in Vladivostok, and suggested a plan to resolve the territorial issue there. In the case of the transfer of Islands, Japan promises the development of economic cooperation in 30 projects with a total value of 16 billion dollars - in the field of energy, medicine, agriculture, in urban planning, the growth of small and medium-sized businesses. And also the construction of the gas pipeline to Japan from Sakhalin, the development of industry of the Far East, cultural contacts, and so on. Plus ensures that in the case of transferring to it, the Kuril Islands will not be placed a military contingent from the United States.

According to the Japanese Prime Minister, Russia reacted positively to this plan. Japanese loans, technologies, etc. Can become suitable negotiation conditions. Especially since, according to the survey of the Levada Center, only a little more than half of Russians - 55% - believe that the level of confidence in Putin will decrease if he decides to return the Kuriles of Japan. 9% believe that its rating will increase, and 23% - what will remain at the current level.

Version 2.

Russia will give Japan Kabomai and Shikotan

In early November, Tokyo negotiations with the heads of the Parliament of Japan held the chairman of the Federation Council of the Russian Federation Valentina Matvienko. Their goal was obviously a desire to designate the Russian position in advance. Matvienko declared unambiguously: "The Kuril Islands moved to us following the Second World War, which was recorded in international documents. And therefore Russia's sovereignty is not subject to doubt. There are things to which Russia will never go. Restriction of Russian sovereignty over the Kuril Islands, and even more so the transfer of them to Japan's jurisdiction is one of them. This is the position of all our people, here we have a national consensus. "

On the other hand, why not assume that Matvienko could play the role of a "bad policeman" in the classic scheme? In order, the Japanese negotiators later were a conspiracting with the first person who may well become a "good police officer" and agree on favorable conditions. Even during his first presidential visit to Japan, Putin actually recognized the effectiveness of the 1956 Declaration, and in 2001 a Russian-Japanese application was published on the recognition of its legal force.

Yes, and the Japanese seems to be prepared for this. According to a survey conducted by the Mayancy Simbun newspaper, 57% of the country's inhabitants do not require an indispensable return of the entire Kuril ridge, and will satisfy a more flexible decision of the "territorial issue".

Version 3.

All the islands of Kuril Rud will remain Russian

Last week, the Ministry of Defense announced the placement of the Bal and Bastion coastal missile systems on the southern smokers - to the worst disappointment of the Japanese authorities, we clearly did not expect anything. Hardly our military would drag into such a distance the newest defense systems, knowing that the islands prepare for the transfer to the Japanese.

In addition, the islands have a big strategic value. While they belong to Russia, no foreign submarine can enter the Okhotsk Sea unnoticed. If at least one island is willing Japan, Russia will lose control over the straits and any warship will be able to get into the center of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk without permission.

But the main guarantee that Moscow will never go to the exchange of smoking, not missile complexes at all. The fact is that Tokyo has territorial claims following the Second World War not only to Moscow, but also to Seoul, and, which is especially important to Beijing. Therefore, even if we assume the unthinkable that the Russian authorities fell out to fulfill the idea of \u200b\u200bNikita Khrushchev and give the Japanese a couple of islands for the sake of establishing relations, it should be understood that the negative reaction of the Chinese and Koreans for this step will follow immediately. China, in response, for a similar geopolitical footrest, may present Russia to Russia, and the grounds for this can have. And in Moscow, this is well understood. So the current political "dance" around smoked for serious consequences will not lead - most likely the sides simply give each other to release steam.

The World Politics Review newspaper believes that Putin's main mistake is now "dismissive attitude to Japan."
The bold initiative of Russia to settle the dispute over the Kuril Islands would give Japan big grounds for cooperation with Moscow. - today transmits IA REGNUM.
It is expressed by this "dismissive attitude" is clear what - give Japan Curiles. It would seem that the Americans and their European Sanitremes before smoked, which in another part of the world?
Everything is simple. Under the Japanese, the desire to turn the Okhotsk Sea from the inner Rosiysky in the sea, open to the "world community". With large for us the consequences of both military and economic nature.

Well, who was the first one who mastered these lands? Why is Japan consider these islands with their original territories?
To do this, let's look at the history of the development of the Kuril Ridge.

In Russia, the Kuril Islands are first mentioned in the reporting document N. I. Kolobova Tsar Alexei from 1646 years of the features of the wanders I. Yu. Moskvitin. Also, these chronicles and maps of medieval Netherlands, Scandinavia and Germany testify to the indigenous Russian villages. N. I. Kolobov told about the inhabiting islands of bearded Aina. Ains were gathering, fishing and hunting, lived in small settlements throughout the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin.
Based after the campaign of Dezhnev seeds in 1649, Anadyr city and Okhotsk became bases for the study of the Kuril Islands, Alaska and California.

The development of new land by Russia passed civilized and was not accompanied by extermination or displacement of the local population from their territory historical MotherlandHow it happened, for example, with North American Indians. The arrival of the Russians led to the spread among the local population more effective means of hunting, metal products, and most importantly - contributed to the cessation of bloody inter-barded strings. Under the influence of Russian peoples, these began to join agriculture and move to a settled lifestyle. Trade was revived, Russian merchants flooded Siberia and the Far East by goods, the existence of which the local population did not even guess.

In 1721, those who graduated from the St. Petersburg Academy of Geodesy and Cartography I. Evreinov and F. Lyzhin in 1721, after which Peter I personally was awarded a report on this swimming and a map.

Russian navigaters Captain Shppberg and Lieutenant Walton in 1739 the first of the Europeans opened the way to the eastern shores of Japan, visited japanese islands Hondo (Honshu) and Matsmaa (Hokkaido), described the Kuril Rud and put all the Kuril Islands on the map and east coast Sakhalin.
The expedition found that under the rule of "Japanese Khan" there is only one Hokkaido Island, the rest of the island is beyond. Since the 60s, interest in smokers increases noticeably, Russian commercial vessels stick to their shores, and soon the local population is Aina - on the Islands of Warp and ITUURUP, it was brought to Russian citizenship.
The merchant D.Shebalin of the Office of the Okhotsk port was Dan Agavaz "to pay in the citizenship of Russia in residents southern Islands And to start bargaining with them. "Lowing the Ainov to Russian citizenship, the Russians founded on the islands of wintering, parking, taught the Ainov to use firearms, breed livestock and grow some vegetables.

Many of the Ainov accepted Orthodoxy and learned literacy.
Russian missionaries did everything to spread among the Kuril Ainov Orthodoxy, and taught them the Russian language. Honor of the first in this row of missionaries is the name of Ivan Petrovich Kozyrevsky (1686-1734), in the monasticism of Ignatia. A.S. Pushkin He wrote that "Kozyrevsky conquered two Kuril Islands in 1713 and brought the Wheel to the news about trade in this islands with merchants of the city of Matva. In the texts of the "drawing marine Islands"Kozyrevsky was written:" On the first and other island in the Kamchatka nose, with the self-balanced shown, smoked in the hike and greetings, and other military order, again in the yasual payment led. " Back in 1732, the famous historian G.F.Miller in the academic calendar was noted: "Before this, there were no faith in the inhabitants. But in twenty years on the command of his imperial Majesty Built there, churches and schools, which we hope for hope, and this people will be released from time to time from their delusions. " The monk Ignatiy Kozyrevsky in the south of the Kamchatka Peninsula on its own funds was laid down the church with the limit and the monastery, in which he himself was later. Kozyrevsky managed to pay in the faith of "local injecting people" - the ITRs of Kamchatka and Kuril Ainov.

Aina caught fish, beat the marine beast, baptized in the Orthodox churches of their children, worn Russian clothes, had Russian names, they spoke Russian and proudly called themselves Orthodox. In 1747, the "newest" smokers from the islands of Schoshu and Paramushir, which had more than two hundred people, through her Tien (Chief), the Storozhev appealed to the Orthodox mission in Kamchatka lasting to send a priest "to approve them in the new faith."

At the deprivation of Catherine II in 1779, all the defeats not established by decrees from St. Petersburg were canceled. Thus, the fact of opening and mastering the Russian Kuril Islands is indisputable.

Over time, the crafts on the smokes were depleted, becoming less and less profitable than the coast of America, and because by the end of the XVIII century, the interest of Russian merchants to the smokers weakened.In Japan, by the end of the same century, interest in smokers and Sakhalin is just awakening, because before that, the Kuriles were almost unknown by the Japanese. Hokkaido Island - according to the testimony of Japanese scientists themselves - was considered an ingenic territory and only a minor part of him was settled and mastered. In the late 70s, Russian merchants reached Hokkaido and tried to make trading with local residents. Russia was interested in acquiring food in Japan for Russian fishing expeditions and settlements on Alaska and the Pacific Islands, but it was not possible to tie the trade, because I banned the law on Japan's isolation of 1639, which reads: "For the next time, the Sun illuminates the world, no one has the right to pester the shores of Japan, at least he was even a messenger, and this law can never be canceled by death under the fear of death".
And in 1788 Catherine II. Schist Strict Okatv Russian Industrialists on Kurils so that they "There were no islands, under the maintenance of other powers in the", and a year before it was issued a decree on the circuit of the circulation of the world expedition for exact description and applying to the map of the islands from Masha to Kamchatka blades to " all date formally to the ownership of the Russian state". It was prescribed not to allow foreign industrialists to" trade and fields in owned by Russia places and local residents do peacefully". But the expedition did not take place due to the Russian-Turkish War started 1787-1791.

Taking advantage of the weakening of the Russian positions in the southern part of Kuril, the Japanese fish workers first appear in Kunashir in 1799, for the next year already on the ITUPE, where Russian crosses are destroyed and illegally put a post with a designation pointing to the affiliation of Japan islands. Japanese fishermen often began to arrive to the shores of southern Sakhalin, led fishery, hurt the Ainov, which was the cause of frequent skirmishes between them. In 1805, the Russian sailors from the Frigate "Juno" and the tender "Avos" were put on the shore of Aniva's bay, a post with the Russian flag was raised, and the Japanese parking on Itupe was ruined. The Russians were welcomed by Aina.
.. .

Well, who was the first one who mastered these lands? Why is Japan consider these islands with their original territories?
To do this, let's look at the history of the development of the Kuril Ridge.
Initially, the islands were inhabited by Aina. In their language, "Kuru" meant "the person who came out of anywhere", from where and then their second name "Kuritsa", and then the name of the archipelago.

The development of new lands by Russia was civilized and was not accompanied by extermination or displacement of the local population from the territory of their historic homeland, as it happened, for example, with the North American Indians. The arrival of the Russians led to the spread among the local population more effective means of hunting, metal products, and most importantly - contributed to the cessation of bloody inter-barded strings. Under the influence of Russian peoples, these began to join agriculture and move to a settled lifestyle. Trade was revived, Russian merchants flooded Siberia and the Far East by goods, the existence of which the local population did not even guess.

Russian seafarers Captain Shppberg and Lieutenant Walton In 1739, the first of the Europeans opened the path to the eastern shores of Japan, visited the Japanese Hondo Islands (Honosu) and Matsama (Hokkaido), described the Kuril Rud and caused all the Kuril Islands and the East Coast of Sakhalin on the map.
The expedition found that under the rule of "Japanese Khan" there is only one Hokkaido Island, the rest of the island is beyond. Since the 60s, interest in smokers increases noticeably, Russian commercial vessels stick to their shores, and soon the local population is Aina - on the Islands of Warp and ITUURUP, it was brought to Russian citizenship.
The merchant D.Shebalin of the Office of the Okhotsk port was Dan Agaz "To convert residents of the southern islands into the citizenship of Russia and start bargaining with them." Lowing the Ainov to Russian citizenship, the Russians founded on the islands of wintering, parking, taught the Ainov to use firearms, breed livestock and grow some vegetables.

Many of the Ainov accepted Orthodoxy and learned literacy.
Russian missionaries did everything to spread among the Kuril Ainov Orthodoxy, and taught them the Russian language. Honor of the first in this row of missionaries is the name of Ivan Petrovich Kozyrevsky (1686-1734), in the monasticism of Ignatia. A.S. Pushkin He wrote that "Kozyrevsky conquered two Kuril Islands in 1713 and brought the Wheel to the news about trade in this islands with merchants of the city of Matva. In the texts of the "Drawing of the Marine Islands" of Kozyrevsky, it was written: "In the first and other island, in the Kamchatka nose, with an unimprovant shown, smoked in that campaign and greetings, and other military orders, again in the yasual payment led." Back in 1732, the famous historian G.F.Miller in the academic calendar was noted: "Before this, there were no faith in the inhabitants. But in twenty years, in the command of his imperial majesty, the church and schools are built there, which we are given hope, and this sphere from time to time will be released from their delusion. " The monk Ignatiy Kozyrevsky in the south of the Kamchatka Peninsula on its own funds was laid down the church with the limit and the monastery, in which he himself was later. Kozyrevsky managed to pay in the faith of "local injecting people" - the ITRs of Kamchatka and Kuril Ainov.

Over time, the crafts on the smokes were depleted, becoming less and less profitable than the coast of America, and because by the end of the XVIII century, the interest of Russian merchants to the smokers weakened.In Japan, by the end of the same century, interest in smokers and Sakhalin is just awakening, because before that, the Kuriles were almost unknown by the Japanese. Hokkaido Island - according to the testimony of Japanese scientists themselves - was considered an ingenic territory and only a minor part of him was settled and mastered. In the late 70s, Russian merchants reached Hokkaido and tried to make trading with locals . Russia was interested in acquiring food in Japan for Russian fishing expeditions and settlements on Alaska and the Pacific Islands, but it was not possible to tie the trade, because I banned the law on Japan's isolation of 1639, which reads: "For the next time, the Sun illuminates the world, no one has the right to pester the shores of Japan, at least he was even a messenger, and this law can never be canceled by death under the fear of death".
And in 1788 Catherine II. Schist Strict Okatv Russian Industrialists on Kurils so that they "There were no islands, under the maintenance of other powers in the", and a year before that, the decree on the circuitry of the circulation of the world expedition was issued for an accurate description and applying to the map of the islands from Masha to Kamchatka blades to " all date formally to the ownership of the Russian state". It was prescribed not to allow foreign industrialists to" trade and fields in Russian owned places and with local residents to do peacefully". But the expedition did not take place due to the Russian-Turkish War started 1787-1791.

At the beginning 1855 the year in Symod Putyatin signed the first Russian-Japanese agreement on peace and friendship, in accordance with whom Sakhalin was declared unrequited between Russia and Japan, the border was established between the Islands of ITUURUP and URUP, and the ports of the Simer, Hakodate and Nagasaki were opened for Russian courts.

Simoian treatise 1855 in Article 2 determines:
« In the continuation of the border between the Japanese state and Russia to establish between the island of ITUURUP and the Island island. The entire island of ItuluPe is owned by Japan, the whole island of Vrup and the Kuril Islands to the north belongs to Russia. As for the island of Karafuto (Sakhalin), it is still not divided by the border between Japan and Russia. "

Government Alexander II. The main direction of his policy made the Middle East and Central Asia And, fearing to leave uncertain with Japan in the case of a new exacerbation of relations with England, went on the signing of the so-called St. Petersburg Treatise of 1875, according to which all the Kuril Islands in exchange for recognition of Sakhalin Russian territory went to Japan.

Alexander II, who has prior to this in 1867 Alaskafor symbolic and at that time, the amount is 11 million rubles, and this time made a large mistake, underestimating the strategic importance of Kuril, which were further used by Japan for aggression against Russia. The king naively believed that Japan would become a peace-loving and calm neighbor of Russia and,when Japanese, justifying his claims,refer to the contract of 1875, then for some reason forget (as "forgot" todayknadze) about his first article: "... and the eternal peace and friendship between the Russian and Japanese empire will continue to be installed".

Russia actually lost his release to Pacific Ocean. Japan, the imperial ambitions of which continued to increase, actually got the opportunity at any time start the marine blockade of Sakhalin and all Far Eastern Russia.

The population smoked immediately after the establishment of the Japanese authorities described in His notes about the Kuril Islands English Captain Snow:
"AT 1878 The year, when I first visited the Northern Islands ... All the northernmost residents more or less communicated in Russian. All of them were Christians and confessed the religion of the Greek Church. They were visited (and attended to this time) Russian priests, and the church was built in the village of Meroupo on Schushir, the boards for which were brought from America. ... the largest settlements On the northern smokers were in the port of Tavano (Urup), Uratman, on the shore of Brouton Bay (Simushir) and the above-described Mayarpo (Schushyr). In each of these villages, except huts and earthlings, there was their own church ... ".
Our famous compatriot, Captain V. M. Golinnov, in the famous "Note of the fleet of the captain of the head ..." mentions Ain, "who called himself Alexey Maksimovich." ...

Then was 1904 Year when Japan treacherously attacked Russia.
At the conclusion of a peace treaty in Portsmouth in 1905, the Japanese side demanded that the Sakhalin Island is in the order of contact. The Russian side announced that this is contrary to the agreement of 1875. What did the Japanese respond to this?
- War crosses all contracts, you have defeated and let's proceed from the situation that has established today.
Only due to the skillful diplomatic maneuvers of Russia managed to maintain northern part Sakhalin, and South Sakhalin went to Japan.

On the Yalta conference The heads of power, the countries participating in the antihytler coalition held in February 1945. year, it was decided after the end of World War IISouth Sakhalin and all the Kuril Islands Soviet Union, and this was the condition of the USSR entry into the war with Japan - Three months after the end of the war in Europe.

8 September 1951 The year in San Francisco 49 countries signed a peace treaty with Japan. The draft treaty was prepared during the Cold War without the participation of the USSR and in violation of the principles of the Potsdam Declaration. The Soviet side proposed to carry out demilitarization and ensure the democratization of the country. Representatives of the United States and the UK stated our delegation that they arrived here not to discuss, but to sign a contract and therefore will not change a single line. USSR, and with him Poland and Czechoslovakia, put their signatures under the contract refused. And what is interesting,article 2 of this contract states that Japan refuses all rights and law upon Sakhalin Island and Kuril Islands. Thus, Japan itself refused the territorial claims to our country, refining it with his signature.

1956 Year, Soviet-Japanese negotiations on the normalization of relations between the two countries. The Soviet side agrees to give up two islands of Shikotan and Habomai Japan and proposes to sign a peace treaty. The Japanese side leans towards the adoption of the Soviet proposal, but in September 1956, the United States sends Japan a note in which it is said that,if Japan refuses his claims on Kunashir and ITUURUP and will be satisfied with only two islands, then in this case, the United States will not give the islands of Ryuku, where the main island is Okinawa. Americans put Japan in front of an unexpected and difficult choice - to get the islands from the Americans, you need to pick up all the smokers from Russia. ... either he smoked neither zealous with Okinawa.
Clearly, the Japanese refused to sign a peace treaty on our conditions. Subsequently concluded an agreement on security (1960) between the United States and Japan made it impossible to transfer Japan Shikotan and Khabomai. To give the islands to the American bases, our country, I could not, how to associate yourself with some obligations before Japan in the question of Kurilla.

A worthy answer about the territorial claims to us from Japan was given by A.N. Kosyugin:
- The boundaries between the USSR and Japan should be considered as the result of the Second World War.
This could be put on this point, but I would like to remind you that only 6 years ago, M.S. Gorbachev, at the meeting, the delegation of SPEA also strongly opposed the revision of the borders, emphasizing the borders between the USSR and Japan "legitimate and legally reasonable" .

Interesting material with the analysis of the history of the development of smoke ..

It is expressed by this "dismissive attitude" is clear what - give Japan Curiles. It would seem that the Americans and their European Sanitremes before smoked, which in another part of the world? Everything is simple. Under the Japanese, the desire to turn the Okhotsk Sea from the inner Rosiysky in the sea, open to the "world community". With large for us the consequences of both military and economic nature. Well, who was the first one who mastered these lands? Why is Japan consider these islands with their original territories? To do this, let's look at the history of the development of the Kuril Ridge.

Initially, the islands were inhabited by Aina. In their language, "Kuru" meant "the person who came out of anywhere", from where and then their second name "Kuritsa", and then the name of the archipelago. In Russia, the Kuril Islands are first mentioned in the reporting document N. I. Kolobov Tsar Alexei from 1646 on the features of the wanders I. Yu. Moskvitin. Also, these chronicles and maps of medieval Netherlands, Scandinavia and Germany testify to the indigenous Russian villages. N. I. Kolobov told about the inhabiting islands of bearded Aina. Ains were gathering, fishing and hunting, lived in small settlements throughout the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin. Based after the campaign of Dezhnev seeds in 1649, Anadyr city and Okhotsk became bases for the study of the Kuril Islands, Alaska and California. The development of new lands by Russia was civilized and was not accompanied by extermination or displacement of the local population from the territory of their historic homeland, as it happened, for example, with the North American Indians. The arrival of the Russians led to the spread among the local population more effective means of hunting, metal products, and most importantly - contributed to the cessation of bloody inter-barded strings. Under the influence of Russian peoples, these began to join agriculture and move to a settled lifestyle. Trade was revived, Russian merchants flooded Siberia and the Far East by goods, the existence of which the local population did not even guess.

In 1654, the Yakut Cossack Deadhechin M. Stadukhin visited there. In the 60s, part of the northern Kuril was inflicted by the Russians on the card, and in 1700, Kuriles are applied to C.remizov card. In 1711, the Cossack Ataman D.Anziferov and Esaul I. Kozyrievsky visited Paramushir's Islands. The following year, Kozyrevsky visited the islands of ITUURUP and URUP and reported that the inhabitants of these islands live "self-help." In 1721, those who graduated from the St. Petersburg Academy of Geodesy and Cartography I. Evreinov and F. Lyzhin in 1721, after which Peter I personally was awarded a report on this swimming and a map. Russian seafarers Captain Shppberg and Lieutenant Walton In 1739, the first of the Europeans opened the path to the eastern shores of Japan, visited the Japanese Hondo Islands (Honosu) and Matsama (Hokkaido), described the Kuril Rud and caused all the Kuril Islands and the East Coast of Sakhalin on the map. The expedition found that under the rule of "Japanese Khan" there is only one Hokkaido Island, the rest of the island is beyond.

Since the 60s, interest in smokers increases noticeably, Russian commercial vessels stick to their shores, and soon the local population is Aina - on the Islands of Warp and ITUURUP, it was brought to Russian citizenship. The merchant D.Shebalin of the Office of the Okhotsk port was Dan Agaz "To convert residents of the southern islands into the citizenship of Russia and start bargaining with them." Lowing the Ainov to Russian citizenship, the Russians founded on the islands of wintering, parking, taught the Ainov to use firearms, breed livestock and grow some vegetables. Many of the Ainov accepted Orthodoxy and learned literacy. Russian missionaries did everything to spread among the Kuril Ainov Orthodoxy, and taught them the Russian language. Honor of the first in this row of missionaries is the name of Ivan Petrovich Kozyrevsky (1686-1734), in the monasticism of Ignatia. A.S. Pushkin wrote that "Kozyrevsky conquered two Kuril Islands in 1713 and brought the news of the news about trade in the city of Matva. In the texts of the "Drawing of the Marine Islands" of Kozyrevsky, it was written: "In the first and other island, in the Kamchatka nose, with an unimprovant shown, smoked in that campaign and greetings, and other military orders, again in the yasual payment led." Back in 1732, the famous historian G.F.Miller in the academic calendar was noted: "Before this, there were no faith in the inhabitants. But in twenty years, in the command of his imperial majesty, the church and schools are built there, which we are given hope, and this sphere from time to time will be released from their delusion. " The monk Ignatiy Kozyrevsky in the south of the Kamchatka Peninsula on its own funds was laid down the church with the limit and the monastery, in which he himself was later. Kozyrevsky managed to pay in the faith of "local injecting people" - the ITRs of Kamchatka and Kuril Ainov. Aina caught fish, beat the marine beast, baptized in the Orthodox churches of their children, worn Russian clothes, had Russian names, they spoke Russian and proudly called themselves Orthodox. In 1747, the "newest" smokers from the islands of Schoshu and Paramushir, which had more than two hundred people, through her Tien (Chief), the Storozhev appealed to the Orthodox mission in Kamchatka lasting to send a priest "to approve them in the new faith." At the order of Catherine II in 1779, all the defeats not established by decrees from St. Petersburg were canceled.

Thus, the fact of opening and mastering the Russian Kuril Islands is indisputable. Over time, the crafts on the smokes were depleted, becoming less and less profitable than the coast of America, and because by the end of the XVIII century, the interest of Russian merchants to the smokers weakened. In Japan, by the end of the same century, interest in smokers and Sakhalin is just awakening, because before that, the Kuriles were almost unknown by the Japanese. Hokkaido Island - according to the testimony of Japanese scientists themselves - was considered an ingenic territory and only a minor part of him was settled and mastered. In the late 70s, Russian merchants reached Hokkaido and tried to make trading with local residents. Russia was interested in purchasing food in Japan for Russian fishing expeditions and settlements in Alaska and the Pacific Islands, but it was not possible to tie the trade, because I banned the Act of Japan's isolation of 1639, which said: "For the future, the Sun will illuminate The world, no one has the right to pester the shores of Japan, at least he even was a messenger, and this law can never be canceled under the fear of death. " And in 1788, Ekaterina II Schail Strict Association by Russian industrialists on Kurilah so that they "do not concern the islands, under the maintenance of other powers that are", and a year before it was issued a decree on the circulation of the circular expedition for the exact description and application to the map of the islands from Masha to the Kamchatka blades, to "count formally to the ownership of the Russian state". It was prescribed to prevent foreign industrialists to "trade and fields in Russian owned by Russia and with local residents to do peacefully." But the expedition did not take place due to the Russian-Turkish War started 1787-1791. Taking advantage of the weakening of the Russian positions in the southern part of Kuril, the Japanese fish workers first appear in Kunashir in 1799, for the next year already on the ITUPE, where Russian crosses are destroyed and illegally put a post with a designation pointing to the affiliation of Japan islands. Japanese fishermen often began to arrive to the shores of southern Sakhalin, led fishery, hurt the Ainov, which was the cause of frequent skirmishes between them. In 1805, the Russian sailors from the Frigate "Juno" and the tender "Avos" were put on the shore of Aniva's bay, a post with the Russian flag was raised, and the Japanese parking on Itupe was ruined. The Russians were welcomed by Aina.

In 1854, with the aim of establishing trade and diplomatic relations with Japan, Nicholas I guides the Vice Admiral E.Putyatina. In his mission also included the distinction between Russian and Japanese possessions. Russia demanded recognizing their rights to the island of Sakhalin and Kuril, has long been revealed. Knowing perfectly, in which serious position was Russia, leading simultaneously war with three powers in the Crimea, Japan put forward unreasonable claims to the southern part of Sakhalin. In early 1855, in Symod Putyatin, the first Russian-Japanese agreement on peace and friendship signed, in reality, Sakhalin was declared unrequited between Russia and Japan, the border was established between the Islands of ITUURUP and VRP, and the ports of the Simer, Hakodate, were opened for Russian courts. And Nagasaki. The Simoian Treatise of 1855 in Article 2 defines: "In the continuation of the border between the Japanese state and Russia, to establish between the island of ITUURUP and the Island island. The entire island of ItuluPe is owned by Japan, the whole island of Vrup and the Kuril Islands to the north belongs to Russia. As for the island of Karafuto (Sakhalin), it is still not divided by the border between Japan and Russia. " The Government of Alexander II The main direction of his policy made the Middle East and Central Asia and, fearing to leave uncertain their relations with Japan in case of a new exacerbation of relations with England, went to sign the so-called St. Petersburg Treatise of 1875, according to which all the Kuril Islands in exchange for Sakhalin's recognition Russian territory passed to Japan. Alexander II, who before this in 1867 sold Alaska for symbolic and at the time of the amount - 11 million rubles, and this time made a major mistake, underestimating the strategic importance of Kuril, which were subsequently used by Japan for aggression against Russia. The king naively believed that Japan would become a peace-loving and calm neighbor of Russia and, when the Japanese, justifying their claims, refer to the 1875 treaty, then for some reason they forget (as "forgot" T. Tannze) about his first article: ".. . And the eternal peace and friendship between the Russian and Japanese empire will continue to be installed. Russia actually lost the exit to the Pacific Ocean. Japan, the imperial ambitions of which continued to increase, actually got the opportunity at any time start the marine blockade of Sakhalin and all Far Eastern Russia. ... The population smoked immediately after the establishment of the Japanese authorities described in his notes about the Kuril Islands English Captain Snow: "In 1878, when I first visited the Northern Islands. .. And the northernmost residents have spoken more or less in Russian. All of them were Christians and confessed the religion of the Greek Church. They were visited (and attended to this time) Russian priests, and the church was built in the village of Meroupo on Schushir, the boards for which were brought from America. ... The largest settlements on the northern Kurilah were in the port of Tavano (Urup), Uratman, on the shore of Brouton Bay (Simushir) and the above-described Mayarpo (Schushyr). In each of these villages, except huts and earthlings, there was their own church ... ". Our famous compatriot, Captain V. M. Golinnov, in the famous "Note of the fleet of the captain of the head ..." mentions Ain, "who called himself Alexey Maksimovich." ...

Then he was 1904, when Japan treacherously attacked Russia. At the conclusion of a peace treaty in Portsmouth in 1905, the Japanese side demanded that the Sakhalin Island is in the order of contact. The Russian side announced that this is contrary to the agreement of 1875. What did the Japanese respond to this? - War crosses all contracts, you have defeated and let's proceed from the situation that has established today. Only due to the skillful diplomatic maneuvers of Russia managed to preserve the northern part of Sakhalin after him, and South Sakhalin went to Japan.

At the Yalta Conference of the Heads of Power, the countries participating in the Anti-Hitler Coalition, held in February 1945, was decided after the end of World War II South Sakhalin and all the Kuril Islands to transfer to the Soviet Union, and this was the condition of the USSR to enter the war with Japan - three months after End of war in Europe. On September 8, 1951, 49 states signed a peace treaty with Japan in San Francisco. The draft treaty was prepared during the Cold War without the participation of the USSR and in violation of the principles of the Potsdam Declaration. The Soviet side proposed to carry out demilitarization and ensure the democratization of the country. Representatives of the United States and the UK stated our delegation that they arrived here not to discuss, but to sign a contract and therefore will not change a single line. USSR, and with him Poland and Czechoslovakia, put their signatures under the contract refused. And what is interesting, article 2 of this contract states that Japan refuses all rights and law upon Sakhalin Island and Kuril Islands. Thus, Japan itself refused the territorial claims to our country, refining it with his signature. 1956, Soviet-Japanese negotiations on the normalization of relations between the two countries. The Soviet side agrees to give up two islands of Shikotan and Habomai Japan and proposes to sign a peace treaty. The Japanese side leans to the adoption of the Soviet proposal, but in September 1956, the United States guides Japan a note, which states that if Japan refuses his claims to Kunashir and ITUUP and satisfies only the two islands, in this case the United States will not give the islands of Ryuku where the main island is Okinawa. Americans put Japan in front of an unexpected and difficult choice - to get the islands from the Americans, you need to pick up all the smokers from Russia. ... either he smoked neither zealous with Okinawa. Clearly, the Japanese refused to sign a peace treaty on our conditions. Subsequently concluded an agreement on security (1960) between the United States and Japan made it impossible to transfer Japan Shikotan and Khabomai. To give the islands to the American bases, our country, I could not, how to associate yourself with some obligations before Japan in the question of Kurilla. A worthy answer about the territorial claims to us from Japan was given in his time A.N. Kosygin: - the borders between the USSR and Japan should be considered as the result of the Second World War.