Introduction

Criteria and conditions for the inclusion of natural objects in the list World Heritage

1 Conditions

2 Natural criteria

South America. World Natural Heritage Objects

1 Argentina

2 Los Gosyares National Park

3 Iguazu National Park

4 Peninsula Valdez.

5 Natural Parks Schiguala and Talampaiya

Bolivia

1 Namel-Kepff-Mercado National Park

Brazil

1 Iguazu National Park

2 Serra da Kapivara National Park

3 Forest reserves of the East Atlantic Coast

4 Forest reserves of the southeastern Atlantic coast

5 complex of reservations of Central Amazonia

6 Protected area Pantanal

7 Brazilian Islands in Atlantic: Fernandu Di Noronaya and Rocas Atoll

8 National Parks Zone "Campos Sumrado": Sapepada-Dus-Beadairus and Emaas

Venezuela

1 Canaama National Park

Colombia

1 Los Qatios National Park

2 island Malpelo

1 Historic Mach Pickcho Reserve

2 Wascharan National Park

3 National Park Manu

4 Rio Abiscao National Park

Suriname

1 Environmental Territory of Central Suriname

Ecuador

1 Galapagos Islands

2 Sangay National Park

Conclusion

References and Internet resources

Introduction

UNESCO World Heritage - Natural or Man-created Objects, priority tasks in relation to which, according to UNESCO, are their preservation and popularization by virtue of special cultural, historical or environmental significance.

In 1972, UNESCO adopted the Convention on the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage (entered into force in 1975). By September 2012, 190 participating countries ratified the Convention.

Every year, the World Heritage Committee holds the sessions on which the "status of the World Heritage Object" is awarded.

As of 2013, in the World Heritage List - 981, the object, of which 759 are cultural, 193 - natural and 29 - mixed.

In South America there are 67 UNESCO World Heritage sites.

1. Criteria and conditions for the inclusion of natural objects in the World Heritage List

.1 Conditions

In accordance with the definition data in Article 2 of the Convention on the Protection of the World Heritage, the following objects include natural heritage:

) Natural monuments created by physical and biological formations or groups of such formations that have outstanding universal value in terms of aesthetics or science;

) geological and physiographic formations and strictly limited areas representing the area of \u200b\u200bsubjected to the threat of animal and plants that have outstanding universal value in terms of science or conservation;

) Natural attractions or strictly limited natural zones that have outstanding universal value from the point of view of science, conservation or natural beauty.

Outstanding global value means cultural and / or natural significance, which is so exceptional, which goes beyond national borders and represents universal value for real and future generations of all mankind. Therefore, the constant protection of this heritage is of paramount importance for the entire international community as a whole. The natural heritage object corresponding to one of the data above the definitions that put forward on the list of world heritage is considered an outstanding world heritage for the objectives of the Convention if the Committee has the opportunity to make sure that the object satisfies one or more criteria as well as integrity conditions.

1.2 Natural criteria

The main goal of the World Heritage List is to make well-known and protect facilities that are unique in their own way. For this, and due to the desire for objectivity, evaluation criteria were compiled. Initially (since 1978) there were only criteria for objects of cultural heritage - this list has numbered six points. Then to restore some equilibrium between different continents appeared natural objects And for them a list of four points. And, finally, in 2005, all these criteria were summarized, and now every object of the World Heritage is in its description at least one of them. - Include the greatest phenomena of nature or place of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic value; - represent an outstanding sample reflecting the main stages of the Earth's history, including traces of ancient life, continuing geological processes for the development of the forms of the earth's surface having important, or significant geomorphological and physiographic phenomena; - represent an outstanding example of important and continuing environmental and biological processes of evolution and development of ground, river and lake, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals; - include natural ranges, the most important and significant in terms of preserving biological diversity, including habitat habitats, representing outstanding world value from the point of view of science and nature conservation.

2. South America. World Natural Heritage Objects

South America - South Continent in America, located mainly in the Western and Southern Hemispheres of the Planet Earth, however, partially the continent is located in the northern hemisphere. It is washed in the West by the Pacific Ocean, in the east - the Atlantic, from the north is limited to North America, the border between America takes place through the Panama Isthmus and the Caribbean Sea.

.1 Argentina

uNESCO Monument Sightseeing Area

In the list of UNESCO World Heritage Site in Argentina, there are 8 items (for 2011), 4 facilities are included in the natural criteria. Los Glassares and Iguazu are recognized as natural phenomena or spaces of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance. Among them:

· Los Chairlas National Park (1981)

· Iguazu National Park (1984)

· Peninsula Waldes (1999)

· Natural parks of the silence and Talampaiya (2000)

In addition, as of 2010, 8 objects in the territory of the state are among the candidates for the inclusion of the World Heritage List, including 5 - by cultural, 1 - by natural and 2 - on mixed criteria.

Argentina ratified the Convention on the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage on August 23, 1978. The first facility on the territory of Argentina was listed in 1981 at the 5th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee.

2.2 Los Gosyareas National Park

Los Gosyares National Park (Parque Nacional Los Glaciares, Glaciers) - National Park, located in Patagonia (South America), on the territory of the Argentine Province of Santa Cruz. Park area is 4459 km ². In 1981, he was listed in the World Heritage List.

Founded in 1937, Los Gosyares is the second largest Argentina National Park. The park is owned by a huge ice cap in Andes, which feeds 47 large glaciers, of which only 13 flow aside Atlantic Ocean. This ice array is the largest after the ice of Antarctica and Greenland. In other parts of the world, the glaciation begins at least 2500 m above sea level, but in Los-Gosyareas Park, the glaciers begins from a height of 1500 m and slide up to 200 m, eroding the slopes of the mountains under them.

The territory of Los Glyasyares, which is 30% covered with ice, can be divided into two parts, each of which belongs to its lake. Argentino Lake Argentina (Area 1466 km ²) located in the southern part of the park, and Lake Viedma (area of \u200b\u200b1100 km ²) - In North. Both lakes feed the Santa Cruz River, which flows to the Atlantic Ocean. Between these two parts, the central zone (Zona Center) is closed for tourists, in which the lakes are not.

Northern half of the park includes part of Lake Viedma, Viedma Glacier, small glaciers and several mountain peaks, popular among climbers and mountainous tourists, such as Fitzroy and Serro Torre.

Southern half of the park along with small glaciers includes the main glaciers flowing into the lake Argentino: Perito Moreno, Uppsala and Spegazini. An ordinary boat tour includes an inspection of the unavailable glaciers and Spegazini unavailable. Perito Moreno glacier can be reached by land.

Park Los Gosyares is a popular destination in international tourism. Tours begin in the village of El Calafate, located on Lake Argentino, and in the village of El Chalitan, located in the northern part of the park at the foot of the Fitz Roy Mountain.

Climate . The entire natural appearance of the park and its originality is primarily connected with climatic features Region. NIGHDE NA globe There are no such favorable conditions for the development of modern glaciation in such low sprats, "roaring the forties" winds of the Western direction are found on their way over the oceanic expanses of the ocean of the Southern Hemisphere only the only obstacle and the form of Patagonian Andes. On their Western (Chilean) slopes of the winds are collapsed with terrible force and give almost all the moisture accumulated from the ocean.

Completely different climatic conditions are characteristic of the eastern (Argentine) slopes and the previations of the Patagonian Andes, where the national park is located. Lost the power and moisture on the Western slopes, the air masses of "roaring forties" on the eastern slopes come "weakened" and practically desired. Being in the "rain shade" of the Andes, the territory of the park receives a much smaller amount of precipitation - up to 900 mm on the slopes of the mountains and 500 mm in the east of the park. The average indicator of the amount of annual precipitation for the entire fleet takes the value of 809 mm, and the average annual temperatures are in the range of +7.5 ° C, the minimum +3.3 ° C, the maximum + 12 ° C. Here, unlike the eastern slopes of the Patagonian Andes, the sun shines most of the year. Only from April to May the sky is tightened with clouds, go rains in the foothills, and snow falls in the mountains. In winter, and this is in the South Hemisphere June - August, common snowfalls. In early spring and summer over the territory of the Park, strong hurricane winds are rushed with South and South - from Antarctica.

Flora. In addition to the snow-covered vertices (representing undoubted interest for climbers), huge glacial zones and amazing in the beauty of lake glands in the National Park "Los Glassares" can be acquainted with a peculiar Flora Patagonia.

The park presents two types of plant communities - the subnutrctic Patagonian forests (in the West) and the Patagonian steppes, characteristic of the lines of the plane-plate main (in the east).

Fauna. The fauna of vertebrate animals of the National Park, with the exception of Ornithofauna, has not yet been studied. There are about 100 species of birds, of which the most remarkable Andean Condor and the long-hearted (Darwin) NANDU.

Among the birds are very numerous and shore (stream) duck, chaff.

There is a small population of the Andean deer. Andean deer is listed in the International Red Book.

In the park there are separate individuals of mountain weiggers from the rodent detachment. More often you can meet Lam, Guanako.

Very rich in Ichthyofaun Ice Lakes and small streams. Many tourists come to Los Gosyares National Park specifically for sports fishing. In Lakes Viedma and Lago Archentino, two types of salmon fish are embodied specifically for sports fishing.

.3 Iguazu National Park

Iguazu National Park (Parque Nacional Iguaz ú) - National Park in Argentina, located in the Department of Iguazu, in the northern part of the province of Misonee, in the Argentine interference.

The park was created in 1934 and partially contains one of the natural monuments of South America - Waterfall Iguazu, surrounded by subtropical jungle. On the other side of the river Iguazu is a Brazilian Park with the same name (Iguazu National Park). Both parks are proclaimed by UNESCO World Heritage Site (in 1984 and 1986, respectively).

Flora. The flora includes 2 thousand species of plants, in particular: one of the endangered species of tree trees by ASPIDSPERM - Aspidosperma Polyneuron (English), rarely occurring outside the park due to cutting due to edible fruits, one of the types of cabbage palm trees - EUTERPE EDULIS (English. ), Fea, Ostolist, Nogoplodnik, Recently, there is an increasing gravestone, Araucaria, Palo Rosa. The trees of the family of bourzer, many vascular plants grow. Among the colors there are bromels, various types of orchids.

Fauna. Fauna Park includes 70 species of mammals, 400 species of birds, 40 species of reptiles, several hundred species of butterflies, including extinct views. The most common representatives of the fauna are as follows: Jaguar, Jaguarundi, Mazama deer, plain tapir, capybara, water opossum, Ocelot, Giant Much, Brazilian Ottoman, Shrub Dog, Puma, Monkeys (Capuchins and Curtains), Nosecha, Paraguayan Cayman, Women's Caiman, Coral asp. You can also find such birds like haircuts and big tucanis. Normal for these places Vinnogruda Amazon, American Streach, Tika, Brazilian Krochal, Bronze Penelope (English) Russian., South American Garpia, Hummingbird. Among the famous representatives of volatile mice most often occurred by the type of vampire - an ordinary vampire.

Geography of waterfalls. The complex has a width of 2.7 km and includes about 270 separate waterfalls. The height of the water drop reaches 82 meters, but on most waterfalls just over 60 meters. The largest waterfall is the "Devil's throat" - a U-shaped opening width of 150 and 700 meters long. This waterfall denotes the border between Brazil and Argentina.

In the vicinity of the waterfalls there are three cities - Foz do Iguazu on the Brazilian side, Puerto-Iguazu on the Argentine side and Ciudad del Este on the side of Paraguay.

The most famous names of the waterfalls: "Adam and Eve", "Three Musketeer", "Two Sisters", "Salto-Escondido" ("Hidden Jump"), "Floto-Floriano" ("Flower Jump"), "San Martin" , "Ramirez" and a number of others.

Tourism. Waterfalls Iguazu are one of the most visited places to tourists in South America. Every year there is 1.5-2 million visitors. Especially for tourists are equipped viewing platforms. In the vicinity of the waterfall, hiking and car routes were laid. Also tourists are offered rapid clothes, since the routes pass to the foot of the waterfalls. In the vicinity of Waterfalls Iguazu, there is an international airport, tens of hotels, campings, driveways, walking trails are built. The local population is also employed in this industry, they are specially equipped with platforms where they show local dances and songs, while driving into local costumes.

.4 Peninsula Valdez

Valdez - Peninsula on the Atlantic Coast of Argentina. Area - 3625 km ². Connects with the mainland of Carlos-Amgino. From the north there is a bay of San Jose, from the south - Golfo Nuevo. Most of the peninsula is an uncomplicated territory. There are several salty lakes, the largest of which is 40 meters below sea level. This is the lowest marker on land for South America.

In 1999, the Valdez Peninsula is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List - first of all for its unique and rich fauna.

Physico-geographical features. The peninsula is located in the northeast of the province of Chubut, and washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. From the north and south of its coast are washed by the Bays of San Jose and Nuevo.

Territory relief represents a typical Patagonian plateau, which breaks down into the sea with sheer shores. The shore is composed by sea deposits, which are subject to permanent erosion. Part of the coastline is represented by beaches, among which the stony-beloved place of marine elephants are highlighted.

The climate on the territory of the peninsula is transitional between the temperate climate of the central part of the country, with a maximum of precipitation in hot months and a cold climate with winter rains, which is more characteristic of Patagonia. Summer on the peninsula Roast, but short, and winter is cold.

Variety of flora and fauna. The main vegetation of the sea shores - algae. They cover the stony shores with multi-colored blankets: blue-green, green, brown, red or yellow-green, depending on pigment in plants cells.

Peninsula Valdez in Patagonia is of great importance to marine mammals. A population of the Australian subspecies of southern whale is multiplied here, which is threatened with disappearance. The peninsula is known all over the world due to the excellent possibilities of observing these giants. They sail to the shores in June, and stay until December to produce offspring. South whale reaches a length of approximately 14 meters and weighs up to 50 tons. Females are carrying a young one for a year, and at times they give birth to only one offspring.

South marine elephants and southern sea lions are also multiplied here, and the fighters living here use a unique hunt strategy adapted to the local coastline conditions.

A lot of types of birds and terrestrial animals also live on the peninsula, such as Guanaco, Fox, American Ostrich Nanda, American (pampas) partridge, and Patagonian hare.

2.5 Natural parks of the silent and tamlapaiya

Natural parks of Schiguala and Talampaiya are two adjacent parks that spread out in the territory of over 275300 hectares in the western border of the Sierra Pampeanas Mountains in Central Argentina. Here you can see the most complete paleontological chronicle, starting from the triad period (245-208 million years ago). Six geological formations in the parks contain petrified remains of numerous living beings of the predecessors of mammals, dinosaurs and plants, showing the evolution of vertebrates and the nature of the paleographic situation in the Triassic period. Included in the UNESCO list in 2000

Flora and Fauna is silent. Animal and vegetable world is silently peculiar. All inhabitants demonstrate an amazing fitness to a desert arid climate. One of the most common types of animals, which travelers can not only see, but also feed, are gray Argentinean foxes, whiskers and rabbits. While traveling in the park, the guests come across and peculiar animals - Mara, who are also called Patagonian hares, although they have nothing to do with the hares.

From predators living in the silent, one of the most common are skunks, damage, since these animals protecting with the help of fetid excretion of the anal glands have special preference to open areas.

From the family of dogs, gray Argentinean Fox, or Sorrot-de-La Pampa is widespread here.

Condoras are found on the protected area, two types of South American vultures are turkey and Uruba, a lot of singers of birds. And even representatives of the parrot family, which in our presentation are characteristic of exclusively rainforest.

It is not surprising, but even a few kinds of frogs and the toad live in these anhydrous lands.

Vegetation is presented mainly by cacti, rare barbed shrubs and trees, such as "reta", "Chanyar", "Algorobo and others. Many of the plants found here are used in medicine.

Talampaiya Park Attractions

· The drone riverbed of the Talapaya river, where dinosaurs lived a few million years ago - as well as in the silenceously you can find the fossils of that era.

· Talampaia canyon - the height of the wall reaches 143 m, the minimum width is 80 m.

· The remains of the settlements of local peoples, such as Petroglyphs in Puerta del Canyon.

· Botanical Garden With local Flora in the narrow place of the canyon.

· Fauna of the region: Guanaco, Hares, Mara, Foxes and Condors.

3. Bolivia

In Bolivia there is only 1 World Natural Heritage Object - Noel-Kepffo National Park. In addition, as of 2010, 7 objects on the territory of the state are among the candidates for the inclusion in the list of World Heritage, including 4 - by cultural, 1 - by natural and 2 - on mixed criteria.

.1 National Park Noel-Kepff-mercado

Noel-Kepffo National Park is located in the province of Jose Miguel de Velasko Department of Santa Cruz in the eastern part of Bolivia on the border with Brazil. Territory Park is 15,838 km ² What makes it one of the largest parks in the whole Amazon basin. In 2000, the park was listed by UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Climate. The climate is clearly seasonal approximately from 1400-1500mm of average annual precipitation. There is a dry season about 4-6 months (from May to September), when the amount of precipitation is reduced. The average annual temperature is 25-26 ° C, but during the dry season, the temperature may drop up to 10 degrees within a few days when the cold dry air masses Patagonia (Surazos) get to the park.

Flora and fauna. The inaccessibility of these places is good natural guards of the virginity of the park, which includes five ecosystems located at altitudes from 200 to 1000m above sea level: Mountain evergreen forests, deciduous forests, dry savanna, wet savanna and wet tropical forests. A variety of flora has 4000 species of plants, of which 2,700 species are identified. Among them are several species of palm trees, cedar, oak, liana and bromelia, many types of orchids. The exciting colors and odors, the exotic fruits of the Maraca and Mangan fill these places.

More than 630 species of birds live on the territory of the park, 139 species of mammals are more than in all over North America, including: Jaguar, Puma, River Dolphin, Giant Much, Grievous Wolf, Tapir, Cabribs, Marsh Deer. Many types of butterflies and other insects, 62 species of amphibians among which South American Boxian Turtle and Black Cayman, 127 species of reptiles. Here at the same time there are two types of anaconda - green ordinary and yellow Paraguayan. Rivers have about 254 species of fish.

Some of these types of fauna are threatened in other districts of Bolivia.

4. Brazil

The UNESCO World Natural Heritage List in Brazil is 8 natural objects. Among them, 4 facilities are recognized as "natural phenomena of exceptional beauty and aesthetic importance" (criterion VII).

· Iguazu National Park (1986)

· Serra da Kapivara National Park (1991)

· Forest reserves of the East Atlantic Coast (1999)

· Forest reserves of the South-Eastern Atlantic Coast (1999)

· Central Amazonian Reserve Set (2000)

· Protected area Pantanal (2000)

· Brazilian Islands in Atlantic: Fernandu Di Noronaya and Rocas Atoll (2001)

· National Parks Zone "Campos Surrado": Chapada-Doss-Beadairus and Emaas (2001)

.1 Iguazu National Park

Iguazu - Brazil National Park and UNESCO World Heritage Site, located on the territory of Paraná. He gained fame in connection with the waterfall (part of which is located on the territory of Argentina in the province of Misones) and picturesque wildlife (especially a large variety of birds), which includes rare and extinct views. This is the most unique place in the world, as 5 breeds of the forest focused on one block of the Earth.

4.2 Serra da Kapivara National Park

Serra da Kapivara National Park - National Park in Piaui in Northeast Brazil. The park contains many monuments of prehistoric rock painting, which discovered the archaeologist Nyed Gyuton. At its same initiative, the park was created to save images. In 1991, ranked world heritage sites. Park area is 1291.4 km².

As the studies of archaeologists show, in ancient times, Serra da Kapivara was very thick inhabited, there was the largest concentration of prehistoric peasant farms in ancient America.

Climate, Flora and Fauna. The climate in these places is very hot and arid, and therefore the vegetation of the park is represented by thorny trees and shrubs, as well as cactus, a variety of bizarre forms, to a greater degree reminiscent of the candelabr. Despite the dryness of the climate, which, I must say, is not at all typical for Brazil, in these places it is not difficult to meet the amusements, battleships, snakes, jaguars, pums, various parrots. Also in these places inhabit an interesting animal - a false vampire. This is a bat with a meter scope of wings.

Attractions Park. In the Brazilian National Park Serra da Kapivara there are caves, where distant ancestors of man lived 50 thousand years ago. Most likely it is the most ancient community of people in South America. National Park is located near the city of San Raymondo Nonato (central part of Piaui).

Scientists counted in this place more three hundred archaeological monuments. The main images are well preserved have the age of 22 -25 thousand years before Christ. On the rocks are drawn extinct animals, which will never be on the planet Earth.

4.3 Forest reserves of the East Atlantic coast

Eight protected natural territories (including three national parks) with a total area of \u200b\u200b112 thousand hectares are located in the states of Bahia and Espirita Santa and include atlantic wet forests and shrubs ("resting"). By the degree of biodiversity, this area belongs to the number of richest on the planet. The reserves dwell a number of types of endemics, which makes it possible to trace the path of the evolution of living organisms, and this, in turn, is of great importance to both scientific and environmental points of view.

Biodiversity. Despite the fact that the EKOREGION has greatly suffered from the information of forests for agricultural needs and urbanization (from a million square meters. Km of virgin forests remained about 7%), Flora and fauna are very rich here, 450 species of trees can grow on one hectare. Many endemics, for example, 92% of local amphibians are no longer found anywhere. An example of primates can serve a lion toilec (leontopithecus). The view of the Collar Leniv (Bradypus Torquatus) was preserved only in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Birds represent the types of blue tanagra (Tangara Cyanocephala), a red-eyed krax (Crax Blumenbachii), the Sinebrukhiy Parrot (TriClaria Malachitacea), a three-nailed Yakamara (Jacamaralcyon Tridactyla) and others.

.4 Forest reserves of the south-eastern Atlantic coast

Forest reserves of the south-east atlantic coast include the best and extensive samples of Atlantic forests in Brazil. 25 security zones that constitute this monument with a total area of \u200b\u200babout 470,000 hectares demonstrate the biological wealth and the evolutionary history of the last residues of the Atlantic forests. This area is distinguished by variety and beauty and has tremendous scientific importance.

Biodiversity. Partially isolated starting from the ice age, the Atlantic forests developed into a complex ecosystem with an extremely high level of endemism (70% of trees varieties, 85% of primates and 39% mammals).

The designated world heritage object contains well-preserved areas of very diverse Atlantic rainforest. More than 450 varieties of trees on hectare can be found in some areas. Forest canopy along the river valleys are higher with isolated trees reaching up to 30 m in height.

There is a very diverse fauna. Mammals include 120 varieties, probably the greatest number in Brazil. Some remarkable varieties - Jaguar, Ocelot, Shrune Dog, La Platage Dog, 20 species of bats and various types of endangered, especially Muriqui and Brown Hawler Monkeys. Ornithofaun is very diverse with 350 registered varieties.

.5 set of reserves of Central Amazonia

A huge zone (more than 6 million hectares) of unique world treasures of nature is a delightful set of reserves of Central Amazonia. This region is characterized by a large variety of biological objects. For example, the reservations include such valuable protected protected areas as: Zhau National Park, Anavilianas Archipelago and Forest Pokrov Amazonia. A variety of environmental systems "Warza" and "Igapo" make reserves of an invaluable world attraction. Peculiar ecology of these places is beautiful place For the habitat of the world's largest electric tires, Amazonian Laman, black Cayman, as well as giant fish - Arapaima. In rivers and lakes, which form a bizarre-free Equree, here are 2 types of dolphins.

Flora. Flora Igapo is relatively poor, for it the most characteristic of the imbub-cecropy, which grows quickly, but low (usually about 10 m), with wide painchables, almost white leaves and air roots supporting it under water. At the surface of the water, in the rags covered with huge leaves of Victoria Reggae, the bushes of non-bright Ivoreian are extended. During the depths of floods, high rigid cereals are developing. Curly liana and epiphytes are decorated with crushing forests, including many orchids. Amazon's forests - the kingdom of Lian. They are garlands sprinkle on the ground, spitting on the trunks, are thrown out from the branch of the branch, from one tree to others hanging from the trees.

Fauna. Numerous lakes and ducts form a mosaic aquatic system on the territory of the object, which is in a state of constant development and serves as a location for the world's largest population of electric eel.

Amazonian Laman, Black Cayman (the largest South American alligator, whose length is 5 m), two types of river dolphins, as well as a giant arapaima, and fish are a giant arapaima, belonging to the rare and endangered species.

In the territory of the object a lot of herbivores, forest deer and antelopes are especially common; There are amusements, sloths, tapir, bakers, armaduses, a lot of rodents. You can see monkeys everywhere, they are very numerous and diverse: Kapuchins, Durukula, Uakari, Revubus. There are a lot of volatile mice in the forests.

.6 Protected area Pantanal

Pantanal is an extensive wetlastonic treasury in Brazil, small parts of it are also located in Bolivia and Paraguay, in the Paraguay River Pool. Located in the west of Matu Grosu-do Sul and in the south of Mata Grosu. The total area is estimated between 150-195 thousand km ², this is one of the largest wetlands on the planet.

Geography and geology. Prevailing heights 50? 70 m above sea level. From the north, the East and Southeast, the territory is sharply limited by the cliffs of Brazilian plateau. The natural conditions of this region are very contrasting. Flooding in wet summer season They turn the pantanal into a huge lake-swamp and alternate with winter droughts, forming a spotted landscape of non-peppering semi-frost swamps, lakes, barely distinguishable river rivers, salt marshes, sandy shallow and herbaceous sections.

Biodiversity. Here is a huge variety of plant and animal world. Over 3,500 plant species grows throughout the Pantanal. 650 species of birds live, 230 species of fish and 50 types of reptiles, more than 80 mammalian species. Only crocodiles about 20 million individuals. On the territory of the Pantanal there is a specially protected natural reserve - "Pantanal", which is the UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The Pantanal Reserve is unique and at the same time a wonderful attraction of Brazil. His borders come into contact with Paraguay and Bolivia. Prevailing heights in the range of 50-70 meters. This amazing savannah from the north is separated by the jungle of Amazon, and in the south - dense coastal atlantic forests. Paraguay River flows through the pantanal, which creates numerous swamps, lakes and fuel meadows.

Among this richest on the planet fauna, such famous species like Ara Hyacinth, Tucanians, Capybara, Wolf Guara, many types of monkeys, deer, coaty, armor, antiquity, sloth, more than 1000 species of butterflies, etc. Many of the animals threatened with Disappearance in other areas of South America, inhabit that in Pantanal. Not far from the reserve is a small and wonderful city Bonito, who dries in greenery. Brazilians dubbed him - the gate to the Pantanal. Thousands of tourists from all over the world yearly attend this protected nature Park amazing beauty and diversity.

.7 Brazilian Islands in Atlantic: Fernando Di Noronaya and Rokas Atoll

The Archipelago of Fernandu Di-Norona and Rokas Atoll, which are the tops of the top of the underwater South Atlantic Range overlooking the ocean, lie in the eastern shores of Brazil. These islands are one of the largest Atlantic in the area, and their coastal waters are characterized by high bioproductivity and play an exceptional role as habitats and breeding tuna, sharks, sea turtles and marine mammals. On the islands marked the largest clusters of sea tropical birds in the Western Atlantic; Also here has developed a large local dolphins population. During the ties on the rokas atoll, you can observe an impressive picture: the crushed lagoons, sising fish.

Flora and Fauna Fernanda Di Norona. The island was covered with a forest until the nineteenth century, after the island opened the prison, the forest began to cut down from the construction of rafts for escape. Currently, the islands are mainly covered with shrubs, and in some areas a new forest has been planted lately.

Two types of endemic birds live on the islands - Norona Elaenia (Elaenia Ridleyana) and Norona Virao (Vireo Gracilirostris). Both are on the main island; Noronaya Virao is also present to Ilya-Rata. In addition, there are eared giving Norona Auriculata Zinaida, rodents, Noronhomys Vespuccii, which refers to Amerigo Vespucci, to date disappeared.

Geography of Rokas Atoll . It has volcanic origins, formed by corals. The only atoll in the South Atlantic, one of the smallest atolls in the world.

The atoll has an oval shape, its length is about 3.7 km, the width is 2.5 km. The depth of the lagoon is 6 m, the area is 7.1 km ². The area of \u200b\u200bthe two islets of the atoll (Cemit Ério. in the southwest, Farol Cay in the north-west) is 0.36 km ², of these, Farol Cay accounts for about two thirds of the territory. The highest point is the sand dune in the south of Farol Cay, its height is 6 m. The atoll consists mainly of corals and red algae. The coral ring is almost closed, with the exception of a 200 meters wide strait on the north side and a much narrower strait on the western side.

Both island frightened grass, shrubs, they also grow several palm trees. Crabs, spiders, scorpions, sand fleas, beetles, as well as many species of birds live on the islands. Next to the atoll live turtles, sharks, dolphins.

.8 National Parks Zone "Campos Surrado": Sapepada-Dus-Beadairus and Emaas

Campos Sumrado is one of the ecoregions of the tropical Brazilian savanna, which occupies about 20% of the country's territory. In this zone there are two Brazilian National Parks (Emaas and Shapada-Dus-Tadaeirus), which are not simply environmental territories, but also by UNESCO World Heritage Site. Their flora and fauna differs in their biodiversity and at the same time is one of the oldest ecosystems of a tropical belt that impresses with amazing contrasts. These places are pleasing to the eyes for thousands of years, and also serve as a reliable shelter for a variety of animals and plants.

Emaas. The Emaas National Park is located in the central part of the Brazilian Savannah Highland. The authorities of the country, and more precisely, President Juselin, made this territory by the reserve in 1961, but in the list of UNESCO World Heritage sites in 2001. The park is rich in the flora of wooded savannas. It is here that you can meet amazing palm trees characteristic of wooded savannas. In the park, tourists can see the round crowns of huge palm trees reaching 75 meters in height.

Savannah Emaas helped to preserve many types of living organisms when climate change. Among the most interesting representatives of the fauna, a large game can be noted, armadapors and a grivastoy wolf. As for the climate, the winter is cold here, and the summer is roast. Inquisitive tourists here are offered such types of entertainment as fishing, horse riding or boating travel.

Swapad-dus-tadairus. No less an interesting object It is the Park Shapada Dus-Beadairus. Who also became a protected territory in 1961. Park in Goyas state in ancient plateau. If the Emaas is very rich in the fauna, then the Duad-Tadaeirus Sadaada believed a large variety of flora. There are more than 25 species of trees on the territory of the reserve. Animal world The region is also quite bright and motley (marsh deer, armadors, tapir). In hot summer days There may be a temperature of up to 40 degrees, and in the winter sometimes there is a small frost.

5. Venezuela

The UNESCO World Heritage List in Venezuela 3 names (for 2010) are 0.3% of the total (981 for 2013). 2 objects are included in the List of Cultural Criteria, 1 Object - by Natural (Canaima National Park).

In addition, as of 2010, 3 facilities in the state are among the candidates for inclusion in the World Heritage List. The first object on the territory of Venezuela was listed in 1993 at the 17th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee.

.1 Canaama National Park

Canaima National Park - Park in the south-east of Venezuela, on the border with Brazil and Guyana. Park area about 30,000 km ². Located in the state of Bolivar and takes about the same territory as the Natural Park Gran Sabana.

The park was opened on June 12, 1962 and ranks second in size in the country, yielding only Parim Tapirapeco Park. In 1994, Canaima was listed on UNESCO World Heritage Site. The main attraction and value of the park are Tempui (flat-terrestrial mountains).

Flora and fauna. In the territory of the canaimami, such representatives of the animal world, as: Tapir - a large herbivore mammal (somewhat resembles a pig, but has a short, adapted trunk), bakers - a large pitfall, like a pig, Aguti - rodents, relatives of guinea pigs, Moving on long limbs, an ant, Puma, Jaguar, as well as a concordant Cayman, etc. In the village indians - Peremonov lives many rabbits whom children chase. Local jungle is famous for the special abundance of various types of orchids, which there are about 500 species here.

Sights. As the fragments of another world, there are tablet mountains here - the unique plateau of Grand Saban, part of the Guiangian plateau, whose two-kilometer walls, are absolutely flat upstairs, rest in the clouds. These mountains, called Tempui, are one of the oldest formations on Earth, which appeared countless years ago, when Africa and South America were one continent. Arthur Conan Doyle, inspired by a surryissic landscape, settled at the tops of the Tyranozvarov and Pterodactile Plateau. Ancient lizards, of course, there is no on Grand Saban, but the micromir who lives at an altitude of two thousand meters above the rest of the world around the world is truly unique.

Another attraction of Canaama - Waterfalls, the highest on the planet. Falling from the sheer ledges of the dining area, these waterfalls produce an impressive spectacle. The most famous of them is an angel waterfall, overthrown from the top of one of the highest Tempuses - Ayangtepui, which is quite well-deserved means the "Mount of Devil".

6. Colombia.

In the list of UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site in Colombia, 2 facilities are found:

· Los Qatios National Park (1994)

· Island Malpelo (2006)

.1 Los Qatios National Park

It was created in the north of Colombia, in the border zone with the state of Panama. On the other side of the border, another environmental zone was created - Darya National Park. On the territory of Colombia, Los Catios National Park appeared in 1976, today its area has grown to 72 thousand hectares. The nature of the park is represented by the following natural zones: tropical forests and floodplain swamps. The territory of Los Katios Park lies around the Atrato River. On its shores and among the nearby complexes of wet forests, a total of about 600 plant varieties were found. A pretty remarkable local species is considered a cotton tree. This is a typical tropical view that refers to the Malvic family. The birthplace of this species is considered Mexico, some countries Central America, Caribbean Islands, tropical area of \u200b\u200bWest Africa.

.2 Malpelo Island

Malpelo is an island in the eastern Pacific, 500 km from the coast of the Burenutura bay in South America. Belongs Colombia, part of the Valle del Kauca Department. Area 0.35 km².

On July 12, 2006, Malpel, together with the surrounding water area of \u200b\u200b857 150 hectares, is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. It is the largest zone with a ban on fisheries in the eastern tropical part of the Pacific Ocean.

Geography. The island is a rock without abundant vegetation, maximum height - 376 m (Mount Mon, Span. Cerro de la Mona). Length about 1850 m, width up to 600 m. Surrounded by small cliffs. Natural guarded territory Malpelo occupies a circle with a radius of 9.656 km around the point with coordinates 3 ° 58? 30? from. sh. 81 ° 34? 48? s. d. (G) (O).

The population of silk sharks, sinking sharks, whale shark and shark molotov, are inhabited around Malpely, which makes the island of a popular place among divers.

The island is composed of effusive rocks, volcanogenic breccias and tertiary basalt dikes. Vegetation - algae, lichens, mosses, some types of shrubs, fern.

Biodiversity. Island Malpelo - refuge for a number of rare species of marine inhabitants. Many sharks, giant dampers, marliners are going here. This is one of the few places on Earth, where reliable meetings with deep-sea sandy shark were recorded. In these depths, sustainable populations of large marine predators and pelagic species are maintained, in particular, these are accumulations of more than 200 fish mills, over 1 thousand paid sharks, as well as whale sharks and tuna. 17 species of marine mammals, including humpback and blue whales, 5 terrestrial and 7 marine species reptiles, 61 species of birds, 394 species of fish and 340 types of mollusks were registered with Malpelo .

7. Peru

For 2012, there are 11 facilities in the list, 2 of which natural and 2 are mixed:

· Machu Picchu (1983)

· Wascharan National Park (1985)

· Manu (1987)

· Rio Abiscao National Park (1992)

.1 Historic Machu Picchu Reserve

The city of Ancient America, located on the territory of modern Peru, on the top of the mountain range at an altitude of 2450 meters above sea level, dominant over the Valley of the Urubamba River. In 2007, awarded the title of a new miracle of light.

In 2011, it was decided to limit the number of visitors, according to the new rules only 2500 tourists per day can visit Machu Picchu, of which no more than 400 people can climb the Vain Picchu Mountain, which is part of the archaeological complex. In order to preserve the UNESCO monument, it requires to reduce the number of tourists a day to 800.

Flora and fauna. On the territory of Machu Picchu you are constantly surrounded by landscapes of dazzling beauty. The splendor of archaeological ruins is harmoniously combined with a huge variety of representatives of flora and fauna. On the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe lost city, which makes up about 32520 hectares, you will see the exotic trees of Pisoni and Kunyual, thyroid palm trees, alder - they are striking their greatness. About 400 species of begonia and orchids are growing here, of which only 260 species are classified.

Animals living in Machu Picchu are also affected by their variety. Approximately 375 species of birds live in the city, of which 200 species can always be seen during an excursion. One of the bright pennate representatives is the rock cockerel, it is he who symbol Peru. Bird is easy to learn from colorful plumage, it is easy to meet on the banks of the rivers.

As for animals, the Andean Bear is particularly interested in the disappearance. In these parts, it is known as "Point Bear". An animal is absolutely safe, eats only vegetable food. Because of his shy in the wrong way, it is infrequently taken to take pictures. In Machu-Picchu, you will also be able to see Vikuni, whitewate deer, wild lamas and other representatives of exotic fauna.

Modern condition. Machu-Picchu, especially after obtaining UNESCO World Heritage Status, became the center of mass tourism. In 2011, it was decided to limit the number of visitors, according to the new rules only 2500 tourists per day can visit Machu Picchu, of which no more than 400 people can climb the Vain Picchu Mountain, which is part of the archaeological complex. In order to preserve the UNESCO monument, it requires to reduce the number of tourists a day to 800. Machu-Picchu is in a hard-to-reach region. To support tourism, the railway was built to the neighboring city of Aguas-Kalientes from Cusco through Olitantambo, from Olitantambo goes over ten trains a day. From railway station Aguas-Kalienties to Machu Picchu walks a bus that overcomes eight kilometers of steep lifting over the serpentine. UNESCO opposed the construction of a cable car to limit tourist flows. As a result of the 2004 earthquake, the site railway He suffered badly, but was restored.

At the 35th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, it was decided that an ancient city from February 1, 2012 would be excluded from the list of World Heritage List under threat.

7.2 Uscaran National Park

National Park, located in the Peruvian region of Ankash, on the territory of Cordillera Blanca.

Park area is 3400 km ². Announced the reserve on July 1, 1975. UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985. The name of the park comes from the name itself high vertex Peru - Wascaran, 6768 m. Many rare and endemic plants and animals live in the park. For example, PUYA Raimondi is a plant of a family of bromelic height up to 10 meters, which can reach up to 100 years.

Climate. The climate in the National Park, besides what is characterized by a typical high-rise valillance, is divided into two seasons a year. One of them is wet, due to strong warm winds that are on the part of the Jungle Amazonia, and continues from December to March. Another, lasting from May to October, is dry, characterized large number Sunny days. The temperature at this time may rise to 25 degrees Celsius, but the nights are very cold, and often the thermometer's column falls below 0 degrees.

Flora and fauna. Fauna White and Black Cordiller is represented mainly by birds and mammals. Part of the species is not yet described or our knowledge of them is extremely scarce. According to scientists, there are 112 species of birds, representing 33 different families in the National Park. Among them are Andean Condor, Andorian Duck and Andean Tinaum. Mammals are presented in the park with only ten species. However, among them are so amazing, rare and beautiful animals, like a Pampas Cat, Anda Cat, Point Bear, Vicuna and Peruvian Deer.

Vegetable world Wascharan National Park is more diverse in terms of species growing here. In the park allocate seven climatic zones and a huge number of microclimate. All this contributes to the development of unique plants, breathtaking literally every part of the mountain surface suitable and growth. In total, the scholars described 779 species of plants related to 340 genera and 104 families.

.3 National Park Mana

The park was organized in 1977 in the regions of Madre de Dios and Cusco, and in 1987 he was recognized as the UNESCO World Heritage Site. Manan Square - 19 098 km ², of these, the National Park takes 15 328 km ², the rest is the backup zone. The main part of the territory is Amazonian forests, but some part is in the Andes at an altitude of up to 4,200 m. A large number of types of flora and fauna live in Mana. More than 15 thousand species of plants were found on its territory and about a thousand species of birds (more than a tenth of all types of birds and about 1.5 times more than in Russia). In the park, the Population of Incile Toad is guarded - Endemic Peru.

.4 Rio-Abea National Park

Rio-Abea National Park is a National Park located in the Peruvian San Martin region. Since 1990, the UNESCO World Heritage List is included. Many types of flora and fauna live in the park, there are also more than 30 archaeological sites of the Precucumbian period. Since 1986, certain parts of the park are closed for tourists due to fragility of both natural and archaeological environment. The largest and most famous archaeological site on the territory of the Park is Grand Pahatane, located on the top of the hill at the region of the region. Los Pinchudos Ruins are located nearby (open in 1965), which are a number of stone graves. Most of the archeology studies on the park are held by the University of Colorado.

Geography and climate. Rio-Abea National Park is located on the Eastern Slope of the Peruvian Andes between the Rivers Maranyon and Ualaga, covering the territory of 2745.2 km ². In particular, the park covers about 70% of the basin area of \u200b\u200bthe Arabisao River. Heights of the park from 350 m to 4200 m above sea level.

On the park there are seven climatic zones, ranging from alpine meadows and mountain forests to dry forests and wet rainforest. The precipitation varies from 500 to 2000 mm per year. The wet mountain forest, which occupies most of the park, consists of low trees, Mukhov and Lishaev. This ecosystem exists at altitudes about 2300 m. Humidity is permanent here, and rains fall out throughout the year, especially large altitudes. Soil sour.

8. Suriname

The UNESCO World Heritage List in Suriname is 2 names (for 2010), this is 0.2% of the total (981 for 2013). 1 The object is included in the list by cultural criteria, 1 object - by natural (environmental territory of Central Suriname).

.1 Environmental Territory of Central Suriname

The conservation territory of Central Suriname is a protected area in Suriname. The territory of the reserve occupies 16 thousand km ², it consists mainly of the tropical forests of the Gwiang Highlands. The reserve lives many species of animals, which are also under the protection of the state.

On the territory of the reserve there is a unique granite monolith - Voltzberg, whose age is 1.8 - 2 billion years. It has two vertices separated by a crack: one of them has a height of 245 meters above sea level, another 209 meters. Monolith itself is located at an altitude of 150 meters above the surrounding area. This monolith has 1.1 km long in the north-south and up to 700 meters wide in the East-West direction. Only on the top of the monolith there is rare vegetation.

9. Ecuador

The list of UNESCO World Heritage sites in Ecuador is 4 names (for 2010), this is 0.4% of the total (981 for 2013). 2 objects are included in the list of cultural criteria, 2 objects - by natural:

· Galapagos Islands (1978)

· Sangay National Park (1983)

In addition, as of 2010, 7 objects in the state are among the candidates for inclusion in the World Heritage List. The first facility on the territory of Ecuador was listed in 1978 at the 2nd session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee.

.1 Galapagos Islands

Galapagos Islands - Archipelago in the Pacific Ocean, 972 km west of Ecuador, consisting of 13 major volcanic islands, 6 small islands and 107 rocks and woven territories.

Climate . Despite the breadth, due to the cold flow climate on the Galapaghos, much cooler of other territories at the equator. The water temperature is sometimes reduced to 20 ° C, and the average annual amounts to 23- 24 ° C.

Flora and fauna. The inability of large predators, developing on the islands, allowed many types of animal world to flourish on these islands. Therefore, Galapagos are home to a large number of endemic and unique animals, such as sea lions, local penguins, Galapagos Turtle, Dolphins, championship vampire, sea iguana, Lizards Lava, whales, sharks, etc. There are also a wide variety of seabirds, such as frigates, flamingos and albatrosses. Galapagos plants also surprises with its diversity, a large variety of endemic trees, tree ferns, other types of shrubs and colors grows on the islands. The archipelago has some rare types of cotton, tomatoes, peppers, guava and orchids. Underwater life in the Galapagos Islands is also very beautiful. In the surrounding waters, there are many species of fish, animal and aquatic plants, so Galapagos Islands are considered one of the wonders of the underwater world.

Fortunately, due to the remoteness of the islands from the continent and active maritime communications, wildlife here practically did not suffer and remains the same as Charles Darwin found it. Tourists arrive at the Galapagos Islands mainly by plane. Galapagos probably the only place on the ground where you can dive underwater along with a penguin or swim among sea Lviv. Galapagos Islands are one of the most precious Treasures of the planet and one of the last refugees of wildlife in the world.

.2 Sangai National Park

Sangai National Park is located in the Ecuador Mountainside. The territory of the Andes included in the national park is full of volcanoes. The most important fleet volcano wears the name of Sangai. The approaches to Him in Ecuador are protected since 1975, it was then that the Sangay National Park was formed. Until today, the territory of the park has grown to 500 thousand hectares. Basically, the parking lots are represented on the park of a wet rainforest, as well as foggy mountain forests.

Flora and fauna. As for the arrays of a tropical wet forest, then among them in numbers the following types of vegetation dominate: tute trees, palm trees, laurel trees, lianas. And in the highland zone of foggy forests prevail the following types: various orchids and ferns, bamboo and shrubs thickets. The variety of plant species in the park is a completely natural phenomenon, because here is very large, the height range, which ranges from 1000 to 5230 m above sea level. In total, in the park Sangai, you can observe as many as 8 high-altitude belts of vegetation, in general, about 1,000 species are registered in the region.

The animal The world of Sangai volcano is presented with the following types: Mountain Tapir, Vicuna, Dwarf Deer, Red Bird, Condor and other birds dominate in Ornithofaun. Concerning mountain inhabitants, such as mountain tapir, then we have enough information about them.

A red bird is one of the most amazing birds in Sangai Park. The red bird is also often called the paradise, it refers to the detachment of sparrows. The bird of medium-sized, in length has about 30 cm, while the length of the wing is about 16 cm, and the tail is 12 cm. It has a golden-green plumage, a small joke on the back of the head. Bright red color in the bird chest and wings, also legs. The back has a gray-yellow tint, the throat is dark green.

On fairly limited areas of the park, such beasts are inhabited by the Puma, Andean Fox, Point Bear, Pad, Ocelot and Jaguars, Guinea Pigs. From the feathered remained ignorant unique viewslike Cubillin and Quilimas, vulture, giant hummingbirds and so on.

Conclusion

Thus, on the example of the region of South America, it was possible to get acquainted with the UNESCO World Heritage program, which began its existence since 1975. Since 1977, annually, the World Heritage Committee conducts sessions on which the Program facilities are defined - natural or human-created objects, priority tasks in relation to which are preservation and popularization by virtue of their special cultural, historical or environmental significance.

The main goal of the World Heritage List is to make well-known and protect facilities that are unique in their own way. For this, and due to the desire for objectivity, evaluation criteria were compiled. The six first criteria have been operating since 1978 and determine cultural objects, natural objects are included in the list since 2002, when four natural inclusion criterion appeared.

Also, during the work done, it was possible to make sure that the "status of the World Heritage Object" gives the following advantages (for natural heritage objects): It is an additional guarantee of the safety and integrity of unique natural complexes; increases the prestige of the territories and the management of institutions; promotes the popularization of objects included in the list and the development of alternative species of environmental management (primarily ecological tourism); Provides priority in attracting financial means To support world cultural and natural heritage sites, primarily from the World Heritage Foundation; It contributes to the organization of monitoring and monitoring the condition of the safety of natural objects.

States in whose territory are located world heritage sites are committed to preserving them.

References and Internet resources

Drobot V.I. World Natural Heritage Concept: Tutorial / Mar. State un-t; IN AND. Drobot. - Yoshkar-Ola, 2008. - 122 p.

2.Gebel P. Natural Heritage of Mankind: Landscapes and Treasures of Nature Under the Protection of UNESCO. M.: Publishing House BMN AO. 1999. - 256 p.

Maksakovsky N.V. World natural heritage. - M.: Enlightenment, 2005. - 396 p.

Kattaneo M. Treasure of mankind. UNESCO World Heritage. - AST; Astrel, 2005. - p. 512.

Official Information Site "UNESCO: World Heritage Site" http://unesco.heritage.ru

Http: // World Heritage.RF

Http://ru.wikipedia.org/

Http://useda.ru.

Http://7-chudes-sveta.ru.

Http://whc.unesco.org/

Http://www.vokrugsveta.ru/encyclopedia/

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The UNESCO's list in the United States includes the main natural and cultural attractions of the country. Cerenately, the statue of freedom is known for the whole world. She stands on the island in the Gulf of Manhattan and has long become a symbol of the country. The monument was donated by the USA France in the XIX century. He was created by sculptors Bartholdi and Eifel. The latter was responsible for the statue frame. At the same time it is argued that copper from which it was manufactured, bought in the Russian Empire. It was taken from the territory of modern Bashkortostan. The total height of the monument together with the pedestal is ninety-three meters. In addition to its aesthetic value, the statue bears practical benefit and serves as a lighthouse by sailing to the port of the courts.

UNESCO Natural Objects in the United States are presented primarily by the Grand Canyon. This is a unique place on Earth. Canyon is located in Arizona and is an integral symbol of North America. For geologists, it represents a huge scientific value, since geological layers here allow us to understand how our planet has been formed in the last two billion years. Traces of residence of ancient people were found on the territory of the canyon. Another important aspect is the incredible beauty of local landscapes. Along with all these factors give a unique miracle of light, which is part of the World Heritage.

Another natural attraction of the country protected by UNESCO in the United States is the Yellowstone National Park. On its territory are amazing lakes, rivers and waterfalls. And Lake Yellowstone is recognized as one of the largest highland reservoirs in the world. Here are the famous Yellowstone geysers. The largest Excelsior splashes hot water to height over 100 meters. The park spread unique forests, preserved in the original form. Bison and bears of Grizzly live in them.

Natural attractions of the United States include such national parks of Olympics and Mesa Verde.

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sights

South America is the homeland of Amazon and impassable jungle. The Civilization of Chavin was born here, and the culture of the Nascantians forever entered the South American ceramics into the chronicle of the world artistic heritage. Natural conditions of South America are diverse and contrast. There are plains and long mountain chains, and volcanoes and earthquakes also continue to disturb the continent. Today we will tell you about seven natural Wondersah South America. Read and surprise!

Waterfalls Iguazu, Brazil and Argentina

Waterfalls iguhasu "One of the largest complexes of waterfalls in the world" is located on an Argentino-Brazilian border, 320 km east of Asuncion in Paraguay, at the intersection of the rivers Iguazu and Paran. It was opened in 1541 by Spanish Conquistor Alvaro Nunse Kaseo de Vaca. Alvaro went to the jungle in order to find gold. In fact, he found him, only in a figurative sense, because Waterfalls Iguazu are considered one of the main attractions of Brazil and Argentina.

The name of the waterfall comes from the language of Guarani and in translation means "big water". And nothing surprising. The average volume of water falling from above is 1.2 million cubic meters per second, so you can imagine what a crash is on the entire district. Approximately once in the forty years during the drought, Iguazu completely dry out, and in such a period, the waterfall also disappears, and only rock remains.

The last time the drought was in 2006. Now the authorities are still concerned about the high water level in the river, so due to the threat of tourists' safety, the approach to the famous "devil sip" was closed, famous waterfall complex.

If Cascades of Iguaçu were a single, continuous wall of the water, then it would be the widest waterfall in the world, but this is not the same and today the African Waterfall Victoria has the widest continuous water wall.

In order not to stop on the waterfalls only, make a tour of the National Park Iguazu to see the real jungle with their virgin flora and fauna.

Tour to Waterfalls Iguazu

Galapagos Islands, Ecuador

Galapagos Islands - This is an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean, located 972 km west of Ecuador and consisting of 13 major volcanic islands, 6 small islands and 107 rocks and woven territories. It is known not only with a huge number of animals, which can no longer meet anywhere, but also by the fact that in due time Charles Darwin spent his research here, after which he created his theory of evolution.

Officially, the islands were opened in March 1535 by the priest Thomas de Bergang, who sailed on the ship from Panama to Peru, but knocked down from the course. In 1978, the islands became part of UNESCO World Heritage Site, and in 1985, the World Biosphere Reserve. The famous traveler Tour Heyerdal visited here in 1953 in search of the heritage of famous Incans.

Flora and fauna islands are extremely unusual and diverse. The main plant on the Galapaghos - Cactus Spent, growing to gigantic sizes. Since 8 months a year, no rain drops on the island, this resident of the desert is practically no competitors here.

Mammals here are only 9 species, but they are all found exclusively in the Galapaghos. Sea iguans are inhabited here, similar to lizards and producing food in the sea, sometimes at a depth of up to 10m. The sea lizards and the main decoration of the islands are adjacent to the Giant Galapagos Turtles.

Galapagos turtles are among the world fauna long-lived recorders. They live in 200 or more years. The feathers in the Galapagos archipelago of the whole 60 species, and half of them dwells only here.

Some reels here are 13 varieties. Do not meet in other places and Galapagos pigeons, Galapagos Kanyuki, Galapagos Flewless Baklans, as well as masked oloshi. These amazing birds in a marriage donate each other beautiful green twigs as a symbol of love.

You will not believe, but lives on the islands special view penguins. Islands are very valued by diving lovers, since in addition to dolphins, tropical fish and whales here it is fashionable to meet huge flocks of sea cats and nautical lions.

On one of the islands - Isabella - there are several volcanoes. Sierra Negro - The most famous, this is the second volcano in the world in the size of the crater, after the famous Night-North in Tanzania. The diameter of the crater is about 7 kilometers. The entire surface of the crater is a black lifeless volcanic breed, unlike the Northern Night, which has a crater - a blooming valley filled with animals.

Route to Galapagos Islands

Desert Atacama, Chile

Desert Atakama It is considered one of the most arid places on Earth. There are territories that have never been irrigated by water, where there is not a single blade of grass, not a single busty - one stones and silence. Some landscapes resemble the moon, so the locals called one of the valleys in honor of this celestial object.

The Chilean Desert is also popular as a sugar desert in Africa, so in all Chilean guidebooks it is put on the top five most significant places in the country.

On the territory there are a lot of salt marsh, which formed after drying the lakes. If you see this place from home, it will seem to you that it is a lake. In fact, it is a thick layer of ice, which glitters in the sun.

About 160 types of cacti (90 of them are endemic) grow in Atakama and about 200 species of animals are living, mainly reptiles and insects. Flora includes such plants like, Lyareth and Kena, a variety of wood, which grows at the highest altitude in the world.

For life, the desert is not adapted, but here there are many copper and, accordingly, mining minerals are the main occupation of local residents.

In the desert there is a unique art - an object, a sculpture of a giant hand as a sign of helplessness and solitude of man in the sands.

The statue of the "Desert Hand" created the Chilean sculptor Mario Irarrasabal in 1992 and this is the only thing that resembles the presence of a person a few tens of kilometers around.

Tour in the desert Atakam

Glacier Perito Moreno, Argentina

Perito Moreno - One of the most unique glaciers on the planet, where the frozen water is unrealistic blue, and the overall massif of ice will overtake the 16-storey house. If you bring to come to Argentina, be sure to visit Los Glasaire National Park. Located near the city of Calafte.

The glacier was named after the Argentine researcher Francisco Moreno, who was the first to explore this region in the XIX century. Translated from the Spanish name Perito Moreno means "scholar Moreno."

Every day the glacier moves forward by 2 meters, for the year it overcomes the path of 700 meters. But he melt at the same speed, so we can say that the glacier is in place.

The most interesting thing is that the glacier comes to shore at a speed of 2 meters per day (per year, it turns out, it will approach almost 700 meters). However, at the same time he melts at the same speed, so in fact, for 90 years, Perito Moreno stands still.

You can watch this miracle of nature with specially equipped viewing sites. One of them is located on Cape Magellan. For convenience, bridges are laid everywhere, for which you can wander to infinity, benches, where you can simply watch this fascinating beauty.

If you doubt your abilities - go to the glacier on a small boat, which sails to Perito Moreno for 200-300 meters, it is not closer, because every second there is a threat of a climbing of the glacier.

Get to Perito Moreno

Waterfall Angel, Venezuela

Waterfall Angel He is most high waterfall In the world, the waterflow of Angel has to fly almost a kilometer to achieve land. It is 20 times higher than Niagara Falls and it cannot but stun. The waterfall is in the tropical forests of Venezuela, in the territory of the National Park of Canaima.

He was opened in 1935 by the American pilot and the goldfinder by James Crowford Angel, although for the first time it was discovered in 1910 by the Spaniard of Ernesto Sanchez La Cruz. Angel flew over the terrain in search of gold, when he decided to land on the top of one mountain. There, he saw a huge waterfall, with a roar falling from the rock. Soon everyone learned about the new waterfall, which was named after the pilot who had discovered him.

Getting to the waterfall is not so simple - Angel is located in the wilderness of Venezuela. A journey to the waterfall includes a flight by plane from Caracas or Cuthudad Bolivar to Canaima, and then still crossing water. Predict whether the waterfall will be seen very difficult, since this area often clouds fogs.

Tour B. waterfall Angel

Waterfall Kaietur, Guyana

ABOUT waterfall Kaietour Many do not even know how he is eclipsed by Iguazu and Angel, nevertheless, Kaietour Waterfall is one of the largest and most beautiful waterfalls around the world. Moreover, it is the most powerful waterfall of the world. It consumes more than 1,263 cubic meters of water every second, and this is almost 2 times more than Niagara.

In his height, he is 5 times higher than Niagara Falls and twice - African Victoria. For the first time Waterfall Kaietour He was discovered by the English geologist Charles Brown on April 24, 1870. It was the first white person who saw all the beauty and power of this amazing waterfall.

Kaietour is located in the National Park of the same name, which is completely surrounded by a waterfall. Local residents say that the waterfall from the Indian leader Kaya, who sacrificed the sake of rescue people from the Mazaruni River to Canoeing.

The main reason for the fact that the waterfall is almost unknown to tourists, is the absence of normal access to the kaietour. It is located in the Guyan part of the Guiangian Highlands in the center of wet tropical forests in a little learned area of \u200b\u200bGuyana. Therefore, many prefer not to come here, because they do not know that they can wait. Although mysterious and unique places here is an extraordinary amount.

Take at least Rora'im, dining room, which is located in South America on the northeast side. The place is so mystical that the legends associated with her more than a hundred.

Route to waterfall Kaietour

Lake Titicaca, Peru and Bolivia

Mysterious lake Titicaca It is the largest highland reservoir and second largest continent lake. The name consists of the words of the Language of the Indians of the Kechua: "Titi" - the Puma, the sacred animal of the Indians of Kechua and "Kaka" - Rock.

It is located on the border of Peru and Bolivia, on the Altiplano plateau. More than 300 rivers flowing down from glaciers fall into the lake, and the Desaguadero River flows into the face-free lake in Bolivia. The salinity of water is about 1 phed, so Titicaca is considered a freshwater lake.

Lake Titicaca It is considered the cradle of the civilization of the Inca, Teotihuacan and other nations of the Andes. According to the Mythology of the Incas, one day the world was plunged into the abyss of darkness and cold, and the human race was on the verge of extinction. After some time, after the Flood, the Virachati god came out of the depths of Lake Titicaca.

Traveling through the islands of the lake, Virachati ordered to climb the Sun and the Moon. He created a man and a woman and sent them to all four sides, starting the settlement of the world. Thus, Titicaca is considered the place of birth of the Inca civilization, whose spirits were returned back to the lake after death.

For a long time, Titicaca did not give peace by scientists who were looking for underwater city By name Vanaka, in which the gold was hidden in the legend. In 1968, the famous Jacques Iv-Kusto descended to the bottom of the lake to find at least some signs of the sunken city. Nevertheless, he found only ancient pottery.

Only in 2000, local archaeologists discovered the ruins of the temple at the bottom of the lake. According to preliminary estimates, this remains once existed in this place of Tiwanako civilization, which existed even before the origin of the Inca civilization.

Tour to Lake Titicaca

UNESCO World Heritage Site in South America in Russia is 962 (July 2012). In South America - just 67 (7%) Brazil 19 Peru 11 Argentina 8 Columbia 7 Bolivia 6 Chile 5 Ecuador 4 Venezuela 3 Suriname 2 Paraguay 1 Uruguay 1

Brazil: Spruce Spruce - the city and municipality in Brazil is part of Minas Gerais. The former capital of the state. Component Mesoregion Self-Horizonti agglomeration. The bought was founded in 1711. He was the center of "Golden Fever" of the XVII-XVIII centuries. In Brazil. After depletion of gold reserves, it came to the launch. Currently, the tourist center is known primarily for its Baroque style architecture. The population is about 64 thousand people. The first Brazilian city, which was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The central monument is the Catholic Church of St. Francis.

Brazilia on April 21, 1960 by President Zhuselin Cubes Di Oliveira, the capital of Brazil was postponed to Brazilia, becoming the third in the country's capital after Salewador and Rio de Janeiro. The movement of the federal administration's bodies to the new capital led to the fact that Brazilia became the center of concentration of executive, legislative and judiciary. The project for the construction of a new capital, called the "pilot plan" was developed by architect Lusio Kostya. Taking into account the relief of the terrain and the flooding zone of the reservoir Parano "Pilot Plan" is actually an adaptation of a similar project proposed by Louis Crozz in 1893. Most administrative and public buildings in the city are built on the project of the famous Brazilian architect Oscar Nimeier. In 1987, the city is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Iguazu National Park Iguazu - Brazil National Park and UNESCO World Heritage Site, located on the territory of Paraná. He gained fame in connection with the waterfall (part of the Misionees province) and the picturesque wildlife of which is located on the territory of Argentina in (especially a great variety of extinct views. This is the most important place in the world, since birds focused on one block), which includes rare and 5 Forest breeds.

Waterfalls Iguazu in 2011, according to the results of the World Waterfall competition, Iguazu were recognized as one of the seven natural wonders of the world. The name Iguazu (Iguazu) comes from the words in Guarani Y (water) and Guasu (large). In the vicinity there were various tribes of the Indians. According to one of the legends, the waterfall was formed as follows: Legend says that God wanted to marry a beautiful Aboriginal named Naipu, but she escaped with his beloved on Canoe. In the anger, God cut the river, creating waterfalls, condemned loved on the eternal fall.

Pantanal Pantana L (from Pântano - "Swampy lowland, wet lowland") - an extensive wetlastical tectonic in Brazil, small parts of it are also located in Bolivia and Paraguay, in the Paraguay River Pool. The total area is estimated between 150-195 thousand km², this is one of the largest wetlands on the planet. The animal world is surprisingly diverse: about 3,500 species of plants, 650 species of birds, 230 species of fish, 80 species of mammals, 50 types of reptiles. About 20 million crocodiles live. Within the center of Pantanal there is a number of specially protected natural territories, including the Pantanal Reserve, which is the UNESCO World Heritage Site.

San Francisk Square in San Crystoked city San Francisco Square in San Cristovo is a quadrangular open space, surrounded by the monumental buildings of St. Francis and Monastery, Church and Santa Casa Da Miserikhondi, the Palace in provincial style and other buildings relating to various historical periods . This monumental ensemble and its surrounding houses of the eighteen-year-old agent create an urban landscape, reflecting the history of the city since its occurrence. It is an example of a typical religious architecture that has established in northeastern Brazil.

Zhau Zhau National Park - National Park in the state of Amazonas in Brazil and UNESCO World Heritage Site, located between 1º 00 '- 3º 00' Yu. sh. and 61º 30 '- 64º 00' z. D. This is the largest forest reserve in South America, having an area of \u200b\u200bmore than 5, 6 million acres (23778, 9 km²). The entrance to the park is limited; For entry, written permission from the Brazilian government is necessary. Zhau National Park is known as good example Preserving the rainforest in the Amazon River basin. In the park you can meet jaguars, lamantines, pink river dolphins and many other animals.

Diamantine Diamantina - a colonial settlement, which is surrounded by severe rocky Gor., recreates the life of the era of diamond seekers in the XVIII century. The city is a symbol of a triumph of the cultural and artistic activity of a person who lived in unfavorable natural conditions.

Serra National Park. Kapivara National Park Serra da Kapivara is located in Piaui in Northeast Brazil. The park contains many monuments of prehistoric rock painting, which discovered the archaeologist Nyed Gyuton. At its same initiative, the park was created to save images. In 1991, ranked world heritage sites. Park area is 1291, 4 square meters. km. As the studies of archaeologists show, in ancient times Serra-yes. Kapivara was very thick inhabited, there was the largest concentration of prehistoric peasant farms in ancient America.

Peru: Cusco Ku SKO (Cuzco, Qusqu, Qosqo) - the city in the southwest of Peru, the administrative center of the Cusco region and the province of the eponymous province. The population is 350 thousand people (2011). Cusco is a city of ancient history. Archaeological excavations They found that people settled in these places for more than 3 thousand years. There is an Indian legend in which the founder of the city is the first Inca - Manco Kapack. The name of the city is translated from the language of the Kechua - the official language of the Empire of the Inca, means the Earth PUP, that is, in fact, the center of the world, which is quite consistent with the metropolitan role. On November 15, 1533, Francisco Pizarro expedition arrived here and, according to the historical tradition, the Spaniards "re-founded" already their city. In 1950, an earthquake occurred, which greatly damn the Dominican monastery and the Church of St. Dominic, which was built on the basis of Cyancani (Sun Temple). Incanian architecture, on the contrary, successfully survived the earthquake. At first, it was believed that many old Incan walls were lost, but it turned out that the granite walls of the cigacious were preserved, as well as many walls throughout the city. Some wanted to restore the constructions of the colonial period, however, part of the inhabitants of Cusco demanded to leave the walls that were observed. Thus, tourists from all over the world have the opportunity to see the ancient facilities in the heart big City. The 1950 earthquake was the second, destroying the Dominican monastery, the first occurred in 1650.

Machu Picchu Ma Chu-Pic Kchu is the city of Ancient America, located on the territory of modern Peru, on the top of the mountain range at an altitude of 2450 meters above sea level, dominant over the Valley of the Urubamba River. In 2007, awarded the title of a new miracle of light. Also, Machu Picchu is often called the "city in heaven" or "City among the clouds", sometimes called the "lost city of Incs". Some archaeologists believe that this city was created as a sacred mountain shelter the great ruler of Inca Pacchaktekek in a century before the conquest of his empire, that is, in about 1440, and functioned until 1532, when the Spaniards invaded the territory of the Inca Empire. In 1532, all its inhabitants mysteriously disappeared. The high-altitude city of Chokekirao, the high-alone Machu-Picchu existed much longer, to 1570s. Spanish conquistadors did not get to Machu Picchu. This city was not destroyed. We are not aware of the purpose of its construction, nor the number of inhabitants, nor even its real name.

Mana Park National Park was organized in 1977 in the regions of Madre de. Dios and Cusco, and in 1987 he was recognized as the UNESCO World Heritage Site. Mana Square - 19,098 km², of which the National Park occupies 15 328 km², the rest is the backup zone. The main part of the territory is Amazonian forests, but some part is in the Andes at an altitude of up to 4,200 m. A large number of types of flora and fauna live in Mana. More than 15 thousand species of plants were found on its territory and about a thousand species of birds (more than a tenth of all types of birds and approximately 1, 5 times more than in Russia). In the park, the Population of Incile Toad is guarded - Endemic Peru.

Lima Lee Ma - the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Peru, as well as the administrative center of the Department of Lima, is the economic, political and cultural center of the country. On January 18, 1535, Spanish Conquistador Francisco Pisarro founded the city of Ciudad de Los Reyes, which means the "City of Kings" in Spanish. The culture of Lima had a huge influence of Indian heritage Peru, as well as ancient civilization Inca who lived in Peruvian Earth before the conquest of her Spaniards. Before the emergence of the Empire Incas, in 1 c. BC e. - 7th century. n. e. On the territory of Lima existed Limary culture. The legacy of the highly developed civilization of the Inca can be seen not only in numerous archaeological monuments and finds, which are stored in the museums of Lima, but also in the modern folk art of residents of the capital Peru.

Geoglyphs of the Nasca line of the NAKI line - a group of giant geometric and curly geoglyphs on the NASK plateau in the southern part of Peru. The plateau stretching more than 50 kilometers from the north to the south and 5 -7 kilometers from the west to the east, today about 30 drawings (bird, monkey, spider, flowers, etc.) are known; Also about 13 thousand lines and stripes and about 700 geometric shapes (primarily triangles and trapeats, as well as about a hundred spirals). Thanks to the semi-desert climate, it is preserved with deep antiquity. Since the images reaches several hundred meters long and from the ground to recognize them difficult, they were officially discovered only in modern times, when flying over the plateau in the first half of the 20th century. In 1994, entered the UNESCO World Heritage List. The lines of the Nasky put a lot of questions before historians - who created them when, why and how. In fact, from the ground, many geoglyphs are impossible to discern, so it remains to assume that with the help of such patterns, the ancient inhabitants of the valleys communicated with the deity. In addition to the ritual, the astronomical significance of these lines is not excluded. It seems quite likely that representatives of the Nazk culture could be an observer astronomers, at least, according to Dr. Phillis Pitlugi (Chicago Planetaria Astronomer). After the intensive study of the mutual location of the stars in Nask using computer methods, it came to the conclusion that the famous spider image was conceived as a chart of a giant star cluster in the Constellation of Orion, and the straight lines conjugate with this figure - as an arrow, lines characterize the change in the decline of three stars in the Orion belt .

Argentina: Valdez Valdez Valdeza Peninsula on the Atlantic Coast of Argentina. Area - 3625 km². Most of the peninsula is an uncomplicated territory. There are several salty lakes, the largest of which lies with 42 meters below sea level. This is the lowest marker on land for South America. In 1999, the Valdez Peninsula is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List - first of all for its unique and rich fauna. The coast of the peninsula is the colonies of marine mammals, such as the Southern Sea Elephant (Mirounga Leonina) and eared seals. In the Gulfo Nuevo Bay, separating the peninsula from mainland pathogonia, the southern whales are found, other types of whales are also swimming for reproduction, because water in the bay is warmer and calmer than in the open ocean. The coast is found killeries. On land, Ostrich Nanda, Guanako, Mara (famous, as a Patagonian hare or Patagonian guinea).

Los Glacareas National Park Los Glacyares (Parque Nacional Los Glaciares, Glaciers) - National Park, located in Patagonia (South America), on the territory of the Argentine Province of Santa Cruz. Park area is 4459 km². In 1981, he was listed in the World Heritage List. Founded in 1937, Los Gosyares is the second largest Argentina National Park. With its name, the park must be a huge ice cap in Andes, which feeds 47 large glaciers, of which only 13 flow towards the Atlantic Ocean. This ice array is the largest after the ice of Antarctica and Greenland. In other parts of the world, the glaciation begins at least 2500 m above sea level, but in Los-Gosyareas Park, the glaciers begins from a height of 1500 m and slide up to 200 m, eroding the slopes of the mountains under them. Los Gosyares Park is a popular destination in international tourism. Tours begin in the village of El. Calafate, located on Lake Argentino, and in the village of El Chalitan, located in the northern part of the park at the foot of the Fitz Roy Mountain.

Dumoica and Valley of La Cabrade de Umaumaka (Iz. La Quebrada de Humahuaca) - picturesque valley In the North-West Argentina, UNESCO World Heritage Site. Dumoic Valley stretches 155 km from north to south and is located at an altitude of more than 2 kilometers above sea level, which increases to the north. Located in the province of Jujuy about 1649 km from Buenos Aires. It received its name from the small town of Umauaka (Sp. Humahuaca). According to the Valley, the Rio-Grande River flows, which is much more comprehensive in the summer than in winter, which is associated with the peculiarities of the local climate. The valley is a crossroads of economic and cultural relations of the region, it has been settled since ancient times - settlements of the indigenous American peoples more than 10,000 years, in the Middle Ages through the valley passed the caravan way of the Empire Inca, later - in the vice-kingdom of Rio de la. The valleys passed the most important battles of the Argentine War for independence. Included in the list of cultural heritage objects on July 2, 2003.

Colombia: Cartagena Cartagena (Cartagena de Indias) - the fifth largest city of Colombia, ADM. Center for the Department of Bolivar, port on the shore Caribbean. Well-strengthened citadel of the 18th century spread out on the island of Getsemaní and the mainland cape, but in the line modern City The other islands are included, as well as part of the mainland. Founded by the Spaniards in 1533, at the height of the treasure search, Cartagena served as the most important transshipment item for the export of treasure to Europe in America. Almost all famous Pirates of the Caribbean have visited here. This was brought here and sang on ships that float in Spain. In the way, many of the treasures fell into hand to pirates. The city itself robbed five times. The famous English pirate and traveler - Sir Francis Drake became the most fortunate and loose robber. He managed to receive from the Cartagena who was unheard of ten million pesos at the time, than pretty pleased the Queen Elizabeth. In 1741, an English expedition was undertaken against the city, the most large-scale in the 18th century, but the Spaniards managed to defend the city. In 1811, Cartagena, together with other Spanish provinces, was deposited from the metropolis, but in the hands of the Spaniards, the local port remained until 1821. After finding a Colombine independence, the trade value was undermined, and the city quickly came into decay. Economic revival began in 1920 in connection with the opening of South American oil fields and the construction of the oil pipeline to Cartagena. Since then, the city has become a major oil pipeline. In 1980. historical monuments Cartagena (Fortress, Main Square with the Cathedral, Church of St. Peter, Palace of the Inquisition, University Building) were announced by UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The Archaeological Park of Tierredendo Park received fame thanks to several underground scleps of the Precucumbian era. Usually the crypt has an entrance oriented, the spiral staircase and the main chamber, usually at a depth of 58 meters, surrounded by several smaller cameras, and in each chamber is one body. The walls are painted by geometric, anthropomorphic and zoomorphic patterns using red, white and black paints. Some statues and remains of ceramics and fabrics barely preserved due to the fact that the graves were repeatedly subjected to a plunder. The grave complex refers to 1 Millennium. e. The burials included in the archaeological park are dated from 6 to 9 centuries. Details of sculptures and drawings resemble similar details of monuments of San Agustin culture (Colombia). The park brings a significant profit of the local economy due to the large number of visitors, both from Colombia and from abroad. He belongs to the monuments of UNESCO World Heritage.

Los Katyos National Park Los Katios was created in the north of Colombia, in the border zone with the state of Panama. On the other side of the border, another environmental zone was created - Darya National Park. On the territory of Colombia, Los Catios National Park appeared in 1976, today its area has grown to 72 thousand hectares. The nature of the park is represented by the following natural zones: tropical forests and floodplain swamps. The territory of Los Katios Park lies around the Atrato River. On its shores and among the nearby complexes of wet forests, a total of about 600 plant varieties were found. A pretty remarkable local species is considered a cotton tree. This is a typical tropical view that refers to the Malvic family. The birthplace of this species is considered Mexico, some countries of Central America, the Caribbean Islands, the tropical region of West Africa.

Columbia Coffee Cultural Landscape Outstanding Sample Sustainable and Productive Cultural Landscaping. It is unique and represents an expressive symbol of tradition characteristic of the growing areas of coffee all over the world. The territory includes six agricultural areas with 18 city centers in the foothills of the Western and Central Ridges of Andes. This reflection is reflected in the age-old tradition of growing coffee in small areas in a high-wheelchair forest and methods that farmers adapt agriculture to severe mountain conditions. The architecture of urban areas, located, mainly on tops relative to the gentle hills over the sloping of coffee plantations, is distinguished by the Spanish influence of the colonization period. Construction materials of that time were, and in some places it remains, clay and bent stalks of cane for walls and clay roof tiles.

Bolivia: Potosi Potosi (Kechua P'Utuqsi "Rotty", Potosí) - The capital of the eponymous Department of Potosi in Bolivia. Already in 1625, he was one of the largest population (160,000 inhabitants) of the cities of old and new light (exceeding the population of the then London and Paris) and the largest global industrial center (during the development of silver mines in the XVI-XVII centuries). The population of the city is about 160 thousand people. The city is located at an altitude of 4090 m above sea level and is one of the most high mountain cities in the world. The city is located on the Railway line Orura - Sucre. The most important center of the country's mining industry. Here we produce tin, silver and copper. Potosi is also known as the capital of Folklore Bolivian Kechua, the festivals of folk art are held here, which was the largest silver deposit in South America for the period from 1556 to 1783, this metal was mined at 820513893 Pesos. In honor of Potosha, the Shakhtar city of San is named. Luis Power in Mexico

Sucre Sucre is one of the capitals of Bolivia, the residence place of the Supreme Court. Most Government agencies Bolivia are located in the city of La Paz. The population of the city is 247,300 people. (2006). Sucre is located in the south of the central part of Bolivia. In 1839, the city was named after Antonio José de Sucre Y Alcalá (Antonio José de Sucre Y Alcalá; 1795-1830), "GRAN MARISCAL DE AYACUCHO" (Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho) - one of the leaders of the war of the independence of Spanish colonies in Latin America And President Bolivia in 1826 - 1828.

The ancient city of Tiwanac Tiwanako or Tajicala - the ancient settlement in Bolivia, 72 km from La Paz near eastern Shore Lake Titicaca. According to the excavation materials, this settlement is dated 1500 BC. e. Already in II-IX centuries. Tiwanako - the largest city in the region of the Central Andes - was the center of Pukin's state. In the language of Pukina, he was called Taipica, that is, the "center of the world". At this time, the city occupied about 6 km², and had 40 thousand inhabitants. Approximately in 1180, the city was abandoned by the inhabitants, after the defeat of Pukin's tribes (aimara). The stone facilities of the Puma Punk are 1 km from Tiwanako. The tongue of cultures of Tiwanaki and Molo most likely was the language of Pukin, whose carriers in the XVIII century moved to Kechua and Spanish. During the existence of the Empire Inca, its rulers did not use the language of Kechua, where the population of the empire spoke, and the secret language "Kapa Simi" (also most likely Pukina).

Noel-Kepff-Mercado (National Park) National Park Noel-Kepff. Mercado is located in the province of Jose. Miguel de Velasko Department of Santa Cruz in the eastern part of Bolivia on the border with Brazil. The park is 15,838 km 2, which makes it one of the largest parks in the amazon basin. In 2000, the park was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage List.

Chile: Easter Island about Step Pa Shhi - Island in the southern part of the Pacific, the territory of Chile. The local name of the island is Rapa Nui (RAP. RAPA NUI). Area - 163, 6 km². Along with the Archipelago, Tristan da Cunya is the most remote inhabited island in the world. Chile's continental coast is 3703 km to Pitcairn Island, the nearest settlement, - 1819 km. The island was opened by the Dutch traveler Jacob Rogheven in Easter Sunday of 1722. The capital of the island and its only city - Hanga-Roa. In total, 5034 people live on the island (2011). Rapa Nui is largely known thanks to the MOAI, or stone statues from the compressed volcanic tuff, in which, according to the belonging of the local residents, the supernatural power of the ancestors of the first king of Easter Island is a nico-mat. In 1888, Annexed Chile. In 1995, the Rap-Nui National Park became the UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Easter Island Moa - stone statues On the coast of Easter Island in the form of a human head with a torso, truncated by approximately the level of the belt. Their height reaches up to 20 meters. Contrary to popular belief, they are not looking towards the ocean, but deep into the island. Some MOAI have hats from red stone. MOAI was manufactured in a quarry in the center of the island. How they were delivered to the coast, unknown. According to the legend, they "walked" themselves. Recently, volunteers-enthusiasts found several ways to transport stone blocks. Norwegian traveler Tour Heyerdal in the book "Aku-Aku" gives a description of one of these ways, which was tested in action by local residents. So, one of the MOAI, tipped up from the pedestal, was otdly back through the use of logs, embarrassed under the statue, as levers, the swinging of which could be achieved by small movements of the statue along the vertical axis. The movement was recorded by lining under the top of the statue of the stones of various sizes and their alternations. The actual transportation statues could be carried out through wooden sled. This method of a local resident presents as the most likely, but he himself believes that the statues still reached their places alone. Many unfinished Istukanov are in the quarries. With a detailed study of the island, the impression of suddenness of stopping work on statues is created.

Sewell Shakhtar Town Sewell is a uninhabited mining town in Chile, located in Andes at an altitude of 2000-2250 m in the commune, Kachapal Province, O'Higgins region 85 km south of the country's capital - Santiago. The only major mining mining mining settlement in the 20th century, which was built in settlement on year-round use. In 2006, UNESCO World Heritage List was included. The city was founded in 1904 by BRADEN COPPER CO. For copper mining in the world's largest underground copper mine El Tenent. The city was built on steep mountain slopes, which did not allow to use wheels, on the sides of a large central staircase, which rose from the railway station. Along the stairs, there were places of irregular shape with decorative plantings of trees and shrubs who served by public and landscaped spaces of the city. From the central staircase in both directions, horizontal passages were dismissed, which went to smaller areas and stairs connected part of the city lying at various levels. Buildings on the streets are made of wood, many of them are painted in bright colors - green, yellow, red and blue. In 1998, the Chilean government declared Sewell by the National Monument, and in 2006, UNESCO included him on the World Heritage List as an outstanding example of the city, which were created by industrial companies in remote parts of the world for the purpose of mining and processing natural wealth Using local labor.

Production of Selitra Hamberston and Santa Laura produced by Selitra Hamberston and Santa Laura - now inactive development Selitras, located in the north of Chile. In 2005, they were included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Hamberston and Santa Laura are located 48 km east of Ikike in the Atakama desert in the Tarapak region in North Chile. Other developments Selitra, which are included in this object of the World Heritage, - Chakabukuk, Maria Elena, Pedro de Valdivia, Puellma and Aguas-Santas and others (total companies Hamberston and Santa Laura - more than 200 former developments Selitra) .

Ecuador: Galapagos Islands Galapago Sensic Islands - Archipelago in the Pacific Ocean, 972 km west of Ecuador, consisting of 13 major volcanic islands, 6 small islands and 107 rocks and woven areas. It is believed that the first island was formed 5-10 million years ago as a result of tectonic activity. The youngest Islands - Isabel and Fernandina - so far at the formation stage, the last volcanic eruption was observed in 2005. Galapagos Islands belong to the state of Ecuador and make up the province of Galapagos. The population of the archipelago is 25,124 people (2010). Area - 8010 km². The islands are known primarily by a large number of local species of fauna and conducted here by the study of Charles Darwin, which served as for Darwin the first impetus to the creation of an evolutionary theory of origin of species. The islands received their name from the giant sea turtles who visited them, in Spanish called "Galápagos" - "water turtles" in Spanish. In 1986, the area around the water area with a total area of \u200b\u200b70,000 km² was declared a "marine conservation zone", the second in size after the Australian Big Barrier Reef. In 1990, the archipelago became a refuge for whales. In 1978, UNESCO announced the islands of the World Heritage Territory, and in 1985 the Biosphere Reserve.

Quito Citu (Span. San Francisco de Quito) - the capital, as well as the political, economic and cultural center of Ecuador, is named by the name of the ancient Indian tribe to Keet. Quito, according to admission, is one of the most beautiful cities in South America. It combines a large number of traditions and cultures. The architecture of the city is distinguished by the harmonious interweaving of the Spanish, Dutch and partly Indian style buildings. The city itself is located on a hilly terrain and divided into three parts with huge hills: in the central part there is a colonial old city with museums and architecture monuments; south part Cities mainly focuses on the residents of the working class and industrial enterprises; The northern part is modern Quito - replete financial centers, department stores, banks and expensive housing. Also in the northern part of the city is located International Airport Cito city. In 1978, the historic center of Quito became one of the first objects included in the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage List. In the colonial part of the city, many cultural and historical monuments are preserved, including the XVII Cathedral. , monasteries, richly decorated with carvings and laying ancient masters, as well as several remarkable secular colonial period buildings. In the churches of San Francisco, San. Agustin, La Campaign and Santo Domingo are kept huge collections of old statues and paintings. The Church of San Francisco is the largest colonial structure built by the Spaniards in South America.

Cuenca Cuenca (Cuenca) - the third largest city of Ecuador, the capital of Asuai Province. The city is located in Ecuadorian Andes (known as Sierra) at an altitude of about 2500 meters above sea level. The city was founded by Hille Ramirez Davalos in 1557, called Santa Anda de Los Cuatro Rios de Cuenca on the site of the ancient city of Tomebamba. The city center has many historical buildings of the colonial era, which are listed by UNESCO World Heritage List The modern population of the city's agglomeration is about 400,000 inhabitants. His economy is based on agriculture and industry. Also, the city has eight universities, the most painful of which, the University of Cauna, in which about 12,000 students study. The history of the city began long before the arrival of Spaniards and even Inca. The city was founded by Indians Canyari called GuanPodegeg (which means "Earth, big as the sky") for about 500 years. Approximately 50 years before the arrival of the Spaniards in America, the city was called Incas and was called Tumebamba. Inci significantly rebuilt the city, replacing the architecture on their own, but not finally deprived of the national consciousness of the people of Kanyari. The city became one of the political centers of the empire, but was destroyed during the struggle for power between Ataualpoy and Waskar.

Venezuela: Canaima National Park National Park Canaima (Parque Nacional Canaima) - Park on the southeastern Venezuela, on the border with Brazil and Guyana. Park area is about 30,000 km². Located in the state of Bolivar and takes about the same territory as the Natural Park Gran Sabana. The park was opened on June 12, 1962 and ranks second in size in the country, yielding only Parim Tapirapeco Park. In 1994, Canaima was listed on UNESCO World Heritage Site. The main attraction and value of the park are Tempui (flat-terrestrial mountains). The most famous Park Tempuses - Roraima (the highest and most simple for ascent) and Ayanktepui, where the famous Angel waterfall is the highest in the world. Tempui - sandstones formed in the era, when South America and Africa were parts of one supercontinent. The territory of the National Park is the birthplace of the Indian people of Peremon, honoring Tempui as the House of Spirits "MARVA". The park is in the remote area; Roads connecting settlements are extremely small, so the main transport is small aviation, as well as hiking and movement on rivers on canoe. Most of the locals are the Peremonov, which are engaged mainly in the field of tourism.

Santa Ana de Coro, the full name of Santa Ana de Coro (Coro, Santa Ana de Coro) is a city in the north-west of Venezuela, the administrative center and the largest city of Falcon. Population - 174 thousand inhabitants (2001). The city is located on the sandy plain at the base of Paraguian Peninsula. The port of La Vela de Coro on the banks of the Caribbean is located 12 km north-east of the city center. In 1950, the historical center of the city was declared a national monument. In 1993, the KORO according to the decision of UNESCO became the object of the World Heritage.

Suriname: Paramaribo Parama Ribo (Netherl. Paramaribo) - Administrative Center, Capital, the largest city and main Port. Suriname. Historical Center Cities is part of the World Heritage Site since 2002 (one of two World Heritage sites on the territory of Suriname, along with the environmental territory of Central Suriname). Paramaribo founded the French in 1640. The name of the city translated from Tupi-Guarani means "inhabitants of large water." Since 1667, the city, together with the entire territory of Suriname under the contract between the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, passed under the authorities of the Netherlands and received the status of administrative Dutch ownership of Suriname. The colony was inflamed of the Dutchman instead of the territories in North America (the area of \u200b\u200bmodern New York). Since 1954, he was the center of an autonomous state as part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Officially, the capital of the Republic of Suriname became the city after in 1975 the country achieved independence. The capital is the only university in the country, founded in 1968, the city has one museum, in which you can see archaeological exhibits, exhibitions on the history of Suriname culture and the natural history of the region. The city center - Independence Square, located near the walls of the Presidential Palace. Immediately behind the palace there is a city park, and to the east of Square - Fort Zeland, the coastal fortified fortress of the XVII century. In general, the architecture of the city is a combination of impressive brick colonial buildings with grassy squares of space and wooden buildings, narrow streets, attached high palm trees and mangroves, bordering the coastal trait of the city.

The environmental territory of Central Suriname is the environmental territory of Central Suriname, (Noteur. Natuurreservaat Van Centraal-Suriname) - a protected area in Suriname. The territory of the reserve occupies 16 thousand km², consists mainly of the rainforest of the Gwiang Highlands. The reserve lives many species of animals, which are also under the protection of the state. On the territory of the reserve there is a unique granite monolith - Voltzberg, whose age is 1, 8 - 2 billion years. It has two vertices separated by a crack: one of them has a height of 245 meters above sea level, another 209 meters. Monolith itself is located at an altitude of 150 meters above the surrounding area. This monolith has 1, 1 km long in the north-south and up to 700 meters wide in the East-West direction. Only on the top of the monolith there is rare vegetation.

Uruguay: Colonia del. Sacramento Colonia-del Sacramento (Span. Colonia del Sacramento, previously port. Colônia Do Sacramento) - city and port in the south-west Uruguay, on the shore of the La Plata Bay. Administrative Center Department Colonia. Located about 177 km west of the capital of the country, the city of Montevideo. The city is known for its historical district, which is listed by UNESCO World Heritage Site. The city's economy is based on textiles. Colonia del Sacramento is a free economic zone. The city was founded by Portuguese in 1680.

Lost among the waters of the Pacific Islands, famous for the whole world Mysterious Statues of MOAI, incredible beauty Colonial cities and religious monuments with rich decoration are just some unique attractions that can see South America guests. Some natural reserves and architectural monuments located on the territory of the continent were recognized as world heritage sites, today these attractions are well acquainted even those who have never been to South America. Unique objects for the study here will be absolutely for everyone, national parks will surely like to love the national parks, and the artists are ancient cities and archaeological regions.

Iguazu National Park was founded in 1934, its area is more than 55,000 square meters. km. Every year the park visits more than 1.5 million people, they come to admire magnificent waterfalls, stroll through the age-old forests and fabulously beautiful mountainous areas. More than 2,000 species of plants grows on the territory of the reserve, it became a habitat for 70 species of mammals, 40 types of reptiles and 400 species of birds. The main feature of the Iguazu Park remains excellent waterfalls, which in its territory there are more than 270.

Today near the very beautiful waterfalls For tourists are equipped with comfortable bridges and viewing platforms, so natural attractions can be considered in all its glory. In the park, many rapid rivers, alloys for which are also very popular with tourists, and many prefer to just walk through the most picturesque areas of the reserve on foot. Not so long ago, a hotel for tourists was built on the territory of Park Iguaçu, so everyone can linger in these picturesque places longer.

The main natural attraction of the reserve is a waterfall with a frightening name "Diavol's Harness", over which a rainbow is formed every day. A sfari on jeeps is carried out through the reserve, during which many rare representatives of local fauna can be seen. Hiking Popular to those who like to watch birds, in exotic forests live cute colorful parrots, tucanis and more exotic species of birds that are no longer anywhere in the world.

From Spanish, the name of Cueva de Las Manos cave can be translated as "hand cave", this cave is one of the most interesting in the world from a paleontological point of view. The researchers in it discovered many ancient rock paintings, including numerous images of human hands. According to the estimates of the researchers, the age of some rock paintings is more than 10,000 years, it suggests that people inhabited the cave for thousands of years.

In the nearby surroundings of Cordoba, the historic Jesuit Quarter is located, it will be interesting to stroll through it to those who like to study historical sights. The quarter is a complex of surviving buildings, which were erected by Jesuit missionaries. The historic district has survived the building of the National University, which is one of the oldest in South America. In addition, here you can see the building of the old school, several preserved residential buildings and the old church.

Fans of walks in historical places in Bolivia must be visited by the ancient city of Sucre. Its main value are numerous preserved monuments of colonial times, some of them were built in the first years after the founding of the city. The official date of the founding of the city is considered to be November 30, 1538, initially he was called Chukisaka, and he received his current name in 1825. A significant part of the historical buildings, which can be seen today in the city, was built in the first half of the 17th century.

The same who is not indifferent to natural attractions, a lot of impressions will be given a walk through Nael-Kempff-Mercado National Park. It is located in the eastern part of Bolivia, on the border itself with Brazil, the area of \u200b\u200bthis park is a little less than 16,000 square meters. km. Among the main features of the park, the variety of landscapes, both rocky areas with deep canyons are also present on its territory, and spacious plains, and evergreen Amazonian forests.

In Brazil, too, there is an amazing historical cityTo admire which researchers and ordinary tourists come out from around the world. The city of Oro-Pretu is located on the territory of Minas Gerais, once he was the prosperous capital of this state. Founded in 1711, the Oro-Pretu became the real center of Brazilian "Golden Fever". Gold seekers went here from all over the world, the number of luxurious palaces and mansions increased every year, among which there are unique monuments in the Baroque style.

Located in the Brazilian city of Congonias, the church complex Bon-Gesus-do Congonias was built in the 18th century, he is a bright architectural monument in the style of Baroque. The snow-white church is distinguished by marvelous interiors, there are many primordial decorations in its walls, including excellent sculptural compositions with biblical motifs. The beautiful church was built on the project of the famous architect Francisco Lima Serkira, its construction was fully completed in 1773.

In the northeastern part of Brazil is located on the whole world of Serra da Kapivara National Park, which is not only famous for its natural attractions, but also invaluable monuments of rock painting. The first archaeologist who explored these amazing places was Nyed Hydon, after his amazing discoveries, the park was recognized as a World Heritage Site. Serra da Kapivara Park Square is more than 1,200 square meters. km, since the first archaeological expeditions, its research does not stop.

Among the cities of Venezuela, one of the most interesting is Santa Ana de Coro. Today, the population of this old town is about 174,000 people, it is located on the very outskirts of the Paraguian Peninsula, on the banks of the Caribbean. A small port town was founded here in 1527, in a matter of years its scale increased in tens of times, every year new buildings appeared in the city.

In Colombia, the Archaeological Park of San Agustin is known for the whole world, which seek not only researchers from around the world, but also inquisitive travelers. Here archaeologists were found the largest group of religious monuments on the territory of South America, to see which there can be absolutely all. Sculptures discovered during excavations in the park were called "Chinas", as they managed to figure out researchers, they were made from volcanic rocks. On numerous sculptures are captured by people destroyed in a variety of traditional clothes.

The island of Malpelo, lost among the endless waters of the Pacific Ocean, is also the attraction of world importance. Rocky island is uninhabited, its length is about 1,850 meters, and the width reaches 600 meters. In fact, the main interest is not a rocky island at all, and the surrounding water in which rare types of sharks, fish and other seafood inhabitants live. It was here that researchers managed to simultaneously see several rare species of sharks: silk, whale, silent and sharks, and a rare sandy shark is found in the vicinity of the island.