Second class.

Lesson 7. How waterfalls are formed.

Target: show students how waterfalls are formed, what role waterfalls play in human life; develop an interest in the surrounding world; foster respect for nature.

Equipment: multimedia projector, computer.

Course of the lesson:

I. Organizational moment.

Guess the word:

One of the students walks out the door. The rest of the children make up one sentence each with the word waterfall ... The student enters the class and asks the children to name sentences, listens to them carefully, finds a common word in them and thus guesses it.

Today we will talk about waterfalls: how they are formed, what role they play in human life and which of them are the largest. (Slide 1)

II. Learning new material.

- Most of the rivers flow peacefully across the plains. They do not meet obstacles in their path. The difference in elevation is caused by the natural topography of the land, in which the water is gradually washing its bed.

But in some places, hard rocks come across on the way of the river. Then, steep slopes are formed in the river bed, from which water does not flow, but falls. Such places are called waterfalls. (slide 2)

Sometimes waterfalls are formed after the melting of glaciers, from which remain on the ground. deep depressions... This is how the famous Imatra waterfall in Finland was formed. (slide 3)

Sometimes the water still manages to wash out the solid bed. Then the river flows, as it were, on steps, falling from one to the other. This drop in water is called a cascade. (slide 4)

There are many beautiful waterfalls known in the world.

The most famous is Niagara Falls, which is located on the border between Canada and the United States. Part of it is elongated in the shape of a huge horseshoe. The strength of the water here is so great that for 300 years the waterfall demolished 500 meters of the rock. (slide 5)

In Africa (Zambia) there is Victoria Falls. (slide 6-7)

The existence of the waterfall was first reported by Scotsman David Livingston. The result was immediate, and from that moment on, the flow of visitors from all over the world grew steadily. People walked, rode on horseback, traveled in ox-drawn wagons from the Transvaal, along the trail called in those days the Hunter's Road (now the border between Botswana and Zimbabwe). Upon arrival at George Westbeach's warehouses in Pandamateng, they left their animals to protect them from the deadly bite of tsetse flies, and walked the remaining 80 kilometers north to the falls. Livingstone first heard about the great waterfall in 1851, but only in 1855 did he intend to visit it. He spent the night on Kalai Island, a few kilometers upstream of the falls, walked down the river, and the next morning set out in a small canoe toward the thundering smoke. He landed on the very big island at the edge of the waterfall, now called Livingston Island, and from there first saw the picture of the waterfall. "Crawling with fear to the cliff, I looked down into a huge crack that stretched from coast to coast of the wide Zambezi, and saw a stream thousands of yards wide plunge down a hundred feet and then suddenly collapse into a space of fifteen to twenty yards ... I have witnessed the most wonderful sight in Africa. " Of the surrounding area, he wrote: "No one can imagine the beauty of a sight in comparison with anything seen in England. The eyes of a European have never seen such a thing, but the sight so beautiful must have been admired by the angels in their flight." David Livingston named the falls after Queen Victoria. Local tribes called it Mozi-oa-Tunya, "thundering smoke". The waterfall is part of two national parks and attracts many tourists.

Rafting down the wild rapids below the falls was the first innovation over a decade ago. Zimbabwe is an African paradise. Visitors can go boating, canoeing, fishing, guided hiking tours, horseback riding and breakfast on Livingston Island. The waterfall can be reached by air. Victoria Falls is a UNESCO World Landmark. There are hardly any metaphors that have not yet been applied to this magnificent natural wonder of the world; it's just hard to describe in words. The falls and their immediate surroundings are so vast that it is difficult to capture their true splendor with a glance, and for this reason, they are perhaps best viewed from the air.

Victoria Falls brings us very close to nature itself. A high pillar of spray when the river is deep, the crash of falling water, the terrifying abyss that separates Zimbabwe from Zambia, flat, calm forests, calm waters of lagoons in which hippos and deadly crocodiles lurk. The spray columns are visible from afar at a distance of many kilometers. On the opposite side of the falls is another curving wall of basalt rising to the same height and a rain forest covered in a thick mist of water spray. The trail at the edge of the forest provides the visitor, ready to withstand the barrage of spray, an unprecedented number of vantage points overlooking the falls. One of the vantage points is on the Knife's Blade Bridge, where visitors can see the most beautiful sight of the eastern stream and the main waterfall, as well as the Boiling Cauldron, where the river turns and rushes down into the Batoka Gorge. Other vantage points are on the bridge over the waterfall and at the Observation Tree, which offer a panoramic view of the main waterfall. "The first impression is unmistakable; tremendous power, pristine liberated energy, when the Zambezi with its entire mass jumps wildly into a black abyss two kilometers wide. The scales are massive, the spectacle is enchanting and constantly changing. The waterfall hisses and roars like a man possessed, it rumbles and bursts like thunder Vast clouds spew an avalanche from the boiling cauldron of its dark, impenetrable depths. The moving water creates magnetism that sucks you closer and closer, so that you rebound in horror, suppressing the subconscious sense of victim. " (Jumbo Williams, Zambezi, African River. 1988).

At different times of the year, the waterfall area looks completely different. The peak flood season is March and April, and then the power of the falls is presented in all its glory. But because of the massive spray soaring from the falling water, the full picture of the waterfall cannot be captured from the ground. A breathtaking sight opens from the air at this time, with clouds of spray rushing high into the sky. As the flood decreases, the view of the waterfall is improved. At its lowest point, in November and December, the streams of the waterfall become small streams running over the edge, and in some places for 1.7 km, the waterfall dries up completely. This season's gift is the spectacle of the imposing cliffs that form the wall of the waterfall, and the size of the abyss can be fully appreciated. The Victoria Falls Bridge was founded by Cecil John Rhodes in 1900, although he had never been to the falls and died before construction began. He wrote: " Railway must cross the Zambezi just past Victoria Falls. I want the spray of the waterfall to fly under the wheels. "The bridge offers a magnificent view both down to the gorge on one side and to the waterfall on the other. The panorama opening from the bridge is breathtaking. The incredible size of the waterfall and the awesome power of the water, the deep steep turn of the zigzag eight-kilometer gorge, can only be fully appreciated from the air. The plane flies along the wide, calm upper Zambezi, to a huge 2-kilometer rift The breathtaking sight of this magnificent natural phenomenon, presented in all its glory from the air, is unforgettable. On the cliffs on the opposite side of the falls there is a well-marked and beaten path through the rain forest. along this path - the Knife's Blade Bridge, from which an impressive sweeping panorama depending on the season. Although it is not possible to see the full width of the falls during the wet season, the intense spray brings welcome relief from the heat. In the dry season, you can walk directly along the lip of the waterfall. Sometimes the water is so low that you can walk directly to Livingston Island, the place where David Livingston first observed the waterfall. This is by far one of the most magnificent sights.

Angela Falls were discovered in Venezuela in 1935. Large waterfalls are also known on the Nile in Egypt. Many tourists come to visit them every year. One of the most beautiful waterfalls is the Iguazu Falls in Argentina (slide 8).

Many waterfalls were created artificially. (Slide 9)

But not only tourists admire the dopads. They are of great benefit. Falling water has tremendous energy. If a turbine is placed in its path, then it will rotate at a tremendous speed.

Therefore, man has tamed many waterfalls. Their water flows through huge pipes to the turbines and, turning them, drives powerful machines - generators. They generate electricity. All this is called a hydroelectric power plant (from the word hydro - water and station - stop). Stopping, the water gives up its energy to the person (slide 10).

This is what a great benefit a waterfall can do!

III. Group work.

- Guys! You should have brought pictures and photos of the waterfalls. Using reference books and an encyclopedia, make the project "All About Waterfalls" according to plan (slide 11):

1.Definition "What is a waterfall"

2.How does a person use waterfalls.

3. Great waterfalls of the Earth.

IV.Creating a project. Independent work students.

GOU NPO PU No. 24

Supervisor:, teacher of informatics

Research:

The origin of the waterfalls,

Signs of waterfalls

The use of waterfalls.

Tell about the largest and most popular waterfalls.

Tell about the waterfalls of the Kandalaksha region

Waterfall- a ledge in the river bed, from which water rushes down. Depending on the

the outlines of the ledge distinguish transitional forms from a waterfall to a rapid. A typical waterfall has a steep or sheer ledge. Less steeply falling waterfalls are called

rapids. A series of low waterfalls are formed on the stepped ledge, (cascades or

cataracts). With an even greater destruction of the ledge, the waterfall turns into rapids,

rapids or rapids. The ledge of the waterfall is continuously collapsing both above and at

grounds. Water, hitting the bottom of the track at the foot of the ledge, gradually develops

a pothole where eddies form. Fragments of rocks, carried by the river from above,

getting into the whirlpools, they come here in a rotational motion. Water, acting like millstones, grinds deep (1m and more) "gigantic boilers", as well as various water wells and niches that destroy the base of the ledge.

The layers hanging from above under the pressure of water and their own gravity from time to time collapse to the foot of the waterfall. As a result, the river slowly recedes up the valley. The rate of retreat of the waterfall - and the duration of its existence are very different; they are mainly determined by the stability of the rocks that form the river channel, and the conditions of their occurrence. If the strata consist of rocks that are resistant to erosion and lie horizontally on

in less durable rocks (for example Niagara), the waterfall will have

the longest duration of existence. Such a structure

even with a fairly rapid retreat of the waterfall, it favors

maintaining the steepness of the ledge, and often the initial height

falling. On the contrary, layers that do not lie horizontally, although

composed of dense rocks, prone to more vigorous

erosion and allow more rapid destruction of the ledge.

The ledges of the falls are of various origins. First of all, they are characteristic of newly emerged rivers. In this case, the scarps are an expression of the original relief that existed before the rivers appeared. Very often waterfalls are created by tectonic reasons - the newest faults. There are waterfalls formed by damming river valleys with lavas and avalanches. Often, ledges also arise from the erosion force of the river itself, unequal in intensity.

The river, crossing a terrain composed of successively hard or loose rocks, cuts into rocks that are susceptible to erosion much faster than into persistent layers. The persistent layers that are exposed at the same time form ledges that can cause a waterfall and rapids even in plains.

Most often, waterfalls are found in mountainous countries especially in areas affected by glaciation. This type includes the grandiose waterfalls of Norway, falling from the sheer cliffs of the Fjords. There are many waterfalls in countries that have experienced continental icing (Karelo-Finnish SSR, Scandinavia, Finland and Canada), composed of persistent crystalline rocks, in which rivers slowly develop channel swaps.

By outward signs- the width and height of the fall - waterfalls are divided into two types. In the first type of waterfall, the width significantly exceeds the height of the fall; this type is peculiar large rivers dumping a huge mass of water from the entire width of the cornice. So, the width of the Canadian part Niagara falls reaches 914 m with a ledge height of approx. 50m. The second type of waterfall is characterized by a huge fall height and a narrow stream, often breaking into several cascades. This is one of the waterfalls on the Merced River in the Yosemite Valley in California, 792.5 m high (three separate cascades). There are also combinations of both types.

The presence of waterfalls on rivers hinders navigation. The waterfall is the source of an inexhaustible supply of white coal.

In capitalist countries, the energy of waterfalls, with some exceptions, is used to an extremely insignificant extent, which is especially true for colonial and dependent countries.

There are many waterfalls on the territory of the Russian Federation, the energy of which is widely used. For a long time, the energy of the Narva waterfall on the Narva River has been used, which, falling down from a ledge 7m high and 150m wide. develops a capacity of 75000 kW. On the same ledge known Sablinsky waterfall. Waterfalls in the Karelo-Finnish Republic are widely known: Kivach (Im, almost ceased to exist due to the diversion of river waters

In Crimea, the most popular is the Uchan-Su waterfall in the vicinity of the city of Yalta. Among the waterfalls of the Caucasus are the Honey Waterfall near the city of Kislovodsk, Agurskie Waterfalls near the city of Sochi. Tseyskiy waterfall (15m) on the Tseya river, powerful waterfall on the Kuban River, 3 km above the mouth of the Teberda River, as well as waterfalls in the Teberda region and the Klukhor Pass (for example, Murudzhu) and many others. etc. A large number of waterfalls up to 60 m high are concentrated in the eastern Sayan Mountains. One of the most beautiful waterfalls in the Russian Federation is especially remarkable.

Ukovsky on the Uk River, 18 km from the city of Nizhneudinsk. Of the countless waterfalls in Altai, they have long been famous for their beauty: Gudon on the Chulyshman River, Dzhenayek on the Ploskaya River, placer in the Upper Katun basin, beautiful waterfalls in the area of ​​Lake Teletskoye and many others. etc. Large waterfalls are also found on Kuril Islands... The most magnificent of them is the Ilya Muromets waterfall (141m) on the Iturup island. A large number of waterfalls in the cities of Central Asia.

Outside the Russian Federation, the following are among the largest waterfalls in Severnaya

America (excluding Niagara): Yosemite Falls, one of the tallest on earth,

of which the highest is located in Yosemite national park(height 792.5m),

Yellowstone Falls as well Big waterfall on the Missouri River, near its confluence in the Mississippi River; Large waterfall (90m) on the Hamilton River in Labrador, four waterfalls on the Serpentine River (55-65m); in South America, the Tequendam Falls on the Bogota River, the multi-cascading La Guaira Falls on the Parana River, the Roraima (457m) and Cayeter (226m) Falls on the Potaro River, Iguazu Falls ( maximum height 65-70m) on the river of the same name, the width of which exceeds 3 km (including islands); in America stand out the Victoria Falls (120 m high, 1800 m wide) on the Zambezi River and Kalambo Falls (427 m) on the river of the same name on the border of North Radesia and Tanganyika, as well as Stanley Falls on the Congo River (seven waterfalls with a total fall of 40 m ). There are many waterfalls on rivers in the People's Democracies of Asia: in China (especially on the island of Taiwan), in the Diamond Mountains of Korea. In other countries, the horseshoe-shaped Kuril waterfalls (253m) are known, in South India on the Shiravati River. There are many gigantic waterfalls in the Himalayas (India), as well as in Japan. On the island New Zealand the three-stage Sutherland Falls (580m) on the Arthur River is widely known.

Of the many waterfalls Western Europe, in addition to the very abundant Rhine Falls (21m) near Schaffhausen, the Alpine waterfalls stand out in terms of size and high water content. In Scandinavia, the most famous are the Norwegian waterfalls Bjölvefoss (866m), Tusse (414m), Rjukanfos ("steaming", 145m). In Sweden - Trollkhetskie waterfalls (33m) on the Gyota-Elf river and others. In Finland, there are more than two thousand rapids and waterfalls, of which there are 12 rapids, waterfalls and slopes on the Vuokse River for 25 km, including the Tanienski waterfall (5.6m) and the Bolshaya Imatra slope.

Waterfalls in the vicinity of the Kandalaksha region:

10.03.2018

Waterfalls. Where does so much continuous water from the tops of the mountains come from?

SECRETS OF THE EARTH. Waterfalls. Where does so much continuous water from the tops of the mountains come from?

Where the deep rivers come from - we, more or less, understand. But where the deep waterfalls come from, and even from the very tops of the mountains - we still have no idea ...

WATERFALLS. AS LITTLE WE KNOW ABOUT THEM ...

The tag “doesn't exist” has amused me in recent years. For example, "space does not exist" or "deserts", "quarries", "pyramids". He even ran into the trolling machine of the System “he always has something that doesn't exist”. It exists, my dears, it exists, so turn down the volume so that the tonsils do not catch a cold. It's just not in the understanding in which they imposed on us with youth, when words were empty containers for children, which should have been filled with fruit juice of associations and meaning, but instead they were filled with sand and forced children to learn nothing to chew on the most active years.

CHAPTER ONE. WHAT WE KNOW AND WHAT WE DO NOT KNOW.

Or rather, what do we know about what we don’t know? It is much more correct to ask this, so as not to offend anyone and encourage them to study. And not to defend what is written in books. What is a waterfall, Wikipedia decided to brush it off with logic:

“A waterfall is a fall of water in a river from a ledge that crosses a river bed. Unlike river rapids, waterfalls are characterized by a sharp drop in the height of the river bottom and a sheer fall ”

Other sources say in the same vein “to find out what a waterfall is, study what a river is”, although more often, in my opinion, everything is exactly the opposite: “to find out what a river is, you need to know what a waterfall is ”. After all, the modern concept of the emergence of rivers into any gate. And there is no need to think that there are no unbearable scientists - there is only a narrow doorway.

We are told that the reasons for the rivers are precipitation ... although we all often go somewhere, we pass many kilometers of fields and do not meet at all near more than one body of water. I'm not even talking about the distances from each other CONSTANTLY FLOWING rivers. So any lawyer will justify the fallout at the trial - innocent. Also, consider a lake in New Zealand and Sutherland Falls, which falls from a height of 580 meters.

it Mountain peaks Southern Alps. Can you associate this lake and constantly falling waterfall with precipitation?

“Groundwater” is generally a screen that covers many things. For example, in the so-called “karst sinkholes” that appear, we see that there are no ground waters or rivers nearby. Although their appearance on the groundwater and spiral, they say washed out. I am embarrassed to ask where it was washed, in what cavities and voids? They tried to find the reason in the pumped out oil and gas, although "karst" ones, if you look with a thousand binoculars along the axis, appear more often where mining is not observed at all along a many kilometers circle.

You can immediately put a cross on the melting of glaciers and snow, since we examined the “precipitation” above. And in order to finally expel from you the demon of official science that has taken over, we will carry out an exorcism with this text, which is known to science about precipitation:

Scientists don't know why it's raining! What do they know? Do not wonder. In the academies of sciences, really, they do not know: why it is raining. Modern scientists only state the fact of precipitation and the movement of air masses. In understanding the essence of these processes, they are not far from children ... The hypotheses put forward by modern “scientists” raise suspicions about the sanity of those who put them forward. Or, at best, “laughter through tears” ...

You know, in my childhood - adolescence, I thought that scientists are “the smartest uncles”. That a scientist's job is much more difficult and more responsible than an electrician or a plumber. But maturity came and there was no trace of my childhood dreams. It turned out that being a scientist, you can easily be a complete idiot and write any nonsense. Fortunately, there is no responsibility. A plumber's mistake is a dwelling house flooded with feces, an electrician's mistake is a fire, injury. And modern “scientists” can make as many mistakes as they like. Nobody will fire them and nobody will suffer from their activities. Nobody takes seriously the nonsense that they write! Sorry for the long introduction.

So. RAIN. “Scientists” explain rain as “the water cycle in nature”. Allegedly, water evaporating from the surface rises upward, cools, condenses, forming clouds and falls on the Earth as rain. However, in reality everything happens completely differently. On the Indonesian islands, where there is constant heat and around the Ocean, there is a drought for months. And in the central regions of Russia it constantly snows in winter. Although there is a 20-degree frost and the nearest Ocean is thousands of kilometers away! If the rains depended on evaporation, they would constantly fall in Indonesia! And in Siberia, the snow would never fall!

CHAPTER TWO. A VERY IMPORTANT FACT IS VERY RARELY REMEMBERED.

Rivers and waterfalls were associated with "groundwater", although in fact waterfalls are more often found in mountains and rocks, as rivers often start from there. You can see a lot of different ground drops and not a single river flowing from there or a falling waterfall. For that, we often see them among the so-called "stone rocks".

Do you see any hint of ground connection? For that we see "rocks". Pay attention to how smooth the slabs are - they are not for nothing.

There are waterfalls in the “rapids” of the river, like the long waterfall with the colorful name Victoria:

Niagara:

I will not argue about this type of waterfalls and they are not discussed in this publication.

The Iguazu Falls, or as it is also called the "Devil's Throat", which is located in Brazil, could be ranked to the same type:

But again these even steps of the slabs draw attention to themselves:

And there are a number of waterfalls that do not fit into the generally accepted concept at all and this fact is rarely spoken about:

This is the highest Angel Falls.

The length of the high waterfall in the world is approximately one kilometer. The stream of water falls continuously from a height of approximately 979 meters, 51 meters more than Niagara Falls. This is Angel Falls, which is located in Venezuela. It was named after the American pilot James Angel, who discovered it in 1937 while flying over these places.

It is interesting to us because it falls from the very “rock”.

Do you see any signs of soil here? Some "rocks". But the associations instilled in us "precipitation" and "groundwater", which somewhat disorientated us in the correct perception. To say the least.

Kukenan Falls:

And we see again amazing case, because of what it would be necessary to cry out “fantastic!”, if we take the generally accepted concept as a basis. Waterfalls and from the very cliff, precisely from its tips! Such a small space as to write off precipitation. No soil, only "rocks". Where is? Also in Venezuela. And there are a lot of interesting things:

And it is not surprising that this place was opened with us and they write about it “Tepui - the only place on Earth, where no man's foot has stepped. "

CHAPTER THREE. A WATERFALL, A SYMBOL OF A DYING LIFE OR A RESTORING LIFE?

There is an image that we, like hens in a barn, live under slate - until this slate breaks through the hail, we will think that this is heaven. We really haven't gotten far from chickens in thinking. In terms of parameters - in comparison with the past, we are not even ants.

What will happen to grapes if they are cut? That's right, it will start to flow:

Many of you are absolutely right, who already guesses that I associate waterfalls and many rivers with “flint life”. And those who want to nudge "a new and exotic hypothesis, which was introduced as a fashion, and therefore implausible" ... would not want to upset you, but they talked about "flint life" even during the Soviet era. Naturally in the highest circles. It means that we, commoners, were given only school textbooks, but the elite had small editions of books marked “strictly for official use”. And from time to time, one of us will get to know the son of an oligarch and this book will be given to read on friendship.

This book is rich in illustrations and is full of details about “flint life”. In addition to “flint life,” there is also a talk about a planetary power. O underground cities... About technologies of the past that are superior to ours. About Giants, and of different sizes. Here you are, the elite has undistorted knowledge of the world in easy access. And what do they give us? Those, in whom they themselves do not believe, for that forced the society to believe in them.

You can convince yourself of this yourself, armed with a search engine and setting the necessary search parameters for "stem mountains" and "waterfalls", after which go to the "photos" item and you will be convinced that the generally accepted worldview that was imposed on us and as it really is , these are completely different things.

You will see these large streams that fall from the very top of the “rocks”.

According to the generally accepted concept, this is not possible. On flint - everything is logical.

But this only begs a reasonable question, after all, dead and withered trees do not flow ... when does the flint life turn out to be destroyed, since these “rocks” are still alive? Is this flint life dying or reborn?

CHAPTER FOUR. STONE IS A TREE.

If we are mischievous, then “wooden Russia”, based on this concept, is not so invented. Russia owned the craft not only of the carbon life tree, but also of the flint one. And how do you like this view of the "rock":

Isn't it really a stump that looks like a stump that is overgrown with mold?

The Scientific World ascribes these stone-wooden rocks of flint life to lava, although they themselves do not believe in it by themselves. The Scientific World was created in order to create generally accepted explanations for us ... the reasons why we are ripped off by taxes and under the guise of research they carry out restoration of decorations, as well as prey for the government of ancient technologies.

Have you ever bothered that only certain scientists are allowed to do research, and that the rest of the services where ordinary hard workers work are brought to a lax state and left to the mercy? What if you live and are not interested in anything, regularly go to the robot and the elections according to the regulations, then no one cares about you, but you just have to go beyond and start thinking differently than everyone else, then in front of your nose you begin to absolutely see the prohibitions on everything?

Communicating with the brothers of Europe and America, with the sane part of it, they say that their dictatorship is exactly the same as ours. I’m already silent that the hatred between the planetary power and patriotism towards “sovereigns with states” on the entire “planet” are instilled using the same copying method. Here's what a simple cabbage seller from America did to me? Or what did a simple taxi driver from Europe do to me? But the TV tells you and me what kind of enemies they are and how we should hate them. Exactly the same hatred for us is instilled in them, so that the planetary power does not awaken.

Who there wanted to dig deeper under the “rocks” and see what was there?

Who was looking for the roots?

CHAPTER FIVE. WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT TREE?

How we extract coal:

The ants do exactly the same, covering the hemp with soil and grinding the wood into dust:

V gigantic, but this is the same rubbish:

Not a sickly fallen tree:

Is the tree cut down for firewood? Please, someone didn’t cut the deck:

Another one:

What else do they do with the wood, polish it? Here are the drawings that appear on the polished board:

And here's the polished "rocks":

Is it not one to one?

And here is a more or less exclusive photo for you:

It is curious how this tree is described by official sources, a screen from Google from a "foreign" site:

Not only was the tree called a “sandy rock formation”, which makes it turn red, but they also ask for money for this whistle.

And of course, you rightly noticed that if there were giants, and rocks, this is a tree, then there should be at least somewhere, but some objects should remain from the flint tree. Here is the "chest" someone lost:

But the tree has already rotted over time, but it is clear that it was some kind of object:

A former barn? We see that the boards in it have completely rotted:

Entrance to the former "barn":

Geese in it were found brontosaurous with long-necked vysmotrasty.

How do you like this mechanism:

I personally did not see an elephant here, I saw a household item. But, everyone compares to the extent of his licentiousness and the scientific world gave this subject the nickname “rock-elephant”. If you think so, then the stool also looks like a horse, but it is not.

Here you can see that the passage is artificial:

But if you zoom in on the photo and see what is inside it, you will see that the passage was cut in the killed tree itself. What, in relation to us, the huge giants were little gophers, in relation to the tree?

CONCLUSION

I will finish, otherwise some figures are already swearing that I publish too long articles in which there are a lot of photographs. I hope it was for you interesting journey into other eyes from which the World is not so limited as we are led to believe.

"MY WORLD" on Mail.Ru - http://my.mail.ru/mail/geo-gen/

1 out of 13

Presentation on the topic: Why do waterfalls appear?

Slide No. 1 https://ppt4web.ru/images/1413/43347/310/img1.jpg "alt =" (! LANG: Purpose of work: To investigate: the origin of waterfalls, signs of waterfalls, application" title="Purpose of work: To investigate: the origin of waterfalls, signs of waterfalls, application">!}

Slide Description:

Slide No. 3

Slide Description:

The origin of waterfalls A waterfall is a ledge in the river bed from which water rushes down. Depending on the shape of the ledge, transitional forms are distinguished from a waterfall to a rapid. A typical waterfall has a steep or sheer ledge. Less steeply falling waterfalls are called slopes. A series of low waterfalls (cascades of plicataracts) are formed on the stepped ledge. With even greater destruction of the ledge, the waterfall turns into rapids, rapids or rapids. The ledge of the waterfall is continuously collapsing both from the top and the bottom. Water, hitting the bottom of the track at the foot of the ledge, gradually develops a rump, where eddies are formed. Fragments of rocks, carried away by the current of the river from above, falling into whirlpools, come here in a rotational motion. The water, acting like a girder, grinds deep (1m and more) "gigantic boilers", as well as various water wells and niches that destroy the base of the ledge. The layers overhanging from above under the pressure of water and their own gravity for a while collapse to the foot of the waterfall. As a result, the river slowly recedes up the valley. The rate of retreat of the waterfall - and the duration of its existence are very different; they are mainly determined by the stability of the rocks that form the river channel, and the conditions of their occurrence. If the strata is composed of rocks that are resistant to erosion and lie horizontally on less durable rocks (eg Niagara), the waterfall will have the longest life span. Such a structure, even with a rather rapid retreat of the waterfall, favors the preservation of the steepness of the ledge, and often the initial height of the fall. In contrast, layers that do not lie horizontally, although composed of tight rocks, are subject to more vigorous erosion and allow for more rapid fracture of the scarp.

Slide No. 4

Slide Description:

Origin of waterfalls The ledges of waterfalls have different origins. First of all, they are characteristic of newly emerged rivers. In this case, the scarps are an expression of the original relief that existed before the rivers appeared. Very often waterfalls are created by tectonic reasons - the newest faults. There are waterfalls formed by damming river valleys with lavas and avalanches. Often, ledges also arise from the erosion force of the river itself, unequal in intensity. The river, crossing a terrain composed of successively hard or loose rocks, cuts into rocks that are susceptible to erosion much faster than into persistent layers. The persistent layers that are exposed at the same time form ledges that can cause a waterfall and rapids even in plains. Most often, waterfalls are found in mountainous countries, especially in areas that have undergone glaciation. This type includes the grandiose waterfalls of Norway, falling from the sheer cliffs of the Fjords. There are many waterfalls in countries that have experienced continental icing (Karelo-Finnish SSR, Scandinavia, Finland and Canada), composed of persistent crystalline rocks, in which rivers slowly develop channel swaps.

Slide No. 5

Slide Description:

Signs of waterfalls According to their external features - the width and height of the fall - waterfalls are divided into two types. For the first type of waterfall, the width is much greater than the height of the fall; this type is characteristic of large rivers that discharge a huge mass of water from the entire width of the cornice. So, the width of the Canadian part of Niagara Falls reaches 914 m with the height of the ledges. 50m. The second type of waterfall is characterized by a huge fall height and a narrow stream, often breaking into several cascades. This is one of the 792.5m high waterfalls on the Merced River in California's Iosemite Valley (three separate cascades). Combinations of both can be found.

Slide No. 6

Slide Description:

Use of waterfalls Waterfalls on rivers impede navigation. The waterfall is the source of an inexhaustible supply of white coal. In capitalist countries, the energy of waterfalls, with some exceptions, is used to an extremely insignificant extent, which is especially true for colonial and dependent countries. There are many waterfalls on the territory of the Russian Federation, the energy of which is widely used. The energy of the Narva waterfall on the Narva River has been used for a long time, which, falling down from a ledge 7m high and 150m wide. develops a capacity of 75000 kW. The Sablinsky waterfall is known on the same ledge. Waterfalls are widely known in the Karelo-Finnish Republic: Kivach (Im, which almost ceased to exist in connection with the diversion of the waters of the Sunna River).

Slide No. 7

Slide Description:

The largest and most popular waterfalls In Crimea, the most popular is the Uchan-Su waterfall in the vicinity of the city of Yalta. Among the waterfalls of the Caucasus, the Honey Falls near the city of Kislovodsk and the Agurskie waterfalls near the city of Sochi are known. Tseyskiy waterfall (15m) on the Tseya river, a powerful waterfall on the Kuban river, 3 km above the mouth of the Teberda river, as well as waterfalls in the Teberda and Klukhoropereval region (for example, Murudzhu) and many others. etc. A large number of waterfalls up to 60ms high are concentrated in the eastern Sayan Mountains. Particularly remarkable is one of the most beautiful waterfalls in RFUkovsky on the Uk River, 18 km from the city of Nizhneudinsk. Of the countless waterfalls of Altai, they have long been famous for their beauty: Gudon on the Chulyshman River, Dzhenayek on the Ploskaya River, placer in the Upper Katun basin, beautiful waterfalls in the area of ​​Lake Teletskoye and many others. other Large waterfalls are also found on the Kuril Islands. The most magnificent of them is the Ilya Muromets waterfall (141m) on the Iturup island. A large number of waterfalls in the cities of Central Asia.

A waterfall is formed only where the rock in the river bed is solid enough. If the rock is easily affected by water, the waterfall disappears. Of course, it is impossible to withstand the onslaught of flowing water, so all waterfalls someday collapse or move upstream.

It happens that a river suddenly blocks off a sudden mountain landslide or lava flow during a volcanic eruption. The water level rises, reaches the top of the dam, and the river falls from great height to the place where it flowed before. The very top of the stone ledge, from where the water begins to fall, is called the ridge of the waterfall.

The gigantic cauldrons that form in the river along the entire path of the receding waterfall are connected to each other and form gorges. The depth of some boilers may be equal to the height of the waterfall itself.

The waterfall moves for hundreds of years before the blocks of stone, washed away by the flowing water, do not begin to fall out, and they are carried away by the seething stream. The place from which the water falls is gradually shifting, becoming lower or completely destroyed. That's when the waterfall disappears.

Most often, water rushes from ledge to ledge, forming a chain of large and small waterfalls, which are called cascades. Sometimes the water destroys the ridge so much that it flushes the bed in a steep cliff, and therefore does not fall vertically, but rolls down a rocky gutter. These are the rapids. Very often, waterfalls are a complex system of rapids and cascades.

Sun moon, major planets, their rather large satellites and the overwhelming number of distant stars are spherical. In all cases, the reason for this is gravity. The forces of gravity act on all bodies in the universe. Any mass attracts another mass to itself the stronger, the smaller the distance between them, and in no way can you change (strengthen or weaken) this attraction ....

The world of stone is diverse and amazing. In the deserts, on mountain ranges, in caves, under water and on plains, stones processed by the forces of nature resemble Gothic temples and outlandish animals, harsh warriors and fantastic landscapes. Nature everywhere and in everything manifests its violent imagination. The stone chronicle of the planet was written over billions of years. It was created by streams of hot lava, dunes ...

All over our planet, among fields and meadows, forests and mountain ranges, blue spots of various sizes and shapes are scattered. These are lakes. Lakes appeared for various reasons. The wind blew out a depression, the water washed out the hollow, a glacier plowed out a hollow or a mountain avalanche dammed the river valley - that is why a reservoir was formed in such a depression in the relief. There are about ...

Folk Russian wisdom says: "Place a house where the sheep lay." And in China there is a custom not to start building a house until you are convinced that the building site is free of "deep demons". That is why most of the ancient cities and villages, both in Russia and in many other countries, are located very well. Although there is, of course, ...

The need to measure time arose among people already in ancient times. The first calendars appeared many thousands of years ago at the dawn of human civilization. People have learned to measure time intervals, to compare them with phenomena that recurred periodically (change of day and night, change of phases of the moon, change of seasons). Without using time units, people could not live, communicate with each other, ...

In this constellation, two bright stars are very close to each other. They got their name in honor of the Argonauts Dioscuri - Castor and Pollux - twins, sons of Zeus, the most powerful of the Olympic gods, and Leda, the frivolous earthly beauty, brothers Helen the Beautiful - the culprit of the Trojan War. Castor was famous as a skilled charioteer, and Pollux as an unsurpassed fist ...

The great Italian Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), who did a lot for the development of mathematics, mechanics, physics, achieved amazing success in the study of celestial bodies. He became famous not only for a number of astronomical discoveries, but also for the enormous courage with which he defended the teachings of Copernicus, which was forbidden by the all-powerful church. In 1609, Galileo learned that a visionary device had appeared in Holland (as it is translated from Greek ...

Solar and lunar eclipses have been familiar to man since ancient times. When a person did not yet know why these phenomena were happening, the extinction of the Sun in broad daylight caused him a panic. It is truly a mysterious and majestic sight. The bright sun shines on the blue sky and gradually the sunlight begins to weaken. Damage appears at the right edge of the sun. It is slowly increasing ...

And what if our star - the Sun - suddenly explodes into a supernova? Disappear by itself and erase us from the Universe forever? Scientists say that although this event is possible, its probability is very small. The star receives its energy, gradually converting hydrogen into helium, then into heavier elements (carbon, oxygen, neon and others) with the help of a chain ...

The largest planet is named after the supreme god Olympus. By volume Jupiter more earth 1310 times, and in terms of mass - 318 times. In terms of distance from the Sun, Jupiter is in fifth place, and in terms of brightness, it occupies fourth place in the sky after the Sun, Moon and Venus. A telescope shows a planet compressed at the poles with a noticeable row ...