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"Presentation for the lesson of geography" Continents and Islands "(grade 5)"
The internal structure of the Earth
Earth Crust Mantle Core
external internal
Earth's crust
thin layer.
Thickness under the mountains
more than 80 km,
under the oceans
Mined
coal, oil, precious stones.
Mantle
Translate from greek
cloak, bedspread
To be deep
What is the state of aggregation
semi-liquid-semi-viscous incandescent mass.
Core
Divided into 2 parts
internal and external
External has an aggregate state
Internal has a state of aggregation
Core temperature
Give definitions:
Lithosphere (from the Greek. lithos - stone) -
the upper solid shell of the Earth, formed by the earth's crust and the upper layer of the mantle.
Earthquake -
As a result of ruptures and displacements in the earth's crust, there are sharp vibrations of the earth's surface - earthquakes.
Tsunami –
giant waves from underwater earthquakes .
Lesson topic:
"Continents and Islands".
Relief
The totality of all the irregularities of the earth's surface forms it relief .
The largest landforms of the Earth - protrusions of continents and
ocean trench .
The structure of their crust is different. Scientists believe that first formed oceanic crust .
Then, as a result of internal processes on the Earth, mountainous areas, sedimentary and granite layers began to form, and continental ledges were formed.
Thus, continental crust differs from oceanic in greater thickness, as well as in the number and composition of layers.
The ocean floor is not inferior to the land in terms of the variety of relief.
Deep under water, as on land, there are plains, depressions, and mountain ranges.
In the Northern Hemisphere, there is 2 times more land than in the Southern Hemisphere.
The area of all continents is 29% of the Earth's surface.
The Republic of Kazakhstan - one of the countries farthest from the oceans. It is located in the center of the largest continent on Earth - Eurasia .
Eurasia is the only continent washed by the waters of all oceans. Eurasia - the largest in terms of area.
Africa - the hottest continent.
North America has the northernmost point of land.
South America - the wettest and greenest.
Australia - the smallest and driest.
Antarctica - ice continent.
In addition to continents, there are smaller areas of land in the World Ocean - islands .
Compared to the continents, the area of the islands is much smaller.
They, like the continents, are surrounded on all sides by water.
The islands are different in origin.
Alone islands (mainland) represent the marginal part of the continent, separated from the main part by some strait.
Others have volcanic past .
Still others owe their appearance living organisms ( coral islands ).
Islands : -New Guinea; -Honshu; - United Kingdom;
Sumatra; -Kalimantan.
Islands :
Greenland
Baffin's Land
Islands :
Madagascar
Most big Island on Earth - Greenland.
Its area is 2.2 million km ².
Archipelago - islands located in groups and having the same origin.
For example, Hawaiian Islands, Canary Islands.
In the central and western parts The Pacific there are numerous clusters of islands, more than 7 thousand.
it Oceania . Sometimes it is isolated in a separate part of the world.
More than 15 independent states are located on these islands.
Practical work
Add the names of the continents and major islands to the contour map:
Greenland
New Guinea
Kalimantan
Madagascar
Baffin's Land
United Kingdom
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Slide captions:
Artificial islands Performed by a student of 7 "A" class Abrosimova Sophia
An artificial island is a stationary hydraulic structure in an open water area (in the seas, lakes, rivers), built of bottom and coastal soils, natural and artificial ice, fragments of rocks, stones, etc. Artificial islands are created by man, not nature. Artificial islands do not have the status of islands and do not have a territorial sea, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf. Also, artificial islands can be formed from parts of the land after the construction of canals. In the 20th century, the construction of artificial bulk and structural (metal) islands for utilitarian purposes - airports, sedimentation tanks, drilling platforms, various bases, etc. - has become a great practice.
The oldest artificial islands The ancient Aztecs founded their Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City) on an island in the middle of the water, and subsequently created new strips of fertile land on the water. Prehistoric engineers developed them and used them for agriculture.
The floating islands of Uros The floating reed islands are home to speculators, schools and even radio stations. They move on water on Lake Titicaca, located on the border between Bolivia and Peru. Their inhabitants, the Uros Indians, have kept the old technique of weaving artificial islands for centuries. The main material for structures is reed. Islands, their houses, curved boats and even sails are assembled from it. The islands are believed to be a relic of a prehistoric military strategy when the Uros population had to retreat with the occupation.
Crannock - Islands of Scotland and Ireland Hundreds of wooden platforms line the surfaces of lakes in Scotland and Ireland. Some have been restored, while many others have sunk over the centuries. The platforms are the remnants of crannogs, artificial islands built by wealthy families during the Iron Age. By some speculation, the islands are status symbols. In addition, there is a possibility that their help was resorted to in the attacks. Some crannogs stand on a natural island or sandbank, others are built exclusively on open water. To rebuild them, first a circle of stakes was drawn at the bottom of the lake around the island or in shallow water. Then something like a fence was built from wooden lashes, and the void was filled with logs, branches, earth and clay. Round wooden structures rose in the center of the island. The islanders used boats to sail ashore or built dams just below the surface of the water to hide them from robbers.
Palm Islands in Dubai Dubai's coastline has grown as wealth has grown United Arab Emirates... Today there are two islands, made in the form of traditional date palms... Each island is crowned with a crescent moon located at the top. It is planned to build a third one. Sandy areas are also located in the form of an oval, called The World, since all together they form geographic map the world. There is also an island built specifically for the world's only seven-star Burj Al Arab hotel. Jumeirah is the smallest of the palm islands. To build it (and he was the "firstborn"), a dredger pumped out sand from the seabed. The builders covered it first with erosional fabric and then with a layer of rocks. Then they carefully pumped the sand back, leaving the islands in the form of 16 palm leaves. The crescent, having wide holes in two places, allows water to pass through, allows it to circulate and not stagnate
Flevoland, Holland There is a saying about the Netherlands: "God created the world, and the Dutch created Holland." Holland is home to the world's largest artificial island... In 1920, dams began to be built in the northeast near the Zuiderzee Bay. Over the next decades, the land in this area was drained. This is how modern Flevoland was created - a province of polders, reclaimed lands. Flevopolder - an area of land of two polders (reclaimed land). One was created in the 1950s, the other in the 1960s. The dams divide Flevopolder into two parts. Between the old coastline and the artificially created land remained a strip of water - an outlet to the sea. Flevopolder is not land elevated above sea level. Surrounded by water and reclaimed from the sea, it is still considered an artificial island
Other artificial islands Notre Dame Island was built in 10 months from 15 million tons of rock mass extracted for the construction of the Montreal Metro in 1965. The island was built to host World Expo 67 to celebrate Canada's 100th anniversary. The island is located in the middle of the St. Lawrence River. In 1969, in the North Sea in the Netherlands, the Flevopolder, the largest drained island area, was completed. During the construction of a giant bridge connecting Denmark and Sweden, the artificial island of Peberholm ("Pepper Island") was reclaimed, which is located in the Danish part of the Oresun Strait. The island of Durrat Al Bahrain in Bahrain is similar to similar islands in the UAE. This project is worth 1.2 billion US dollars and is an archipelago of 13 artificial islands located on a plot of 20 million m². It consists of 6 atolls (islands with coral lagoons), five fish-shaped islands, a crescent island with five-star hotels, an 18-hole golf course, 12 bridges and a marina. In Russia, there is a project for the creation of the Federation archipelago. It is planned to reclaim it in the Black Sea in the Khostinsky district of Sochi opposite Maly Akhun, the area of the island is 250 hectares, the building area is 700 thousand square meters. m.
The Peace Project The Peace Project in Dubai is an artificial archipelago located four kilometers offshore. It consists of several hundred artificial islands. The general shape of the archipelago follows the outlines of the continents of the Earth. "T he World" is one of four projects by the Dubai government to create artificial archipelagos. The islands, ranging in size from 23,000 m² to 83,000 m², are separated by straits that range in width from 50 to 100 meters. The breakwater, stretching for 6 kilometers, covers the archipelago from the open ocean. You can only get to the archipelago by water or air. All islands will be sold to private owners at prices ranging from 15 to 250 million USD per island. The project was completed on January 10, 2008.
There are many amazing places, most of them are created by nature, but there are some that were not least influenced by humans. People have always been drawn to new discoveries and knowledge, trying to prove their power and authority over nature. Artificially created islands can serve as confirmation of this.
Thank you for the attention!
Good day, dear readers of the site "I and the World"! Today we want to tell you about the islands and will definitely highlight the world's largest island. Even the largest of them differ from the continents in their size - they are smaller than continents and are surrounded by water on all sides. But even during high tides, they are not sinkable, because are above sea level.
We present to you the top 10 largest islands, and which is the largest and what is the name, you will find out by reading the article to the end.
On the 10th place - Ellesmere - 196,236 sq. km
Snows, eternal glaciers, the remains of prehistoric animals - this is how you can describe the island of Ellesmere. The map shows that it is north island Canada has a population of only 150 people.
It was discovered by the English sailor and traveler William Buffin in the 17th century. It is hard to live here because of the very harsh climate.
The closest Canadian city can hardly be reached - 3578 km. Even North Pole much closer - 817 km, but local residents, for sure, there is no need to go there.
Next on the list is Victoria Island - 217,290 sq. km
English sailors were very brave, once they discovered many territories. Victoria was also discovered by the Englishman Thomas Simpson in the early 19th century and named after his queen.
At first, only meteorologists lived here, and only by the end of the 20th century, Eskimos began to move here, engaging in fishing activities.
The area of the island can fit, for example, the small country of Belarus.
8th place - Honshu - 227,970 sq. km
According to legend, in the old days the Gods decided to divide the ocean and cut the water with a huge sword. And when they raised the sword, 4 drops slowly fell down and formed islands. The largest turned into an island, which was named Honshu. It is a pity that the drops fell on seismically unstable places, because earthquakes are frequent on the island.
Famous volcano Fujiyama rises here. Currently, about 103 million people live on the island and nowhere they are not cramped.
It is here that big cities: Tokyo, Osaka, Kyoto, Hiroshima - and it's all Japan.
The 7th place is occupied by Great Britain - 229 848 sq. km
Great Britain is also an island, and in Europe it is the largest.
The beginning of the history of the island is considered to be 43 BC. NS. Since ancient times, the people of Noto lived here, later modern people began to inhabit the territory. A chain of chalky white rocks stretches along the island. It is said that because of the white color, Great Britain was called by the Roman word Albion (white).
The territory is densely populated and is home to more than 61 million people.
Sumatra is in 6th place - 471,066 sq. km
Located in one of the parts of Indonesia. The territory is crossed almost in the middle by the equator, so Sumatra is located in two hemispheres at once.
Tsunamis and earthquakes are quite common here, but you can see 50 million people living here, this is not too worrisome.
73,000 years ago, the Toba volcano exploded here, leading to an 1,800 year ice age.
There are many minerals in the lands of Sumatra: gold, nickel, tin, iron, coal, oil, but all these riches belong to Indonesia. Go on a journey to the shores of Sumatra, fly better by plane: pirates are angry on the waters.
5th place - Baffin's Land - 507,451 sq. km
And again we are in Canada! And again, the English discoverer - William Buffin. In the 17th century, he was looking for a way to the shores fabulous India... Well, not having reached the destination, I accidentally discovered the island and the nearby sea.
Everything was named after the sailor. What is good on the land of polar cold weather?
Of course, the rich world of animals: deer, polar bears, polar owls, white wolves, polar foxes. Well, as many as 11 thousand people! Many people do not like polar cold and frost even in July.
Madagascar is in 4th place - 587,713 sq. km
This is both a state and an island, the shores of which are washed by the waters. Indian Ocean and is home to over 24 million people.
Madagascar has recently become known around the world for the cartoon of the same name. Look, very funny!
Scientists believe that the island broke away from Africa on one side and from India on the other, so flora and fauna are very rare here. And there are a lot of different spices, for example, cilanindimilahi pepper.
The 3rd place belongs to the island of Kalimantan - 748,168 sq. km
It was divided by three states at once: Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei. How many countries, so many preferences. Some call it Borneo, others - Kalimantan - translated as "diamond river", because there is a huge amount of diamonds here. Of course it is not private island one of the states. They just have an influence on him.
The first people settled here about 40,000 years ago and now the population has increased to 20 million people.
The territory is also called river, because here the longest river flows from the island rivers - the Kapuas River (1143 km).
Residents of one of the cities walk here every day along the equator, as if along a boulevard, because the city is located just on the equator line. Beautiful sand beach attracts many tourists.
2nd place is occupied by New Guinea - 786,000 sq. km
There are few continents in the world, and although Australia is its smallest continent, it claims many nearby territories. So New Guinea belonged to this country until the middle of the 20th century, but then it nevertheless granted independence. Until now, there is an uninhabited corner that attracts researchers with rare specimens of plants and animals.
In some places in New Guinea, primitive life has been preserved. These lands were no longer discovered by an Englishman, but by a navigator from Portugal in the 16th century. According to legend, he looked at the curly hair of the natives and called new land Papua - "curly". The modern population is home to 9.5 million people.
And finally, 1st place - Greenland - 2 130 800 sq. km
Green Island- Greenland, which belongs to Denmark, is the largest of the world's islands.
Why green is not clear, because there is a lot of ice around. History is silent about this. Greenland is home to about 57,000 people, but most of covered with glaciers and therefore not inhabited.
Local Eskimos have been fishing since ancient times. But the first Europeans settled here in 875.
Greenland passed from Denmark to Norway several times. You ask: which country does it belong to now? Little Denmark. And if its 43,000 sq. km to join Greenland, then Denmark will be the 13th largest in the world. Now the local population is not only engaged in fishing, but also breeds deer and sheep, and also produces oil.
Tourism is well developed here - about 20,000 tourists come here every year. It is high time to recognize Greenland as a mainland, because it is only three times smaller than Australia.
I would also like to tell you about the Greek island of Crete
Here legends and myths live side by side with modern reality. Every year up to 4 million tourists visit these Beautiful places.
And many people want to become the owners of local real estate, and the quality of these houses is excellent. They say: “Greece has everything,” so Crete also has everything - a wonderful climate, a huge number of attractions, calm beaches and, of course, shopping.
We talked about the largest in area and amazing islands planets. List wonderful places can be increased, but we will stop at ten. it picturesque corners nature. But there is a concept - an artificial island created by man. That's about it in the following articles. Follow our publications and advise your friends to read it. In the meantime, we say goodbye, until we meet again!
The purpose of the lesson: to acquaint with the characteristics of the mainland of Australia.
Tasks :
educational - to study the FGP of the mainland, the main forms of relief, to acquaint with travelers;
developing - to improve the concept of "physical - geographical position mainland ”;
educational - to foster interest in the subject, broaden horizons.
Lesson type: learning new material.
Lesson form: lesson-journey.
Equipment: physical map Australia, textbook, atlas, contour maps, additional material on the topic, computer.
During the classes
Stage 1: Organizational.
Communication of topic, goals and lesson plan.
Lesson plan (on chalkboard):
1. Treasures of the fifth continent.
2. History of discovery.
3.FGP (practical work).
4. Relief.
Teacher introduction:
Dear Guys! We will make a trip to Australia with you today. “Terra incognito”, as Australia was called in the old days, and now remains for us a land full of mysteries, surprises and treasures. Like no other place on the planet, Australia is striking in its diversity. This is a country of beautiful roads and endless ocean beaches, a land of untracked mustangs and coral reefs. In terms of the number of species of unique plants and animals, Australia has no rivals. In fact, the whole country is a reserve of world importance, and 80% of animals are endemic, as they are found only here.
Demonstration of slides.
- Exercise: Write down the number, topic, and lesson plan in your notebooks.
Stage 2: Learning a new topic
.1. Treasures of the fifth continent.
Teacher: If tourists go to European countries to admire ancient palaces and museums, then to Australia everyone is attracted by the desire to see a herd of kangaroos with their own eyes or to hold a real koala bear in their hands, so melancholic that it looks more like a stuffed toy. In spring, a sea of calla lilies blooms everywhere, just like our mother-and-stepmother, and multi-colored geraniums bloom magnificently all along the coast. Dreams come true on the Gold Coast: in the Park of Exotic Animals, a dingo dog, a platypus and an emu, which runs faster than a horse, live side by side, and white cockatoos are found here as often as pigeons here. Having arrived in Australia, tourists always face a difficult choice of what to choose: scuba diving in the waters of the Great Barrier Reef, swimming in waterfalls in the wild jungle, or a trip to the Blue Mountains overgrown with eucalyptus forests. These mountains are named blue because under the direct rays of the sun, essential oil begins to evaporate from the leaves of millions of eucalyptus trees, creating the effect of a blue glow. Also, eucalyptus trees in Australia are called “pump trees”, as they “pump” a lot of water from the ground. And of course a beautiful city Sydney, which is lined up along the bay with a line of multi-colored skyscrapers. The most famous building in Sydney is the Opera. It resembles stretched sails frozen in stone. The Bay Bridge and the original Opera building are considered as symbols of Australia as the kangaroo and koala.
Demonstration of slides.
2. History of discovery.
Teacher: Australia was discovered by Europeans later than other continents. Even ancient scientists assumed that there was a land to the south of the Southern Tropic.
Assignment: After carefully listening to the students' messages, write down the names of the travelers in the notebooks.
Student messages about travelers.
3. FGP. Practical work.
Teacher: Using the physical map of Australia and the plan in the Appendix, define the FGP of the mainland.
Assignment: Complete assignment number 1 in the contour map.
4. Relief.
Teacher: Australia's relief is comparatively simple. In the process of development, the continent experienced uplifts, subsidence and faults. In profile, Australia looks like a “saucer”: the western and eastern parts are uplifted. In the east are the mountains of the Great Dividing Range and the most high point town of Kostsyushko. In the west, the mountains turn into the Central Lowland. Australia is rich in all major minerals.
Task: Complete task number 2 in the contour map.
Stage 3: Securing the material.
Teacher: Guys, we met Australia - the smallest, most southern, most remote, driest, most sparsely populated continent the globe... We learned about the treasures of the fifth continent.
Assignment: Take the final test of options (Annex 1).
Stage 4: Generalization of the material studied, homework assignment:
Teacher: Guys, today we met another mainland - Australia. The antiquity of most of the mainland is one of the leading factors that determines the uniqueness of its nature, but this is the topic of another lesson.
Grading.
Homework: §35, complete task # 3 and # 4 in the outline map.
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