Papua New Guinea. New Guinea (Island): Origin, Description, Territory, Population

23.09.2019

The name of the country comes from Indonesian "Papuv", which means "curly".

Capital Papua New Guinea. Port Morsby.

Papua New Guinea. 462840 km2.

Popua New Guinea. 5049 thousand people.

Location Papua New Guinea. Papua- New Guinea - The state in, in the south-western part, is mainly new Guinea (Eastern part), Bismarck, (northern part) and takes about 200 more islands.

Administrative division of Papua New Guinea. The state is divided into 19 provinces and 1 metropolitan district.

Form of the Board of Papua New Guinea. .

Head of State Papua New Guinea. Queen, represented by the Governor-General.

Supreme Legislative Papua New Guinea. One-Paraded National Parliament.

The highest executive body of Papua New Guinea. Government.

Large cities of Papua New Guinea. La, Madang.

State language Papua New Guinea. English, Pondean-Inglish, Hiri-Mota.

Religion Papua New Guinea. 34% - Hunting traditional beliefs, 22% -, 16%-reader, 8% - Presbyterians, Methodists and members of the London Missionary Society, 5%-Kane, 4% - An Evangelical Alliance, 1% -adventists of the seventh day, 1 % - the rest of the Protestant communities.

Ethnic composition of Papua New Guinea. 84% - Papuans, 16% - Melanesians, Chinese, Anglo-,.

Currency Papua New Guinea. Kina \u003d 100 Toya.

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Papua - New Guinea - the state in Oceania, the main territory of which is located in the east of the island of New Guinea and neighboring, smaller, islands (New Britain, New Ireland, etc.). Washed by the quiet ocean and its seas: Arafur and Coral.

The country's name is formed from two parts: "Papua", which translated from Malaysky means "Land of people with curly hair" (so called the locals Malays, whose hair, mostly straight) and "New Guinea" - because of the dark Aboriginal skin colors, which seemed like Europeans similar to the color of the skin of the natives from African Guinea.

It takes the eastern half of O.Nova Guinea (this part of the country is considered to be "continent"), Bismarck Archipelago (with the major islands New Britain and New Ireland), Islands of Bougainville and Buka in the Solomon Oils Chains, Louisiad Archipelago, D "Antrksto, Torn and A number of smaller islands. The territory currently included in the state, in the past were divided into two administrative units: Papua (southeastern region of New Guinea with the surrounding islands) belonging to Australia and North eastern part New Guinea with the nearby islands, which had the status of the UNIT in the UN and was managed by Australia.

In 1949, both parts were integrated by the Australian authorities in the so-called. Administrative Union. This union in 1971 was named Papua - New Guinea, and in 1973 acquired internal self-government. September 16, 1973 was proclaimed the independence of the country. Papua - New Guinea - a member of the UN and the British Commonwealth. Area 462 840 sq. M. km. The population is 4599.8 thousand people (1998). The capital is Port Morsby on the southeastern coast of New Guinea.

Probably, the first settlers arrived in the region of the current Papua - New Guinea by sea from South-East Asia OK. 30 thousand years ago, when New Guinea, Australia and Tasmania were bound by land bridges and were a single sushi massif. These people, carriers of Papuan languages, were engaged in hunting and gathering, and much later, perhaps, began to emphasize and grow some plants. The second significant wave of the population migration occurred about 6 thousand years ago. The aliens who spoke in Austronesian languages \u200b\u200bintroduced more advanced economic and cultural traditions. On New Guinea, they started clearing wet tropical forests and the drainage of the marshes in the intermountain basins to cultivate the batt, tarot and other agricultural crops brought from Southeast Asia. There were narrowly specialized communities of Goncharov, Solevarov, Kanoe builders, Kamnetsians. The inhabitants of the coastal areas were skilled navigators and regularly traveled to large canoes to the long-range islands, offering their products and decorations there. The Portuguese and Spanish merchants sent to Ost-India, the shores of New Guinea became known from the 16th century. For them, Dutch, French and English expeditions followed. The number of foreign ships in these waters increased due to the founding of the British colony in Australia at the end of the 18th century. and the development of whaling fishery in the Pacific Ocean in 19 V. In 1847, Catholic missionaries settled on O.Murua (Woodlark), located in Solomon Sea, and merchants and travelers established contacts with many coastal tribes.

However, for a long time, the Europeans could not penetrate the inland areas of New Guinea with its crossed terrain, dense forests and extensive malaria swamps. In addition, local residents had a bad reputation for cannibals. In 1872, the London Missionary Society founded a mission on the islands in Torres Strait, and then southern coast New Guinea. The Veslean Methodist mission was created on the Duke of York City O-Wah in 1875, and the Catholic Mission - in the East New Britain In 1882. Other Europeans who penetrating this area were guided by more terrestrial motives: they began to trade with the aborigines, acquiring copp and trepaggov, engaged in the fishery of pearls and shells or rushed to find the legendary gold of the Southern Seas. Although to work on the Plants of Queensland, Fiji and Samoa mainly hired melanesians from Solomon O-Gossi and new hebrid, recruiters did not bypass their attention and residents of the coastal and inland areas of modern Papua - New Guinea. Increased interest in this territory showed Australia, and in 1883 Queensland annexed the eastern part of New Guinea, acting allegedly on behalf of Great Britain.

Rainwater and underground streams, connecting underground, created a labyrinth of tunnels, known as the Ora Cave in Papua New Guinea. (Stephen Alvarez, National Geographic)

However, due to the pressure of Australia and taking into account the intentions of Germany to create its Pacific Empire, the United Kingdom in 1884 seized the southeast part of New Guinea with neighbor Islands And created a colony called British New Guinea. Germany joined the northeastern part of New Guinea and the island to the east of her to their empire; This colony was named German New Guinea. The German administration tried to establish trade with his colony, but the implementation of projects for creating commercial industries prevented the malaria and difficulties associated with the pacification of local tribes and the employment of labor, especially on coastal lowlands. Nevertheless, the German companies unfolded the production of copras on plantations on the Bismarck Archipelago. Then the plantations appeared on O. Bugenville. The German colonial authorities strictly and even toughly treated melanesians, but at the same time they sought to convey their practical knowledge. German Catholic and Protestant missionaries were guided by the idea that their efforts contribute to the "Enlightenment" of Aboriginal.

Missionaries intensified their activities in British New Guinea, which was considered a low-job territory. In 1888, gold was found on the Louisiad archipelago, and hundreds of Australian prospectors rushed into the inland areas of New Guinea. In the 1920s, it was possible to detect rich gold-bearing placers in R. Bulolo. In 1906, British New Guinea was transferred to Australia and was renamed Papua territory. Her affairs from 1908 to 1940 was engaged in the governor Hubert Marri. At the beginning of the First World War in 1914, German New Guinea was occupied by Australian troops. At the end of the war, Australia received the mandate of the former German colony from the League of Nations, which began to be called the territory of New Guinea. German plantations and trading companies were also transferred to Australian property.

Planning household on this submanent territory, unlike Papua, successfully developed up to economic crisis 1930s. In the next 20 years, prospectors, missionaries and government officials rushed into the extensive intergonsive valleys of New Guinea. The population of coastal areas and islands, which occupied mainly by natural economy, gradually began to enter into circulation of commodity cultures. However, the development of commodity-money circulation more contributed to men, hired to work on plantations or gold mines for modest wages and nutrition. Religious missions gave me melainsians some education and provided them with medical care. Before World War II, all these changes gradually occurred on the plains, but little affected mountain areas.

In 1942, the Japanese troops captured the northern part of New Guinea, part of the Bismarck archipelago and O. Bugenville. Some areas they occupied for four years. The rest of the current Papua - New Guinea remained under Australian control. During the war on New Guinea, over a million Australian and American servicemen visited. Part of the indigenous population, especially in the Valley of R. Supik and on Bougainville, suffered greatly due to combat operations and bombardments.

Killed American soldiers in Papua New Guinea.

In some places, for example, O. Manus, large military bases were placed. The residents of the mountain districts of the war touched a little. After the war, the northeastern part of New Guinea moved under the Office of Australia as the UN Secret Territory, and in 1949 was merged with Papua. The new administrative unit was named Papua - New Guinea.

Australia tried to contribute to the socio-economic development of the country and increase the welfare of the Melanesian population. Measures were taken to strengthen centralized management with the participation of representatives of the local population. Special attention was paid to overcohole mountainous areas, contacts with which were set relatively recently. In 1953, the first road was built from the coast through the coussham pass. The administration sought to improve the system medical Services and education, a lot of work in this direction was carried out by religious missions. In 1964, general elections were conducted and a legislative assembly was formed, where most places were taken by the aborigines. There were new government agencies, and the old were transformed.

The laws that infringe upon the rights of Melanesians were canceled. In the same 1964, the University of Papua - New Guinea opened in Port Morsby. In the 1970s and 1980s, the main lever of the country's economic development was the mining industry. In 1972, the operation of copper and gold deposits on Bougainville, where a more modern industry with advanced technologies came to replace the plantation. Similar trends appeared in some other areas of Papua - New Guinea, where new roads, cities and ports were built. In 1967, the National Political Party of Pangga Pati was founded. After the elections of 1972, it formed a coalition government led by Michael T.Comare, resolutely aching a country of independence. This goal was achieved on September 16, 1975.

Laguna Madang It is the largest on the north coast of Papua - New Guinea (PNG).

The political situation in the young state has complicated in connection with the separatist movement on O. Bugenville. The roots of this movement are upgraded by 1884, when Germany joined the new Guinea part of Solomon O-GIRs to his colony, violating the ethnolinguistic connections of the population of this archipelago. Separatist sentiments for many years twitched in the air and manifested themselves on the eve of the independence of Papua - New Guinea. Creating the Government of the Province of Northern Solomon Islands In 1976, discharged the situation, but did not solve the problem itself. The situation was aggravated due to the construction of a gigantic complex for the extraction of copper ore on Bougainville. The reason for the armed conflict that broke out in 1988 initially served as discontent of local landowners with the amount of compensation received from the Bougainville Copper mining company. Then other claims appeared, and ultimately the requirement was put forward to provide independence to the bougainville. As a result of the collisions of the detachments of the local population with the Army units and the Police of Papua - New Guinea killed 15-20 thousand people on both sides. Repeated attempts to achieve calm in the area for a long time remained without results. Only in 1998 peace negotiations began and there was hope for their prosperous completion.

Papua - New Guinea is washed by Arafur, Coral, Solomon and Novoguinsky seas, as well as the Pacific Ocean. From Australia, the country is separated by Torres Strait, about 160 km width. The state has a land border with only Indonesia (in the West), which was carried out at 141 meridians and only on a small site deviates to the West along with the Flya River. By sea bordered by Australia (in the south), Solomon Islands (southeast), Nauru (in the East) and the Federated States of Micronesia (in the north).

New Guinea Island and most other islands of the country have a mountain relief. The height of a significant part of the territory is more than 1000 m above the ocean level, and some tops of New Guinea reaches 4500 m, that is, the belts of eternal snow. Many of the mountain ranges are volcanic chains. In Papua New Guinea 18 existing volcanoes. Most of them are in the north of the country. FROM volcanic activity Conjugate and strong, sometimes catastrophic earthquakes.

The main ridges of the eastern island of New Guinea begins with a lane of 50 km straight from the border with Indonesia (Mountains Star, who are a continuation of the snowy mountains), gradually expanding to 250 km in the central part (Sentral Range Ridge, Bismarck Ridge with the highest point of the country - Mount Wilhelm - 4509 m high, Schroedher Ridge, Muller Ridge and others). Next, in the south-east of the mountains become already below (go to Owen Stanley Ridge, with maximum height 4072 - Mount Victoria) and the southeastern tip of the island are immersed under water. Some peaks rise above the water forming the Louise Archipelago. The northern slopes of these mountains are cool, and the southern gerier. The southern foothill zone of the Sentral Range Range is usually called Papua Plateau. The closer to the sea, the factu is lower, and gradually goes into a wetland lowland.

In parallel to the central mountains on the territory of Papua - New Guinea from Indonesia, low spies of the Northern Coast Mountains: Partially Mountains of Bevan (up to 1960 m), Torrichell Mountains (the highest point - Mount Soul, height 1650 m), Mountains of Prince Alexander (the highest point - Mountain Tour, 1240 m height). Coastal mountains end with lowlands (valleys of the sepik and frame rivers). As part of these mountains often consider Mount Adelbert (the highest point - Mengam mountain, 1718 m high), lying on the right bank of the River River near the mouth, as well as the Mountain Finister and Saruvaged, located on the Huon Peninsula, with a maximum height of 4121 m (Mount Bangta ). In terms of the main island, there are significant ridges on the islands of the new Britain (Whiteman Ridge, Napanese Mountains and Baining, with a maximum height of 2334 m - Volcano Wywun) and New Ireland (Square and Warror Ridges, with heights up to 2340 m).

Year	date	Events
1824		Holland declared land of the island of New Guinea west of 141 ° c. D. His property.
1884	the 3rd of November	Germany announces a protectorate over the northeastern part of the island (east of 141 ° C. d.), Named German New Guinea.
1884	November 6.	The United Kingdom announces a protectorate over the southeastern part of the island (east of 141 ° C. d.), Named British New Guinea.
1885	april	Germany sets the protectorate over the northern part of Solomon Islands (Buka Island, Bougainville Island, Shuazelyl Island, Shortland Island, Santa Isabel Island, Atongg-Jawa's Atoll (Lord Howe)).
1886		British New Guinea becomes the colony of Great Britain.
1899	November 14	Germany transfers the British Protectorate of Solomon Islands: Atoll Ondong-Jawa, Shuazelyl Island, Shortland Island, Santa Isabel Island. Bouquet Island and Bougainville Island are introduced into the colony of German New Guinea.
1906	September 1	The United Kingdom handed over the Australian Union to the colony British New Guinea renamed Papua.
1914	11th of November	German New Guinea occupied by Australia, renamed northeast new Guinea.
1920	December 17th	Australia receives the mandate of the League of Nations on the management of Northeast New Guinea, the territory of New Guinea.
1942	January 21	The beginning of the Japanese occupation of the island of New Guinea.
1942	April 10th	Australia territorially united Papua and the territory of New Guinea, called the territory of Papua and New Guinea.
1949		Administrative association of land.
1971	July 1	The Australian authorities gave a new name: the territory of Papua - New Guinea.
1973	december	The territory of Papua - New Guinea received self-government.
1975	16 of September	The independent state of Papua is proclaimed - New Guinea as part of the Commonwealth, a constitution has been adopted.

National Kitchen Papua - New Guinea is a pretty little mixture of culinary traditions of various peoples of Oceania and Southeast Asia. As a rule, the basis of most dishes are various roots and types of meat like pork and various birds (including game).
One of the most common dishes among the local population is "Muma", which is a pork stew cooked in the furnace, sweet potatoes, rice and several local herbs. On the first, as a rule, "Buugandi" is served - a simple soup, filled with egg. In the coastal regions, meat dishes are usually replaced by various kinds of fish, which in excess is caught in the seas, wash the shores of Papua - New Guinea. The garnish for meat or fish in most cases performs rice or sorghum, the yams and a peculiar taste of Zlak Kollazia are also popular.

Different salads from vegetables and those root plates are popular as snacks in front of the main dish, which can be eaten in the cheese. The bread is often replaced by a specially roasted bubber fruits.
A variety of fruits are offered for dessert - from bananas and mango to Maracui and pineapple. The dessert "Dia" is popular - sliced \u200b\u200bbananas, sago and coconut cream. Sugo also produce sweet patties with various fillings. Sweet sugar cane skeleton dishes are especially popular in coastal areas.
You can thoroughly in Papua - New Guinea can be a local lemonade (Muli-Vara), good local coffee or an incredible variety of fresh fruit juices, including prepared from a mixture of various fruits.
European cuisine is distributed mainly in the capital of the country, Port Moresby, and in the areas of major tourist routes.

Port Morsby is the capital of New Guinea, this is a city that is located in the southeastern part of the Young Guinea's young island. In addition to the fact that he is the capital of Papua State - New Guinea, he is also the center of the port of Port - Morsby.

In general, the population here consists of Melanesians and Papuans. The official language is recognized by PIDAIN-INGLISH (adapted English). Despite this, they talk here more than 700 languages, and this is not counting various dialects. The thing is that the tribal system is thriving on the island, and the language directly depends on the belonging to one or another tribe. In addition to the indigenous population, Europeans and Australians also live in Port Morsby.
Christianity flourishes in the city. According to statistics, 30% of the population - Catholics, 60% - Protestants. The remaining 10% consider themselves atheists or confess the animistic faith.

The city was founded back in 1873, when John Morsby arrived on the island. The Englishman liked the beautiful and quiet bay, and he gave her the name in honor of his. So this untouched area became the port - Morsby.

In 1884, the future capital Papua New Guinea He entered the composition of New Guinea, which at that time was the colony of Great Britain. Further, the Papua colony passed under the power of Australia, and only after 43 years merged with New Guinea. In 1964, the first elections were made, as a result of which the authorities received aborigines. In the same year, the National University of Papua was opened - New Guinea. In 1975, the young state became completely independent and began to actively develop. The capital of Papua - New Guinea became Port Morsby.

Central part Cities, along which the port line passes, the locals are simply called the Town. Ela Beach Park spread out in the southern part of the city. Architectural memos are mainly located in the center, in the historical part. They strongly stand out among modern buildings. For example, the El Ela church, built in 1890, will not be seriously noticed between office buildings and hotels.

Government buildings, as well as the business part of the city located in the north. There is also a big sports Complex. It works here since 1980.
The cultural trends include the National University and the Papua Museum - New Guinea. The flag is the same unusual as the capital itself: a black ship is drawn on a yellow background, symbolizing port city. Under it, black letters brought the name of the city - Port - Morsby.

Local residents not only honor their city, but also try to develop it in every way, so the island has a great service and tourist rest.

Population size - 6.1 million (Evaluation for July 2010)

Population growth - 2.0% (fertility - 3.5 births per woman)

Density - 13 people / km²

Birthday - 27 per 1000 people

Mortality - 6.6 per 1000 people

Infant mortality - 44.6 per 1000 babies

Life expectancy of men - 63.8 years

The life expectancy of women - 68.3 years

Immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) - 1.5% (2007 rating)

Literacy - 63% of men, 51% of women (according to the 2000 census)

The share of urban population — 12 %

Population over 65 years — 3,5 %

The share of the population is under 15 years — 36,9 %

Ethno-racial composition - Melanesians, Papuats, Negrito, Micronesians, Polynesians.

Languages \u200b\u200b- Official: Current Pisin (the most common), English (knows 1%), Hiri Motom (knows 2%). Over 800 aboriginal languages.

Religions - Catholics 27%, Lutherans 19.5%, Unified Church 11.5%, Adventists 10%, Pentecostals 8.6%, Evangelicals 5.2%, British 3.2%, Baptists 2.5%, other Protestants 8 , 9%, Bahayists are 0.3%, aboriginal and other beliefs of 3.3% (according to the 2000 census).

In Papua - New Guinea, the main mass of the population still lives in the villages and is engaged in natural agriculture, at the same time market relations begin to develop. Part of the agricultural products are made for sale. The number of people employed in the mining and manufacturing industry and in the service sector is growing. The grade-firing agriculture system is dominated, focused on the cultivation of tropical starchy plants, primarily tuberplods. Every year new sites are cleared and processed, and the land allocated to the deposit after the crop removal is overgrown with shrubs. Mountain areas are the main culture - Batat. NMS, bananas, tarot, coconut palms and a variety of vegetables and fruits are also grown on lowlands. To prepare areas for agriculture, men in the dry season cut down and burned trees and shrubs, while the seats, weeding and harvesting fall out to women. Mixed crops are practiced when several different cultures are grown on one piece. The mountainous areas are terraceding the slopes to adjust the surface drain, reduce soil erosion on steep slopes and extend the growing season. Many tribes, engaging in field works, make rites in the hope of a rich harvest. Delica usually get on pigs. Women and children care for these animals, although the status of a man in society is determined by the number of pigs belonging to him.

Pork is eaten exclusively on holidays. Adopted allotment land Community members are only on one growing season, and after harvesting returns them to the property or clan. This traditional land use system does not fit the cultivation of such perennial wood and shrub crops, like chocolate and coffee trees, coconut and oil palm trees, tea that grow in one place for 20-50 years. After World War II, the Australian authorities stimulated the development of commodity production in the village, which in many areas was combined with the traditional system of agriculture. As a result, small farms are ahead of the production volume of plantation, leading in the colonial period. Currently, coconut palms are grown on the coastal lowlands of New Guinea and other islands, from whose nuts receive a copp, and in the north of New Guinea and on a large scale on New Britain, New Ireland and Bougainville - a chocolate tree.

In 1997, in the export of agricultural products, the second place at cost (after coffee) occupied palm oil with a new Britain. Coffee, the main product product in the mountainous areas, was introduced into the culture and acquired a mass distribution in the 1950s. From the mountainous areas, another important product is exported - tea. All market wood and shrub cultures are grown in both small farms and plantations originally created through foreign investments, but gradually passing into the hands of local cooperative associations. For the production of cocoa, coffee, tea and palm oil, a technique is required, which is usually available only to large plantative type enterprises. Secondary productive in the cultivation of pyrethrum at the heights of more than 1800 m, the production of fruits and vegetables for urban bazaars and animal husbandry. A special place is occupied by the Bethel culture, which has stimulating the impact on a person and is highly appreciated in local markets. The country has exclusively rich mineral resources, which led to the development of the mining industry, which in 1996 provided 27% of GDP, i.e. Approximately the same as agriculture and forestry and fishing combined. Large-scale mining of copper and gold began in Pangun on O. Bugenville in 1972.

Rude reserves were estimated at 800 million tons, with a copper content of 0.46% and gold - 15.83 g per 1 t. The production was carried out by the company "Bougainville Copper" owned by the international monopoly "Congill Riotinto". The huge deposit of the OK-Tedi in the north-western part of the Mining New Guinea is estimated at 250 million tons (in 1 ton of copper ore 0.852% and gold 0.653 g). In the late 1980s, gold mining began in Porgere near Ok Tedi, on O. Misima in the Southeast Shore of New Guinea and on O. Likhir off the coast of New Ireland. According to experts, Papua - New Guinea can become the largest global supplier of gold (Pissing South Africa). Porger has already fallen into the leading ten exploited gold-bearing deposits in the world. Any malformation in the mining industry is deeply reflected in the entire economy of Papua - New Guinea. Due to the closure of the mine on Bougainville in 1989, an armed conflict broke out between local separatists and the central government, which could not accept the loss of an important source of income. In 1997, as a result of a strong drought, a superficial flow was sharply reduced in the R. Flight basin, according to which the products of Ok-Tedi and Porger deposits are transported. In Papua - New Guinea, oil and natural gas reserves were found.

The first draft laying of the gas pipeline in Australia is proposed, and the other projects will probably follow. About 60% of the energy used in the country accounted for wood coal, 35% - on imported petroleum products and only 5% on hydropower. In recent years, foreign companies are engaged in forest harvesting, mostly Asian. In 1994, when worldwood prices were greatly increased, forest products amounted to 19% of Papua - New Guinea exports. They are almost entirely intended for the Japanese and South Korean markets, and therefore the economic crisis that covered Asian countries in the second half of the 1990s led to a noticeable decrease in income received by Papua New Guinea at the expense of this industry. The beauty of the nature of Papua - New Guinea and the peculiarity of the cultures of the inhabitants of its peoples should also be considered as a potential resource for the development of foreign tourism. Undoubtedly, this country is more promising for the development of tourism than Cook Islands or Samoa.

Popua New Guinea

In Papua New Guinea, there are mainly Papuans and Melanesians. The emergency population (Europeans, the Chinese) is small (somewhat more than 1%) and focused mainly in the cities.

According to its anthropological type, the indigenous population is relatively uniform. According to languages, on the contrary, it is heterogeneous: 6 million people speak more than 700 different languages. There is no such language fragility in any other country in the world. On average, 2 thousand people speak every language. The average figure, however, can create an incorrect impression of the language situation. The fact is that there are languages \u200b\u200bon which 2000-3000 people say, and there are languages \u200b\u200bon which 20-30 people speak. Some languages \u200b\u200bnow do not exist. At the same time in Papua New Guinea there are languages \u200b\u200b- their smaller, but they cover most The population is on which tens of thousands of people say.

As already noted, all the peoples of Papua Nona Guinea can be divided into language relations into two groups. The first is great (about 6/7 of the entire aboriginal population belongs to it) form papuzoy-language peoples, the second - peoples speaking Austronezian languages. From the families of Papua Russian languages, the transparennovineskaya is widely represented, in whose languages \u200b\u200bmore than 4/5 of all Papuans. It is to her include the four largest Papuass language: ENGA, Chimba, Hagen and Kamano. All these languages \u200b\u200bare common on the central highlands.

Almost all Austronesian languages \u200b\u200bof Papua New Guinea are close to each other. The number of speakers on most of these languages \u200b\u200bis very small.

It should be noted that the languages \u200b\u200bof many neighboring tribes are close and unnoticed by one in another (this fact, unfortunately, is not taken enough to count when counting the number of languages). But anyway, the language and ethnic fragmentation in the country is great. Therefore, the problem of consolidating several hundred tribes into a single nation, set and solved by the central government is very complex. Any one of Papuan and Melanesian languages \u200b\u200bcannot be made by the language of the nation - they will be opposed to those who speak all other local languages. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account that from the native language, no matter how small in numbers of speaking, none of the "carriers" of this language does not want to refuse. And the Central Government, given this fact, gives local languages \u200b\u200bin great importance, seeing the one in them on which ethnic specificity rests. It urges "to bind a canoeer hard that the tide does not take it away" (metaphorically under the canoe is meant every local language, and under the tide - contact with the outside world, carried out using English).

Local language traditions include the multilingualism that occurred on the basis of lively intergovernmental connections. So the representatives of the small tribe of Usarufa are almost all three-styled, that is, they know along with their own languages \u200b\u200bof Kamano and Yat.

On the basis of intergovernmental connections, the so-called large languages \u200b\u200barose. On the Hyuon Peninsula (New Guinea Island), where 133 languages \u200b\u200bwere recorded in the last century, there were three large languages, covering the population not only of this peninsula, but also the coast of the Astrojabia Bay: it's a grured, Kate and Yabem.

In the Language, Hraged speaks in the western part of the peninsula and on the coast of the Astrolabia Bay, in the language of Kate - in the inner areas, in the language of Yabem - in the eastern part of the peninsula and in the Marcham River Basin. On the southeastern coast of New Guinea, Mota and Suau became large languages, on the coast of Papua Bay - Kiwa and Taripi. Large languages \u200b\u200barose in the inner areas (for example, in the vicinity of Oz. Kutubu). The emergence of a large language does not mean that small languages \u200b\u200bdisappear, they continue to exist along with large.

Language Moto, which pretended as a "trading language" as a result of traveling people of the tribe Mota to Delta Papua Bay river, was used by the colonial administration for its purposes, and on the basis of the "Police Moto", or Hyri-Mota, which now speaks more than 150 thousand people. The scope of its action does not go out, however, beyond the southeastern part of the island of New Guinea.

Much wider widespread Pondean-Inglis, sometimes called Neomelanezian, but more well-known as the "Current Ponda" (from English Talk Pidgin). The name "Neomelanezian" little approaches this language that grew on two roots, one of which is English, and the second - Papuass and Melanesian languages. This language occurred in the XIX-XX centuries. in the process of communicating English colonialists with indigenous people; According to the vocabulary, he is close to English, according to the structure - to Papuass and Melanesian languages. Gradually, he became the language of communication between the Papuas themselves and Melanesians. Now it knows about 1 million people; It is widely used in local authorities and even in parliament. It contains radio programs, several newspapers, a literary magazine "Kovave", a two-week "Vanators" and some other publications.

Around the Language of Pondean-Inglish in Papua New Guinea there are fierce disputes: to be or not to be a national language of the country.

It should be said that since 1946, English has become in Papua-New Guinea, the language of study in all government entry schools, and after 1959 also in the missionary schools subsidized. By the third year, the student must master the English spoken language. Language knowledge of schoolchildren are used to work among the rest of the population: schoolchildren, for example, are actively involved in the preparation and organization of elections to parliament. Teaching in colleges, universities (in Port Morsby and Lae), of course, is in English.

Now about 15% of the population of Papua New Guinea owns the English language, and the number of Papuans and Melanesians speaking on it is growing rapidly. Under influence of English language Pondean-Inglish changes. So, Rural Pondean is the most common dialect - absorbs english words And to some extent (still small) English grammar. City Pondean thanks to the permanent "presence" of English and "pressure" from his part so closely approached the latter in vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar, that linguists talk about the destruction of the structural principles of the Pondean and the disappearance of mutual understanding between urban and rural faces.

Thus, the ethno-speaking problems of Papua New Guinea are complex. The difficulties are caused by the fact that the process of ethnic integration began within the framework of the territorial borders of the country created by the colonialists a hundred years ago without taking into account the ethnic situation. However, one hundred years of history cannot be discarded from the accounts - it was the development of the country in the same colonial regime for all its districts, a hundred years of the overall struggle against the colonialists for the restoration of human rights, freedom and independence. In this struggle, Papuans and Melanesians united the commonality of positions and goals, and the victory was even closer to them. If ethnic problems are complex, they are solved within the framework of the Unified State of Papua-New Guinea.

Highlights

The population is 8,084,9999 people (2016), mainly Papuans (84%) and Melanesians. In Papua - New Guinea live about 43 thousand people from Europe and Australia. The urban population is 15.2% (1991). Official language - English, also distributed languages \u200b\u200bof Pydaj and Moto. But in total in the country they speak more than seven hundred Papuas and Melanesian languages \u200b\u200band dialects. 90 percent of the population of Christians, of which 63% are Protestants, the remaining 10% adhere to traditional tribal beliefs. The country is divided into 19 provinces and the capital of Port Morbshi. In the capital of the state - the city of Port Mombshi lives 150 thousand people. The largest cities: Laa, Madang. The monetary unit of Papua New Guinea - Kina is divided into 100.

Tourists start their holidays in Papua New Guinea in the capital of Port Morsby. This city offers diverse excursion rest And stupid not to take advantage of this offer. Papua-New Guinea hotels at least have not yet been characterized by a high level of service, but now they offer everything you need, which confirm the few tourists' reviews that were not afraid to choose a rest in this distant country.

The islands of this state are surrounded by thousands of reefs, lagoon, underwater plateau, on which a unique marine life is boil. Immediately you can plunge into the world of sunken ships, who disappeared from the face of the earth in the times of the Great Epoch geographic discoveries and World War II.

Nature

The main part of the territory of Papua - New Guinea is occupied by mountains. High ridges prevail extending from the southeast to the north-west (Bismarck, Central and Owen Stanley, the latter is also traced on the coastal islands). Many mountain peaks and some isolated volcanoes rise by more than 3000 m above U.M. The highest point is Mount Wilhelm (4509 m). Among the massive strongly dissected mountains are wide intermediates (approx. 1500 m above U.m.).

To the north of the ridge belts, in parallel, he is stretched by a wide lowland, to which the valleys of the SEPIK rivers, frame and Markham are confined. Significant areas are engaged in swamps there, but arrays of fertile agricultural land are also engaged. The mountain ranges extend along the northeast coast of New Guinea (and continue on the Huon to La to La and then on the islands, New Britain, New Ireland and Bougainville), leaving only a narrow strip of coastal lowland. This is a district of seismic activity, where the destructive eruptions of volcanoes and earthquakes occur, probably due to the derision to the northern edge of one of the large blocks of the earth's crust. Most of the 40 acting volcanoes Papua - New Guinea are confined to the northern coastal zone. Some of them showed activity at the 20th century; Especially strong damage caused in 1951 the eruption of the Lamington volcano nearby near the city of Popont Tetta.

South of the central ridge stretches wide plains and coastal lowlands crossed by several large rivers, which originate in the mountains. In the southwest, R. Flight is OK long. 1120 km. For 250 km up from the mouth, it is experiencing the influence of tides and sings. Further, the lower flows of several rivers form an extensive total delta with sleeves, islands and swamps. Purari River has large hydropower resources.

Some coastal islands of mountainous, volcanic origin, but the low islands are especially numerous - coral reefs (generators, for example, the Torn-style archipelago). Atolls and islands with rifes borders - a characteristic feature of the washing country warm seas. In the new Britain and Bougainville, the current volcanoes are known. In 1994, as a result of eruptions of volcanoes, Tavurvur and Volcano was very destroyed by the city of Rabaul on New Britain (a similar catastrophe occurred in 1937). However, the soils developed on the volcanic sediments of both islands are distinguished by high fertility.

In Papua - New Guinea distinguish two main seasons. When the zone of intrachetic convergence moves to the south, capturing the territory of the country in January-February, the warm northern and western winds prevail; In some northern districts, the winds of different rumbov cause strong rains in January-April. From May to August, it is relatively cool weather, and from the zone of intrachetic convergence, which is located in June-July north of the equator, blows strong sustainable southeastern winds bringing precipitation. The rains fall out in the south of New Britain, in the Bay of Papua, on the southern slopes of the central ridge and in the east of P-ov, Huon. At this time of year, on the rest of the new Guinea, including the coastal lowland near Port Morsby, the south-west coast and central mountains, it is dry weather, changeable by the variable from September to December.

This fundamental climate model is significantly modified depending on the relief. Many high ridges, acting as barriers to the air masses, intercept the precipitation, which moisturize the winding slopes, and on the leeward slopes of precipitation drops significantly less. In mountainous areas, microclimatic differences are manifested in each valley.

The average annual precipitation amounts are large, but there are significant regional differences: in Port Morsby 1200 mm, in Kikari on the coast of Papua Bay 5000 mm, and on the southern coast of New Britain 6100 mm. In many years of precipitation, there are also sharp amplitudes. About once every 40 years, drought are noted, accompanied by frosts in the mountains. For example, in 1997-1998, for the most part of Papua - New Guinea, the most powerful drought has happened over the past 100 years, and at the same time strong frosts in the provinces of ENGA, southern Highlands, Western Highlands and Central (adjacent to Port-Morsby) were observed. These phenomena were conjugate with the climatic consequences of the EL Niño phenomenon.

At lowlands, constantly high temperatures with small seasonal and daily oscillations predominate. In Port Morsby, the average maximum indicator is 31 ° C and the average minimum 23 ° C, whereas in the city of Mount Hagen, located at an altitude of 1670 m, corresponding values \u200b\u200bof 25 ° and 13 ° C. In the mountains, the daily temperature amplitudes are stronger than in the mountains. .

Mostly soils are lowland and have low agricultural potential, which is predetermined by the properties of mother breeds (in particular, the weathered coral strata). Soil depletion also contributes to intensive leaching on lowlands in a roast wet climate, unfavorable fortification conditions in wetlands and accelerated erosion on steep slopes. Only OK. 25% of the country in soil and geomorphological conditions are suitable for agriculture. The most fertile soils developed on volcanic sediments in the provinces Western Highlands and South Highlands, in the north of New Britain and O. Bugenville. High productivity also differs soils on well-drained young alluvial sediments in many mountain valleys, as well as the soil of underground plains.

For the most part of Papua - New Guinea preserved natural vegetation, mainly wet tropical forests. Where they were reduced, and then abandoned, arose in some cases of grasland (herbaceous communities), in others - gentlemen. Mangrove forests, coastal forests, evergreen tropical forests, and where the dry season is expressed, is the semi-estate tropical forests (usually with a deciduous top tier). There are also groves of sage palm trees in wetlands, overgrown with cane, herbaceous swamps, low-lying and mountain meadows, alpine shrubs, coniferous forests, mixed lowlands involving beech, oak and other breeds.

The country is characterized by the richest ornithofauna (860 species) in the world, which, however, adversely affected the armed conflicts that occurred after the proclamation of independence. The most famous from feathered - paradise birds (38 species of 42, famous science), dwelling only on Papua - New Guinea, in Australia and in the neighboring islands. One of these birds is captured on the country's flag. There are such unusual views like Kazaire (a fluttering bird, related to African Ostrich and Australian Emea), a rhino bird, the Royal Pigeon of Victoria, Belogruda and Golden Motley Pigeons and others.

Conducted about 300 species of reptiles. Only snakes, in most poisonous, there are 110 species. The largest of them are pythons and boa (in the aggregate of 12 species), reaching a length of more than 7 m, and the most poisons of the four-meter Tipan (rare species). Extremely aggressive borious snakes. Two types of crocodiles are known, including the largest in the world living in salted water. The average length of its body is 7 m, but there are 10-meter individuals. Freshwater crocodiles are growing less in size (mainly approx. 2 m).

Mammals identified OK. 230 species. There are no many major representatives of this class of animals, such as monkeys and large cats (found in Southeast Asia). Major kangaroo (Wallaby), Opossums, Echids, Temple Mice, Rats, Bats. Casus draws attention - an animal, outwardly resembling sloth.

The world of insects (30 thousand species) differs in a huge variety. Among them is the largest butterfly in the world (Ornithoptera Alexandrae) with a scope of the wings 35 cm.

sights

There are a lot of natural attractions on the territory of Papua New Guinea. One of the mains is the Shield Dvuberchin Volcano Hyluve, which is located in Satern Highlands. The volcano - the second highest top of the country reaches 4368 meters and is the highest throughout Oceania and Australia. Alpine onions are located along its entire surface.

In addition to the large number of historical and natural attractions, there is a huge archaeological monument - agricultural settlement of Cook, a better known in the world called Cook swamps. It is located on Western Highlands, at an altitude of more than one and a half kilometers above sea level. Square this historical monument equals 116 hectares. Since 1960, held here archaeological excavations and research.

Another famous natural attraction is the River Natural Reserve Bayer and other natural reserves, parks, gardens, each of whom is unique and unique. The Bayer Reserve itself is 55 km from Mount Hagen, in the Bayer River Pool. It is here that it is best to get acquainted with the animals and the floral world of these places.

A popular location is Lake Kutbu, in whose waters there are several types of rare fish. It is 800 meters above sea level in southern Highlands and covers an area of \u200b\u200b49 km² (more than Lake Murray). The reservoir is surrounded by wetlands and wetlands, which are protected by the state.

Varirata National Park, which is the first national park of the country, is located 42 km from the capital and occupies more than a thousand hectares. Once this territory was the hunting venue of the tribes. This time is devoted to the object of cult destination - the "wood-house" of the Koyaris tribe.

The National Botanical Park in the capital is counted one of the main tourist facilities of the country. This place is regularly visited by thousands of tourists from all over the planet, as well as local residents from different regions. The park is known for a gigantic collection of orchids, suspended trails and a "vegetable map" of the country.

The next mandatory place to visit should be the "Gardens of Eden" in the mountains of the foya - a unique rainforest, not touched by civilization, isolated from the outside world where there is no path or track.

The best place to get acquainted with local architecture, history, culture and nature can only be National Museum. All diverse I. rich heritage States are collected in this truly spiritual center. The museum is made in the form of a complex consisting of many rooms located in different parts of the capital.

Kitchen

The national cuiste sounded is very different from the usual European type. Local kitchen Posted by dishes from meat and fish with the addition of different vegetables (as a rule, in stewed form) and fruits (papaya, mango, pineapples, bananas, maracuya).

The basis of traditional cuisine of this country is Kaucau, Tarot, Sago, Poam and Pig. A popular local dish is "Mum" - a mixture of sweet potatoes, pork, greenery, rice, spices.

However, thanks to a very well-developed tourism and flow of foreign (in particular, European) guests, Chinese, European, Indonesian restaurants and cafes are increasingly opening. Filipino and Australian beer are common as alcoholic beverages on Papua-New Guinea.

Accommodation

There are many opportunities in Papua-New Guinea in order to spend the night with comfort. At the same time, everyone will find an acceptable price category. Those who finance do not allow loss to lose, can at any time stop at the locals for almost free, spending only symbolically, for breakfast.

Those who want more cozy conditions offer the Kimbe Bay Hotel. Around it are located tropical gardensBut not far from the building there are coral reefs, where you can spend the ideal time by diving. The hotel will delight its guests with air conditioning, free internet and cozy rooms. There are 2 bars and 2 restaurants.

In the port of Kimbe there is another one decent hotel, Kimbe Bay West New Britain, whose windows overlook the coast. He stands right on the highway the island of New Britain. Every morning in the hotel's restaurant you can enjoy a buffet. During the rest of the time you can try national exotic dishes of any country in the world. The hotel has a currency exchange point, as well as guarded parking.

Entertainment and recreation

In Papua New Guinea, you can find a huge number of different entertainment.

One of the most colorful and distinctive local fun is a large-scale People's Festival of Dance "Sing-Sing". In September, it is carried out in the city of Goroka at the foot of the mountain in memory of the founding day of the country. Every year more than 90 Papuan tribes come here from all islands of the state (and about 600 them!). Thousands of aborigines in combat coloring, in national clothes and decorations are combined to jointly execute the traditional dance "Sing-Sing", sing, beaten in the drums, conduct ritual rites and simply communicate. Due to the fact that the festival is a multinational living and cheerful musical action, a huge number of tourists and ethnographers are flowing here from all countries of the world. Here guests can purchase unique souvenirs of the festival, which will remind of a holiday over long years.

Lovers of club life will definitely enjoy in the nightclub Lamana Gold Club. It is located in the heart of the Lamana Hotel in the capital and wears the title of the biggest and best nightclub of the entire Papua New Guinea. There are launches fireworks and dance under open sky On two dance floors. Tourists have five bars, karaoke, game rooms and live music.

Shopping

In Papua New Guinea, a huge number of shops where you can buy unique local goods. Remember that here in the markets and in stores it is not accepted to bargain.

All stores work, as a rule, five days a week and open from 9 am to 5 pm. Saturday - a working day, just not until the evening, and before o'clock the day. Some shops are open and Sunday.

In a large number of large shopping centers and restaurants, you can make international credit cards for payment. But with the search for ATMs may arise problems. They are only in the capital, but you can only use them if you have an account in local banks. The use of credit bridge in the province will be almost impossible.

In most major cities, you can exchange cash checks. But all branches may not work with travelers, so it is worth getting ready for big queues.

In many remote areas, the country will receive only local currency. At the same time, you can practically hope for the delivery, because there is a clear shortage of small bills.

Transport

Between New Guinea and the rest of the Islands have established coastal shipping. Main Airport Located in the capital - Port Morsby.

In this country, it is customary to take a car for rent in order to be able to independently inspect all the beauty of this area. True, the car will give you only if you have driver's license, driving experience and credit card.

But the taxi system is not developed here, because there are practically no central roads in the country.

Communication

After you arrive at your local airport, we recommend that you immediately purchase a telephone sim card of a local telecom operator. If you need to call abroad, then you can do it in any negotiation point or through the operator from the hotel where you stop.

Be sure to write down the first necessities that you may need - the police can be called by phone 000, in the fire service - 110, and ambulance You can call 3256822.

Safety

The main problem in the territory of Papua New Guinea is fraud. There are often cases of theft of car and petty street crime. And the local police often tries to make money on the same tourists. Especially high crime in major citiesFor example, in the capital of Port Morsby. There you can observe such a gangster, as "Raskolism" - a special system of youth gangs that are engaged in murder, abduction of people, violence, extortion, robbery and theft.

Before your trip, we recommend making vaccination against malaria, cholera and typhus. True, it does not concern those tourists who will eat exclusively in hotels and restaurants. All travelers older than one year are also recommended to make vaccination against hepatitis B, tetanus, diphtheria, Japanese encephalitis, poliomyelitis. In recent years, there has been much more than AIDS in the country.

Be careful with cuts and other skin damage, because even the most harmless scratch or skin irritation in the realities of this climate can bring you a lot of problems.

Business

In Papua-New Guinea, a huge number of useful resources, however, in the conditions of this area, their mining is quite difficult. However, two thirds of currency income are brought to the country of the development of gold deposits, copper ore and oil.

The main industry in the local industry is the production and processing of silver, gold, oil, cooking, copper, copper ore, wood processing, palm oil production and construction.

Considerable profit brings states and agriculture. Here they grow cocoa, coffee, coconuts, copp, sugar cane, tea, sweet potatoes, rubber, vegetables, fruits, vanilla. Shrimps, crabs and other seafood are also being exported. The main buyers of all these natural wealth are Japan, Australia and China.

Upon arrival in the country, you will be able to change the currency for local banknotes everywhere. This can be done not only in bank departments, but also in hotels, airport, large shopping centers. There are also private exchange offices that are engaged in exchange.
In Papua New Guinea, it is not customary to leave tips. The amount that is indicated in the account is, as a rule, the final one.
You should know that any non-bottled water is unsuitable for use.
Some varieties of sharks are floating around the island, as well as many different poisonous marine creatures.
It is forbidden to import antiques, weapons, wild animals and birds, seeds and plants, pornographic and drugs and drugs. But to export from the country forbidden antiques and all that was found on the seabed.

Visa

Russian citizens should open a visa before the trip to Papua New Guinea. Embassies of this country in Russian Federation No, so for the design of a tourist visa to contact Brussels, the consular department in London or the Australian Embassy in Moscow. Depending on the selected visa option chosen, the order of payment of the consular fee is changed, the procedure for submitting documents and the timing of a visa.

To date, the consular fee is $ 35.

Address of the Australian Embassy in Moscow: Alley of Podkolokol, d.10a / 2.

Phone: (+7 495) 956 6070.

The consulate in St. Petersburg is located on Petrovsky Prospekt, D.14, Pom. 22nd.

Phone: (+7 812) 334 3327.

Economy

The economy of the country is underdeveloped, its basis is agriculture. 72% of the working-age population is employed in agriculture, primarily in crop production and pig breeding. Fertile squares constitute only 5% of the country's territory. The main agricultural crops are coconut palm (more than 110 thousand tons of kopra per year), coffee, cocoa, tea, rice, rubberos. Inside the country, only 8% of agricultural products are processed. Papua-New Guinea is rich in minerals: On the island of Bougainville, since 1972, one of the world's largest copper ore deposits (containing and gold with silver) is being developed, it is considered promising to develop oil and stone coal in the country. The mining sector of the industry is energetically developing and gives 75% of budget revenues from exports. The main export articles from Papua New Guinea: copper, gold, oil, coffee, copra, palm oil, tropical wood varieties. Exports are directed mainly to Australia and Japan. Length of roads in the country is 19.7 thousand km (1986). Tourism gains development, in 1993, Papua-New Guinea visited 45 thousand tourists, of which over half of Australia and New Zealand visited. Local rivers are used as rafting routes. The economy of Papua New Guinea largely depends on external assistance. The main donors of the country are Australia, Japan, New Zealand, international organizations. Papua New Guinea authorities make efforts to strengthen and improve relations with Australia and New Zealand. Tight trade and economic relations have developed in Papua New Guinea with Malaysia. Thanks to trade agreements with Australia, New Zealand, the European Union, near the countries of the Asia-Pacific region, the products from Papua New Guinea have free or preferential access to the markets of these countries.

History

Probably the first settlers arrived in the region of the current Papua - New Guinea on the sea from Southeast Asia approx. 30 thousand years ago, when New Guinea, Australia and Tasmania were bound by land bridges and were a single sushi massif. These people, carriers of Papuan languages, were engaged in hunting and gathering, and much later, perhaps, began to emphasize and grow some plants. The second significant wave of the population migration occurred about 6 thousand years ago. The aliens who spoke in Austronesian languages \u200b\u200bintroduced more advanced economic and cultural traditions. On New Guinea, they started clearing wet tropical forests and the drainage of the marshes in the intermountain basins to cultivate the batt, tarot and other agricultural crops brought from Southeast Asia. There were narrowly specialized communities of Goncharov, Solevarov, Kanoe builders, Kamnetsians. The inhabitants of the coastal areas were skilled navigators and regularly traveled to large canoes to the long-range islands, offering their products and decorations there.

The Portuguese and Spanish merchants sent to Ost-India, the shores of New Guinea became known from the 16th century. For them, Dutch, French and English expeditions followed. The number of foreign ships in these waters increased due to the founding of the British colony in Australia at the end of the 18th century. and the development of whaling fishery in the Pacific Ocean in 19 V. In 1847, Catholic missionaries settled on O.Murua (Woodlark), located in Solomon Sea, and merchants and travelers established contacts with many coastal tribes. However, for a long time, the Europeans could not penetrate the inland areas of New Guinea with its crossed terrain, dense forests and extensive malaria swamps. In addition, local residents had a bad reputation for cannibals.

In 1872, the London Missionary Society founded a mission on the islands in Torres Strait, and then on the southern coast of New Guinea. The Veslean Methodist mission was created on the duke of York city in 1875, and the Catholic mission - in the east of New Britain in 1882. Other Europeans who penetrating this area were guided by more terrestrial motives: they began to trade with aborigines, acquiring copp and trepalgi, engaged in The pearl and shell fishery or rushed to find the legendary gold of the southern seas. Although to work on the Plants of Queensland, Fiji and Samoa mainly hired melanesians from Solomon O-Gossi and new hebrid, recruiters did not bypass their attention and residents of the coastal and inland areas of modern Papua - New Guinea. Increased interest in this territory showed Australia, and in 1883 Queensland annexed the eastern part of New Guinea, acting allegedly on behalf of Great Britain. However, due to the pressure of Australia and taking into account the intentions of Germany to create their Pacific Empire, the United Kingdom in 1884 seized the southeast part of New Guinea with the neighboring islands and created a colony called British New Guinea there. Germany joined the northeastern part of New Guinea and the island to the east of her to their empire; This colony was named German New Guinea.

The German administration tried to establish trade with his colony, but the implementation of projects for creating commercial industries prevented the malaria and difficulties associated with the pacification of local tribes and the employment of labor, especially on coastal lowlands. Nevertheless, the German companies unfolded the production of copras on plantations on the Bismarck Archipelago. Then the plantations appeared on O. Bugenville. The German colonial authorities strictly and even toughly treated melanesians, but at the same time they sought to convey their practical knowledge. The German Catholic and Protestant missionaries were guided by the idea that their efforts contribute to the "Enlightenment" of the Aborigines.

At the beginning of the First World War in 1914, German New Guinea was occupied by Australian troops. At the end of the war, Australia received the mandate of the former German colony from the League of Nations, which began to be called the territory of New Guinea. German plantations and trading companies were also transferred to Australian property. The plantational economy on this submanent territory, unlike Papua, has successfully developed up to the economic crisis of the 1930s.

In the next 20 years, prospectors, missionaries and government officials rushed into the extensive intergonsive valleys of New Guinea. The population of coastal areas and islands, which occupied mainly by natural economy, gradually began to enter into circulation of commodity cultures. However, the development of commodity-money circulation more contributed to men, hired to work on plantations or gold mines for modest wages and nutrition. Religious missions gave me melainsians some education and provided them with medical care. Before World War II, all these changes gradually occurred on the plains, but little affected mountain areas.

After the war, the northeastern part of New Guinea moved under the Office of Australia as the UN Secret Territory, and in 1949 was merged with Papua. The new administrative unit was named Papua - New Guinea. Australia tried to contribute to the socio-economic development of the country and increase the welfare of the Melanesian population. Measures were taken to strengthen centralized management with the participation of representatives of the local population. Special attention was paid to overcohole mountainous areas, contacts with which were set relatively recently. In 1953, the first road was built from the coast through the coussham pass. The administration sought to improve the system of medical care and education, a lot of work in this direction was carried out by religious missions.

In 1964, general elections were conducted and a legislative assembly was formed, where most places were taken by the aborigines. There were new government agencies, and the old were transformed. The laws that infringe upon the rights of Melanesians were canceled. In the same 1964, the University of Papua - New Guinea opened in Port Morsby.

In the 1970s and 1980s, the main lever of the country's economic development was the mining industry. In 1972, the operation of copper and gold deposits on Bougainville, where a more modern industry with advanced technologies came to replace the plantation. Similar trends appeared in some other areas of Papua - New Guinea, where new roads, cities and ports were built.

In 1967, the National Political Party of Pangga Pati was founded. After the elections of 1972, it formed a coalition government led by Michael T.Comare, resolutely aching a country of independence. This goal was achieved on September 16, 1975.

The political situation in the young state has complicated in connection with the separatist movement on O. Bugenville. The roots of this movement are upgraded by 1884, when Germany joined the new Guinea part of Solomon O-GIRs to his colony, violating the ethnolinguistic connections of the population of this archipelago. Separatist sentiments for many years twitched in the air and manifested themselves on the eve of the independence of Papua - New Guinea. Creating the Government of the Province of the Northern Solomon Islands in 1976 discharged the situation, but did not solve the problem itself. The situation was aggravated due to the construction of a gigantic complex for the extraction of copper ore on Bougainville. The reason for the armed conflict that broke out in 1988 was originally discontent with local landowners with the amount of compensation received from the Bougainville Copper mining company. Then other claims appeared, and ultimately the requirement was put forward to provide independence to the bougainville. As a result of the collisions of the detachments of the local population with the Army units and the Police of Papua - New Guinea killed 15-20 thousand people on both sides. Repeated attempts to achieve calm in the area for a long time remained without results. Only in 1998 peace negotiations began and there was hope for their prosperous completion.