Is there the Caspian Sea. Map of the Caspian Sea

Caspian Sea

Caspian Sea - the most big Lake On the ground, located at the junction of Europe and Asia, called the sea due to its size. Caspian Sea is foolish lake, And the water in it is salty, from 0.05% near the mouth of the Volga to from 11-13% in the south-east. The water level is subject to fluctuations, currently approximately 28 m below the world's level. The Square of the Caspian Sea is currently approximately 371,000 km.kv, the maximum depth is 1025 m.

Extension coastline The Caspian Sea is estimated at about 6500 - 6,700 kilometers, with islands - up to 7000 kilometers. The shores of the Caspian Sea for most of its territory - low and smooth. In the northern part, the coastline is cut by water ducts and the islands of the Volga and Urals delta, the shores are low and wetlands, and the water surface is covered with thickets in many places. On the eastern coast Limestone shores are predomined, adjacent to semi-deserts and deserts. The most winding banks - on the west coast in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Absheron Peninsula and on the Eastern Coast in the Kazakh Bay area and Kara-Bogaz-goal.

130 rivers fall into the Caspian Sea, of which 9 rivers have a mouth in the form of a delta. Large rivers flowing into the Caspian Sea - Volga, Terek (Russia), Ural, Emba (Kazakhstan), Kura (Azerbaijan), Samur (Border of Russia with Azerbaijan), Atrek (Turkmenistan) and others.

The Caspian Sea is washes the shores of five coastal states:

Russia (Dagestan, Kalmykia and the Astrakhan region) - in the west and northwest, the length of the coastline of 695 kilometers of Kazakhstan - in the north, northeast and east, the length of the coastline 2320 kilometers of Turkmenistan - in the southeast, the length of the coastline 1200 kilometers Iran - in the south, the length of the coastline - 724 kilometers of Azerbaijan - in the southwest, the length of the coastline is 955 kilometers

Water temperature

It is subject to significant latitudinal changes, most distinctly expressed in the winter period, when the temperature varies from 0 - 0.5 ° C at the ice edge in the north of the sea to 10 - 11 ° C in the south, that is, the temperature difference is about 10 ° C. For shallow water areas with depths of less than 25 m, an annual amplitude can reach 25-6 ° C. On average water temperature western coast 1 - 2 ° C is higher than the eastern, and in the open sea the water temperature is higher than that of coasts by 2-4 ° C.

The climate of the Caspian Sea is continental in the northern part, moderate in the middle and subtropical in the southern part. In winter the average monthly temperature Caspiana varies from? 8? 10 in the northern part to +8 - +10 in the southern part, in the summer - from +24 - +25 in the northern part to +26 - +27 in the southern part. The maximum temperature is fixed on the east coast - 44 degrees.

Animal world

The animal world of the Caspian Sea is represented by 1809 species, of which 415 belong to the vertebral. In the Caspian Sea registered 101 species of fish, in it, the majority of world stocks of sturgeon are concentrated, as well as such freshwater fish, like Vobla, Sazan, Sudak. The Caspian Sea - the habitat of such fish, like carp, kefal, spin, kutum, bream, salmon, perch, pike. In the Caspian Sea also lives marine mammal - Caspian seal.

Vegetable world

The vegetation world of the Caspian Sea and its coast is presented with 728 species. From plants in the Caspian Sea, algae predominate - silleneous, diatoms, red, brown, chars and others, from the flowering - Zoster and Ruppius. On the origin of the flora relates mainly to the unicurate age, but some plants were listed in the Caspian Sea by a person consciously either on the bottoms of the courts.

Mining of oil and gas

In the Caspian Sea, many deposits of oil and gas are being developed. Proved oil resources in the Caspian Sea constitute about 10 billion tons, total oil and gas condensate resources are estimated at 18 to 20 billion tons.

The oil production in the Caspian Sea began in 1820, when the first oil well was drilled on the Absheron shelf. In the second half of the XIX century, oil production began in industrial volumes on the Absheron Peninsula, then in other territories.

In addition to the extraction of oil and gas, the coast of the Caspian Sea and the Caspian shelf also produces salt, limestone, stone, sand, clay.

The Caspian Sea is located in different geographic zones. It plays a large role in world history, is an important economic region and source of resources. The Caspian Sea is a unique reservoir.

Short description

This sea has large sizes. The bottom is covered with the bark of the oceanic type. These factors allow you to count it to the seas category.

It is a closed reservoir, it does not have drain and is not associated with the waters of the world ocean. Therefore, it can be attributed to the same and to the category of lakes. In this case, it will be the most large lake on the planet.

Approximate Caspian Square - about 370 thousand square kilometers. The volume of the sea varies depending on the different oscillations of the water level. The average value is 80 thousand cubic kilometers. Depth varies in its parts: South has great depththan North. The average value of the depth is 208 meters, the highest value in the southern part exceeds 1000 meters.

The Caspian Sea plays a major role for the development of trade relations between countries. Resources mined in it, as well as other trade items transported to different countries Since the development of shipping at sea. Since the middle ages of the Middle Ages, merchants delivered exotic goods, spices and fur. Today, in addition to transporting resources, the sea is carried out ferry crossings between cities. Also, the Caspian Sea is communicated by the shipping channel through the rivers with Azov Morce.

Geographic characteristics

The Caspian Sea is located between two continents - Europe and Asia. Washes the territory of several countries. These are Russia, Kazakhstan, Iran, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan.

It has more than 50 islands, both large and small in its area. For example, the islands of Ashur Hell, seals, Chigil, Gum, Zenbil. As well as the peninsula, the most significant - Absheron, Mangyshlak, Agrahan and others.

The main influx of water resources The Caspian Sea is obtained at the expense of rivers flowing into it. In total, there are 130 tributaries of this reservoir. The biggest is the Volga River, which brings the bulk of water. Also, the Rivers Heras, Urals, Terek, Astarchha, Kura, Sulac and many others fall into it.

The water of this sea is formed by many bays. Among the largest: Agrahan, Kizlyar, Turkmenbashi, Girkan Bay. In the eastern part there is a lake bay called Kara-Bogaz-goal. He communicates with the sea with a small strait.

Climate

The climate is characterized geographic location The sea, therefore, has several species: from continental in the northern region to subtropical in South. It affects air and water temperature indicators that have large contrasts depending on the part of the sea, especially during the cold season.

Winter average temperature The air in the northern region is about -10 degrees, water comes to the value -1 degree.

In the southern area, the air and water temperature in winter warms up an average of up to +10 degrees.

IN summer time Air temperature B. northern zone It comes to +25 degrees. In southern much hotter. The maximum fixed value here is + 44 degrees.

Resources

Natural resources of the Caspian Sea contain large reserves of various fields.

One of the most valuable resources of the Caspian Sea is oil. Mining is carried out in about 1820. Sources opened in the bottom of the sea and its coast. Already by the beginning of the new century, Caspian held an advanced position on obtaining this valuable product. During this time, thousands of wells opened, which allowed to extract oil in a huge industrial scale.

The Caspian Sea and the territory adjacent to it also have rich fields of natural gas, mineral salts, sand, lime, several species of natural clay and rocks.

Inhabitants and fishing

The biological resources of the Caspian Sea are distinguished by a large variety and good productivity. It contains more than 1,500 species of inhabitants, rich in fishing fishes. Settlement depends OT climatic conditions in different sites seas.

In the northern part of the sea, Sudak, bream, Som, Harry, Pike and Other species are more often found. In Western and Eastern, bulls, kefal, bream, herring. Southern waters are rich in different representatives. Some of the numerous are sturgeon. By their content, this sea occupies a leading place among other reservoirs.

Among the wide variety also produces a tuna, Beluga, Sevryuga, Tulka and many others. In addition, there are mollusks, crayfish, iglozzy and jellyfish.

In the Caspian Sea, the mammal of the Caspian nerve lives, or this animal is unique and lives only in these waters.

The sea is also characterized by a large content of a variety of algae, such as blue-green, red, brown; Sea grass and phytoplankton.

Ecology

On the ecological situation of the sea, the mining and transportation of oil has a huge negative impact. Population of petroleum products into the water is almost inevitable. Oil spots cause irreparable damage to the marine habitat.

The main influx of water resources to the Caspian Sea gives rivers. Unfortunately, most of them have a high level of pollution, which worsens water quality into the sea.

Industrial and domestic settlements of surrounding cities in huge quantities merge into the sea, which also causes ecology damage.

A large harm of the marine habitat is inflicted by poaching. The main goal for illegal catch are sturgeon types of fish. This significantly reduces the number of sturgeon and threatens the entire population of this type.

The information provided will help to evaluate the resources of the Caspian Sea, briefly examine the characteristics and environmental situation of this unique reservoir.

The Caspian Sea is the largest lake of our planet, which is located in the wpadine of the earth's surface (the so-called Aral Caspian lowland) in Russia, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Iran. Although they consider it as a lake, because it is not associated with the oceans, but according to the nature of the processes of formation and history of origin, according to its size, the Caspian Sea is the sea.

The Square of the Caspian Sea is about 371 thousand km 2. The sea, stretched from north to south, has a length of about 1,200 km and a middle width of 320 km. The length of the coastline is about 7 thousand km. The Caspian Sea is located 28.5 m below the world's ocean level and its greatest depth is 1025 m. There are about 50 islands in the Caspian Sea, mostly small in the area. Large belongs to such islands such as seal, kulala, residential, Chechen, Artem, Ozurchinsky. Also in the sea there are many bays, for example: Kizlyar, Komsomolets, Kazakh, Agrachansky, etc.

The Caspian Sea nourish more than 130 rivers. The greatest amount of water (about 88% of the whole flow) brings the Ural rivers, Volga, Terek, Emba, which fall into the northern part of the sea. About 7% of the runoff gives a large river Kura, Samur, Sulak and Small, flowing into the sea on the west coast. The Haraz, Gorgan, Sefidrud, which bring only 5% of the flow to the Southern Iranian coast. There is no river in the eastern part of the sea. Water in the Caspian Sea is salted, its salinity is from 0.3 to 13.

The shores of the Caspian Sea

The shores have a different landscape. The shores of the northern part of the sea are low and gentle, are surrounded by low-albele semi-desert and several elevated deserts. In the south of the coast, partially low-albele, they are bold with the coastal lowland of a small area, behind which the Elbecus ridge is going along the coast, which in some places will approach the shore. In the West, the ridges of the Grand Caucasus approach the shore. In the East - the abrasion coast developed in limestones, semi-desert and desert plateau approach it. The coastline is very changing due to periodic oscillations of water level.

The climate of the Caspian Sea is different:

Continental in the north;

Moderate in the middle

Subtropical in southern.

At the same time on the north bank there are luxury frosts and snow blizzards are raging, and fruit trees and magnolia flourish on southern. In winter, strong storm winds are raging at sea.

On the coast of the Caspian Sea are large cities, ports: Baku, Lankaran, Turkmenbashi, Lagan, Makhachkala, Caspian, Election, Astrakhan, etc.

The fauna of the Caspian Sea is represented by 1809 species of animals. More than 70 species of fish are found in the sea: herring, bulls, sorry, sturgeon, beluga, bellybits, sterling, pike perch, sazan, bream, vobla, etc. From marine mammals in the lake there are only the smallest Caspian seal in the world, which Not found in other seas. The Caspian lies on the main migration path of birds between Asia, Europe and the Middle East. Every year about 12 million birds fly over the Caspian during the migration period, and another 5 million usually winter here.

Vegetable world

The vegetation world of the Caspian Sea and its coast is 728 species. Basically, the sea is populated with algae: diatoms, cinema, red, hike, brown and others, from flowering - rupee and zoster.

Caspian Sea is rich in stocks natural resourcesIt develops a lot of oil and gas fields, besides this, limestone, salt, sand, stone and clay are also mined here. The Caspian Sea is connected by the Volga-Don Canal with the Azov Sea, shipping is well developed. A lot of different fish is caught in the reservoir, including more than 90% of the global sturgeon catch.

The Caspian Sea is also a seating area, on its shores there are homes of rest, tourist bases and sanatorium.

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The Caspian Sea is located at the junction of two parts of the Eurasian continent - Europe and Asia. The Caspian Sea is similar to the Latin letter S, the length of the Caspian Sea from north to south - about 1,200 kilometers (36 ° 34 "- 47 ° 13" S.Sh.), from west to east - from 195 to 435 kilometers, an average of 310-320 kilometers (46 ° - 56 ° V.D.).

The Caspian Sea is conditionally divided by physico-geographical conditions on 3 parts - the North Caspian, the average Caspian and South Caspian. The conditional border between the Northern and Medium Caspians is spent on the line Chechen (Island) - Tube Karagan Cape, between the Middle and South Caspian - along the residential line (Island) - Gan-Gulu (Cape). The Northern, Middle and South Caspian area is 25, 36, 39 percent, respectively.

According to one of the hypotheses, the Caspian Sea received its name in honor of the ancient tribes of horse breeders - Kaspiev, who lived to our era on southwest coast Caspian Sea. In the entire history of its existence, the Caspian Sea had about 70 items from different tribes and peoples: the Girkan Sea; The Magnical Sea or the Khvaisse Sea - the Old Russian title originating from the names of the inhabitants of Khorezm trading in the Caspiani - chuffas; Khazar Sea - Name in Arabic (Bahr al-Khazar), Persian (Daria-E Khazar), Turkish and Azerbaijani (Khazar Denisi) languages; Abeskun Sea; Sarai Sea; Derbent Sea; Sihai and other names. In Iran, the Caspian Sea and today are called Khazar or Mazendaran (by the name of the people inhabiting the same coastal province of Iran).

The coastline of the Caspian Sea is estimated at about 6,500 - 6,700 kilometers, with islands - up to 7000 kilometers. The shores of the Caspian Sea for most of its territory - low and smooth. In the northern part, the coastline is raised with water streams and the islands of the Delta of the Volga and the Urals, the shores are low and wetlands, and the water surface is covered with thickets in many places. On the east coast, limestone shores predominate, adjacent to semi-deserts and deserts. The most winding banks - on the west coast in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Absheron Peninsula and on the Eastern Coast in the Kazakh Bay area and Kara-Bogaz-goal.

Large Peninsula of the Caspian Sea: Agrahan Peninsula, Absheron Peninsula, Buzachi, Mangyschlak, Miankale, Tuba Karagan.

In the Caspian Sea there is about 50 large and medium-sized islands with a total area of \u200b\u200bapproximately 350 square kilometers. Most large islands: Ashur Ada, Garasu, Gum, Dash, Zira (Island), Ziebil, Cur Dasha, Hara-Zira, Senga-Mugan, Chechen (Island)Cheyll.

Large bays of the Caspian Sea: Agrachan Bay, Komsomolets (bay) (Former dead curtain, the Bay of Cesarevich), Kaidak, Mangyshlak, Kazakh (bay), Turkmenbashi (bay) (former Krasnovodsk), Turkmen (bay), Gyzylags, Astrakhan (bay), Gyzlar, Girkan (former Astarabad) And Enzeli (former peklev.

Eastern coast is located salt Lake Kara Bogat Gol, until 1980, represented by the Caspian Sea Bay, connected with him a narrow strait. In 1980, a dam, separating the Kara-Bogaz-goal from the Caspian Sea, was built, in 1984, a waterproof structure was built, after which the Kara-Bogaz-goal level dropped a few meters. In 1992, the Strait was restored, along it, water leaves the Caspian Sea to Kara-Bogaz-goal and evaporates there. Every year from the Caspian Sea, 8 - 10 cubic kilometers of water comes from the Caspian Sea to Kara-Bog (according to other data - 25 thousand kilometers) and about 150 thousand tons of salt.

130 rivers fall into the Caspian Sea, of which 9 rivers have a mouth in the form of a delta. Large rivers flowing into the Caspian Sea - Volga, Terek (Russia), Ural, Emba (Kazakhstan), Kura. (Azerbaijan), Samur. (Border of Russia with Azerbaijan), Atrek (Turkmenistan) other. The largest riverPlugging to the Caspian Sea - Volga, its average annual drain is 215-224 cubic kilometers. Volga, Urals, Terek and Emba give up to 88 - 90% of the annual drainage of the Caspian Sea.

The Square Square of the Caspian Sea is approximately 3.1 - 3.5 million square kilometers, which is approximately 10 percent of the world area of \u200b\u200bclosed water basins. The length of the Caspian Sea basin from north to south is about 2,500 kilometers, from the west to the east - about 1000 kilometers. The Caspian Sea pool covers 9 states - Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Uzbekistan, Turkey and Turkmenistan.

The Caspian Sea is washes the shores of five coastal states:

• Russia (Dagestan, Kalmykia and the Astrakhan region) - on the Western and Northwest, the length of the coastline 695 kilometers
• Kazakhstan - in the north, northeast and east, the length of the coastline 2320 kilometers
• Turkmenistan - in the south-east, the length of the coastline is 1200 kilometers
• Iran - in the south, the length of the coastline - 724 kilometers
• Azerbaijan - in the southwest, the length of the coastline is 955 kilometers

The largest city is a port in the Caspian Sea - Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, which is located in the southern part of the Absheron Peninsula and has 2.070 thousand people. (2003) . Other major Azerbaijani Caspian cities - Sumgait, which is located in the northern part of the Absheron Peninsula, and Lankaran, which is close to the southern border of Azerbaijan. Southeast of the Absheron Peninsula, there is a village of oil workers Oil stones, the buildings of which are artificial Islands, overpars and technological sites.

Large Russian cities - the capital of Dagestan Makhachkala and the most southern City Russia Derbent is located on the west coast of the Caspian Sea. The port city of the Caspian Sea is also considered to be Astrakhan, which, however, is not on the shores of the Caspian Sea, but in the Volga delta, 60 kilometers from northern coast Caspian Sea.

On the eastern Bank The Caspian Sea is a Kazakh city - Port Aktau, in the north in the Delta of the Urals, 20 km from the sea, is located in Atyrau, south of Kara-Bogaz-goal on the north shores of the Red Bay - turkmen city Turkmenbashi, former Krasnovodsk. Several Caspian cities are located in South (Iranian) The coast, the largest of them - Enzeli.

The area and volume of the water of the Caspian Sea varies significantly depending on the water level fluctuations. At water level -26.75 m, the area was approximately 392600 square kilometers, the volume of water - 7,8648 cubic kilometers, which is approximately 44 percent of the world's reserves of lake water. The maximum depth of the Caspian Sea is in the South Caspian depression, 1025 meters from its surface. The magnitude of the maximum depth of the Caspian Sea is only inferior to Baikal (1620 m.) And Tanganica (1435 m.). The average depth of the Caspian Sea, calculated on the batigraphic curve, is 208 meters. At the same time in northern part Caspiani - shallow, its maximum depth does not exceed 25 meters, and the middle depth is 4 meters.

The water level in the Caspian Sea is subject to significant fluctuations. According to modern science, over the past 3 thousand years, the amplitude of changes in the water level of the Caspian Sea amounted to 15 meters. Instrumental measurement of the level of the Caspian Sea and systematic observations of its oscillation are conducted since 1837, during which time the highest water level is registered in 1882 (-25.2 m.), the lowest - in 1977 (-29.0 m.)Since 1978, the water level has increased and in 1995 reached a mark -26.7 m, since 1996 there was again a downward trend. Causes of changes in the water level of the Caspian Sea, scientists are associated with climatic, geological and anthropogenic factors.

The water temperature is subject to significant latitudinal changes, the most distinctly expressed in the winter period, when the temperature varies from 0 - 0.5 ° C at the ice edge in the north of the sea to 10 - 11 ° C in the south, that is, the temperature difference is about 10 ° C. For shallow water areas with depths of less than 25 m, an annual amplitude can reach 25-6 ° C. On average, the water temperature at the west coast is 1 to 2 ° C is higher than that of the East, and the water temperature is higher than that of coasts by 2-4 ° C. According to the nature of the horizontal structure of the temperature field in the annual variability cycle, three time segments in the upper 2-meter layer can be distinguished. From October to March, the water temperature increases in the southern and east, which is particularly well traced in the average Caspian. Two stable quasi-casual zones can be distinguished, where temperatures are elevated. This is, firstly, the border between the Northern and Medium Caspian, and, secondly, between the Middle and South. At the edge of the ice, on the northern front zone, the temperature in February-March increases from 0 to 5 ° C, on the southern front zone, in the region of the Absheron threshold, from 7 to 10 ° C. In this period, the least cooled water in the center of the Southern Caspian, which form a quasi-stationary core. In April-May, the area of \u200b\u200bminimum temperatures moves to the average Caspian, which is associated with a faster warm-water heating in the shallow northern part of the sea. True, at the beginning of the season in the northern part of the sea, a large amount of heat is spent on melting ice, but in May, the temperature rises here to 16 - 17 ° C. In the middle part, the temperature at this time is 13 - 15 ° C, and in the south increases to 17 - 18 ° C. Spring water heating levels horizontal gradients, and temperature difference between coastal areas and open sea does not exceed 0.5 ° C. Heating the surface layer, beginning in March, violates homogeneity in the temperature distribution with depth. In June-September, horizontal homogeneity is observed in the temperature distribution in the surface layer. In August, which is the month of the greatest warm-up, the water temperature throughout the sea is 24 - 26 ° C, and in southern regions increases to 28 ° C. In August, the water temperature in the shallow bays, for example, in Krasnovodsky, can reach 32 ° C. The main feature of the water temperature field at this time is an upwelling. It is observed annually along the entire east coast of the Middle Caspian Sea and partially penetrates even in the South Caspian. The rise of cold depths occurs with different intensity as a result of the impact of the prevailing in summer season Northwestern winds. The wind of this direction causes the outflow of warm surface water from the coast and the rise of colder waters from the intermediate layers. The beginning of Apwelling falls on June, but he reaches the greatest intensity in July-August. As a result, a decrease in temperature is observed on the surface of the water. (7 - 15 ° C). Horizontal temperature gradients reach 2.3 ° C on the surface and 4.2 ° C at a depth of 20 m. The focus of the Apwelling is gradually shifted from 41-42 ° C.Sh. In June to 43 - 45 ° C.Sh. in September. Summer Apuveling is of great importance for the Caspian Sea, in the root changing dynamic processes at a deepwater water area. In the open areas of the sea at the end of May - early June, the formation of a temperature leap layer begins, which is most clearly expressed in August. Most often, it is located between the horizons 20 and 30 m in the middle part of the sea and 30 and 40 m in the South. Vertical temperature gradients in the leak layer are very significant and can reach several degrees per meter. In the middle part of the sea, due to the corner of the east coast, the jump layer rises close to the surface. Since in the Caspian Sea there is no stable baroque layer with a large margin of potential energy similar to the main thermoclinicine of the World Ocean, then with the termination of the prevailing winds causing an appeal, and with the beginning of the autumn-winter convection in October-November, there is a quick restructuring of temperature fields to the winter regime. In the open sea, the water temperature in the surface layer decreases in the middle part to 12 - 13 ° C, in southern to 16 - 17 ° C. In the vertical structure, the jump layer is blurred due to the convective mixing and by the end of November disappears.

The salt composition of the water of the closed Caspian Sea differs from the ocean. There are significant differences in the ratios of the concentrations of salt-forming ions especially for water areas under the direct influence of mainland. The process of water metamorphization under the influence of mainland leads to a decrease in the relative content of chlorides in the total amount of salts seawater, increasing the relative amount of carbonates, sulfates, calcium, which are the main components in the chemical composition of river water. The most conservative ions are potassium, sodium, chlorine and magnesium. The least conservative calcium and hydrocarbonate ion. In the Caspian, the content of calcium and magnesium cations is almost two times higher than in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, and the sulfate anion is three times. The salinity of water is particularly sharply changed in the northern part of the sea: from 0.1 units. PSU in the mouths of the Volga and Urals to 10 - 11 units. PSU on the border with Medium Caspian. Mineralization in shallow salty salty bays can reach 60 - 100 g / kg. In the Northern Caspian, the salty front of the quasisisitory location is observed during the entire underly-long period. The greatest desalination associated with the spread of river runoff along the sea water area is observed in June. On the formation of a field of salinity in the Northern Caspian big influence It has a field of wind. Central I. southern parts Sea oscillation salinity is small. It is mainly 11.2 - 12.8 units. PSU, increasing in the southern and eastern directions. With a depth of salinity increases insignificant (0.1 - 0.2 units. PSU). In the deep-sea part of the Caspian Sea in the vertical profile of salinity, there are characteristic defrits of isholes and local extremums in the area of \u200b\u200bthe eastern mainland slope, which indicate the processes of the bottom weighing of waters in the Eastern shallow water of the Southern Caspian. Salinity is also highly dependent on the sea level and (which is interconnected) From the volume of mainland.

The relief of the Northern part of the Caspian Sea - shallow wavy plain with banks and accumulative islands, the average depth of the Northern Caspian Sea is about 4 - 8 meters, the maximum does not exceed 25 meters. Mangyshlak threshold separates the Northern Caspian from the average. The average Caspian is quite deep-water, the depth of water in Derbent depression reaches 788 meters. The Absheron Threshold divides the middle and South Caspian. The South Caspian is considered to be deep, the depth of water in the South Caspian depression reaches 1025 meters from the surface of the Caspian Sea. In the Caspian shelf, the shell sands are common, deep-sea areas are covered with or solid precipitates, in some sections there is an output of indigenous rocks.

The climate of the Caspian Sea is continental in the northern part, moderate in the middle and subtropical in the southern part. In winter, the average monthly temperature of the Caspian varies from -8 -10 in the northern part to +8 - +10 in the southern part, in the summer period - from +24 - +25 in the northern part to +26 - +27 in the southern part. The maximum temperature is fixed on the east coast - 44 degrees.

The average annual precipitation is 200 millimeters per year, from 90-100 millimeters in a arid eastern part to 1,700 millimeters in the southwestern subtropical coast. The evaporation of water from the surface of the Caspian Sea is about 1000 millimeters per year, the most intensive evaporation in the region of the Absheron Peninsula and in the eastern part of the South Caspian Sea - up to 1400 millimeters per year.

The winds often blow on the territory of the Caspian Sea, their average annual speed is 3-7 meters per second, northern winds prevail in the wind rose. In autumn and winter months, winds are enhanced, wind speed often reaches 35-40 meters per second. The most windy territories are the Absheron Peninsula and the neighborhood of Makhachkala - Derbent, the highest wave is fixed there - 11 meters.

Circulation of waters in the Caspian Sea is associated with drain and winds. Insofar as most of The drainage accounted for the Northern Caspian, the northern currents dominate. The intensive North current takes out water from the Northern Caspian along the west coast to the Absheron Peninsula, where the flow is divided into two branches, one of which moves further along the West Bank, the other goes to East Caspian.

The animal world of the Caspian Sea is represented by 1810 species, of which 415 belong to the vertebral. In the Caspian world, 101 species of fish were registered, most of the world's sturgeon reserves are concentrated, as well as such freshwater fish, like Vobla, Sazan, Sudak. The Caspian Sea - the habitat of such fish, like carp, kefal, spin, kutum, bream, salmon, perch, pike. The Caspian Sea also lives a marine mammal - Caspian seal. From March 31, 2008, 363 dead seal were found on the Caspian Sea coast in Kazakhstan.

The vegetation world of the Caspian Sea and its coast is presented with 728 species. From plants in the Caspian Sea, algae predominate - silleneous, diatoms, red, brown, chars and others, from the flowering - Zoster and Ruppius. On the origin of the flora relates mainly to the unicurate age, but some plants were listed in the Caspian Sea by a person consciously either on the bottoms of the courts.

The Caspian Sea is located on the continent of Eurasia. It is surprising that the Caspian Sea of \u200b\u200b370 thousand kilometers is actually the largest lake, as it has no messages with the ocean. Although the lake is difficult to call it, because the composition of water, flora and fauna are similar to the sea. The salinity of water is close to the oceanic (from 0.05% to 13%).

Photo: Seagulls on the shores of the Caspian Sea.

About 50 million years ago on site of Eastern Europe The sea of \u200b\u200bTethis, which rushing, was divided into several large reservoirs - Caspian, black and Mediterranean seas.

Thanks mineral waters and therapeutic mud at the Caspian Sea is a large recreational and wellness potential. Therefore, there is an increase in the popularity of the coast of Turkmenistan, Iran, Azerbaijan and Russian Dagestan in tourists.

Especially popular use resort area In the area of \u200b\u200bBaku, where it is located popular resort In Ambaran, as well as the area of \u200b\u200bthe village of Nardaran, the sanatorium in the villages of Zagulba and Billgia. In the north of Azerbaijan, the resort in the collapse is gaining popularity.

Unfortunately, tourism in Turkmenistan is weakly developed, which is associated with the insulation policy. And in Iran, the laws of Sharia are forbidden to rest on foreign tourists in the coast.

But if you decide to relax in the Caspian Lake, then you will like to walk in protected areas, you will burn to see the extraordinary floating islands, a variety of plants and animals that live in fresh and salted waters.

Here throughout the year there is more a variety of ways to have a pleasant time. For example, you can go to the boat cruises, go fishing or hunting on waterfowl, and you can just enjoy medical waters, considering seals and a variety of feathered. Very beautiful protected areas of the sea shores, such as Astrakhan International biosphere reserve And Delta Volga with lotus fields.

A feature of the Caspian zone is Eastern flavor with hookah and fascinating dances. The ear will delight traditional music, and the East Asian cuisine is quenched hunger.

See where the Caspian Sea is on the world map.

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Video: Caspian Sea. Storm. 08,07,2012.