Medical care of mass recreation sites. Country areas of mass recreation

Country areas of mass recreation. Forest parks and protected landscapes

Zones of mass rest

09.11.2019

Organization of seats mass rest Settlements is one of the most important social tasks solved in settlements. It is especially important to create recreation zones in natural natural conditions. In most cases, the territory of the recreation of modern settlements is forest parking arrays. An important environmental event is to determine the indicators of the maximum capacity of recreation areas, taking into account the stability of natural landscapes to recreational loads. For this, special standards are applied, on the basis of which areas are determined needed to organize mass recreation sites (Table 6, 7). To solve recreational problems, the project provides for the creation of a multifunctional fleet with the release of a quiet and outdoor area. In zone active restThe construction of the club and sports grounds is envisaged. A quiet rest area includes shaded areas, glades, lawns and is designed for a relaxing holiday, walks, reading, quiet games.

Table 6 - calculation of the area for organizing mass recreation places.

View of the recreation zone	Perspective population, people	Percentage of attendance park population, %	Norm on 1 overhaul, ha / person.	The area of \u200b\u200bthe projected park area, ha	The proportion of recreation of various targets,%
Forestry zone, incl.
Active recreation area
Silent rest area

To increase the aesthetic value of the landscape, as well as improved recreational conditions with. Froli, the project provides the device on the banks of the river.

The size of the territory of the beaches placed on the lands, resorts and recreation areas should be taken 1 sq.m. per visitor.

The dimensions of river and lake beaches placed on the lands of agricultural use should be taken at the rate of 5 sq.m. per visitor.

The size of the territory of specialized therapeutic beaches for treated with limited mobility should be taken at the rate of 8-12 sq.m. per visitor.

The minimum length of the beach strip on one visitor should be taken at least: for sea beaches 0,2m, river and lakes 0.25m.

Due to the fact that swimming, sunbathing, boating and walks in water bodies are the most attractive types of mass recreation, this must be considered when planned solutions and engineering improvement of the coastal strip.

On the coastal strip, three zones should be provided, various in their functional intended purpose. Near the water river width up to 30-40m is the first zone or directly the beach. It is an open space with the necessary sunbathing equipment. This zone has the greatest flood density.

The second zone adjoins the beach and is given to outdoor activities.

It places platforms for volleyball, basketball, table tennis, badminton and other games. Depending on the planning solution of the entire coastline, it can be width from 15 to 40m. This zone has a smaller density of holidaymakers than the previous one.

The third zone is a quiet recreation area that is designed for walking and relaxing in the shade. It is equipped with platforms and has the smallest density of holidaymakers.

The territory of the beach is chosen outside the sanitary zone, water sources and away from the plots of possible pollution of water.

Beaches can be herbal, sandy, gravel. The territory of the beach should be smooth with a water slope within 0.01-0.03. With adverse soils, artificial coating from the import material are created. At the beach, umbrellas, canopies, cabins for dressing, in some cases, and toilets and garbagers are installed.

Table 7 - Calculation of the area for the organization of the beach.

Table 8 - Definition of the area of \u200b\u200bthe territory of long-term rest institutions.

In the control work provides for the creation of water protection zones of water bodies located in the territory of the settlement. Within water protection zones, the decrease of land, the use of pesticides, construction of livestock complexes, a device for repair of equipment, and storage of fertilizers is prohibited.

The area of \u200b\u200bwater protection zones is defined in Table 9 and depends on the length of the coastal strip within the boundaries of the plan and width of the water-protection zone, which is given in the task and depends on the length of the rivers from their source or the area of \u200b\u200bthe water area of \u200b\u200bclosed reservoirs (lakes, reservoirs).

Table 9 - Determination of the area of \u200b\u200bwater protection zones.

View of the water branch	The length of the rivers from their source, km	Lake water area, km 2	Width of the water protection zone, m	The length of the coastal strip, m	Square Water-Building Zone, ha

Places country rest and tourism as objects of architectural landscape design are of particular complexity due to their closest communication with the tasks of nature conservation, the need to take into account many planning, sanitary and sanitary, social order factors on higher-scale-urban planning levels.

Recreation area, or recreational zone, is a territorial formation area from several tens (less often to several hundred) square kilometers, comprising certain recreational facilities, complexes of recreational institutions and devices and having a single planning organization, a service system, transport, engineering and technical support. They, as a rule, are formed near the cities to meet the needs of their population in short and partly long vacation. The leading factor in the placement of recreation areas is the presence of the relevant recreational Resources, i.e., suitable natural landscape conditions - forest arrays, rivers and lakes.

The most visited recreation areas, located directly near (up to 5 km) from cities, are distinguished by an increased level of improvement, which allows the landscape to withstand high recreational loads. Zones that are at a significant distance from the city, by contrast, may have simplified improvement, somewhat approaching the natural environment. If at the "threshold" of the city prevailing such recreational territories, like parks and forest parks, short-lived areas in reservoirs, sport complexesIn a more remote belt of the suburban zone there are places of rest with overnight stay (bases and towns of recreation, gardening partnerships, etc.). Finally, in the most remote parts of suburban zones, there are prolonged leisure facilities (pioneer camps, cottages of children's preschool institutions, boarding houses, recreation bases of enterprises - onely surrounded by forests, near water bodies).

Zones of mass short-term recreation that require the transport of a large number of vacationers in the peak hours of weekend days, are placed in pedestrian accessibility from railway stationsdeparting lines of the metro bus routesstops water transport. In the boundaries of zones, it is necessary to provide an alternation of intensively and extensively used territories in which it is preserved with possible greater complete complex of the source (or restored) natural conditions. Service centers, around which the territory of intensive development is formed, it is necessary to place approximately 2 ... 3 km from each other, so that the extensive development bandwidth was at least 1.5 km. Due to the fact that the most intensively vacationers use the edges of forest arrays, emerging directly to the water bodies, the degree of improvement in landscaped coastal bands up to 150 m should approach the park and provide loads of up to 30 people. A dense network of roads and tropings with solid coating, lawns are created, the curtains of trees and shrubs are formed, benches, urns, drinking fountains, outdoor lighting lights, shadow canopies are placed. Within the beaches - herbaceous and sandy - the load can be 100 and 1000 people, respectively (approximate width of the beach strip 30 ... 60 m). Long-term recreation zones have a more complex structure: they have separate recreational institutions are grouped into complexes, and complexes in groups of complexes, remote from each other by at least 2 ... 3 km with filling in forest parks. This avoids the appearance of extensive zones of continuous recreational development, oppressing for most of the holidaymakers and creating a threat to ecological equilibrium of the natural environment.

Based on the analysis of the most successful examples of design and construction practices, the following build types in recreation complexes can be recommended:

a group of single-storey bungalow houses or single, two-storey pavilions. The magnitude of the group is 80 ... 100 block cells or 8 ... 12 pavilions, capacity of 150 ... 400 places; building platform 5 ... 6 hectares; load on a plot of 30 ... 70 people / ha (Fig. 6.1);

a group of two-, three-, five-storey buildings with a compact plan. Number of buildings 3 ... 6, group capacity 400 ... 800 places, building area 5 ... 9 hectares, load on a plot of 70 ... 100 people;

a group of six, nine-story buildings with a compact plan. The number of buildings 3 ... 5, the capacity of the group is 800 ... 1000 places, the construction site is 8 ... 9 hectares, the load on the portion is 100 ... 120 people.

Fig. 6.2. Fragment of the recreation area at the Zaslavsky reservoir near Minsk. Coastal Lugopark: 1 - facilities; 2 - inputs; 3 - entrances; 4 - Parking; 5 - service centers and settlements; 6 - beaches; 7 - railway; 8 - motorway; 9 - Park road; 10 - walking hiking roads; 11 - wood-shrub arrays; 12 - meadows; 13 - reservoirs; fourteen - chief Center servicing holidaymakers; 15 - subcenter of servicing holidaymakers; 16 - sports zone; 17 - "Nagorny Park"; 18 - Lugopar; 19 - Beaches; 20 - a quiet rest zone; 21 - historical and memorial center; 22 - Country hotel; 23 - pop; 24 - dance platform; 25 - cafes; 26 - the base of fishermen; 27 - decorative pool; 28 - channel; 29 - Park "Nature and Fantasy"; 30 - "Swampy Garden"; 31 - Bay "Rybatskoy Happiness"; 32 - "Chamomile meadow"; 33 - "Alpine Hill"; 34 - "Jerkeeping Polyana"; 55 - Rainbow Road; 36 - Tower of "Trust"

However, the size, functional organization, architectural-landscape appearance, the planning structure of recreation areas in various natural and urban planning conditions are extremely diverse and difficult to rigorous rationing or typing. As an example, consider one of the most well-known suburban recreational zones, which was formed near the artificial Zaslavsky reservoir near the North-Western borders of Minsk (Fig. 6.2). This zone is a continuation of the urban water-green diameter formed on the shores of the scarlet river Svisloch, and covers the territory of 16.5 thousand hectares. The natural situation here was favorable to create mass recreation sites: a fairly large reservoir water area (3 thousand hectares) with a rugged coastlineIt is partially adjusted by pine and deciduous forests (30% of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe zone), a lot of blooming meadows, beaches.

The first 10 ... 15 years (starting in 1952) this recreation zone developed without taking into account the long-term prospects for the development of the entire recreation system of the city, without a scientific study of the natural situation and calculating the likely recreation load on landscape complexes. As a result of insufficient attention to the ecological side of construction, a number of adverse changes have occurred here. There was a large number of vacationers in those areas of the forest, which adjoin the shores, which caused their degradation. Natural beaches came to an unsanitary state, and several small equipped beaches were also not able to withstand excessive loads. Water bloomed in the bays of the reservoir, because it was not cleaned his bed. Pioneer camps and other institutions with large fenced areas began to interfere with those who come here for a short-term vacation. In 1969, the MinskProject Institute developed a project, an important part of which was a detailed assessment of natural landscapes, the forecast of possible changes to the future. The developed planning concept was based on the analysis of physico-geographical, hygienic, natural-historical, aesthetic characteristics of the current situation.

An additional flooding of the reservoir from the river was designed and implemented. Neman, which led to an improvement in the water regime of all zone waters. Installed the mode of protection of soil cover, forests and small watercourses. To reduce the recreational burden on previously developed sections of the reservoir, new beaches were organized. Cultural and household services are now carried out through a system of special centers and subcenters, conveniently related to transport and pedestrian directions. Based on the calculation of a one-time capacity of the recreation zone, all its components are developing: a meadow, hydropark, forest parks, beaches and a local resort "Zhdanovichi". Landscapes are previously a little mastered Western and Northwestern areas of the reservoir (beaches, yachtclubs, sports gabbas, rowing canal, forest park, etc.). New meadow on the previously wetlands south Bank (nearest to the city) performs a "intercepting" function, regulates the flows of vacationers and thereby removes excessive loads on pine forests. As part of the Lugopark, the extensive "chamomile meadow", "Mereskaya Polyany", "Swampy Garden" with scribes, birch groves - landscapes characteristic of this part of Belarus.

The most visited and country natural arrays are most visited for short-term and long-term recreation include mass recreation areas created in the largest cities RSFSR. Attendance of mass recreation areas has particularly increased due to the increasing number of personal cars and the development of a mass passenger network. So, according to the Institute of the General Plan of Moscow, on weekends, 1/3 of all holidaymakers go away in the massacket zone.

Mass recreation areas are located within a radius from 25 to 150 km from the borders of the city (Fig. 17, 18) in the most favorable places in the natural qualities of suburban areas, in most cases in forests and on the shores of large reservoirs.

To preserve natural conditions, it is necessary that the number of visitors to the green arrays in the zones of mass recreation does not exceed 10 people, in the places of mass accumulation (on the beaches, etc. - 30 people.

In the zones of mass recreation, there may be placed: beach, recreation center, auto, moto and well construction, forest wrappers, items fishing, one-day holiday, day stay, recreation camp, hotel-pension, sports base (sports club), sanatorium, holiday homes, pioneer camps.

With a large number of possible planning solutions of mass recreation areas (Fig. 19), it is possible to highlight the main provisions that need to be considered when planning these objects of landscaping.

The existing natural conditions of these territories are preserved to the maximum extent and improve: create new or landscaping old reservoirs, expand the range of plants in forestry arrays, organize a variety of garden-park compositions (Fig. 20).

The most picturesque places are paved automobile and pedestrian roads that make up the routes of a certain length.

Various objects are placed on the territory so that with them the most convenient connection.

When planning objects of landscaping, the number of visitors in various objects of mass recreation areas is of great importance.

Based on the analysis of the experience of the operation of mass recreation areas in a number of cities, their optimal capacity is established (% of the capacity of the entire mass recreation area):

For short-term recreation:
bases of short-term rest	45
tourist bases, camps, privals	10
stop items	15
trailer Parks, Fishing and Hunting Bases, Water Stations	10
floating cities recreation	10
collective gardens	10
TOTAL	100
For long rest:
recreation at home profilator type	3
pension	30
camps rest	30
town holidays	33
dacha	4
TOTAL	100

Of course, these indicators are only approximate and may vary depending on the natural conditions of this zone, its size, distance from the city.

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To categoriarity: Landscape design

Type of institution

Number of vacationers in shift, person

Square rate on 1st place, m 2 / person

Square of the territory of the institution of rest, ha

Number of shift

Total number of vacationers, people

RDVES holidaymakers in certain institutions from the total number of vacationers,%

1. Sanatoriums

2. The rest of the rest

3.Baby recreation camps

Country recreation and tourism places as objects of architectural landscape design are particularly difficult due to their closest communication with the tasks of nature conservation, the need to take into account many factors of planning, sanitary and hygienic, social orders on higher-scale-urban-planning levels.

The recreation area, or recreational zone, is a territorial formation area from several tens (less often up to several hundred) square kilometers, including certain places of recreation, complexes of recreational institutions and devices and having a single planning organization, a service system, transport, engineering and technical support. They, as a rule, are formed near the cities to meet the needs of their population in short-term and partially long rest. The leading factor in the placement of recreation areas is the presence of relevant recreational resources, i.e., suitable natural landscape conditions - forest arrays, rivers and lakes.

The most visited recreation areas, located directly near (up to 5 km) from cities, are distinguished by an increased level of improvement, which allows the landscape to withstand high recreational loads. Zones that are at a significant distance from the city, by contrast, may have simplified improvement, somewhat approaching the natural environment. If, on the "threshold" of the city, such recreational territories are dominated as parks and forest parks, short-term recreation areas at the water bodies, sports complexes, then in the more remote belt of the suburban area there are places of rest with overnight stay (bases and towns of recreation, horticultural partnerships, etc.). Finally, in the most remote parts of suburban zones, there are extensive leisure facilities (Pioneer camps, cottages of children's pre-school institutions, boarding houses, recreation centers - usually surrounded by forests, near water bodies).

Mass short-term recreation areas that require the carriage of a large number of holidays in the peak clock of weekend days are placed in pedestrian accessibility from railway stations, departure lines of the metro, bus routes, water transport stops. In the boundaries of zones, it is necessary to provide alternation of intensively and extensively used territories in which it is preserved with possible greater complete complex of the initial (or restored) natural conditions. Service centers, around which the territory of intensive development is formed, it is necessary to place approximately 2 ... 3 km from each other, so that the extensive development bandwidth was at least 1.5 km. Due to the fact that the most intensively vacationers use the edges of forest arrays, emerging directly to the water bodies, the degree of improvement in landscaped coastal bands up to 150 m should approach the park and provide loads of up to 30 people. A dense network of roads and tropings with solid coating, lawns are created, the curtains of trees and shrubs are formed, benches, urns, drinking fountains, outdoor lighting lights, shadow canopies are placed. Within the beaches - herbaceous and sandy - the load can be 100 and 1000 people, respectively (approximate width of the beach strip 30 ... 60 m).

Long-term recreation zones have a more complex structure: they have separate recreational institutions are grouped into complexes, and complexes in groups of complexes, remote from each other by at least 2 ... 3 km with filling in forest parks. This avoids the appearance of extensive zones of continuous recreational development, oppressing for most of the holidaymakers and creating a threat to ecological equilibrium of the natural environment.

Based on the analysis of the most successful examples of the practice of design and construction, the following types of development in leisure complexes can be recommended: - A group of single-storey bungalow houses or single, two-storey pavilions. The magnitude of the group is 80 ... 100 block cells or 8 ... 12 pavilions, capacity of 150 ... 400 places; building platform 5 ... 6 hectares; load on a plot of 30 ... 70 people / ha (Fig. 6.1); - A group of two-, three-, five-storey buildings with a compact plan. Number of buildings 3 ... 6, group capacity 400 ... 800 places, building area 5 ... 9 hectares, load on a plot of 70 ... 100 people; - Group of six, nine-storey buildings with a compact plan. The number of buildings 3 ... 5, the capacity of the group is 800 ... 1000 places, the construction site is 8 ... 9 hectares, the load on the portion is 100 ... 120 people.

Fig. 1. The nature of the building in the center of the Harhristian Profile Recreation Area (Lago Naki in the West Caucasus)

However, the size, functional organization, architectural-landscape appearance, the planning structure of recreation areas, "in various natural and urban planning conditions, are extremely diverse and difficult to rigorous rationing or typing. As an example, consider one of the most well-known suburban recreational zones, which was formed near the artificial Zaslavsky reservoir near the North-Western borders of Minsk (Fig. 6.2). This zone is a continuation of the urban water-green diameter formed on the shores of the scarlet river Svisloch, and covers the territory of 16.5 thousand hectares. The natural situation here was favorable to create a massive rest: a fairly large water area of \u200b\u200bthe reservoir (3 thousand hectares) with a rugged coastline, pine and deciduous forests (30% of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe zone) are partially adjacent to it, many blooming meadows, beaches.

Fig. 2. Fragment of the recreation area at the Zaslavsky reservoir near Minsk. Coastal Lugohark: 1 - facilities; 2 - inputs; 3 - entrances; 4 - Parking; 5 - service centers and settlements; 6 - beaches; 7 - railway; 8 - motorway; 9 - Park road; 10 - walking hiking roads; 11 - wood-shrub arrays; 12 - meadows; 13 - reservoirs; 14 - the main service center of vacationers; 15 - subcenter of servicing holidaymakers; 16 - sports zone; 17 - "Nagorny Park"; 18 - Lugopar; 19 - Beaches; 20 - a quiet rest zone; 21 - historical and memorial center; 22 - Country hotel; 23 - pop; 24 - dance platform; 25 - cafes; 26 - the base of fishermen; 27 - decorative pool; 28 - channel; 29 - Park "Nature and Fantasy"; 30- "Swampy Garden"; 31 - Bay "Rybatskoy Happiness"; 32 - "Chamomile meadow"; 33 - "Alpine Hill"; 34 - "Jerkeeping Polyana"; 35 - Raduga Road; 36 - Tower of "Trust"

An additional flooding of the reservoir from the river was designed and implemented. Neman, which led to an improvement in the water regime of all zone waters. Installed the mode of protection of soil cover, forests and small watercourses. To reduce the recreational burden on previously developed sections of the reservoir, new beaches were organized. Cultural and household services are now carried out through a system of special centers and subcenters, conveniently related to transport and pedestrian directions. Based on the calculation of a one-time capacity of the recreation zone, all its components are developing: a meadow, hydropark, forest parks, beaches and a local resort "Zhdanovichi". Landscapes are previously a little mastered Western and Northwestern areas of the reservoir (beaches, yachtclubs, sports gabbas, rowing canal, forest park, etc.). The new meadow on the previously wetland southern coast (nearest to the city) performs the "intercepting" function, regulates the flow rates and thereby removes excessive loads on pine forests. As part of the Lugopark, the extensive "chamomile meadow", "Mereskaya Polyany", "Swampy Garden" with scribes, birch groves - landscapes characteristic of this part of Belarus.

Forest parks - landscaped forests, organized in order to ensure a variety of species free holiday On the village of Nature - in Polyany, among the plantings, off the coast of water bodies, etc. The main element of the landscape is here Natural forest vegetation, where natural growing conditions are preserved. It combines S. various species Improvement, developed road trail, facilities for servicing holidaymakers.

The size of the forest park is usually taken at least 500 hectares. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe territory on one visitor fluctuates within 500 ... 1000 m2. The area of \u200b\u200breservoirs of health and sports purposes is calculated based on the fact that in the summer, up to 60% of the forest park visitors accumulate on their shores.

Mass Attendance Zones public transport and parking lots, to beaches on the banks of rivers and reservoirs, as well as to the adjacent multi-storey residential building. Here are created quite large glads, providing comfortable conditions for extras and a developed network of platforms, roads and a trail is arranged. With a visit density of 30 ... 50 people, tracks and playgrounds should occupy from 6 to 12% of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe zone (for example, within a radius of 0.3 ... 0.5 km from mass transport). The area of \u200b\u200blandscaped mass attendance, depending on the specific situation, can range from 3 to 70 hectares (Table 6.1), and the percentage of open spaces in it is at least 35.

In view of the special importance for the ecology of forestarks (as well as for Logo- and hydroparks) of maintaining the mode of use, recreational loads, the balance of the territories The corresponding information material is submitted to the table.

The elements of the landscaping of a forest park must comply with the natural nature of the landscape (Table 6.2). Roads and alleys are given free outlines. Recreation platform equipment can be made of wood, natural stone and other natural materials. It is advisable to avoid asphalt coatings, replacing them with a stroke-dust, and in some cases cement-concrete tiled coatings or paving from the prestigious tighting stone.

In river floats and on the shores of Lakes, there are often extensive meadows and glads that serve as a good base for the organization of comfortable seats of country rest - Lugoparkov and hydroparks. They occupy reduced open areas, difficult affixes, but ensuring the growing of herbs and decorative perennials. The drained low sections along the park roads and on the shores of the reservoirs are planted with groups of trees and shrubs, but the predominance of open spaces with the disclosure of wide panoramas on distant distances is a characteristic feature of these types of park (Fig. 6.3). The optimal ratio of meadows, polls and high vegetation changes for various climatic beltsBut even in the south, open spaces occupy over 50% of the territory, reaching the northern regions up to 65%. The cost of creating and operating the meadowers is relatively lower than forest parks. The approximate balance of the territory of megoparks and hydropar plates (in% of the total area) is given in Table. 6.3.

Natural and cultural and natural national parks are one of the most promising forms of protection of landscapes and the organization of cognitive tourism (Fig. 6.4). The first national parks appeared in the 70s of the last century in the United States (Ipecustonian and others) and since then they are becoming increasingly popular. Currently, they occupy in some countries to 2 ... 3% and more of their territory.

Fig. 3. View sports Center In the hydropark

Fig. 4. Schematic plan natural Park Power Island: 1 - Forest Landscape; 2 - wetlands; 3 - sections of the most valuable plantings; 4 - Forest park landscape; 5 - Park Landscape; 6 - Change and informative routes; 7 - entrances to a specially protected area; 8 - Country highways; 9 - reservoirs outside the particularly protected zone; 10 - Park facilities; II - Urban Park "Sokolniki"; 12-Administrative and Museum Exhibition Complex

The main functions of national parks are the protection of valuable landscapes and in their boundaries of monuments of history and culture; Scientific research in the field of ecology; Tourism and partially rest in "natural" conditions. In this case, the recreational function is subject to environmental protection. When national Park Located in the already mastered area, some forms of economic use of the territory are partially preserved, provided if they do not cause significant damage to the park ecology. Thus, within national parks are allocated: zones of scientific purposes, including reserves - reserves; Recreational and tourist zones (including forest parks, parking lots of tourists); Zones of agriculture, forestry, fishing fish farming, etc.

The planning structure, the ratio of the size of the functional zones in national parks depend primarily on the type of natural landscape and the interpordability of its components. The degree of urbanization of the territory, the location of roads is also played. settlements, availability of industrial enterprises in the nearest surroundings of the park. For example, Lahemaa in Estonia - Primorsky Park, Gauja in Latvia - River, Ignalina in Lithuania - Lake, etc. Distinctive features of all these Baltic parks - availability along with natural significant values \u200b\u200bof history, culture, architecture and even certain objects of traditional agriculture . Here, for example, how the functional zones in Lithuanian are distributed national Park Ignalina, the total area of \u200b\u200bwhich is 30.8 thousand hectares; zones of strict protection of the landscape, i.e., reserves and reserves - 25%; Recreation zone - 32; Agroparkovaya - 12; Economic (rural, forest and fisheries) - 16, Lakes - 15%. Preferential types of recreation here - cognitive tourism And rest in already existing villages.

The main direction of tourism is water journeys on unlooking courts. A number of small historically established farms are declared architectural monuments and turns into peculiar ethnographic museums. The park zones connect the walking road - Parkway, 33 km long, but the central part of the park is free from motorists.

An important feature of the design of national parks is that they are not simply "posted" on the ground, but no matter how "is detected" in places where the most valuable in environmental and aesthetic relations are concentrated natural objects, and at the same time minimal (in relation to the general "background" of the region) the degree of urbanization of landscapes, there are no large industrial enterprises, a weakly developed network of transport and engineering communications. In this regard, the size of national parks is not normalized, their borders are determined by a specific situation.

Unlike national parks, reserves and other special protected areas - reservations are not intended for mass tourism and recreation, their task is to restrict all or certain types of economic activities to ensure or restore valuable environmental systems, biogeocenoses, certain animal species, plants, such rare objects of natural landscape, such as geasers, waterfalls, caves, etc. In these territories, scientific studies are conducted, in reserves based for anthropogenic values \u200b\u200b- such as palace and park complexes, architectural monuments, Places of outstanding historical, memorial value.

- Country areas of mass recreation. Forest park I. reserved landscapes