Travel Fernan Magellan on the contour map. In Pacific expanses

Fernan Magellan (1470-1521) - Portuguese navigator. The first made around the world and crossed the ocean called to them quiet. Proved the presence of a single ocean and provided a practical evidence that the earth has a shape of a ball.

Born in Portugal in the noble family. In childhood, he served as a PJ in the retinue of the Portuguese Queen, received a good education, studied cosmography, navigation and astronomy. At the age of 20, he went to his first swimming, participated in marine battles with Arabs, Indians and Moors, received the rank of maritime captain for courage shown in battles. I brought a huge benefit to the state, suppressing one of the uprisings of the natives on the Malacca Peninsula. After that, remained to serve in Africa. Because of the false accusation, he was refused to further enhance the service. Having lost the confidence of the king, Magellan resigned.

In 1517, he moved to Spain and accepted the Spanish citizenship. Together with his friend, Astronomer Ryui Falker, he convinced Korol Charles V in the fact that south of South America There is a passage from the Atlantic Ocean in a quiet. The opening of this passage would bring much benefit for the state: still Dad Alexander VI, dividing the land by Meridian, commanded all the lands (and well-known, and not open) to the west of Canary Islands consider the property of Spain. This circumstance and became an important reason to promote west.

An expedition was organized from five vessels (Trinidad, San Antonio, Santiago, "Consepesion" and "Victoria") under the leadership of Magellan, who came out into the sea towards Rio de Janeiro. Moved to the south of the mainland, he opened all the Atlantic coast of South America. Motion only during the day so as not to miss the strait. In March, the expedition had to stand up for wintering in a comfortable bay. On the same night, a riot headed by the commanders of ships began on the ships: difficulties and deprivation, which fell into their share, very much of people. The rebellion was brutally depressed by Magellan himself, and in early October the fleet went to the south. In October of the same year, south of the La fee, they were reinforced with mainland and entered the bay, named after St. Julian. For about a month, he examined him, but he did not find a passage to the South Sea. On the shore of the Strait, the expedition once saw the fires of fire and Magellan called the place of fiery ground. Soon the expedition approached the eastern mouth of the Strait, which now wears his name.

But only three vessels were included in the strait: one ship died, the San Antonio Ship team deserted, returning to Spain. The ship commander was slandered by Magellan, told the king about allegedly treason. After a month and a half, the expedition reached the Pacific Ocean.

When crossing the Atlantic, the navigator used his alarm system for the first time, and his flotilla ships never lost sight of each other.

The first transition through the Pacific began on November 28. On the remaining three ships, Magellan entered the Unknown Ocean, heated America from the south of the shed. Since the weather at this time was very good, he called the ocean tiche. Almost 4 months went on swimming, during which people had to eat cracked dust, mixed with worms, drink rotting water, there are oxides, wood sawdust and ship rats. Soon hunger and qing began, many died. Crossing the ocean, he passed at least 17 thousand km, but opened only two island - one in the Tuamot Archipelago, the other - in the Line group. March 6, 1521 Magellan opened the island of Guam.

Ten days later, the Expedition of Magellan reached Philippine Islands (1521). The squad was well met by the population, and one of the local leaders - Zebu - even accepted Christianity and the Spanish citizenship. After that, Magellan intervened in the distinction of local tribes and died in one of the skits with natives. Zebu, changing the Spaniards, killed some of them. The surviving crew members fled to their ships and went out into the sea.

On three ships, only 115 people were left - people were missing, and the ship "CONSEPATION" had to burn. For several months, ships wandered in search of the islands of spices. The Island of Tidor, the Spaniards bought a lot of cloves, a nutmeg, etc. and were divided: "Victoria" with captain Juan Elkano moved to the west around Africa, and Trinidad, who needed repair, remained. Captain Elkano, fearing the meeting with the Portuguese, held significantly south of ordinary ways. He was the first to go through the central part Indian Ocean And, opening only the island of Amsterdam, proved that the "southern" mainland did not reach this latitude. On September 6, 1522, Victoria completed the world journey and returned home, a little later "Trinidad" returned. But it was brought so much spices that their sales compensated for the loss of other ships.

Magellan's journey is considered one of the greatest events of the XVI century: the expedition went to the West, returned back from the east and proved in such a way that the earth has the shape of the ball; For the first time, Europeans crossed the largest of the oceans - quiet, opening the passage from the Atlantic. In addition, the expedition found out that significantly most The surfaces of the earth takes not dry, as Columbus thought and his contemporaries, and oceans. The name of Magellan has two star clusters (large and small magtels clouds) and the shed. All the travels of Magellan described the historiographer and the participant of the Expedition of Antonio Pyfucht.

(port. Fernão de Magalhães, Sp. Fernando de Magallanes, English. Ferdinand Magellan) (1480-1521) - Portuguese navigator, who has entered the story, as a person who first accomplished a trip around the Earth and as the first European overlooking the Atlantic Ocean in Quiet.

He opened (574 km) connecting the quiet and Atlantic Oceany, who was subsequently named in his honor. Fernão de Magalhães, Sp. Fernando (Hernando) de Magallanes

Biography

Fernan Magellan was born in Portugal, in the town of Ponti-da Barka. The outcome is once noble, but with the time of the indispensable provincial nobleman, Magellan consisted of a pack of service at the Royal Yard. In 1505, he was sent to Eastern Africa, where for 8 years she served on the fleet. Fucked in the incessant clashes in India, was twice wounded, after which he was withdrawn to his homeland.

In Lisbon, Magellan is working on the development of a project, which subsequently becomes the main business of his life, - sailing to the homeland of spices - Molukski Islands. He decides to get to the islands in Western, however, the king rejects his plan. Without receiving nor material support in the homeland, nor recognition, offended by many years of oppression and injustice, in 1918 Magellan moves to Spain. In Seville, it is profitably married and acquires the favor of the young king of Charles I (subsequently became Karl V - Emperor of the Roman Empire), which agreed to appoint Magellan commander-in-chief of flotilla, which was supposed to go to the search for the sea route to India to Molukskoe Islands from the West.

Fernan Magellan sailed on September 20, 1519 from the port of Sanlucar. 265 people went to the expedition, the flotilla consisted of 5 small vessels: Trinidad, Concepcion, Santiago, San Antonio and Victoria. All of them did not differ in the necessary maneuverability for swimming such a scale. Magellan did not use marine cards. Despite the fact that in the sun he was accurate to determine the latitude, reliable devices at least for an approximate definition of longitude had no longer. At such primitive vessels equipped with only a compass, sand clock and astrolabe (sextant predecessor), Magellan and went to the uncharted seas.

South America

The transition through the Atlantic Ocean passed relatively calmly, although the flotilla often got into strong storms. At the end of November, they reached the shores of South America and began to move down along the shore. Already at that time eastern shores The South American continent was carefully studied for thousands of kilometers. Swang along the coast accounted for very slowly. It was dangerous, but Magellan categorically refused to remove from the shores, fearing to skip the strait to the South Sea. All bays needed to examine carefully.

Meanwhile, in the southern hemisphere, winter was approaching, and at the end of March 1520 the ships were forced to dwell on the wintering for almost 4 months, landing in the place where it is now famous city . There they have replenished food reserves and carefully examined the coast and. The flotilla came into a series of incessant Antarctic storms. On San Antonio, Concepcion and Victoria, the rebellion rose, but Magellan was able to turn the situation and accept the command of all flotilla on himself, having ordered the captains of the rebeling ships. At this time, Santiago was sent for intelligence, but his terrible fate was expected: he crashed about underwater cliffs.

Only 4 months later, in August, the expedition continued its way along the South American coast, and on October 21, 1520, the ships reached a barely noticeable entrance to the strait, which is now called. The largest ship of the San Antonio flotilla was lost, and Magellan slowly spent the remaining ships in a narrow strait, on both sides by framed cliffs, where tidal waves reaching a 12-meter height periodically hit the flotilla at the speed, which several times higher than The speed of movement of the most high-speed ships. Finally, the ships of one after another were floating out of the strait, swinging on the waves of an unknown sea, where the Western casting came across a powerful oriental ocean flow. It was the ocean, which Magellan named quiet, because The expedition passed on it, never hitting the storm.

Death

For the hundredth day of swimming in the Pacific Ocean, the top of the mountain was noticed. Thus, the island of Guam was opened. Soon after that, Fernan Magellan reached his main Goal - Filipino Archipelago. Threatening to the local ruler weapon, he forced that to obey the Spanish crown, swearing on the loyalty of Spain and adopt Christianity. Soon Magellan was interfered with the civil war and on April 27, 1521, while in a step from the realization of the dream of his whole life, was killed in a ridiculous vessel with natives. The three remaining vessels continued their journey to the West, however, for one reason or another, only one "Victoria" returned to Spain from 17 (from 293-x) sailors on board. Captain of the Victorious Ship Juan Sebastian Elkano Awarded the medal, mortifying and wealth, and about the commander-in-chief flotilla, the great discoverer, no one even remembered.

Nowadays, take a round-the-world journey - not a problem. Only it will be necessary to die, but there are no special difficulties - you can come to the airport and a white-hearted plane will die at least to the other end of the world. But sometime around the world journey It was an incredible achievement.Because it was first.

Brief excursion in history

Now everything is simple: yes detailed maps, proven routes and whole guidebooks.

At the same time, travelers had only dreams and assumptions based on the experience of predecessors. And another one Not bad motivation - earnings. After all, Columbus did not get to India with a short way, and the idea was too attractive to just refuse her to go.

After all, the Spaniards and Portuguese have sincerely believed: you wake to the Indian shores - and inconspicuous treasures Already, count, ring in your pocket.

Who carried out the first world journey and why

But there were no less important reasons:

• On practice check that the earth is round.
• Researchb Its better.
• Prove that the oceans are interconnected.
• And, of course, make your name in history.

All these reasons led to the fact that Fernan Magellan first dared to sailing around the world.

The plan he tried not alone: \u200b\u200bhe had and companionby surname Faleir. He actively planned how it is better to build pave the path (turned out to be erroneous). Even one time he was considered the main organizer of the expedition. But it was worth walking until the journey - Faleir suddenly decided to read the horoscope. Which is an amazing bad luck! - said that it's not worth going to the path.

Magellan did not retreat from the idea. And the journey did nevertheless, thanks to which we remember it until now.

And there is something for. Nowadays, as I said, the journey is, it is rather entertainment. In the time of Magellan it was The hard work. During the army of Magellan, I had to face hunger, Qing (disease appearing due to lack of vitamins), mountains. But ruin his military conflict intervention On one of the islands.

So and did not finish the journey. But she graduated from his team- So, the first swimming around the world still happened.

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With personality Magellani am familiar with early yearsHowever, it was possible to study his activities in detail only in conscious age. I happened to read a lot of different literature dedicated to first round tight swimming And, in my humble opinion, the best of all the Portuguese captain described Stephen Collegu. I advise everyone interested to extract the book "Feat Magellan".

Why it all started

1518 year. Portuguese colonial empire controls all trade from western coast Africa to the distant Molukska islands, having a huge profit from this enterprise, meanwhile the sad Spanish conquistadors spend huge human resources in wars with natives, exploring a less lacking piece - America. Spanish crown in the face of Karl I (Karl V in Europe) "slightly" is distressed with the conditions Trendesillas Treaty *.

* The most brief statement of Tordesillas (with an emphasis on the third syllable) of the contract: With Portugal, the colonies toys cannot share and complain to Pope (of course, Roman), Dad draws on the map line and says: "To the West - Spanish possessions, to the east - Portuguese ".

Line on the left side of the card

In this moment portuguese captain Magalsh (in Russian historiography known as Magelflan) Deals a visit to the Spanish Royal Yard and says: "Gentlemen Spaniards, my friend - an astronomer Rui Falira, I considered something and said that if we get around the new continent from the south, then you can sail to the islands of spices without breaking the ill-fated contract." What will come from this, learn further.

Who is Fernan Magellan

Magellan - an experienced officer who is in service from Portugal And the blood shedding for Portugal (in fact, blood he shed for his own gold and ambitions, like all at that time, but officially for Portugal). Fernan took part in several key battles with Arabs, spent a long time at the Molukskie Islands, but soon for a number of reasons I got into disfavor of the Portuguese government And accepted the decision suggest your services to King Spain - Karl I (he Karl V in Europe).

Spanish Top with pleasure accepted the offer Portuguese captain and agreed to reconcile the adventure.

The first world journey of Magellan

In total, the expedition is sent 5 Karavel. Magellan, using his connections on the former homeland, forms two crews completely from Portuguese, yet t.rih ship are under the command of Castille (so then Spain called) captains. Let me remind you that Castile with Portugal at that time were in open confrontation, what it will turn out, read on.

Summary of Events:

• At the first opportunity, one of the Spanish ships rebellious and returns to Seville.
• Another Castilian Captain has to land on the shore of South America together with the priest.
• Soon the exhausted expedition crosses the Pacific Ocean and reaching Philippineswhere our hero makes the decision to play a war with local natives, for which those deprive his life. On this trip around the world for Magellanends.
• To Spain in charge one embossed ship with crew in 18 people(Approximate mortality for the expedition - 90 percent).

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Stone in the streets of unforgettable Barcelona, \u200b\u200bI somehow stumbled upon a copy legendary Ship "Victoria", the only surviving and coming the ultimate goal of the vessel first around the world swimming Fernana Magellan himself.

Who made the first round-the-world maritime expedition

Swimming under Spanish flags and portuguese leadership Magellan started on September 20, 1519 From the south of the Pyrenean Peninsula. By this time it has already become clear that Columbus has reached at all India, but opened. Question western Path to India Stayed still not closed. It was this purpose that Fernan Magellan's expedition had. It includes five vessels:

1. "Trinidad".
2. "San Antonio".
3. "Concepcion".
4. "Victoria".
5. "Santiago".

What was open to the Magellan expedition

The list of discoveries is great and important today for ever:

• river La Plata - before that, this reservoir was taken to be considered the strait that connected the Atlantic Ocean with the alleged southern sea;
• - The name was given from the term Patagon, to which the members of the expedition called local, very high residents;
• strait Magellan - connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans;
• - The Archipelago of Islands in the Far South of South America, named as nights often see the lights;
• Pacific Ocean - Magellan entered it on November 28, 1520;
• Philippine Islands - Magellan became the first European, who visited them.

Exactly on one of the Philippine Islands, Magellan was killed local residents who opposed new orders.
From the whole expedition to achieve Spain on September 22, 1522, it was already from the east only to one ship - Victoria With 18 crew members. Despite this the purpose of the expedition was achieved (Although it was originally planned to achieve only Molukky Islands and go back) and the swimming ended with success.

Fate of the first worldwide ships

"Trinidad", After the expedition reached Molokki Islands, swam back to South America, but he got into the storm and was captured by the Portuguese. "San Antonio", After the insurrection in the Magellan Strait, returned to Spain. "Concepcion" was left as a team and burned on the way with the Philippine Islands to Molokkam. "Santiago" crashed back in Patagonia. "Victoria" Reached Spain from the East only thanks to the threat and fear of the crew members, to capture to the Portuguese.

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When I was in preschool ageThere was no opportunity to find out the answer to any question in Wikipedia. To replenish your knowledge, I used several encyclopedias. I liked the stories about the great people so much that I wrote them down abbreviated to the notebook. One of these people was just a man who dared on the world journey - Fernan Magellan.

Where the great navigator was born

It happened in the Portuguese city, however, sources do not give accurate information - in port or in sabrosis. To the famous travel, his life was fascinating and dynamic:

• he participated in many battles on the side of Portugal;
• he was wounded in his leg, and lameness remained for life;
• advanced by the service from a simple soldier to the adviser of the Vice-King;
• it turned to the service of the main enemy of Portugal - to Spain (sources disagree in opinions, it was permitted by the King of Portugal, or he renounced citizenship).

How was the first round climb

Magellan was confident that East Asia could be achieved by floating from the banks of Europe to the West. He enlisted the support of the Spanish power and moved to the road. At his disposal there were five ships, however, three of them commanded the Spaniards. It is easy to guess that the ratio of Spanish captains to Magellan was strongly stretched. Because of this, one of the ships quickly turned back.

But this is only the beginning of the troubles who pursued the Magellan team. His intelligence ship crashed, the Spaniards rebuilding, for a long time he could not find the strait between the mainland and the archipelago. True, when the ships went into open and calm waters, Magellan called the water "quiet", after all over.

Completion of around the world swimming

As it turned out, a great man Fernan Magellan was not destined to go into the land on the ship. Instead, he was drawn into a local conflict in the Philippines. Soon he was killed by unknown natives.

However, the expedition did not end. And incomplete two dozen people, in 1522, on a sprinkling ship, returned home. So the story was written.

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Once, still as a teenager, I got to the sea. It was my first journey to endless water. And it left indelible impressions. Then I started dreaming about the World Travel by Sea. This day still remains unnecessary. But I did not disapperate interest in sea travel.

Fernan Magellan - the first round-the-world traveler

In the sixteenth century in Spain, then the Ladychitsa Seas, often maritime expeditions were going and sent. And in 1519 it was time for the first trip around globe. And although scientists have long proved that the land is not flat, people could only believe such evidence.

Five perfectly equipped ships went to the road:

• "Trinidad";
• San Antonio;
• "Concepcion";
• "Victoria";
• "Santiago".

On board were at least 265 bold sailors. Captain of swimming was Fernan Magellan.

The failures of the first round-in swimming

No matter how the Spain prepared their ships, it was not possible to foresee. But the most important enemies of the journey were its participants. Relaxing, part of the sailors turned back off the coast of South America. They were afraid to be at the edge of the earth, since they did not believe in her balloon.

Shortly thereafter, on one of the islands, and the Captain itself killed the natives. Initially, they accepted people with large ships for gods. But when they sailed, and then returned because of the storm, the aborigines were nonday, because of which they attacked the aliens.

And so, in 1922, three years later, only one ship with 18 not famous sailors returned to Spain. But they were the first to bear the land in the sea.

The first world journey from Russia

In our country, as well as in Spain, there have always been a lot of navigators. And in 1803, two ships under the leadership of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky went on the road to overtake the planet. Both ships safely completed the route and gave a new impetus to the development of the fleet in Russia.

So, looking back for the past, I understand that today around the world is no longer a dream, but a reality.

Around the world - it is so romantic! I would really like to make it with your loved one! I would like to enjoy our unprecedented beauties together, to discover something new, to experience new emotions ... And what, probably, the man who performed the first world journey was probably talked. About who he was, I'll tell you.

Traveling across the world

For the first time it was made 500 years ago! To this risky step in those days, the famous Fern Design Magellan dared. However, few people know that his famous journey himself was not destined to complete. For him, it was a matter of life:

But even died before the end of the navigation. He was killed by intervening in a civil war between the two tribes of Aboriginal. Then his team was very kept. Continue and complete this famous journey had to be another outstanding navigator. Made it Juan Sebastian Elkano. But it was Magellan who became the founder around the world travel and the great discoverer.

The first round trip and line change dates

After the Magellan team returned from his journey, people realized the need to introduce the so-called dates change line. It happened so. When the famous travelers arrived at the point from where they started their way, then with great surprise they noticed that the whole of Europe already lives in September 7, while on the calendar who was on board only the 6th day. The calendar error on the ship was impossible. But as a result, disappeared all day! This is due to the peculiarities of the earth's rotation.

In order for the rest of the casus with the rest of the travelers to send to long-distance distances, a conditional dates change line was introduced. It takes 180 meridian. Its feature is that it passes almost completely through the ocean part of the Earth, sushi affects only Antarctica. This is done in order to be able to confuse people less.

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Around thetest swimming and travel, expeditions around the Earth, during which all the meridians or parallels are intersecting. Around the waters were held (in different sequences) across the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, were initially in search of new lands and trade routes, which led to great geographical discoveries. The first in history, around the world was performed by the Spanish Expedition in 1519-22, headed by F. Magellan in search of a direct Western path from Europe to West India (where the Spaniards were sent for spices) under the command of six replacing captains (the last - H. S. Elkano) . As a result of this, the most important in the history of the geographical discoveries of the swimming was revealed by a giant water area, called the Pacific Ocean, the unity of the World Ocean was proved, questioned the hypothesis about the predominance of sushi over the waters, confirmed the theory of the land of the earth, the irrefutable data appeared to determine its true sizes, the idea of The need to introduce a line change line. Despite the death of Magellan in this swimming, it should be considered to be the first round-the-world seawater. The second world swimming was carried out by English Pirate F. Drake (1577-80), and the third - English pirate T. Cavendish (1586-88); They penetrated Magellan Strait in the Pacific Ocean for robbery of the Spanish-American port cities and the capture of Spanish courts. Drake became the first captain who fully committed around the world. The fourth world swimming (again through Magellan Strait) was carried out by the Netherlands Expedition O. Van North (1598-1601). Netherlands Expedition Ya. Levere - V. Schauten (1615-17), equipped with competing merchants-compatriots to eliminate the monopoly of the Netherlands Ost-India Company, paved a new way around the Outdoor Cape Horn, but the company's agents seized their ship at Muskki Islands, and the surviving Sailors (including Schauten) graduated from round-the-world swimming already as arrestants on her ships. Of the three round-mounted swimming pools of the English navigator U. Dampir, the most significant - the first one that he fulfilled on different ships with big breaks in 1679-91, gathering materials that allowed him to be one of the founders of oceanography.

In the 2nd half of the 18th century, when the struggle was aggravated for the seizure of new land, the United Kingdom and France sent a number of expeditions to the Pacific Ocean, including the first French circulation expedition under the post of L. A. De Bougainville (1766-69), which opened in Oceania a number of islands; Among the participants of this expedition was J. Bar - the first woman who made around the world. These swimming have proven, although it is not fully, that in the Pacific Ocean, between the parallels of 50 ° of the northern latitude and 60 ° of southern latitude, east of Asian archipelago, New Guinea and Australia there are no large sushi massifs except New Zealand. The English navigator S. Wallis in a world swimming of 1766-68 for the first time with the use of a new method for notes for longitudes quite accurately determined the position of Tahiti Island, several islands and atolls in Western and central parts Pacific Ocean. The largest geographical results achieved the English navigator J. Cook in three rounds of swimming.

In the 19th century, hundreds of world swimming pools with trade, commercial and purely scientific purposes were held, discoveries in the southern hemisphere. In the 1st half of the 19th century, the Russian sailing fleet played an outstanding role; During the first round-the-world swimming, performed at the "Nadezhda" and "Neva" gateways, I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lysyansky (1803-06), interpassate countercases in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans are revealed, the causes of the sea glow are explained. The following dozens of other Russian round-the-world swimming parts were associated with a relatively cheap marine way St. Petersburg with Far East And Russian possessions in North America strengthened Russian positions in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. Russian expeditions made a major contribution to the development of oceanography and opened a lot of islands; O. E. Kotsebu during its second world navigation (1815-18) for the first time expressed the right assumption of origin coral Islands. Expedition F. F. Bellingshausen and M. P. Lazareva (1819-21) at the "East" and "Mirny" boats on January 5 and 6, 1820, almost close to the coast of mythical to this southern land - Antarctica (now the shore Princesses Marta and Coast Princess Astrid), revealed an arcuate underwater ridge with a length of 4,800 km, caused 29 islands to map.

In the 2nd half of the 19th century, when sailing courts The basic openings of new lands were completed and completed, three round-world swimming were completed, there were a great contribution to the study of the Relief of the World Ocean. British expedition of the 1872-76 years on Corway "Challenger" (captains of J.S. Naherson and who changed it in 1874 F. Tomson) in the Atlantic Ocean found a number of Kotlovin, Puerto Rico, underwater ridges around Antarctica; In the Pacific Ocean, the first definitions of the depths in a number of underwater kitlovin were performed, underwater raising and hills, Mariana godnes were revealed. The German Expedition of 1874-76 on the Military Corwet "Gazelle" (commander of the city of Shleynitz) continued the discovery of the elements of the bottom of the bottom and the premiers of the depths in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Russian expedition 1886-89 on Korvette "Vityaz" (commander S. O. Makarov) first revealed the main laws of the total circulation of surface water of the northern hemisphere and found the existence of a "cold intermediate layer", retaining the remains of winter cooling in the waters of the seas and oceans.

In the 20th century, large discoveries were made during round-the-world swimming pools in the main Antarctic expeditions, which established in general terms of Antarctica contours, including the British expedition on the Discovery-N ship under the command of D. John and W. Carey, which in 1931-33 In the southern part of the Pacific Ocean, he discovered a raising Chatham, traced for almost 2,000 km the South Pacific Ridge and conducted the oceanographic shooting of the Antarctic Waters.

At the end of the 19th - early 20th century, round-tile swims with training and sports and tourist purposes began, including single. The first single round-the-world swimming was carried out by the American traveler J. Slachukum (1895-98), the second is his compatriot Pidgen (1921-1925), the third - french traveler A. Zherbo (1923-29). In 1960, the first round-road swimming on the Triton submarine (USA) was held under the command of Captain E. Beach. In 1966, the squad of Soviet nuclear submarines under the command of the counter-admiral A. I. Sorokina made the first round-the-world swimming without ascending to the surface position. In 1968-69, the first single non-stop world diving carried out on sailing Yacht. "Sukhaili" English Captain R. Noks-Johnston. The first of the women was the solitary round-the-world swimming in 1976-78 the Polish traveler K. Khojnovskaya-Liskievich on the yacht "Mazurek". UK first introduced round-the-world lone races and made them regular (since 1982). Russian navigator and traveler F. F. Konyukhov (born in 1951) made 4 single round-the-world swimming: 1st (1990-91) - on the Yacht "Karaan", 2nd (1993-94) - on the "Formosa" yacht, 3rd (1998-99) - on the yacht "Modern Humanitarian University", participating in the international sailing race "around the world", 4th (2004-05) - on the yacht "Scarlet Sails". The first worldwide swimming of the Russian sailboat Kruzenshtern in 1995-1996 was dedicated to the 300th anniversary of the Russian Fleet.

The first round trip from the West to the East was carried out by P. Teixeira (Portugal) in 1586-1601, having encouraged the land on ships and on foot. The second in 1785-1788 - performed a French traveler J. B. Leespes, the only surviving participant of the J. Laperus expedition. In the last third of the 19th century, after the publication of Roman J. Verne "around the world for 80 days" (1872), round-world travels for record time were distributed. In 1889-90, the American journalist N. Blya rebuilt the land for 72 days, at the end of the 19th - early 20th century, this record was repeatedly improved. In the 2nd half of the 20th century, round-the-world swimming and travel no longer appeared something exotic, latitudinal was added to them. In 1979-82, for the first time in the history of mankind, R. Fains and Ch. Burton (United Kingdom) made a world-world trip to Greenwich Meridian with relatively short deviations to the east and west through both poles of the planet (on ships, cars, motorities, motor boats And walking). Travelers contributed to the geographical study of Antarctica. In 1911-13, the Russian athlete A. Pankratov carried out the first round trip on the history of the bike. The first around the world In the history of the aeronautics belongs to the German Aircus "Count Zhepelin" under the command of the city of Eckener: in 1929 in 21 days he overcame with three intermediate landings about 31.4 thousand km. In 1949, the American bomber in-50 (commander - Captain J. Gallahher) made the first non-over-the-world flight (with refueling in the air). The first space flight in the history of mankind around the Earth in 1961 was performed by Soviet cosmonaut Yu. A. Gagarin on the spacecraft "Vostok". In 1986, the British crew produced the first airport flight on the vehicle around the world by plane without refueling (D. Rolin and J. Yiger). Supbo Kate and Devid Grant (United Kingdom) with three children made a world tour in the van, harnessed a couple of horses. They left the Orkney Islands (United Kingdom) in 1990, crossed oceans, countries in Europe, Asia and North America And in 1997 returned to their homeland. Equestrian around the world in 1992-98 committed russian travelers P. F. Plenin and N. K. Davidovsky. In 1999-2002, V. A. Shanin (Russia) drove around the world on passing cars, airplanes, cargo ships. On the hot-air balloon Alone firstwashed the land in 2002 S. Fossett (USA), he in 2005 made the first in the history of aviation a single round-the-world stopping flight on the aircraft without refueling.

LIT.: IVASHINETSTSE N. A. Russian Around the World Travel from 1803 to 1849. St. Petersburg., 1872; Baker J. History of geographical discoveries and research. M., 1950; Russian navigators. [Sat. Art.] M., 1953; Tubes N. N. Domestic navigators - researchers of the seas and oceans. M., 1954; Urbank A. alone through the ocean: one hundred years of single navigation. M., 1974; Magidovich I. P., Magidovich V. I. Essays on the history of geographical discoveries. 3rd ed. M., 1983-1986. T. 2-5; Famins R. Around the Light in Meridian. M., 1992; Blon J. Great hour of the oceans. M., 1993. T. 1-2; Stones J. One under the sail around the world. M., 2002; Pigafetta A. Travel Magellan. M., 2009.

And became the first one who visited around the world. The navigator did geographical discovery: became the discoverer of new territories and straits, and also proved that the Earth is stealth.

Often it happens that the place and time of the birth of great people is unknown. The accurate biography of Fernan Magellan did not reach the contemporaries, so you can judge the life of the navigator only by guessing scientists.

According to historians, Fernan was born at the end of the 15th century, in 1480. But about the date of birth, scientists diverge in opinion: some believe that this event occurred on October 17, while others are confident that the future navigator was born on November 20. The hometown of Magellan is considered either the village of Sabrose, which is located in Portugal, or the city of the port in the same country. Fernan's parents are also known to be known: they belonged to a poor, but noble noble class. Father Rui (Rodrigo) di Magalyaine served Alcald, and what did the mother of the traveler of Alda de Mosquito (Mishkit), remains unknown.

In addition to Fernan in the family there were still four children.

When the future navigator was 12 years old, he was a servant at the court of Leonora Avisian, the spouse of the Portuguese king Jouana II perfect. Instead of the court ceremonies and fencing of the unworthy servant, accurate sciences were interested in: the Page often retired in the room and studied astronomy, cosmography and navigation.

In the service of the court package, the future navigator stayed up to 24 years old.

Expeditions

In 1498, the Portuguese opened the sea route to India, so when Fernun Magellan marks 25 years old, the future traveler leaves the Royal Dvor and is sent by a volunteer to the service in the fleet, and then to conquer the East under the leadership of Francischi Di Almeida.

Starting sea Fleet 5 years old, Magellan is attempting to return to his native country, but due to circumstances remains in India. For the manifested courage and courage, Fernan gets the title of an officer and honor among the military.

In 1512, Magellan returns to Portugal to Lisbon. Despite the courage shown during the conquests of the East, in the homeland of the navigator meet without honors.

During the suppression of the uprising in Morocco, Magellan was wounded in his leg, which made the Portuguese navigator chrome for life, so a former officer was forced to resign.

Trip around the world

AT free time The traveler studied the secret archives of the King of Portugal, where Fernan and found an old map of some Martin Beihem. The navigator discovers the strait connecting the Atlantic Ocean with an unexplored southern sea. Map of the German geographer and inspired Fernan on cruise.

During personal admission, the ruler Magellan requests a permit for the seaflore expedition, but it receives a refusal due to the fact that he acted in the suppression of Moroccan unrest spontaneously than the fifth king of Portugal Manuel first. The reason for the refusal was also the fact that the king sent a ship to India around Africa, so I did not see the benefits in the sentence of Magellan.

Around thetest route Fernan Magellan

But Manuel gives to understand Fernan, which will not express discontent if the traveler leaves the Portuguese service. Insured by a sharp refusal and anger of King Portugal Fernan goes to Sunny Country, Spain, where it buys a house and continues to work on the idea of \u200b\u200bthe seabed around the world.

In the 15th century, in European countries, Oriental seasonings and spices were valued as gold. In Europe, the spices were not made, and the Arabs sold them on the market at a high price. The rich in those days was even jokingly called pepper bags.

Therefore, the meaning of maritime expeditions was to open the shortest path to the Indian Isles of Spices. In Spain, Fernan addresses the "Chamber of Contracts" with the idea of \u200b\u200ba naval journey, but does not receive support for the Office. A certain Huang de Aranda promises magtellane to help in 20% of profits if the sea expedition to conquer the islands of spices will be successful. But Fernan, with the help of a friend of Astronomom, Rui Faler entered into a more profitable agreement, which was officially certified by a notary one of the eighth of the profits.

According to the document drawn up by the Pope in 1493: the territories that were revealed to the East belonged to Portugal, and to the West became the property of Spain. King of the Solar Country Karl approved Fernana Magellan's sea trip on March 22, 1518. The ruler hoped to prove that the rich islands on which the black pepper and nutmeg walnut grow closer to the West, and, consequently, go to Spain, although at that time the Portuguese Corona was subordinate to the Tordeslim Treaty.

Seafarers received one twentieth share from all wealth mined during the expedition.

Swimming prepared ships with food reserves, whom would have enough for two years of stay on the ship. 5 ships participated in Seavlovania:

1. Trinidad (flagship ship Magellan),
2. "San Antonio",
3. "Concept",
4. "Victoria",
5. "Santiago".

The great navigator commanded the Trinidad, and Sangyago managed Juan Serran. On the three other ships, the main representatives were representatives of the Spanish nobility, and, despite the scale of travel, the seafarers had strikes with each other. The Spaniards were dissatisfied with the fact that the round-the-world expedition, the essence of which was to achieve Asia by following to the West, commands the portuguese, so refused to obey. In addition, Fernan did not disclose the action plan, which caused suspicion from the commander. The King of Spain ordered Magellan immaculately, but the Spaniards concluded a secret treaty among themselves, which will be removed by Portuguese Captain, if necessary.

The companion of Magellan, Astronomer Rui Fallira, could not participate in the expedition, since he began the attacks of madness.

The World Travel of Fernan Magellan began on September 20, 1519, 256 sailors went from the port of San Lucaras towards the Canary Islands.

The vessel moved long along eastern coast South America in search Southern Sea. Magellan's team became the archipelago's discovers Fire Earthlocated in the southern part of the continent and quite beautiful, judging by the modern photo. Portuguese believed that the islands group - component "Unknown South Earth." The islands seemed empty, but when the travelers sailed by, lights were lit in the night. Fernan believed that this volcanic eruptionsFor which I gave the archipelago the name associated with fire. But in fact, this the Indians fastened fires.

The vessel was held between the Patagonia and the Fire Earth (the strait is called Magellan now), then travelers were in the Pacific Ocean.

From the world journey, which made Fernan, he proved that the Earth has a ball shape, through 1081 the day of swimming in 1522, only one ship "Victoria" returned with 18 sailors on board, which Elkano commanded.

Personal life

Externally, Fernan Magellan did not resemble the descendant of the noble, as it reminded more than the peasant: he had a common appearance, a strong physique and low growth. The traveler believed that in man the main thing is not external data, but his actions.

In the south of Spain, Fernan Magellan meets Diego Barbosa and marries his daughter, Beauty Beatrice. The beloved is born a son who dies due to illness. Fernan's wife tried to give birth to a second child, but did not stand the birth and died. Therefore, the Great Traveler did not have descendants.

Death

Although the expedition prepared significant food reserves before the expedition, after a few months of navigation products and water ended. Because of the lack of food, the navigators had to chew the casing of sails so that at least a little bit of hunger. Travelers lost 21 navigators who died from exhaustion and zing.

Sailors, who have not seen sushi long, got to the Philippine province. The Magellan team could make food reserves and continue to go to the Around the World, but Fernan was involved in a quarrel with the head of the island of Mactan Lapu-Lupu. Portuguese wanted to show the natives of Spain's power to the natives and organize a military expedition against Maktan. But, to the surprise of Europeans, they lost due to insufficient training and dexterity of the natives.