1.
2.
Purpose: Formation of children's ideas about various types of transport and
the history of their development.
Tasks:
Develop logical thinking, speech, attentiveness,
Activate the dictionary of children with the words airship, chariot, rook,
glider and others.
Age: senior preschool age.
Equipment: pictures with the image of transport.
Game task:
eliminate pictures in the order of the person in the life of a person.
Decompose pictures according to affiliates to a certain
type of transport (ground, air, water).
1 or more children can take part in the game.
FROM back side pictures are written small stories as appeared
this type of transport. Therefore, this game can be used in class when
acquaintance of children with a history of transport development.
Game is ready to use. Enough to print, cut pictures, with
reverse side to lay the text.
Water transport.
1.
Raft.
The raft is the first to the ship. Shot people trees,
cleared them from branches, tied them together and went to
way.
Convenient? Why?
Waves through the logs and rolling so
watching some of the navigators in the water.
2.
A boat.
Many years have passed before they built the first
boat. It is stronger, reliable than the flesh. It's wrong
it is dangerous to go out into the open sea.
Cut the ax or burn out the core in the tree -
here is a boat and ready. Rather Chelny. At the same time appeared and
oars. Flowing man in Chelny, rows with oars. BUT
the boat floats slowly. How to be? What invented
man to sail faster?
3.
Rook.
Such a small sailing boat
called roaming. He appeared much later than the boat.
The rook was built of stranded boards. She was
big size and accommodated not only people and luggage,
but even large animals. The rooks were beautiful
decorated in the form of fish or birds bringing good luck. BUT
the most important sail appeared. With wind sail
inflated and carried a ship on the waves. But man
i wanted to create a faster ship.
4.
Corvette, Brigantine, Frigat, Schoon - it was
large ships, multipress. They had much
much speed than swearing. But very much
the forces of people spent. When the wind subsided, you need
it was necessary to work with oars, and it is so hard when
ship is so big. What do you think
people invented to replace the sail and oars.
5.
Steamer. Put a steam car on the ship
- He from the sailboat turned into a steamer. Coal B.
the firebox is burning, water in the boiler boils. Wheel pairs
wheels on water with blades split - ship by sea
swim. So it turns out a steamer.
6.
Motor ship.
Here is such a handsome man - the motor ship furrowing the waves of the seas
and oceans. Not ship, but a whole floating city. Already
for a long time, the rowing screw came to replace the rowing wheels.
He seems to be screwed into the water, thereby drives
the ship is much faster. At the boat, motorboat
screws are small, and by sea ships - giants and
giant screws.
Air Transport.
1. It was very long ago, thousands of years ago.
People envied birds ...
What do you think a man came up to
climb the sky?
There were braves who tried to do
wings to fly, but their attempts are over
failure. There was such a young man, called His Icar. It
i made the wings, but I could not fly.
Birds can fly because they have very strong
muscles and low weight. Muscles of our hands and shoulders are not
such strong, and the body, bones are solid and heavy.
2. Balloon.
But people are still found a way to break away from the ground. They are
noticed that over the fire and hot water up rises
warm air. This decided to use it. They did
big bowl with a basket for passengers and filled it with smoke. AND
the ball flew, but as soon as the smoke cooled - the bowl went down. (first
in the air rose on the balls of animals, after them became
lifting people).
To hold out longer in the air, it began to put in the basket
brazier with hot coals and a ball constantly filled with hot
smoke. But soon the ball did not arrange a person.
3. Airship.
The ball was great and awkward. In addition, the whole flight depended
from the wind: where the wind will rush, there and the ball flies.
People thought again: what would be to do so that you can
fly against wind. And came up with a airship. Hard frame out
tree and iron covered with dense matter. It turned out huge
building similar to fish. At the bottom of it hung the engines with
air screws and cabins for pilots and passengers. Gas,
which were filled with airship, raised it up, and engines
pulled forward. Now you could fly in any direction. But and also
the airship was their drawbacks. He was too large and flew with
small speed.
4. Planer.
Years went, and here is one Englishman Sir George Cayle
made a model of a glider. The model had motionless
wing and movable tail for turns, besides
there was still a wheel chassis.
5. Airplane.
The first aircraft were fragile and clumsy. They are
hardly disappeared from the ground, could not rise
highly flew slowly and only near the airfield. TO
the same often broke.
7.
People think about what to do how to make
airplanes move faster? There was such a person
called His Orvill Wright, who proved that
fly faster. The secret of success concluded in his
gasoline light motor.
8.
Years and aircraft were perfect.
Now they fly high, above the birds, overtaking the wind and
in any edges of the earth. Nice and convenient to fly in
modern reactive liner.
Land transport.
1.
Chariot. It was very - very long ago, a lot
thousand years ago. People tamed a horse, because earlier
she was wild. Horse - strong, hardy
animal, you can carry not only people
but cargo. For this, people make chariots and
the horse was injected into her. So first appeared
vehicle.
2.
People had to transport a lot of cargo,
then people came up with trolleys and wagons. They are
differed from the chariots in that they were on four
wheels, and to hide from wind and rain people
trapped it from above with skins or durable cloth.
Horses transported people to very far
distances. They were tired and they had often
change. These people did not suit.
3.
To replace the horse man invented
steam engine. Have you ever seen how
boils the kettle? It accumulates hot steam,
who begins to throw the kettle lid,
COURSE WORK:
Air transport: history, modernity and development prospects.
Introduction
1. The history of the development of the world air transpore
1.1 How it all started
1.2 ICAOI IATA-History and Reality
2. Modernity
2.1 from takeoff to landing
2.2 "BUM OF REGIONALOV"
2.3 Economy Multiplication
2.4 Fiasco Supersonic
3. Features of air transport and elimination of its flaws.
3.1 The safest?
3.2 Epoch AntiRerra
3.3 Impact of climate
3.4 Ecological aspect
3.5 Air Transport - the most expensive type of transport
Conclusion (air perspective)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Introduction
It is well known that air transport has become one of the fixed assets of the mass transport of passengers in the world. Air transport is carried out by civil aviation, which has a wider than only transport, application. As a sector of the national economy, it participates in solving not only purely transport, but also some special tasks. It is used in agriculture, to combat forest and other fires, in geological and ice intelligence, in sports and other purposes. But, undoubtedly, the main purpose of civil aviation is the transportation of passengers, cargo and mail by air mainly on large, often intercontinental distances. It must be admitted that cargo air transportation is still occupied in the general world cargo turnover with all types of transport a very modest (no more than 1%) place, but at the cost of transported goods, it is unlikely that they have equal. After all, airplanes are transported, as a rule, the most expensive goods: various small equipment, computers and televisions, jewels, fur and expensive clothes, medicines and perfume, high-quality perishable products (butter, chocolate, exotic tropical fruits), weapons, flowers and much more . The fastest delivery of such cargo sharply accelerates the turnover of significant material values, contributes to the growth of trade income. The main differences between aviation - the youngest and rapidly developing type of world transport - from other types of transport and its advantages in front of them are the highest travel speed of transportation and relatively lesser depending on the state and functioning of ground-based technical means (they are focused mainly on airfields). Such independence of aviation makes it an indispensable means of communication in hard-to-reach, low-voltage regions of the Earth, especially with a harsh climate, such as in the northern regions of Siberia, the Far East, Kamchatka, in Chukotka, Alaska, the North of Canada, in the jungle of Amazonia, in Sahara, where There are no roads or comfortable waterways.
It is impossible not to note the independence of aviation, especially in intercontinental flights, from climatic conditions and seasonal changes of the seasons. The plane can take off in the polar geographic belt, and land in tropical, and vice versa. There are no air transport and pronounced seasonality at the time of year, such as water (river). Of course, there are air transport and disadvantages. The main ones are a relatively high cost of transportation, while still insufficient level of security and a significant dependence on the state of the weather, especially in places landing the aircraft. It is worth noting such a feature of aviation as the international nature of its activities: because there are formally conditional state borders in the air. In places of departure and arrival aircraftif such places are located in different states, border service, customs, etc. are working. To regulate all the activities of world civil aviation, the unification of its use and use, as well as the exchange of experience in all areas of air navigation, in 1944, under the auspices of the UN, and The specialized international organization of civil aviation (ICAO) is successfully operating, and Russia consists of Russia. ICAO publishes detailed statistical information about all the diverse sides of the activity and the state of air transport in the world. In this course, the history of the development of aviation, the modern structure of air transportation, the latest trends and prospects for the development of air transportation will be considered in detail. As well as causes and possible ways to solve the most acute problems of air transport: 1) the liberalization of air transport and increase its economic efficiency; 2) ensuring the necessary level of security, especially due to the threat of air terrorism; 3) disproportion in the distribution of air traffic between different regions of the world and individual countries, depending on their economic development (see Appendix Fig. 2 and Fig. 3).
1. The history of the development of the world air transpore
1.1 How it all started
The world's first flight was performed, as you know, the Americans Brothers Wilber and Orvill Wright in 1903. On the airplane of Flyer-1 designed by them, a homemade gasoline motor with a capacity of 12 horsepower was installed. The "flight" himself lasted 12 seconds, for which only 36.5 meters managed to overcome. Nevertheless, it was the beginning of aviation, and America became the birthplace of the first airplane. In the future, she briefly held the palm of the championship. After 5 years, France broke out into the leaders of the aircraft enterprise. As for Russia, its aircraft designer thought also did not inactive. In 1913, the first 4-engine aircraft "Russian Vityaz" took place in the world. In early 1917, there were 20 aircraft and motor-building factories in the country who produced original and licensed aircraft. However, the greatest technical success at that time was accompanied by the German designer by Professor G. Junkers, the firm of which was able to create and launch the first all-metal monooplan aircraft "J-1" into the series - a prototype of all existing aircraft. At about the same years at the opposite end of the Earth, in the city of Sietle, on the Pacific Coast of the United States, the company's rich forestman William Boeing was founded by the firm for the release of light postal seaps, which today is the Boeing company - the world's largest manufacturer of trunk liners used by air carriers of everything World. Perhaps the best proof of the transformation of air transport in indeed mass remedy The movement was almost ubiquitous creating large commercial airlines in the same period. Moreover, Russia acted as the nucleon of this case, which is understandable, considering the immense space of the country and chronic off-road. In the spring of 1923, the Joint-Stock Company "Dobrole" was formed, actively engaged in airline laying and the formation of aircraft park. Existing until now, the American airline Delta was created only a year later, as well as the British Imperial Airways, and the famous German Lufthansa -2 year later. Further, since 1933 came into effect by AirFrant, and rapidly surpassed American Airlines relevant in heaven only in 1934.
By this time in the USSR, the Domestic Joint-Stock Company "Dobrole" replaced the Unified State Aeroflot, which remained the largest airline of the world for a long time. But, like other structures, in the early 1990s, Aeroflot collapsed to a variety of privatized air transport enterprises. Today, its direct heir is JSC Aeroflot - Russian Airlines, which remains the status of a national air carrier.
1.2 ICAO. and IATA - History and reality
By the end of World War II, it became clear that after its completion, the rapid development of civil aviation would begin. Already then the whole world was ready to transfer to the fastest transport capable of moving hundreds of thousands of people with an unprecedented speed. However, such an air movement needed not only in the organizational, but also in legal design, since the mass flights from one country to another and, accordingly, the crossing of the aircraft of many borders significantly affected the national sovereignty of states and could entail unwanted incidents and even conflicts. In this regard, in the fall of 1944, the International Organization of Civil Aviation-ISAO was established. Then in one of the hotels in Chicago, 700 delegates from 52 countries were gathered to the first constituent conference of the new global association of air carriers. This organization with headquarters in Montreal still remains the main forum of aviators around the world. Now it unites 188 countries officially referred to by Contracting States. From November 1970, the USSR joined the USSR, whose representatives were immediately included in the Governing Body - Council. This place then passed to Russian Federationand the Russian language was recognized as one of official languages Organizations.
The activities of IICAO defines the Chicago Convention on Civil Aviation - legal act and fundamental source of air international law. The then developers of the Convention should be given due to the creation of such a comprehensive and non-separating document regulating the fundamental issues and the daily practice of the functioning of the worldwide aviation community. Anticipating the global development of air transportation, the founders of ISAA managed, in particular, to avoid a difference complicated at one time establishing uniformity in railway communication (right-left-sided movement, a wide-narrow track and the like). All ICAO Regulation is aimed at ensuring the safety of flights, aviation security (protection against terrorism) and the maximum simplification of the air transportation process between states. Of the many specialized agencies operating under the auspices of the UN, ICAO are not only the most numerous, but most effectively operating organization, providing uniformity and order when transporting over the air more than 1.6 billion passengers and 30 million tons of cargo annually (see Appendix Fig. 2).
eloveku is characteristic of the impossible. The eternal dream of a person - climb into the air like a bird - reflected in many legends of all the times and peoples. People built wings, gluing the bearing planes from bird feathers, tinted with a vine, tosing silk, paper, the finest skin. However, these experiments ended in failure: the sky did not take a person. And not only nature opposed a boldly dream of people, the path to the sky was blocked by the curses of the clergy, bonfires of the Inquisition, the Terrible Monarchie Will.
"A man is not a bird, the wings do not hesitate. Includes aka Wings Wings - Against the Nature ... For this, the Commonwealth with an unclean force to cut off the forefidently head ... And the fiction, Aki Devil's help is equipped, after the Divine Liturgy burn fire." So ordered King Ivan Grozny - says one of the authoritative historians of aviation.
But in spite of everything, in Russia, in the XVI century, attempts were made at the air balloons (Figure 5.1). So, in the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the fortress man made a flight around the Alexander Slobody, for which he was executed, and his "apparatus" burned. In 1696, the Unnamed Russian man tried to fly on the wings, covered with thin skin. In 1729, under the Razhsky made flights on the wings made from wire and feathers, Blacksmith-Thunderstorm. In 1731 in
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The origins of the scientific approach to the problem of human flight, we find the titanium of the thought of Leonardo da Vinci, who studied the aerodynamics of the flight of birds and found a lot of centuries ahead of his time
the apparatus is actually carried out in the twentieth century.
With the wings for a long time did not fit. And the dream did not give rest, and then a quiet, cunning and enterprising man began to look for coaching paths. He saw the smoke breaks away from the ground and flies into the sky. And the old dream transformed into a new idea.
The French Brothers Jacques Etienne and Joseph Michel Mongolfier were hereditary paper manufacturers and enlightened people of their time. The eldest of the brothers - Joseph - a lot was engaged in physics and chemistry in the laboratories of Paris, and the younger - Etienne, an architect engineer, "managed all the affairs of the company.
The Mongolfier brothers reasoned simply that if the hot air to conclude into some closed volume (projectile), then the shell should have a lifting force, and it will fly. They understood that for this it was very important not to drag the shell of the future projectile. Therefore, they took the most durable and finest paper, which only produced in their factory, glued the pointed bag with an open neck at the bottom, filled the bag with hot smoke, and on June 5, 1783, the projectile broke away from the ground and flew. On September 19, a second flight with passengers (rooster, ram and duck) took place.
This flight, a duration of about 20 minutes,
In the same year, the French physicist Professor Jacques Alexander Charles made a flight on a ball filled with hydrogen (Charliner).
Mongolfier brothers balloons (Mongolfier) \u200b\u200bflew quite successfully. However, the list of victims of the aeronautics was destined to open Pilatra de Rayly, who died two years after its first flight.
And Mongolfierre, and Charles managed over time common name – aerostats.
In 1875, D. I. Mendeleev proposed the projectmanaged stratostat, which was a prototype
created later airship.
Balloons of free parking were never and could not be considered a means of regular transport.
Only with the creation in 1900. Ferdinand Zeppelin (Figure 5.4) of the first controlled airship of a rigid structure (Figure 5.5) attempts to create regular flights.
sil 529 flights, of which 114 through the Atlantic, flew 1,700,000 kilometers, transported about 160 thousand passengers.
Acron Airship, built in the United States in 1932, carried 5 aircraft that started and returned to the board of the airship during his flight.
Having achieved tremendous success, the airship lettering gradually began to casing and in the mid-thirties of the XX century almost disappeared. The reasons for this was that confidence in the airships was undermined by a number of major catastrophes. The last giant airship "Hindenburg", with the proper Germany, shifted in the air on May 6, 1937 during the mooring of him to the mast at the American airfield Leukharest. The reliability of flying giants was not sufficient. The whole trouble was that the hydrogen, which was filled with most of the controlled balloons, is explosive, and non-flammable and unspokening helium, although I found myself use in the aeronautics, it turned out to be too expensive at that time.
The second and very significant reason is to keep the giants of airships on Earth, especially in bad weather and with strong wind, it was very difficult.
In addition, the relatively low verge of airship could not satisfy the ever-increasing demands.
More recently seemed to: the airships finally dismissed their own. But recently the idea of \u200b\u200bthe airships received a new development.
The argument in favor of creating new airships can be the fact that if we take the cost of transferring one ton of cargo by one kilometer for the aircraft per unit, then for the helicopter it will be 5.65, and for the airship only 0.33. Airship, filled with helium, built from modern materials, can be the safest and most important freight aircraft, which can be operated without expensive airfields.
The idea of \u200b\u200bcreating an aircraft is heavier than air (the idea of \u200b\u200baviation) appeared and developed significantly earlier the ideas of the balloon. In 1754, M. V. Lomonosov proposed the project of the aircraft in the form of a two-screw helicopter, which he called the aerodynamic machine.
Otto Liliental failed so much
to justify the theory and practice of the planning flight, as he did.
The development of the first models of aircraft began in Russia in the second half of the XIX century. So, in 1867, N. A. Teshov proposed a project of the "Delta" aircraft, closely resembling its appearance modern supersonic aircraft With a deltoid wing.
An outstanding contribution to the creation of an airplane at 1876, the captain of the Russian sea Fleet A. F. Mozhaisky, who created a flying airplane model with a clock spring as an engine.
In 1877, he also presented a monoplane project that had all the part characteristic of modern aircraft: the fuselage, a fixed bearing wing (wings), tail plumage, wheel chassis and powerinstallation. A. F. Mozhaisky in 1888
il two-door plane with three screws (ri-
soot 5.7). He himself designed installed
aircraft steam engines with a capacity of 10 and 20 liters. with., which were made abroad. It was the world's first aircraft that took off with a man on board.
In 1894, the Airplane project was developed by K. E. Tsiolkovsky.
Abroad also conducted experiments on the creation of aircraft. In England, the first aircraft was built in 1894
Americans, Brothers Orville (Figure 5.8) and Wilbur (Figure 5.9) Wright, December 17, 1903, putting a small gasoline engine on the glider, flew on it 800 m in 59 p. They are often considered to be inventors of the aircraft.
On July 25, 1909, the Frenchman Louis Blerio on the Monoplane of his own design for 32 minutes crossed the strait of La Mans.
The beginning of an industrial aircraft industry in Russia belongs to 1908-1909, when Russian engineers are
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with flight weighing 6.5 tons and flight speed of 114 km / h.
Founded fast pro 
The process of creating new aircraft and engines to them. On February 8, 1924, a three-bed passenger aircraft AK-1 (Figure 5.12) of Designers V. A. Aleksandrov and V. V. Kalinina rose into the air. In 1925, this aircraft participated in the far flight on the route Moscow - Beijing.
dan all-metal heavy
ant-4 "Country Soviets" with
two engines on which world lifting records and flight ranges were installed. On this plane in 1929, Shestekova flights route: Moscow - Omsk - Novosibirsk - Krasnoyarsk - Chita - Khabarovsk - Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka - Seattle - San Francisco - Chicago - New York (21242 km, 8000 of them km over water).
In 1929, M. M. Gromov on the new all-metal plane ANT-9 flew 9037 km in 53 years old.
In 1930-31, one of the largest aircraft of that time - ANT-14 with a capacity of 36 passengers appeared.
In 1934, Ant-20 "Maxim Gorky" was designed for 80 passengers with 6 and 8 engines of 900 liters. p., velocity 250 km / h and flight mass of 42 tons.
AnT-25 superdult aircraft was created (Figure 5.13). On such an airplane in 1937, the crew V. P. Chkalov made a foreign 63-hour flight of Moscow-Vancouver (Canada) through the North Pole, and the crew M. M. Gromova (July 12-14, 1937) flew without landing 10,200 km for 62 h 17 min from Moscow through the North Pole in California.
In 1934, the achievement of the FW-61 helicopter, the design of Heinrich Fockey, was registered as a world record, Henry Fockey's design: height 3427 meters, flight duration - 1 hour 20 minutes, maximum speed - 122.55 km / h.
The great successes of civil aviation in transportation are achieved in the post-war period. During this time, the fleet of aircraft was updated three times. Created airplanes IL-12 and IL-14, which were for their time the top of the aircraft. Piston technique dominated the 60s. But for high speeds, this engine becomes heavy. Therefore, since the end of the 50s began to be intensively produced second-generation aircraft with turbine engines, in
which about 95% of the thrust gives the screw, and 5% is a jet jet of hot gases. This category includes reliable aircraft with a high flight resource AN-24 and IL-18. The latter is marked with a gold medal in Brussels. He acquired 17 foreign airlines. It was used to deliver polar shots to Antarctica. Later at this work, it was changed by IL-76D.Flagship air Fleet. In the 60s, there was a Tu-114 turboprop aircraft (4 engines of 15,000 liters. p., Cruising speed 750 - 850 km / h, which was not available to a single screw aircraft in the world). For almost 20 years, airplanes of this type were serviced by the line, making direct flights along the routes: Moscow - Havana, Moscow - Montreal, Moscow - Tokyo, etc. In the late 70s, the last copies of the Tu-114, which developed their resources, endured the system forever existing aircraft.
Later were created third Generation Machines - TurboactiveBy bringing the speed of movement to the speed of sound. These aircraft were distributed in the 70s and now occupy the leading position in the aircraft fleet. The world's first turbojet passenger aircraft was Tu-104, built even before domestic second-generation turboprop aircraft, such as IL-18, Tu-114, etc. In September 1956, Tu-104 made the first regular flight from Moscow to Irkutsk with 50 passengers On board at a speed of 900 km / h. This jet passenger plane opened a new era in civil aviation.
airplane, equipped with 4 turbista
the engines allowing to develop speed up to 1000 km / h. Later, the US-96-300 high-bucklene aircraft was created, which could overcome about 10 thousand km away, taking on board 300 passengers.
Since the 70s, the flagship of the civilian fleet was the IL-62 turbojet aircraft, which takes up to 198 passengers and develops the speed of 900-1000 km / h with a range of 9-11 thousand km. The replacement of Tu-104 and IL-18 came more economical, reactive Tu-154, with a capacity of up to 180 passengers.
On the middle length lines, the leading place occupies a Tu-134 for 80 seats with a flight range of 3200 km, and on local lines - Yak-40 with a capacity of 33 passengers, a flight range - 1500 km, speed - 820 km / h. The 120 local jet passenger aircraft Yak-42 received widespread in the maintenance of lines of small and medium length (Figure 5.15).
history lines were created super-
Sound passenger aircraft Tu-144 (Figure 5.16), capable of transporting 126 passengers to a distance of 6,500 km at a speed of 2350 km / h. In December 1968, he had risen in the air for the first time. Unfortunately, after an accident on demonstration flights, the operation of the aircraft of this type was discontinued. February 28, 1969 made his first flight in France Anglo-French supersonic plane "Concord" similar to
parameters with Tu-144.
Freight transportation is increasingly developed. In the fleet of trucks, an aircraft An-22 "Antey" is highlighted with a load of 80 tons. It can take up to 700 people or cumbersome technique.
agriculture.
Helicopters perform great work. They are used in agriculture, for medical and sanitary service, on geological surveys, construction of pipelines, installation of structures, to combat forest fires, ice intelligence, searching for fish shoals, observation of traffic traffic and its regulation, etc. The most famous helicopters are: Mi-1; Mi-2; Mi-4; Mi-6; Mi-8; Mi-10 (Figure 5.18); Ka-15; Ka-18; Ka-26. Their speed - from 130 to 300 km / h, passenger or lifting from 3 to 16 passengers and from 0.22 to 12.0 t,
flight range - from 244 to 970 km.
The characteristic of the most common aircraft and helicopters is shown in Tables 5.1 and 5.2.
T a b l and c and 5.1 - Characteristic of passenger aircraft
T a b l and c and 5.2 - Characteristics of helicopters
1. The history of the development of air transport 1 aircraft from antiquity to - page number 1/2
1.1 Falling apparatus from antiquity to this day
1.2 Frame technical support
1.3. a brief description of Individual airports of Russia
2. Tourist Maintenance by Air Transport
2.1 Legal foundations of tourist transportation by air transport
2.2 General rules for transportation of tourists and baggage
3. Aviation transport in Russia
4. Interaction of tourist organizations with airlines
4.1. Transportation of tourists charter flights
4.2. Airlines provided by airlines
4.3. International Aviation Organizations
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Transport - one of the most important component parts The material base of the economy of any country. For a long time, transport is a progress engine. Man used any remedy for transportation of people and cargo. With the invention of the wheel, and a few later and different types of engines, a person began to develop and movement means: wagons, carriages, steam locomotives, airplanes, etc. This allowed to make long distances and with various purposes.
International tourism implies the movement of people from the country to the country. When studying its development, it is very important to determine its relationship with the transport industry. Successes on the generating tourism markets and adequate transport infrastructure make up one of the most important prerequisites for the development of any tourist center. For its part, demand in tourism stimulated the rapid development of the transport industry. An essential role in this also played scientific and technical achievements in the transport industry over the past decades.
Tourism is completely dependent on transport, its safety, speed and facilities provided by the tourist during his movement. Understanding the foundations of relationships with transport companies, interaction rules with them in matters of securing the safety of passengers and their property, service, the use of appropriate discounts and benefits during sales is important, both for tourists and for travel organizers. The development of tourism is constrained by the fact that transport systems in a number of countries do not meet international standards for convenience, efficiency and safety, and transport projects in terms of the construction of new airports, automotive and railways require for their implementation of huge investments and time.
Less than half of all international travel is carried out by land roadsAt the same time, the role of air transport annually increases.
In 1992, only 5% of travelers used the railway system for international movements (mainly in Europe) and 8% traveled on steams and ferries (for example, between Great Britain and France, Italy and Greece, Sweden and Denmark), and 40% of tourists Get to the destination by airplanes 1.
According to statistics, the growth rate of the popularity of air transport is higher than vehicles, which is determined by an increasing expansion of travel geography and an existing sustainable tendency to reduce travel time in favor of their frequency (growth of short-term round-distance tours). All this causes close attention to tourist businesses to aviation transport. Airplanes are the most popular type of transport in the world. This can also be said about air transportation in tourism. And this has a number of reasons:
First, aviation is the fastest and most convenient type of transport when moving to long distances;
Secondly, the flights for flights are currently attractive to tourists kind;
Thirdly, aviation companies Directly and through international booking and reservation networks are paid to tourist agencies, commissions for each plane booked on the plane, motivating them to choose air transportation.
Air transport is one of the most quick and dynamically developing industries of the world economy and every year takes the increasingly strong positions in the global transport system 2.
The purpose of this study is general characteristics tourist air transportation.
To achieve the goal in the course work, the following tasks must be solved: 1) consider the features of air transport; 2) to explore some aspects of tourist service by air transport; 3) consider the interaction of tourist organizations with the airline; 4) learn the legal framework for regulating tourist transport by air.
To write this course work, such sources of literature were used as: Glyaev V.G. Organization of Tourist Activities. - M.: Nolide, 1996; Mushanovsky A.D., Zhukova M. A. Tourism Management: Tutorial. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2003; Birzhakov M.B., Nikiforov V.I. Tourism Industry: Transportation - SPb.: Ed.d.d. Gerda, 2001.; Osipova O.Ya. Tourist transport services: EDUCATION. Manual for students Higher. Education. Establishments. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2004. And others.
The history of the development of air transport
Falling apparatus from antiquity to this day
Balloons and airships
The flights on the balloon were colorfully described by Jules Verne in his fantastic stories. Airspace for more than 220 years, he has a complex and dramatic history of development: return at the end of the 20th century and intensive development for the purpose of tourism, advertising, sports. Today, the balloning is a unique and profitable industry of the enterprise system and a unique, attracting the attention of all the attraction method without exception. Balloons riding - elite entertainment for wealthy tourists.
The first air balloon was invented and built in 1783 by the Mongolfier brothers. It was a huge balloon, which was filled with hot air. The first person who made a flight in a balloon was Jean-Frankos. This happened on October 15, 1783 and became the beginning of the era of the aid. The design of the balloon has changed little since its invention to the present. The balloon almost always has a spherical or pear shape.
In 1852, Henry Giffard set a small steam engine in the gondola of a balloon. This engine rotated a propeller, which allowed the direction of movement of the aircraft at a speed of 8 km per hour against the wind. Only after 46 years in 1898, Alberto Santos-Dermont, a rich Brazilian living in Paris began to experiment with internal combustion gasoline engines for propeller drive balloons. On October 19, 1901, he raised a cigar-shaped balloon into the air and made 11 km flying over Paris. At the beginning of the 20th century, the air balloons began to use for scientific purposes when studying the stratosphere, and in 1901 the first high-rise lift was performed.
At the beginning of the century, in 1914, Hans Berliner traveled in a balloon from Germany to the Urals.
Unmanaged balloons were reconstructed to the airships who carried the motors and air screws, complex control systems. In Germany, the airship successfully developed - huge air ships with a solid frame of light alloys, covered with rubberized tissue, gas-filled multisective corps were built and operated. The largest ship had a cigar-shaped form of 245 m in length and 41 m in diameter, he could carry 50 passengers with a team of 60 people. In the preached gondola or a load of 215 tons.
In 1910, Challenin opened a company that carried out commercial transportation for three years more than 14 thousand passengers. These air ships covered the distance of more than 61 thousand km without accidents. In 1919, the airship was crossed for the first time Atlantic Ocean. In 1929, the Aircraft "Count Zeplen" performed an unparalleled flight around the Earth. Hindenburg Airship made ten regular commercial flights across the Atlantic.
Airships were used and military purposes. During the First World War and Second World War, the airships and balloons of different designs were used in hostilities for observations and intelligence, hunting for submarines, for the device of air-friendly barriers. Formally, the last airship was removed from weapons in the US only in 1962. In the era of the intensive development of scientific and technological progress in the second half of the 20th century, balloons began to be actively used for travel, tourism and sports competitions 1.
Plannel
Initially, the design of the aircraft - glider-aerodynamically perfect glider was created, using the lifting power of the air flow, silently soaring for hours in airspace. Pioneer planorism was German Otto Lilienthal (1848-96). John Mongomery (USA) around the same years built a glider and descended it from a balloon. Somewhat later in 1896 Octave Chanute, an American inventor, built an easy and steadily managed glider. Inventors ORVILLE and WILBUR WRIGHT in 1902 improved the glider due to the adjustment of the elements of the wing and the tail. In general, the glider gained the form of the usual aircraft today.
Starting from 1935, gliders equipped with scientific equipment were widely used for air navigation and meteorological purposes. The gliders were used during World War II, for the delivery of small intentions and landing.
In the post-war period, very aerodynamically perfect form of fuselage for gliders has been developed.
Parachute
Parachute is a device made of durable fabric, which is revealed in the air like an umbrella and is used to slow down the descent of the subject or man to the ground from the height in the air. Source - Parachute is invented to ensure rescue from a damaged aircraft or aircraft and is used for these purposes until now, with the exception of civil aviation for passenger traffic.Parachute was invented simultaneously with aircraftHowever, regardless of this design (and in the exact translation from French means "preventing fall"). There is information that in 1306 in China, acrobats used umbrellas for jumping from height. For the first time, the parachute demonstration was carried out in France in 1783. Someone Louis Sebastian Lenormannd fourthly jumped from a tree with two beach umbrellas. The Frenchman Andre-Jacques Garnerin was the first professional parachute, he made a lot of parachute jumps, including one from a height of 2400 m in England in 1802.
Parachuting ("Parachuting") or "Skydiving" became popular sports Parafoils, international competitions are held since 1950. The Federation of Parachute Sports has been created. Military personnel, young people and even disabled people are actively involved. Parachute is used to land up groups of tourists in hard-to-reach areas, for example, to the North Pole, as well as rescuers. Parachute jumps - common sports and entertainment. Jump young and old.
Parachute jumps are carried out not only with airplanes, but also high cliffs and mountain slopes.
Helicopter
The helicopter is a unique aircraft that can be vertically taken away and sit on a small platform, hang in the air, exercise a horizontal controlled flight, including in different directions - forward, back, sideways, make gears and other pilot figures.Unlike an ordinary aircraft, the helicopter does not have wings. Lifting force creates horizontally located above the cabin of the screw with the adjustable angle of the installation of the blades.
The helicopter is capable of carrying a load or passengers. Passenger helicopters are divided into three categories on passenger capacity: the first from 2 to 5 passengers; The second from 5 to 12 passengers. For these categories, small helicopters with one engine are commonly used. The third category of large cars is capable of transporting from 12 to 40 passengers and is used in commercial transport.
Brilliant Leonardo da Vinci in 1438 created the prerequisites for the design of the helicopter and developed the screw capable of climbing and decline vertically, but it was only much later to implement his idea in practice.
The first prototype of the modern helicopter was built by the French Launoy and Bienvenu in 1784 (i.e., significantly earlier aircraft and gliders). In 1843, the Englishman D. Calee built a steam helicopter, however, the design was too cumbersome and heard and could rise from the Earth on the meter. The helicopter capable of climbing the air and hang a few minutes over the ground, it was possible to build a French field with the field only in 1907, however, the methods of controlling the machine in flight was not created and on the tests, the apparatus tied ropes to the ground. In 1916, the Austrians created a more successful design of the apparatus, which rose in the unmanned mode for a 200 meter height and stayed in the air one hour, but the device was still tied to the land of cables.
In 1931, the idea of \u200b\u200bconverter was implemented, i.e. Airplane with motors that could rotate from a horizontal position to vertical and provide almost vertical landing and take off. Currently, such aircraft are widely used in military aviation. Development of helicopter designs were carried out rather intensively in different countries, but only by 1938 it was possible to create a helicopter that reached a height of 3000 m and fulfilled more than a hourly piloted flight. Actively in various countries helicopter construction began to develop only after World War II. Several successful helicopter designs were created in the USSR, including the most powerful - Mi-26, capable of lifting up to 40 tons of cargo.
Today helicopters have high reliability, the ability is long in the air, used in complex weather conditions. The speed of movement of the helicopter reaches 200-220 km per hour, the flight range is limited to the tank of fuel tanks. The helicopter in 1982 was committed around the world, which took 29 days and 3 hours. The average flight rate was 55 km / h 1.
Technical support of air transportation
The last decades of the XX century We characterized by a significant increase in aviation transport worldwide. To a large extent, this is due to positive trends in the global economy, the expansion of trade relations, as well as the rapid development of tourism. However, transport service of travelers on air liners led to the emergence of a number of problems associated with such reasons as:
Rejection of the territory under construction and equipment of airports;
An increase in emissions into the atmosphere of harmful substances from spent fuel;
Noise environmental pollution.
Therefore, issues relating to the technical support of air transport are very relevant and suggest two important areas in solving them: 1) improving the aircraft itself and 2) modernization of airports. Briefly focus on the consideration of these areas.
Improving aircraft
Modern aircraft, various modifications obtained the greatest popularity in passenger traffic. The main reasons are definitely, and, above all, high reliability, carrying capacity, passengerism and flight range with a full load without refueling up to 12 thousand km. Another criterion is critical to the length of the running-landing strip (runway).
IN modern world There are several large aircraft enterprises that produce civilian aircraft for air transportation. The largest of them are the American company "Boeing", the European Consortium "Airbus Industry" and the Anglo-French Consortium "British Aerospace-Sud-Avia" 1.
The company "Boeing" is the name of the founder of this well-known world of the firm-timber industry Williams Boeing, who in 1916 built the first model of his aircraft intended for the transport of mail. Currently, the company produces passenger liners of various modifications and models - B-737, B-747, B-757, B-767, B-777, different technical characteristics, flight range and capacity. All Boeing Family Machines are characterized by high reliability, comfortable conditions for passengers, comply with environmental requirements. The last development of the aircraft of the Boeing family - B-777 is recognized as the safest and technically equipped in the world - almost the entire flight can be performed in automatic mode. In Russia, models in-737, B-767 and B-777 are operated. In the near future, Boeing is not going to create a completely new type of airliner, since its policy in this respect is aimed at improving the available models in-747, B-767 and B-777.
The Airbus Industry aircraft construction consortium was established in July 1967 by a number of European firms with the support of Governments of France, England, Germany and Spain, who decided to put the end of the US monopoly on the aircraft. The first aircraft of this company A-300V rose to the air in October 1972. The family of air liners of the European Consortium has high economy, low fuel consumption and emissions in the atmosphere, very convenient when transporting goods.
Currently, AIRBUS Industry is engaged in the creation of a superliner A-380. This aircraft will transport from 500 to 700 passengers on routes of high length and up to 1000 people on short flights. The two-plated design of the machine is due to the fact that modern airports in the world can not receive liners with a wing wing over 80 m, so it increase the container passenger ships Another way is not possible. On board a new aircraft there will be small offices, business centers, sleeping compartments, entertainment places - Sports and game hallswho conceived to place under the floor of the main deck. There will also be places of recreation for the crew, kitchen blocks, toilets. The superliner corresponds to modern environmental characteristics, and, moreover, it is 20% more economical fellow. An application for the purchase of a new airbus A-380 has already made airline "Air France", " Singapore Airlines."And" Dubai Emirate ". In general, by 2016, Airbus Industry is going to update more than half of the world aircraft fleet by releasing 16,000 new aircraft of different types.
If we talk about supersonic passenger aircraft, then these are the world's only supersonic liners "Concord", developed and built by the Anglo-French Consortium of British Aerospace-Sud-Avia in 1969. The speed of such an aircraft is 2 times higher than the speed of sound, which allows him to cross the Atlantic For 3 hours, the capacity is 130 people. A total of 14 cars of this class were built, which belong to two airlines - "British Airways" and "Air France". Until recently, they were operated mainly on transatlantic lines, as well as on some charter routes and mainly mainly rich, wealthy customers. However, after the tragic events of September 11, 2001 in the United States, the demand for transportation on them sharply fell. In this regard, "British Airways" and "Air France" stated that since May 2003, all the liners of the Concord family are removed from operation.
Business Jet is a special aircraft with business-jet turbojet engines, equipped for transportation of VIR - businessmen, statesmen, musicians, etc. In the world, more than 2,000 large business-jet-type jet liners are operated in Russia, including more than 100. border for this purpose are most often used american airplanes Senna, French - Falcom and British - Wae-125, in Russia most often it is Yak-40 with a salon equipped with a flying office (such aircraft have; for example, AvtoVAZ). Many modern Western businessmen use small military supersonic aircraft for rapid trips purchased for this purpose to private use.
A ban on flights in the European space, due to the increased noise characteristics of obsolete domestic aircraft, forces national carriers to update their aircraft park. You can solve this problem in different ways: one way is to modernize existing vehicles; Another way is to buy foreign used aircraft; The third is closer cooperation with Russian plants, which must and in principle can produce modern aircraft that meet world and European standards.
Modernization of old engines requires from 5 to $ 7 million and more (for a four-dimensional liner), in connection with which many experts believe that it makes no sense to spend such money on old technique. In this regard, many large Russian carriers are going along the way of acquiring foreign-made aircraft, such as Boeing and Airbus, but it is often unable to medium and small airlines.
The third path until recently was largely complicated by the lack of a mechanism for implementing aircraft. After all, one liner costs several tens of millions of dollars (for example, Tu-214 costs 25 - $ 26 million) - such money is unlikely to be found even among a major airline. Therefore, usually in world practice, aircraft are built and implemented by leasing schemes or under a specific order. Leasing implies a gradual redemption of the liner after making an advance (according to some data - up to 15% of its cost). The remaining payments are monitored, which is approximately 1% of the cost of the aircraft. At the same time, the aircraft flies and earns on his redemption. Worldwide, government supports aviation leasing with its guarantees 1.
Unfortunately, all the above-mentioned aircraft of the last generation (Tu-204, Tu-214, Tu-334) by 2006 may again cease to comply with the noise standards in connection with the next tightening of the requirements of the standards, which from 2006 is going to enter ICAO. However, domestic aircraft manufacturers are not yet ready to offer serial samples of new techniques that satisfy European standards, which is one of the main problems of air transportation current and the near future.
1.3. Brief description of individual airports in Russia
Sheremetyevo Airport is 28 km from North-West Moscow and 11 km from Moscow Ring Road (Moscow Ring car expensive). It is geographically and functionally divided into 2 sectors - Sheremetyevo-1 and Sheremetyevo-2. The first terminal was commissioned in 1959, the second - in 1980, on the eve of the XXII Olympic Games. Airport airport service is serviced by both operating terminals, it is able to take all existing types of aircraft of domestic and foreign production. At the end of the summer of 2002, the airport received an international certificate that allows him to work smoothly in the meteo conditions of any complexity. Sheremetyevo Airport became the second CIS airport, after the Kiev Borispol, and the first in Russia, which received the ICAO meteoominimum category, allowing aircraft to land when visible from 0 m in height and only 200 m in terms of range.
The total bandwidth of both terminals does not exceed 10 million passengers per year, which practically exhausts the possibility of the airport. Especially serious in summer, as well as on new Year holidays, Christmas holidays, when tens of thousands of Russians seek to fly on vacation abroad. The conditions of the airport no longer allow to serve passengers in accordance with international requirements, so in recent years, the flow of tourists from Europe to Asia began to move to Vienna, Frankfurt, Helsinki, although the shortest path from Europe to Asia lies through Moscow. In this regard, at present, the airport began the construction of a third terminal with a capacity of 8-10 million people a year. New terminal Flights of foreign airlines will serve, as well as domestic and international flights from domestic carriers. He is going to pass into operation in 2004
Domodedovo Airport is 22 km south of MKAD. It was built in 1964 as a baseline airport for long-haul flights to Siberia, the Far East and Central Asia. In 1992, he received the status of international, and in 1996 its major reconstruction began. Currently, this airport is able to take any types of domestic and foreign aircraft, besides, it has no restrictions on the rise and landing, as well as in the level of noise at night. This is the only airport in the Moscow Aviation Node, where two parallel running bands with a capacity of 20 and 60 aircraft / h with simple meteors and 7 and 12 can be used independently. The airport has many reserved lands, which allows him if necessary to build two more runways to build two more runs.
The airfield is equipped with trunk cargo tracks, a network of high-speed and connecting taxi tracks, a platform with 92 places for aircraft parking.
The total area of \u200b\u200bthe airport is 63,000 square meters. m, bandwidth - 2100 passengers / h on the Russian sector and 1100 passengers / h on international. The airport has comfortable rooms for passengers, equipped with the latest technology and interior design. They installed 42 racks of the automated system of registration of passengers and baggage processing, which practically excludes the queue.
The airport is numerous shops, cafes, restaurants, there is a branch of the bank and mail. In the international zone, the Passengers shop "Duty-Free" and a bar. The landing and disembarkation of passengers is carried out with the help of telescopic and indoor labels, comfortable buses "Neulatin".
The airport complex "Domodedovo" is fully reconstructed hotel Domodedovo Aerotel, corresponding to the class of "4 stars" on European quality standards.
Domodedovo Airport ranks first in the country in domestic and international freight air transportation. Its cargo terminal has a bandwidth up to 1300 tons per day, the level of technical equipment corresponds to the best international standards. In addition, the Domodedovo Airport is one of the largest aircraft enterprises - there may be four aircraft such as IL-8B at once in its repair hangars.
The main airport of the North-West region of Russia is Pulkovo Airport, an open length of passenger traffic in July 1934. Currently, the airport is associated with 65 cities of Russia and the CIS and with 48 cities of far abroad. Geography flight extends from North America to Japan and Thailand, from Kola Peninsula to Africa and India.
Airport's airport has two runways, a taxi track system, three passenger and two cargo perrone. The airport has two airproof Pulkovo-1 and Pulkovo-2 complexes. In 1998, Pulkovo Airport was recognized as the best airport of Russia. According to the plan for the development of the enterprise, which was developed until 2015, it is assumed to build the third terminal Pulkovo-3, as well as the construction of a hotel for 300 rooms with a business center.
Thus, it is possible to observe the development of aviation transport from the beginning of its occurrence, up to date, considering the largest aircraft enterprises of the world and modern airports of the Russian Federation. The contrast between ancient times and modern innovations makes it possible to understand how actively the improvement of aviation for many millennia has developed. Aviation transport from the "primitive" developed to more comfortable, which gives tourists more opportunities for traveling in more convenient conditions.
2. Tourist Maintenance by Air Transport
2.1 Legal foundations of tourist transportation by air transport
Air transport is the transportation of passengers and baggage performed by aviation enterprises in aircraft for the established fee, as well as ground vehicles carrier 1.
Internal air transportation is an air transportation, in which the departure point, destination and all landings are located on the territory of one state.
International Air Transportation - Air Transportation, in which the departure point and destination are located: respectively, in the territory of the two states; On the territory of one state, if the clause (paragraphs) of the landing on the territory of another state 2 is provided.
Transportation regulation by air transport is carried out in accordance with international legislation (if transportation is international in nature) or with national legislation (if the carriage is internal). The main documents regulating international air transport are international global and bilateral conventions.
One of the first legal documents in the field of international civil aviation was the Warsaw Convention "Agreement for the Unification of the Basic Rules of International Air Transportation" of October 12, 1929 with changes and additions to 1955 and 1975. Subsequently, the Warsaw Convention has found development in additions and changes made by Gaagus Protocol 1955, Guatemalan Protocol 1971. and Montreal Protocol 1975 3.
November 4, 2003 The Montreal Convention entered into force, (concluded under the auspices of ICAO in 1999), which canceled the limits established by the Warsaw Convention on the payments of victims in the plane crash and their relatives. Moreover, this convention has introduced a two-level system of responsibility. By the time the Montreal Convention entry into force was signed by 31 States: Barbados, Bahrain, Belize, Botswana, Macedonia, Greece, Jordan, Cameroon, Canada, Kenya, Cyprus, Colombia, Kuwait, Mexico, Namibia, Nigeria, New Zealand, Tanzania, UAE, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Romania, Syria, Slovakia, Slovenia, USA, Czech Republic, Estonia, Japan.
Another important document of international air law in the field of regular air traffic is the Chicago "Convention on International Civil Aviation" 1944 The Chicago Convention was laid a number of flight principles in world airspace, according to which each Contracting State provides to other Contracting States following the following rights:
Fly over its territory without landing;
Land with non-commercial purposes (for refueling, changing crew, technical purposes, etc.);
Unload passengers, mail and cargo, taken on board in the territory of the state, the national affiliation of which has an aircraft;
Take on board passengers, mail and cargo with destination in the state, the national belonging of which has an aircraft;
Take on board passengers, mail, and cargo with destination on the territory of any other Contracting State and the right to unload passengers, mail and cargo, arriving from any such territory 1.
Later, these principles were expanded by the right to transport passengers, mail and goods between the partner by agreement and the third party in both directions through their territory or by the airline, not passing over the territory of their country, as well as the right to transport passengers and goods on the internal lines of the other Countries of the agreement.
Among the legal documents regulating international air traffic, the "Agreement on International Air Transport" is also important (Chicago, 1944); "Transit Agreement on International Air Lines" (Chicago, 1944); Roman "Convention on Compensation of Harm caused by foreign aircraft to third parties on the surface" (Rome, 1952); Tokyo "Convention on offenses and some other actions committed aboard an aircraft" (Tokyo, 1963), etc.
Each airline determines the rules for transporting people and goods independently. These rules must comply with the national legislation of countries for which the route of travel and international bilateral and multilateral treaties. If they conflict with the national legislation of any state, then in the territory of this state they have force only in a part that do not contradict the laws.
The tasks of state regulation are:
creating conditions for the effective functioning of civil aviation (preservation and development of aviation infrastructure, maintaining the state register of aircraft, improving the licensing procedures and certification of aviation equipment, works and services, certification of aviation personnel, etc.);
creating conditions for conscientious competition in civil aviation;
development of the regulatory framework in the civil aviation industry;
improving the training and retraining system of personnel, technical training, ensuring high level of qualifications of aviation personnel;
coordination of activities for the construction and operation of airports and airfields;
ensuring monitoring of the technical and operational state of the fleet of aircraft and ground services;
bringing the activities of aviation enterprises in accordance with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation 1.
2.2 General rules for transportation of tourists and baggage
Rules for transportation of air passengers
Air transport is carried out on the basis of the conclusion of the passenger, cargo or mail contract with the carrier.
The carrier is an operator who has a license to carry out air transportation of passengers, baggage or mail 2.
Under the passenger air transport contract, the carrier undertakes to transport the passenger of the aircraft to the destination with the provision of place on aircraftThe flight specified in the ticket, and in the case of air transport by the passenger luggage, also deliver this luggage to the destination and issue a passenger or authorized to receive a lingerie. The delivery time of the passenger and baggage is determined by the installed carriers by the rules of air transport.
The passenger of the aircraft is obliged to pay for air transport, and if he has a baggage with a super-established carrier of a free luggage provision - and the provision of this luggage. Each air transport contract and its conditions are certified by the transportation documents, which are issued by the carrier or its agents. Contribution documents include:
pASSENGER TICKET - when transporting passenger. It is a document certifying the conclusion of the passenger and baggage air transport contract and includes a luggage receipt;
luggage receipt (Baggage Check) - part of the ticket on which the number of places and the mass of the taxed baggage is designated and which is issued by the carrier as a receipt for the luggage, handed over to the passenger;
receipt of paid baggage (Excess Baggage Ticket) - a document confirming the payment of a baggage provision over the free transportation rate or objects, which are subject to mandatory payment, as well as fees for the declared values \u200b\u200bof baggage;
aIR WAYBILL APPLICATION (AIR WAYBILL) - a document confirming the contract between the shipper and the carrier for shipping on the carrier routes. It is issued by a shipper or his trustee 1.
The fulfillment of the terms of the contract for transportation is mandatory, regardless of whether it is regular transport or charter. Follows; It is understood that the conclusion of a contract for the transportation of a passenger implies the rules. The departure time specified in the schedule and ticket is not a prerequisite for the contract and the carrier is not guaranteed. In order to ensure flight safety, the flight can be canceled, moved or detained. The reason for these changes can be bad weather conditions at the airports of departure, arrival or stopping points, natural disasters, violation of the state of the runway and so on.
The carrier reserves the right to replace the aircraft, change the route of transportation and landing points specified in the schedule and ticket. This carrier right is also substantiated by ensuring the safety of passengers in the event of a breakdown of an aircraft or the emergence of force majeure on the route.
In any of the cases listed above, the carrier, taking into account the legitimate interests of passengers, must:
Warn them about changing the schedule;
perform transportation by another flight or flight of another carrier;
organize the service of registered passengers at the airport or provide their hotel in the prescribed manner.
The passenger has the right to interrupt the journey and make a stop at any intermediate airport if landing is provided. Such a stop is called "StopOver". Having stayed at the point of landing the time you need, the traveler can continue to be transported on this route. At the same time, he can immediately book a place on a similar flight (if the date of continuation of transportation is exactly known) or request confirmation of the place on this flight to the desired date.
The passenger of the aircraft has the right:
Travel on preferential terms in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the installed carrier rules of air transport;
Free luggage transport (including things under the passenger) within the established norm, depending on the type of aircraft (at least 10 kg per passenger);
Free (with international air transportation - in accordance with the preferential tariff) of a single child with him under ages not older than 2 years without providing him with a separate place. Other children under the age of 2 years old, as well as children aged 2 to 12 years old are transported in accordance with the preferential tariff with the provision of individual places.
The passenger can return a ticket to departure with minimal costs in the case of:
cancellation or delay of the flight specified in the ticket;
the inability to provide a place on a flight or class of service specified in the ticket, due to the error when booking;
the impossibility of landing at the airport indicated in the ticket, due to emergencies;
replacement of the type of aircraft carrying out this flight;
passenger's diseases or following a family member with him in the aircraft;
improper registration of the carrier of travel documents;
Rules for transportation baggage
Luggage - Personal Passenger's Personnel, transported on an aircraft by agreement with the carrier. The luggage must be registered with passengers on the aircraft. The luggage is registered - the passenger's luggage, which is received by the carrier for transportation and for the safety of which it is responsible. On any registered luggage carrier produces a special license plate - luggage receipt and tag. Luggage receipt - a document issued by the carrier solely to identify the registered baggage. The tearless part of the coupon with the same number passes on the luggage unit (suitcase, bag, box, package).
Luggage unregistered ( manual jack) - Passenger's luggage, located during the carriage in the cabin of the aircraft with the consent of the carrier and without additional charge. In aviation, the weight and size of baggage are limited depending on the type of aircraft and the service class.
Free baggage
The standards of free luggage transport are determined by the departure direction and flight service class. There are two systems of luggage provisions in the world - weight and number of seats.
The weight system determines the norms of luggage mass allowed for a free passenger. The mass of free luggage is regulated by the carrier depending on the type of aircraft, a particular route and a passenger service class (but not less than 10 kg).
The system number system determines the number of luggage places that can be transported by the passenger. This system is usually applied on transatlantic flights. According to its rules, passengers of all customer classes have the right to spend free two luggage sites weighing up to 32 kg each. With a mass of one place over 32 kg, an additional charge is charged for it, even if the second place weighs less than 32 kg. For the sum of three dimensions, each place should not exceed 158 cm for passengers traveling by economy class, and 203 cm for passengers of the first and business class.
During registration, the passenger is obliged to show all things to weighing, with the exception of items that he may need during landing, disembarkation or flight (raincoat, coat, umbrella, cane, briefcase, "diplomat", ladies' bag, folding wheelchair chairs , food, children's cradle with a child up to 1 year). These things can be pronounced over the standards of free luggage if they are on the hands of the passenger and are not invested in luggage.
The passenger has the right to declare the value of registered baggage; At the same time, the amount of declared value should not exceed its actual value. For the announcement of the value of baggage from the passenger, the cash will be charged, which is certified by the receipt of paid baggage.
After registration of baggage, the carrier assumes responsibility for its preservation and transportation. From this point on, the passenger does not have access to a registered baggage (except for cases of its additional inspection with relevant services) before issuing at the destination airport.
As a rule, the luggage of passengers of the first, business class, transfer passengers, as well as participants in bonus programs are marked with distinctive tags and is loaded on board the aircraft last, so that its discharge item was carried out in the first place.
Paid baggage
If the mass of the passenger weigheds exceeds the established free rate, the carriage of excess luggage must be paid at the appropriate tariff. This tariff almost all airlines is 1% of the first class ticket for each extra kilogram. Payment is confirmed by issuing a passenger receipt for payment of supernorumative baggage. The mass of one place of such baggage should also not exceed 32 kg, and the number of places is no more than two. Luggage, exceeding the specified norm and quantity, is drawn up as a load according to the rules of shipping.
The carrier can also refuse the passenger in the carriage of its things if their mass, size, content do not meet the established rules. The cause of the refusal may be unsatisfactory from the point of view of the air carrier packaging baggage, as well as the presence of fragile and perishable items and things in the baggage.
Items prohibited for transportation in baggage
It should be borne in mind that there are objects and substances prohibited by air carriage as a registered luggage or hand luggage:
Explosives, compressed gases, corrosive substances, oxidizing substances, radioactive materials, magnets, flammable materials, poisonous and irritating compounds, etc.
Items that are not allowed to import into the country, exporting from it or transported through its territory legislative and other regulatory acts of state bodies of these countries.
Objects, unsuitable, according to the carrier, for transportation due to their mass, size and other properties (fragility, smell, etc.) 1.
3. Aviation transport in Russia
Recently, in our country received a great development of aviation tourist transportation, travels. Airways associate between themselves about 3,900 cities and wall items. The total length of the airstrass is more Mirone kilometers. Almost all cities where airports have, you can organize aircraft for tourists in Russia. Over 120 million passengers within the CIS countries and about 6 million are used by the services of domestic air transport.
As an integral part of world air transport, our air transport contributes to the development of political, economic and cultural ties between nations and states. Aeroflot aircraft perform flights of 132 points of 103 states. The total length of the air lines of Russia is 1.5 ~ g. km. Agreements on air reports are concluded with 129 countries, flights on international airlines are carried out by and5 Russian airlines.
The Civil Aviation Council in our country was created on February 9, 1923. In 1930, a single state body was formed - the All-Union Association of the Civil Air Fleet, from 1932 - "Aeroflot". In 1964, the Ministry of Civil Aviation was created.
Today Aeroflot is the largest Russian airline, which has the status of a national carrier, performing almost two thirds of volume international air transport. The total number of international airports in Russia - 48.
In November 1970, the USSR became an equal member of ICAQ (ICAO - the International Organization of Civil Aviation.), And after the collapse of the USSR, Russia confirmed its membership in this International Organization.
In 1991, the National Aviation Association of Russia was established. It includes enterprises both manufacturing and operators. The task of the Association is the formation of a unified system of general aviation management system and registering aircraft and airfields.
In order to conduct an active industrial and foreign economic policy, as well as stimulating the development of the air traffic market, the President of the Russian Federation on May 18, 1995 issued a decree on the creation of the financial and industrial association the Russian Aviation Consortium. The main purpose of creating such a consortium is the formation of the market for passenger and freight air transportation on the basis of aviation equipment of domestic production.
The Russian Aviation Consortium included the following joint-stock companies:
Ulyanovsky Aviation Industrial Complex "Aviastar",
Aviation Scientific and Technical Complex. A. N. Tupolev,
- "Perm Motors",
- "Aeroflot" - Russian international airlines,
Scientific and production center "Universal",
Promotionbank of Russia.
Airplane developers, manufacturers, air carriers and financiers accounted for a single structural integer. The production program of the consortium was based on the development of the oldest design bureau "Aviation Scientific and Technical Complex. A. N. Tupolev". The release of the Consortium aircraft is carried out by Aviastar JSC - the largest and most modern aircraft enterprise. The available aircraft are designed taking into account the colossal experience of the production and operation of aircraft workers accumulated in Russia and around the world. They are equipped with Russian-made aircraft engines, which have been developed by the Aviad Maker JSC and created Perm Motors JSC.
The largest buyer of the products of the Russian aviation consortium is Aeroflot airline.
According to the Department of Air Transport (DEF), 411 airlines were registered in Russia today, such as: "Aeroflot", "Vnukovo Airlines", "Transaero", Pulkovo, according to "Domodedovo", " Ural Airlines"," Siberia "," Almaz-Sakha Airlines ", etc. However, in the air transportation market, not many more than half of them are actively working. In the international airline market, there is a slight number of Russian airlines. The leader of the Russian aviation in the international transport market is the shareholder today. Aeroflot Society, which provides 57% of foreign exchange income from all international transportations produced in the country 1.
In the past two years in the Russian aviation industry there has been a tendency to stabilize the main indicators of production activities. In 2000, the passenger turnover of domestic airlines amounted to 53.5 billion Pass / km (+ 0.1%), passenger traffic increased to 21.8 million people (+ 1.4%). At the same time, experts note that the growth of these indicators is mainly achieved at the expense of the charter transport sector, which confirm the following data: the growth of passenger traffic on regular international airlines amounted to 5.7% (5.5 million passengers), on Internal airlines, it has decreased to 12.2 million passengers (-8.8%); The charter segment was significantly less than -2.9 million passengers on international airlines and 1.2 million passengers on inner air lines, but the increase was 49.4 and 30.3% 2, respectively.
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During the years of Soviet power, our country has become the largest aviation power of the world. Only 229 passengers transported aviators to the first navigation (1923), and after 53 years (1976), Aeroflot was first among the airlines of the world, a high frontier was overcame - 100 million passengers per year. The air transport of the country among other types of transport is now ranked third in the third place. Civil aviation pilots carry on average 300 thousand passengers each year, over 100 million hectares of agricultural land and forests are treated annually, making a significant contribution to the fulfillment of the USSR food program. Residents of all republics, edges and the fields of the USSR are permanent passengers of Aeroflot - from the Baltic Sea to Bering Strait, from Central Asia to Polaria. Unbreakable flights of air liners have reduced the flight time center - Far East to several hours.
Aeroflot's contribution to the provision of international relations and cooperation of the USSR with other countries of the world in the field of culture, science, technology and sports are greatly. Our aircraft perform regular flights to 90 countries of Europe, Asia and America.
The role of air transport in the transport system of Russia
In the Soviet Union, the aircraft have long been widely accessible by means of movement,<транспортом миллионов>. Almost 1/3 of passengers in our country prefers aircraft for long journeys. More than 3,600 industrial centers and settlements are connected by airways, the total length of which exceeds 1 million km. Only in the summer months air liners transport more than 450 thousand people. daily.
AEFROLOTE aircraft exercise external communication Soviet Union With overseas countries. Aviation international routes Moscow and other cities of the USSR are associated with almost 100 countries of the world.
Air transport performs a small part of the total cargo turnover of all types of transport. In 1985, he transported 3183 thousand tons of cargo and mail, its cargo turnover reached 3355 million tons, which is only 0.05% of cargo turnover transport system countries. Of the total transportation of air transport on freight and postal transport accounts for only 20%. However, the social and economic importance of high-speed delivery of goods and mail by airplanes and helicopters is immeasurably higher. To all regional, edge and republican centers, in the most remote and hard to reach settlements Airplanes and helicopters deliver periodicals, newspapers and other mailing. Airship communicate are serviced by thousands of cities and towns of urban type, district centers and other settlements. The length of the Aeroflot postal routes significantly exceeds the same indicator of other types of transport.
Of particular importance is air transport in the development of petroleum and gas fields in Western Siberia. Ji northern areas of our country. Thousands of aircraft and helicopters are serviced daily by geologists and commercialists, delivered mail, perform tasks for the provision of urgent medical care, processing agricultural land, patrolling forests and oil and gas pipelines, etc.
The rapid increase in air transportation in recent years is due to a number of technical and economic features of the development of the material and technical base of this type of transport and primarily the aircraft fleet, which provided air transport an even greater advantage compared to the ground and water transport. The main advantages of air transport in passenger transportation include high delivery speed, maneuverability in organizing transportation both in space and time and in time, a large constant range of flight, a significant savings time for the trip. In addition, in recent years, due to the use of multi-seat IL-62, IL-86 aircraft (airbones), due to scientific and technical progress in all civil aviation services, the growth of transportation volumes of transportation of the system is declined and in many cases very insignificant differs from the cost railway and other types of transport.
The role of air transport in the development of the Arctic regions of our Motherland is great. Back in 1914, the world learned the name of the first Arctic pilot, who became the Russian pilot Ya. I. Nurginsky, he committed several intelligence flights in search of the missing expedition of Sedov. From this point on, the era of Arctic aviation began. Civil aviation aircraft, working in the Arctic, carry out ice exploration, deliver scientific expeditions, perform search and film flights, etc. Now in the north in some areas only with the help of helicopters, such works can be performed as the construction of residential buildings, installation of supports on Power lines, etc.
In recent years, the airport aircraft carrier and helicopter fleet has been significantly updated.
At the end of the eleventh five-year plan, an IL-18 was commissioned, which determines the locations of the fishing places in the ocean. A new plane has been created - An-74 ice scout, capable of measuring thickness arctic ice. It is planned to use An-24 aircraft, An-28 specifically for work in the conditions of the Arctic. Soon, the Mi-26 helicopter and the Universal Ka-32 helicopter, designed for both ice reconnaissance, and for wiring ships and carrying out loading and unloading work in the absence of berths, will be commissioned. It is important that this helicopter can be based on the sea ships. Especially promising is the new An-74 aircraft, created in the Design Bureau named after O. K. Antonov. This transport aircraft is designed to work in Antarctica. It can lead ice intelligence, transport cargoes to hard-to-reach areas. An-74 has excellent take-off characteristics, can be sitting on highly snow-covered airfields and on ground-based grounds. Reliable navigation and aerobatic equipment provides flights outside the tracks, in all conditions, at any time of the day and year. Exploited now on the local Arctic highways IL-14, An-26 take on board the cargo 2 times less than a new aircraft. More at the An-74 and cruising speed. On a new aircraft there is a special on-board loading device, which allows you to significantly reduce the complexity of loading and unloading work with a mass of single cargo to 2.5 tons.
The scale of the further development of aviation transport is largely dependent on the level of efficiency of air transport. Another share of the power supply of the aircraft per unit of transported cargo is too large. However, with a more efficient use of power of power plants and a favorable relationship between aircraft mass and commercial burden, the cost of transportation in air transport decreases, and its economic indicators are improved. This is especially obvious when operating aircraft with new gas turbine engines.
Equipment of air transport with high-performance aircraft, helicopters contributed not only to an increase in air traffic in many directions, but also significantly reduced transportation costs. The accelerated implementation of the achievements of scientific and technological progress made it possible to increase the commercial speed of the air report (it is more than 15 times higher than on railways), increase the non-alert flight range, minimize intermediate landings, reduce dependence on meteorological conditions, increase regularity, safety, air transportation, i.e. their quality.
The prospects for the development of air transport are defined in comprehensive long-term programs for the development of civil aviation. They include the optimization of aircraft fleets, its rational placement on air lines and base places, establish the promising characteristics of new types of aircraft, onboard and airfield equipment, outlines the proportional development of the network of air lines and airports, equipping them with radio equipment and means of mechanization and automation of production processes. Experimental and research work continues to create new aircraft and helicopters with flight and technical characteristics that correspond to the promising requirements of civil aviation development.
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