The most speed is air transport, successfully and at a high level performing passenger and freight transportation both within the country and international communication.
For the transportation of aviation transport, an air environment is used, which up to the beginning of the XX century. It was considered a natural publicly available natural environment. The 1919 Paris Convention was declared "full and exceptional" sovereignty of the airspace of each state. This provision was enshrined by the current regulatory act of international air law - the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation, adopted in 1944.
In addition to the Chicago Convention, the most important acts of international law are, in particular:
Warsaw Convention for the Unification of some rules relating to international air transport (1929) with subsequent additions and changes made by the Hagueh (1955), Guatemalan (1971) and Montreal (1975) protocols regulating the procedure for the implementation of regular air transportation;
Guadalajar Convention on the Unification of some rules relating to international air transport, carried out by non-carriers under the Agreement (1961).
Currently, the share of international air transport in the amount of civil aviation services, according to official world statistics, is about 53%.
In international regulation of international air transportation of tourists and passengers, the International Air Transport Association and the International Association of Air Carriers are the most significant.
International Air Transport Association (IATA)it was founded in 1945 in Havana to promote the development of safe, regular and cost-effective air transport, increasing its commercial efficacy and effectiveness of activities and studying related issues, as well as the practical development of cooperation between airlines - international air transportation organizers.
The leading body of the IATA is the general meeting on which the Executive Committee is elected with the term of permissions for three years. The President of IATA is elected for a period of one year. The main working body is the Permanent Secretariat - the Director General is headed.
IATA employs regular committees: financial, technical, legal, advisory, on the organization of transportation, created as necessary in accordance with the decisions of the Executive Board. The tradition was the holding of annual transport conferences, the main tasks of which are to establish the level of tariffs and prices, clarifying the schedules of motion and the conditions of cooperation.
The daily activities of the IATA consists mainly in streamlining the work of airlords in terms of formation of recommendations relating to:
Levels and rules for applying tariffs for passenger and freight transport;
Approval of unified rules of air transportation;
Regulators of the procedure for using benefits and discounts from tariffs;
Generating general standards for the service of passengers and tourists;
Disseminating the technical and economic experience of the operation of airlines, the implementation of financial calculations between airlines - members of the Association.
IATA has a numerous network of airlord agents, which is controlled by commissions and subcommittees of the IATA Consultative Committee. By providing appropriate supporting documents and evidence of their commercial and financial reliability, any agent may receive the status of an approved Agent of IATA, which gives the right to represent the interests of the members of the IATA for the sale of transportation or commission.
The permanent sphere of the interests of IATA is to improve the settlement system, booking places, publication of tariffs, coordination of schedules, creating a network of agents for the sale of transport and the organization of training centers.
Members of the IATA are national airlines of more than 100 countries involved in the implementation of regular air transportation. The Association annually issues statistical collections, as well as reports of the General Assembly, the Executive Committee and the working bodies.
Forces of the legal department of IATA participated in the preparation of international conventions to combat illegal seizures of aircraft and with illegal acts aimed against the safety of civil aviation.
International Association of Air Carriers (Jacob)created in 1971 and was registered in 1983 in accordance with Belgian law. Her goals:
Expansion of the basic basis of air transport tourist transportation due to connections and cooperation between international charter airlines;
Improving the quality of charter aircraft;
Adjusting the interests of their members to relevant government and international organizations on the development of aircraft transportation.
The highest bodies of Jacob serve the Annual Assembly and the Board of Directors.
Jacob activities are focused on coordination in the development of air traffic policies and research work, as well as the exchange of information in order to improve the organization of charter traffic and the quality of passenger service. Jacob has close working contacts and communications with ICAO and is a joining WTO member.
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)founded in 1947 and received the status of a specialized UN agencies in 1948. The official address of registration and location - Montreal, Canada. Objectives ICAO:
Development of principles and technical methods in the field of international air navigation; "
Development of international air transport on principles of security and reliability;
Promoting the development of civilian aircraft and airways, airports and navigation tools, as well as the development of international civil aerodynamics in general and in all its aspects in particular.
ICAO members are more than 180 states (Russia's participation since 1979 through the succession of the USSR). ICAO activities in the field of international air law is to develop projects of regulatory acts of international air law and in the codification of international air law. ICAO authorities: Assembly, Council, Special Committees, Regional Office, Secretariat. In addition, the European Bureau for Europe in Paris (France) and the Bureau for Countries apply to ICAO Far East and pools Pacific Ocean In Bangkok (Thailand).
The highest governing body is the Assembly, convened once every three years and choosing a council from among its members, which serves as an executive body of ICAO. The Council is headed by the president, elected for a period of three years.
The activities of the ICAO Council are carried out through permanent committees. The main executive function is carried by the ICAO Secretariat,
regional Bureau and Headed by the ICAO Secretary General, which is appointed by the Council.
The basic legal act of Russian legislation regulating activities in the field of air transport is the aircraft of the Russian Federation, in which the concept of "aviation" is adopted as the main term to designate activities in airspace. The CC of the Russian Federation determines that the air legislation of the Russian Federation consists of this Code, federal laws, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, the decisions of the Government of the Russian Federation, the federal rules for the use of airspace, federal aviation rules, as well as the other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation taken in accordance with them.
VK RF has established some significant restrictions on affiliation of aviation property. So, the property of civil aviation: aircraft, airports, airfields, technical and other means designed to ensure flights of aircraft may be in the state and municipal property and property of legal entities. However, in the property of citizens of Russia as individuals, civilian aircraft may be.
Specially authorized body in the field of civil aviation is the civil aviation service, whose competence is the provision of equal air space for all users of the right to use. Priorities in the "order" use of airspace appear only in cases of the emergence of the needs of the simultaneous use of airspace by several users. For such cases, the gradation of state regulation of priorities has been developed, in which the implementation of regular air transportation of passengers and baggage receives a greater priority (8th place in the priority table) compared even with the implementation of regular air transport and mail (11th place) and irregular air transportation or aviation work (12th place, respectively). This gradation is asked and approved by the federal rules for the use of the airspace of the Russian Federation of September 22, 1999 No. 1084 and was developed in accordance with the CCC of the Russian Federation and the Convention on International Civil Aviation. The applications to these rules contain the rules for submitting applications (schedules, graphs) to use the airspace of the Russian Federation and reports on the use of the airspace of the Russian Federation to the EU Organs of the ATM and the Air Force and Air Defense Bodies, the Rules for the request and issuance of permits for the use of airspace of the Russian Federation, Rules for the organization of communication and radio equipment, the rules for the preparation and submission of proposals for improving the structure of the airspace of the Russian Federation, the rules for the development and establishment of temporary, local regimes and short-term restrictions on the use of the airspace of the Russian Federation, the rules for investigations, organization of accounting and analysis of violations of the use of airspace Russian Federation.
Used civilian aircraft are subject to state registration in the State Register of Civil Aircraft of the Russian Federation with the issuance of relevant evidence. The aircraft, registered or taken into account in the prescribed manner, acquires the national affiliation of Russia. Civil aircraft are allowed to operate in the presence, certificates of airworthiness (certificates of suitability for flights).
The requirements for aviation personnel are established by the FAP, and the state control over the activities of civil aviation aviation personnel is carried out by an authorized body in the field of civil aviation.
Air transportation is governed by the standards set forth in Chapter 40 "Transportation" of the Russian Federation and in Chapter 15 "Air Transportation" of the Russian Federation. According to the VK of the Russian Federation, the passenger carrier is an operator who has a license to carry out air transportation of passengers and baggage on the basis of an air transport contract for passengers and baggage. When carrying out air transportation of passengers or tourists, air transportation is certified by the ticket for the carriage of the passenger and the baggage receipt during the transportation of luggage. In accordance with VC of the Russian Federation, the carrier is obliged to observe the general rules for the air transportation of passengers, baggage and cargoes, as well as the requirements for servicing passengers, shippers and consignees established by the FAP, which, in addition, establishes the procedure for providing passengers and tourists of aircraft services and benefits.
Aviation Transport Infrastructure. According to statistics, the growth rate of the popularity of air transport is higher than vehicles, which is determined by an increasing expansion of travel geography and an existing sustainable tendency to reduce travel time in favor of their frequency. As a result, air transport is the most dynamically developing industry of world transport. The international transport network covers more than 150 countries of the world.
Now there are more than 1,300 airlines in the world. On average, about 1.5 billion people are transported per year for flights. International air reports are now providing over 470 carriers, about 250 of them are committing international regular flights. Over 1000 airports of the world participate in servicing international air services, about 650 of them serve international regular air transport.
However, the system of international air transport includes not only international air carriers and airports, but also the states associated with international air lines and providing these messages, as well as international organizations in the field of air transport, taking measures to ensure its effective functioning and safety.
In almost every country of the world, there is an airline, which is a peculiar business card of the country, whose reliability, punctuality, service and comfort comply with the highest international standards. Such a company is called national carrier flag. Such airlines in different countries are considered: the French "Air France", German "Lufthansa", British "British Airways", Austrian Austrian Airlines, Spanish "Iberia", Swiss "SWISS", Finnish "Finnair" and other Russian flag The carrier is the airline Aeroflot - Russian Airlines.
Three quarters of available airliners are located on the American continent. The largest airlines of the United States are: "Federal Express", "United Airlines", "Delta Air Lines", "American Airlines", "Continental Airlines", "Nortwest Airlines", "US Airways", "Southwest Airlines", TWA (Trans World Airlines), "America West Airlines", "Alaska Airlines". Their sales amount is up to $ 15 billion a year. The American continent also has large airlines in countries such as Canada - "Air Canada", "Canadian Airlines"; Brazil - "Varig", "Brasilian Airlines"; Mexico (three largest airlines).
The largest airlines of Europe are considered: "British Airways" (United Kingdom); "LUFTHANZA GERMAN AIRLINES" (Germany); AIR FRANCE (France); SAS (Scandinavian Airlines System - Sweden, Denmark, Norway); "Alitalia" (Italy); «Iberia Airlines» (Spain); "KLM - Royal Dutsh Airlines" (Netherlands); "Crossair", "SWISS" (Switzerland); "Sabena Belgian World Airlines" (Belgium); FINNAIR (Finland). Of the countries of Eastern Europe, Bulgaria and Hungary have the largest aircraft fleet.
In Asia, the largest airlines are considered: ana ("All Nippon Airways"), Jal (Japan Airlines) (Japan); Korean Air (Republic of Korea); "SAUDIA - SAUDI ARABIAN AIRLINES" ( Saudi Arabia); Malaysia Airlines (Malaysia); "China Southern Airlines", "Air China" (China); "CATHAY PACIFIC AIRWAYS" (Hong Kong); Jas ("Japan Air System") (Japan); "Singapore Airlines" (Singapore); "THAI AIRWAYS INTERNATIONAL" (Thailand); "Iraqi Airways" (Iraq); "Thy - Turkish Airlines."(Turkey); "Philippine Airlines" (Philippines).
On the African continent, large airlines are available in Libya, South Africa, Egypt, Algeria. In Australia and Oceania, there are also relatively large airlines. In Australia, this "Qantas Airways" and "Ansett Australia". The Indonesian company Garuda Indonesia and the New Zealand Anz (AIR NEW Zealand) are located in a large fleet of aircraft.
Among the airlines can be allocated public(public, i.e. regulated by the state) and private(privatized and served by private companies). In Europe, airlines are largely governed by the governments of countries. In the United States, on the contrary, all airlines are privatized and are private. The SWISS Airlines, "Scandinavian Airlines" (SAS) are partially privatized, partly belong to the state. British airlines are all privatized.
In most countries, as a rule, there are three main types of airlines that perform regular flight flights:
· large- National companies flying throughout the country and abroad;
· regional- airlines operating within certain regions of one country;
· local- Small local airlines flying for short distances from small suburban airfields. As a rule, they exploit small screw aircraft with a capacity of up to 40 passengers and carry out their delivery to airports for subsequent transfers to large airlines.
For example, on the list best airlines The world traditionally includes:
§ the best impression: British Airways and Virgin Atlantic (United Kingdom), Singapore Airlines (Singapore), KLM (Holland) and some others;
§ best on long-distance transport: "Virgin Atlantic", "British Airways" (United Kingdom), Singapore Airlines (Singapore), "Cathay Pacific" (Hong Kong, China), Qantas (Australia);
§ best first and business class: "Virgin Atlantic", "British Airways", "Singapore Airlines", "Emirates" (UAE), "Cathay Pacific" (China);
§ best Economic Class: "Virgin Atlantic", "Emirates Airways" (UAE), "British Airways", "Swissair" (Switzerland), "Singapore Airlines" (Singapore);
§ the best in the program promotion of frequent flying passengers:"British Airways", "American Airlines" (USA), "Virgin Atlantic", "Swissair" (Switzerland), KLM (Holland).
Airport and airports also include airport infrastructure. According to the Russian Code of the Russian Federation aerodrome - This is a land plot with a complex of engineering structures and buildings, specially dedicated and equipped for take-off and landing, taxiing, parking and aircraft service.
Airfields that are at an altitude of more than 1000 m are considered to be mountain areas in rough terrain with relative exceeds over 500 m - airfields in mountainous areas. The airfields are divided into basic (for which the landing is provided for by the flight plan) and spare (intended for landing, when this is not possible for some reason for some reason, the reserve is usually the airfield).
The main construction of the airfield - the runway (runway) is one or more, as well as the space for the taxiing and parking lot of aircraft. This is a specially equipped strip with a solid coating at the airfield for take-off and planting aircraft. WFP is equipped with light and electronic means of navigation and flights. At modern airfields with proper equipment, the liner can be planted in automatic mode without the participation of the pilot.
The airport - Complex of buildings and structures designed to receive and send aircraft and air transport services, having a complex of airfield, airports, terrestrial maintenance of aircraft maintenance, as well as the necessary equipment, aviation personnel and other workers.
Airport internal - serving domestic carriers - intended to serve internal flights of aircraft (within the territory of this state), international airport serves international flights. However, in practice, international airports service and domestic flights are serviced, although the internal and international flight terminals are separated. international Airport - Airport, open for receiving and sending aircraft performing international air transport, in which customs, border, sanitary and quarantine and other control are carried out.
There are about 1000 international airports in the world. The 30 largest airports ship more than 10 million passengers per year, and more than half of them are in the United States. Six major airports are missing over 30 million passengers annually. O-Hara Airport in Chicago has the highest throughput - 60 million passengers per year. In Europe, the most powerful is the airport of Heathrow near London (United Kingdom). In Russia, 76 international airports and the number of them are constantly increasing. Russian airlines are flights to 175 major airports of 120 countries.
The number of airports in the world practically does not increase, but the passenger capacity is growing, their infrastructure is developing, maintenance technology is being improved. According to experts, the airport XXI century. Must be and becomes more than a big thing than just a landing site on a plane and disembarking from it. For example, the British company Waa, who owns Heathrow airports (in London) and Gatwick (in Glasgow), as well as Edinburgh airport (in Scotland), has already turned its terminals in the most profitable outlets in the UK.
According to IATA, most of the world's largest airports are located on the American continent. The top ten largest airports include seven American, two European and one Asian. But the fact that the airport is the largest in the world does not mean that it is the best passenger service. This is confirmed annually by IATA surveys of a large number of passengers.
The best airport passengers are determined by several criteria: information service, nutrition, availability of various shops, communication services, etc. Research results have shown that the best airports in the world are located in the cities: Dubai (UAE), Singapore, Hong Kong, Copenhagen (Denmark ), Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), Seoul (South Korea), Athens (Greece), Vancouver (Canada), Cincinnati (USA), Sydney (Australia).
Dubai Airport, commissioned in 2000, was recognized as the most convenient and operational in the world. Singapore Airport received the highest score for the work of warning personnel. Copenhagen Airport was in fourth place, becoming the best in Europe. Seoul Airport was on the sixth place of the rating. None of the largest airports was evaluated by spearing passengers.
Despite the expanding infrastructure and the possibility of service, the airport retains its basic function - this is the landing site on the plane and disembarking from it. Place of departure in flight and arrival from flight. Based on this, the main task of the airport is the maintenance of flights various airlines and air passenger service.
IN tasks of the airport It includes: maintenance of passenger traffic, cargo and mail; ensuring flights of air foreign and national airlines within the airport; ensuring regularity and safety of flights, meteorological observations; ensuring proper operation of communications and light alarm; carrying out maintenance of aircraft and refueling them fuel; changing tanks of toilets, garbage cleaning; An important operation is the operational preparation and supply of compact power on each flight.
Each airport has the following divisions: a detachment serving the runway and the field; Lighting personnel; air navigation service; Technical staff for the maintenance of passengers on landing and disembarking from the aircraft, as well as on loading and unloading baggage; Service "Cargo" (maintenance of goods); aircraft; Meteorological service; medical service, including a sanitary-quarantine point; Help service.
In close cooperation with the employees of the airport itself, representative offices of airlines are operating flying on the lines to which the airport belongs. International airports employ control services (border, customs, sanitary-quarantine, veterinary, phyto-sanitary, etc.).
The territory of each airport is strictly divided into two zones: a) the zone of arrival (arrival) and b) the sending zone (departure). In each airport, a special place is allocated - the so-called the waiting area(for meeting, transit passengers, etc.). The special zone of each international airport is neutral zone.Departing passengers after customs and passport control Before the departure of the aircraft, and the passengers who arrived - to customs and passport control are obliged to be in this zone. At this neutral territory, all sorts of shops "Duty Free" are usually located, freed from taxes and duties.
Railway transport infrastructure. Railways with different network density and level of technical equipment are built in most countries of the world, but there are a number of countries where there are no railways. These include: Afghanistan, Bahrain, Belize, Bhutan, Brunei, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Dominican Republic, Salvador, Guinea, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Congo (Zaire), Kuwait, Lesotho, Libya, Mauritius, Niger, Oman, Papua New Guinea, Yemen, Qatar, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, UAE, Uruguay and some others.
Before the intensive development of automotive and air transport from the middle of the XIX century. And in the first half of the XX century. The railway was one of the main ways to move traveling from their main place of residence to another terrain or country. Since the intensification of technical progress, road transport and air carriers have accepted a significant share of transportation on themselves. However, the creation of high-speed railways returned the competitiveness railway.
Within the basic European countries - Italy, France, Spain, Germany, the United Kingdom - the journey between large capitals and tourist centers today is even more convenient to make a train than on the bus or plane. Milan to Rome comes with a little more than 2 hours while following the train at a speed of more than 200 km / h. Moreover, the train moves along a fairly direct track, which is always shorter than any highway connecting two settlements.
If there are high-speed trains, the greatest efficiency of movement on the railway is observed when traveling up to 500-600 km. In this case, high-speed railway highways allow you to overcome this route for 2-3 hours, which is quite convenient for tourists. In addition, trains usually arrive at the stations traditionally located right in the very center of large cities and capitals, which minimizes the transfer and creates significant advantages compared to aviation. If it is still added to this several times lower (compared to aviation transport) payment for travel, the advantages of rail transport (especially when moving on medium and relatively small distances) are obvious. With transportation distances less than 500 km, more efficiently use road transport, and with a large 1000 km - air transportation.
In addition to the original purpose - transportation - the railway is actively used in entertainment purposes. The unhurried "trips under the ferry" on the ancient compositions (retro trains) with unique locomotives in national parks became an excellent entertainment for tourists spoiled by super expensive highways. All over the world, the clubs of railways were organized, there were rye collectors of old steam locomotives and even the owners of small private roads, equipped with the rolling stock of the late XIX and early XX centuries. The subject of tourist interest are photo and video filming of retro-locomotives with a black smoke loop from picture pipes against the background of beautiful landscapes, and even phonograms of original and characteristic sounds of mechanisms when driving.
The role of railway transport in the Russian Federation and in the territory of the post-Soviet space remains traditionally large. This type of transport is invariably very popular with the overwhelming majority of the country's population and is used as the main type of transport during the implementation of both internal (more) and international tourist trips. Currently, in Russia, the share of railway transport accounts for almost 50% of passenger traffic.
The structure of railway transport is based on the production and territorial principle, according to which the entire railway network of the country is divided into separate major areas - railways. In turn, railways are divided into separations that are the main production links of railways. Offices carry out the management of the financial and production and economic activities of all production and linear divisions located within this railway: stations, train stations, railway tracks, travel infrastructure, traveling structures, etc.
Consequently, the railway transport infrastructure form linear and nodal elements. Linear include railway railways of the country or region. The nodal and point elements include passenger stations, train stations, technical services of the railway. Consider them and the functions performed by them in more detail.
Passenger stations - Separate items of railways, where operations with passenger trains and cars are being carried out - formation, reception and dispatch, transit, maintenance of rolling stock, passenger service. Special stations are building for the service of passengers. Passenger stations are divided into through, assembly, dead-end, combined, technical, cargo-passenger.
Depending on the purpose, passenger stations have ways to receive and send passenger trains, performing maneuver operations, time parking; buildings of train station and pavilions for servicing passengers and attendants; Platforms and transitions. At the stations there are technical services and parks, luggage and cargo services.
Train Station - Complex of buildings and structures, specially designed and properly equipped for servicing passenger trains and passengers. The station in the general case contains the station building itself with the halls of waiting, ticket office, power points, luggage services, office space, platforms, station tunnels and transitions.
Railway Stations are separate (for servicing only long-distance trains and suburban lines), semi-partitions, when the station is constructively divided into two parts for long-distance and suburban lines, as well as united (the station is not divided into zones for distant and suburban trains; all platforms are located together and used comprehensively). Depending on the location of buildings, the railway station relative to the paths are distinguished by side buildings, located on one side of the paths, island - the building is located between the paths, deadlock and dignum (subwoofer and visible).
Large railway stations have a huge bandwidth - up to 20 million passengers per year or more. At the same time, intense passenger traffic is generated as trains shipped and arrival. Accordingly, they allocate passengers of departure, passengers of arrival, transit passengers, passengers of long-distance passengers and passengers of tourist trains who have a long parking lot at this train station. For each category of passengers, the zone, area of \u200b\u200bstation premises and a service system are determined.
At the stations themselves, zones of sending and arrival of passengers are allocated. This is important, especially on dead-end and nodal stations, when more than 1,000 passengers with luggage come from the train at the same time. It is important to the right organization of the maintenance zones of undergoing high-speed trains. Vocation transitions link platforms, station spaces, waiting halls and a suspension area. Among them there are transitions on one level with ways, at the level of platforms, bridges and concussions, viaducts, ramps, tunnels, stairs, escalators.
Handicapped halls are designed for passengers of various categories, including transit, lounge halls with children and a comfortable waiting room for VIP persons. In them or related areas of the station place toilets, shops, catering, bars, restaurants, ticket office, information and service services, business centers, currency exchange points, medical care points and protection.
Railway technical services are very diverse. In addition to the organization of the movement of trains and the technical content of rolling stock, these services perform multiple responsibilities for booking and selling tickets to passengers, information functions, supplying fuel, water, linen, food products, garbage and waste, guard.
Automobile transport infrastructure. Automobile services used in the tourism industry include the following main directions: 1) bus travel (including car accidents); 2) organization of automobile travel: using own car; car rental at the place of permanent residence; Car rental at the place of rest.
Several types of transport are involved in international passenger transportation: aviation, international, sea and automotive, which includes passenger cars and buses. At the present stage of the development of international transport, road transport has a high proportion in the total volume of international transportation of passengers.
By 2007, the share of road transport decreased significantly and amounted to less than 40% by increasing the specific gravity in air transport transport travel. Nevertheless, road transport is still a leader of tourist transport, performing two main functions: independent travel and excursions; auxiliary (transfers) transport. It should be noted that 92% of all excursions are carried out using road transport.
The most massive tourist transport is a bus, in most cases the property of large tourist companies, associations, concerns, associations. Other tourist firms use the services of motor transport enterprises based on long-term lease or one-time orders.
Tourist road transport is carried out mainly by bus (78%), cars (17%) and other types of road transport (5%). Possessing high maneuverability and mobility, tourist buses out of competition on short and medium (up to 500 km) routes. Hourlyfortable tourist buses are also used on long routes (tours in Europe, the Golden Ring, etc.). At the same time, resting tourists at night is provided, as a rule, in hotels or motels (roadside hotels). According to international classification, in a number of signs, buses are certified by category (number of stars).
Tourist-sightseeing transportation are the most popular view of our country. They are widely used by travel agencies in the organization of internal and inbound tourism. In particular, many country travel agencies are developing bus tours For both Russian and foreign tourists. Such routes are classified according to a number of characteristics: the time of implementation, duration, region, the subject, travel conditions.
The duration of most internal tours usually ranges from one to ten days. For example, the most famous multi-day bus route (4-5 days) is the route by the cities of the Golden Ring. The topics of bus tourist-sightseeing routes are also quite variety. Tour operators are offered programs of religious subjects (visiting monasteries and cult facilities Countries), pilgrimage tours, space tours (visits to cosmodromov, aviation museums and astronautics), theater tours (visiting the most famous theaters of Moscow and St. Petersburg), natural tours (trips to nature, weekend, etc.), Holiday tours ( Participation in festive events) and others. Also unconventional bus tours are also offered - a bath tour, jeepping, fishermen tours, hunters, tasting and gastronomic tours.
In addition to the organization of bus tourist-excursion accompanied tours on internal routes, charter unaccompanied tours and excursion trips for independently formed groups of tourists are organized. In the first case, the buses are used for organized delivery of sports fans, businessmen, scientists, festival participants. In the second case, motor transport enterprises or travel agencies organize a short-term trip of all those who wish for any interesting city or suburban route accompanied by a guide.
International bus tours are distinguished by the duration, the content of excursion programs and maintenance conditions during the trip. From the point of view of these factors, all international bus tours can be divided into cost-effective, standard, branded and exclusive. IN economical tours The journey includes a varied excursion program, accommodation in hotels 2-3 stars located on the outskirts of cities, night crossings. IN standard tours One night crossing, accommodation in hotels 2-3 stars near the metro stations or city transport lines, a varied excursion program and free time in large cities. IN branded tours There are no night crossings, accommodation is organized in hotels of 3-5 stars located in the city center, a rich excursion program and free time in the settlements visited by settlements are provided. Exclusive tours Formed on the basis of branded, the wishes of customers are accepted if desired.
Currently international passenger Transportation Buses in Russia are actually two directions, namely, irregular transportation within international bus tourism and passenger transportation on regular international lines. With the formation of the CIS there was a significant change in each of these destinations.
In contrast to irregular transportation of tourists, international regular bus lines were widespread relatively recently, after the establishment of Russia for the market path of development, which made it possible to provide the necessary regulatory framework and freedom of movement of Russian citizens abroad. One of the pioneers in this field was Rahertert, who first discovered the regular route Russia - Germany.
For more than ten years, the Eurolines Bureau has been working in Moscow - the International Autocolator Association, which unites 35 major European bus companies. For those who prefer to travel on their own, the eurolines bus system is the most suitable way of traveling, cheap and at the same time allowing almost all of Europe. Currently, Eurolines bus system connects more than 40 major cities in Europe: London, Amsterdam, Brussels, Paris, Lyon, Copenhagen, Hamburg, Berlin, Frankfurt am Main, Cologne, Munich, Vienna, Basel, Madrid, Barcelona, \u200b\u200bRome, Milan , Florence, Prague, Budapest, Warsaw, Stockholm, Gothenburg, Zurich, Bordeaux, Venice, Dublin, Krakow, Bratislava, etc.
Bus tourism. Bus tours - Travel groups of tourists on their own or leased buses. They can be held everywhere and practically no restrictions. Due to its mobility and relative independence from transport communications and schedules, the bus travel allow you to organize routes for interesting places in the most convenient time for tourists. Bus travel routes are divided into urban, suburban and long-distance.
The advantages of bus tours are in their relative cheapness: the bus trip costs about 1.5-2 times cheaper than a regular tour with the airline and in the fact that the price of bus tours does not change throughout the season, regardless of demand. There are extensive experience in the organization of bus tourism and there are old traditions compared to other types of tourism. The possibility of inclusion in the bus route of small cities makes such travel convenient for family tourists and the elderly. The participation of passenger cars and buses in international tourism reflects the ratio of individual and group tourism, as international bus tourism is in the bulk of group tourism.
Modern bus tourism is currently characterized not only by quantitative growth, but also by constant qualitative change, expressed in a wide variety of buses in international tourism. The traditional view of international bus tourism is route trips, the essence of which is that programs for them are drawn up with the maximum use of buses throughout the trip. Recently, a combined bus tourism has been developed - route tourism and rest, attracting tourists with a combination of cognitive and recreation.
Thus, bus transportation in international reports are very popular among tourists in various countries. The main advantage of this type of transport is the optimal ratio of "price / quality", which allows them to be used in mass international tourism. Currently, the global market for international bus transports there is a rapid increase in sales volumes and quality service indicators.
There are two ways to organize irregular transportation of tourists:
1. A tourist firm develops a certain bus tour and instructs the transportation of a transport organization, which develops the route, performs the flight maintenance and so on.
2. Tourist company rent a bus from a transport organization (or a private person) and itself carries out transportation. However, in this case, such a firm must have a license to carry out the transportation of passengers in the international direction, the necessary permissions, etc.
Bus companies offer the following tours and bus rental service:
1. Charter tours - service of evenings, day trips to competitions, weekly trips - festive tours;
2. Accompanied tours - trips of pre-planned groups with a duration of five days to one month accompanied by a manager;
3. Independently formed groups - the tour includes visits to cities and attractions using flight buses;
4. Flexible tours - Combining bus transport with other vehicles.
The rights and obligations of the carrier and tourists are governed by the Treaty on the transportation, the Treaty Service Treaty and the Voucher. Bus travel It can be organized on their own buses belonging to tourist firms, as well as on leased buses belonging to independent motor transport enterprises of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation. Currently, only in Moscow employs more than 30 carriers specializing in international tourism: "Old Town", "AvtoTur-satellite", "Avtoturtrans", "Intersa", "Turntrans-Voyage" and others.
Automotive tourism and car rental. The advantage of using road transport lies in the fact that it makes travelers independent in time, routes, traffic schedule. The main forms of autotourism are:
· individual tourism - Tourist, going on a journey, knows that no one guarantees to him in bed and nutrition (provided that this is a long journey);
· organized tourism - a trip of one or more machines according to accurate graphics and with a complete service complex during stops;
· caravaning- A type of road tourism, in which a caravan (auto-caliber) is used as a means of accommodation.
A very common service among tourists, especially in stationary and spa tours. The leading car rental firm in the world is Hertz. Competing with her AVIS firm in the mid-90s. XX century It was named English magazine "Institutional Investor" the best firm for renting cars.
Water Model Infrastructure. The turbines has different forms of travel organization and one of them - cruises. Cruise It is a tourist trip along the river or sea, as a rule, with an occasion in the ports, on board a special passenger ship. Currently, dozens of cruise companies around the world operate hundreds passenger ships, Capacity from 70 to 2000-3000 passengers and offer exciting trips to almost any region of the world.
In essence, the cruise is a sea or river tour, which includes comprehensive maintenance on board the vessel. In particular: travel on the ship, accommodation in the cabin (depending on the chosen class), three-time food, entertainment and, as a rule, a number of special events on board the vessel (holidays, festivals, competitions, concerts, etc.).
Cruising companies and cruise liners they own are most often included in the infrastructure of water types of recreation. The overwhelming majority of almost fifty companies operating on the global cruise market are North American. But there are no more than fifteen significant companies today, and due to the active process of their merger and this number is constantly decreasing. In the top ten Megakompany - Carnival, Royal Caribbean, R & O Princess, Star Cruises, Norwegian Cruise Lines, Holland America Line, Festival, Crystal. Among the main players of the market approximately 85% of the companies from the United States (often making floors under the flags of other states - Panaman, Liberian or others). The first three leaders - Carnival, Royal Caribbean, R & O Princess and affiliated in them "hold" about 81% of the world cruise market.
Another feature of modern cruise business is the appearance of ships giants. Leading cruise companies staged a real race of titans. In the next few years (2007-2010), there will be more than 50 liners of a new generation of class 4-5 * with a displacement of 70-100 thousand tons, which will be replaced by the construction of the construction of the 80-90s. New superliners will accommodate 2.5-3 thousand passengers, they are equipped with arcades of shops and restaurants, casinos, ice rollers and golf courses.
There are several common classifications. passenger ships and cruise routes. Cruise Lines International Association International Association (Cruise Lines International Association), as well as leading international cruise reference books "Berlitz", "Fodor" divide maritime routes depending on the cost of staying for four categories: economical, classic, premium cruises and cruises- "Suite " The first in international lists of luxury companies is Silversea Cruises, the only category "six stars" and working on the Ultra All Inclusive system, and offering a high-class, but more democratic Crystal rest.
In turn, the cruise ships are classified by stars - from 1 to 6 stars and groups: Standart ("2-4 stars"), Premium ("5 stars" - "5 stars plus") and LUX (6 stars). Cruise ships are certified in 6 categories (stars). The super-suite category (6 stars) belongs to only four vessels in the world. The cost of the cruise of this class is $ 6000-8000 per week. Here passengers are placed only in the apartment. The price of such a cruise includes everything, including tips. Ships of this class are calculated for 200 passengers and 150 crew members.
The role and place of air transport in tourismDifferent types of transport are used by tourist organizations for transportation of tourists while traveling. The main share in the overall structure of transport services belongs to aviation transport. The greatest number of tourists, especially traveling for long distances, use aviation services.
Automobile transport can be fully called transport of universal use, as it is used everywhere: from transfers and excursions, internal transportation by buses to rental of small cars with tourists for personal use on vacation. Buses and cars transport local and intraregional value. Sightseeing and educational tours are especially popular with visiting several cities and attractions. For touristsit is convenient that they can drive around the route and within the city in their transport .
The main competitor of buses in group transportation is the railway. Within our country, it has some priority and air traffic. The advantage of rail transportation is also morelow tariffs and (in foreign countries) an extensive system of discounts, travel tickets, etc., allowing to travel at much lower prices
. However, no bus nor railway transportationdo not compete with aviation at long distances
Water transport, river and marine themselves already cause the image of tourist - cruise services and are used in tourism quite active. Water travel has a number of both the advantages and disadvantages compared to other types of transport.The most significant advantages are the high level of comfort, the large volume of one-time loading, the possibility of implementing various types and tourism purposes (educational, business tourism, educational, shopping tourism, etc.), full-fledged recreation, full range of life support
. The main disadvantages can be called a low speed of movement.vehicles, high rates, mobility limit, and often exposure to part of the "marine disease" people on marine cruises.
Air transport in tourist transport
Airplanes are the most popular type of transport in the world. This can also be said about air transportation in tourism. And this has a number of reasons:
First, aviation is the fastest and most convenient type of transport when moving to long distances;
Secondly, the flights for flights are currently attractive to tourists kind;
Thirdly, aviation companies directly and through international booking and reservation networks pay to tourist agencies commission for each plane reserved in the plane, motivating them to choose air carriage.
Now there are more than 1,300 airlines in the world. On average, about 1.5 billion people are transported per year at flights. International air reports are now providing over 470 carriers, about 250 of them are committing international regular flights. Over 1 thousand airports in the world, about 650 of them serve international regular air transportation in service
The largest airlines of the world in terms of the number of traffic are considered American "Delta Air Lines", "Pan Aerikan", "United", the French "Air France", German "Lufthansa", British "British Airways" and others. A large airline is considered Russian "Aeroflot".
Air transport is adjustable in three ways:
1) National regulation - licensing of air carriers working on both internal and international routes;
2) intergovernmental regulation - when regular air routes are based on agreements between the governments of the respective countries;
3) International regulation - when tariffs for regular flights are established (for members of airlines) on the basis of mutual agreements between the participating airlines through the mediation of the International Association of Air Transport (IATA) or Third Party
One of the types of international regulation of air transportation are plans to createpula. connecting airlines operating on certain international routes.
Poole-contract Connects airlines operating on some international routes to optimize the schedule of aircraft movement, reducing the direction and regulation of passenger traffic in peak hours and periods, as well as in order to increase profits on these routes and its further distribution between airlines
The travel agent also needs to know the rules for booking air tickets, work with runoff, tariffs and discounts provided by airlines.
Requirements for professional ethics when booking air tickets. To avoid additional inconveniences for air carriers, as well as to facilitate the reservation process and improving the quality of passenger service, the Turagen-there should be followed by the following simple rules:
Follow the standard ticket booking procedures defined by a specific airline.
Never order the double reservation for the passenger in case it cannot solve how to fly. Moreover, never write two or more tickets for such a passenger if it is obvious that he can take advantage of only one of them.
Regardless of the route of the passenger, be sure to try as far as possible, to supply the airline with telephone numbers for emergency contact with the passenger in the course of the following.
In the event of a change in the route, the passenger immediately cancel the appropriate reservation in the airline, and also refuse all other related services that will not be required.
Strictly adhere to the timing of the timing and order of tickets required by air carriers. Never write tickets with a guaranteed place until this warranty is confirmed by the appropriate airline.
All places booked in airlines must be neatly registered and properly documented. Documents and the remaining copies of the agent must necessarily contain an indication of the flight number, date and flight class, the status (guaranteed / non-warrant) of each individual flight, surnames and initials of passengers and their contact phones or addresses. Immediately report on the established form of obtaining all deposits.
Agency Agency with Airlines . In principle, some airlines consider their agents all tourist firms that have a contract with them for the quota. However, in its pure form, the Agency Agreement is work with drains, i.e. when the tourist firm gets the opportunity to independently act as an airline for the sale of airline tickets (both for its tourists and just selling), which simplifies and speeds up the booking procedures and the design of travel documents. The tourist firm itself acts as the "ticket office for the sale" of the airline, i.e. herself writes tickets and has the appropriate computer equipment and the right to access the booking network of this airline (eg. Gabriel at Aeroflot). This type of work with air tickets is called "work with stock air tickets."
Charter (plane rent ). When organizing charter air transportation, the customer with the airline determines the route, the duties of the parties are negotiated with it, it turns out the correspondence of the rental contract international RulesThe cost of the flight is determined. Then a special charter agreement is concluded:
View (brand) of the aircraft;
Number of places for sale;
The cost of renting an airplane;
Route with flight departure and arrival airports;
Term of the contract (season, year or others);
Regularity of flights;
The possibility and limit duration of removal (cancellation) of the flight and appropriate sanctions.
The peculiarity of charters is that one full flight (second and penultimate flights - the first reverse after the first delivery and the last thing there before the last export) is performed without tourists: the plane takes the last tourists on the last flight, but it does not bring new ones, since it is not Returns (i.e., on 10 tourist races there are 11 flights). There is a formula N + 1. Thus, the largest number of flights for the period of action of the aircraft player reduces the cost of "drop-down" flight, which means that the transportation rate reduces.
Soft block In which the Customer has no financial responsibility and has the right to a predetermined time limit, or partially abandon its places, is more convenient for the travel agent. However, if the refusal will occur later than the deadline, the customer will have to pay a fine. Usually, soft blocks are rarely used, since they are not always beneficial to the charter holder (be it an airline or tour operator-Wholesaler).
Hard block Provides strict contractual obligations in terms of sales and payment. The customer makes a prepayment, the size of which usually includes the amount of the cost of two paired flights. Tariffs for the implementation of the rigid block are approximately 5-10% lower than when implementing soft. In addition, under the contract for the hard block, the operator and agent record the price for the entire period of the charter, which gives a good opportunity to implement the prices in the "high" season of the season.
The most common sale of places for charter flights the so-called combined method, combining the elements of the two above-mentioned options. The total number of places included in the realizable block is divided into a certain proportion into two parts: one of which is implemented on a "tight" system, and the other - by "soft"
Often as the initiator of the charter program is not one, but several tour operators. At the same time, they pre-negate the conditions for the organization of flights.
Normal relations with airlines when renting an aircraft provide for its payment under the contract with mandatory balance of the balance after each flight.
Charter flights should not contradict the requirements of the Warsaw International Convention on the duties of the carrier in front of the passenger
By signing an agreement on the organization of the charter, the airline almost always puts the tour operator to harsh conditions. First of all, the firm requires a prepayment. Whatever its maximum size is, the airline always insists that the first and last flights of the charter cycle are paid in advance. Thus, she insures itself and previously imported tourists from possible non-payments. Payment of flights is negotiated in advance and is usually produced, as a rule, 7-10 days before the start of the flight. In case of untimely payment, according to the contract, the company has the right to put the customer penalties or interrupt the existing contractual relations with it
Currently, 315 airlines operate in the aviation transport market in Russia. Of these, 96 have licenses for regular flights and transport 99% of the total aircraft
Aeroflot remains the undisputed leader of the Russian aircraft industry. Aeroflot Russian International Airlines Airlines is a national carrier of Russia.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ................................................... .................................................. .. 3.
1. Air transport in tourist transport ................................ 4
1.1 International organizations regulating air transport ............................................... .................................................. 7.
1.2 Interaction of tourist firms and airlines ............... 9
1.3 Aviation transport in Russia ..................................... 13
2. Characteristics of the airline " Ural Airlines"………….. sixteen
2.1 Results of the activities of the airline .................................... 21
3. Ways to improve the quality of servicing passengers in air transport ............................................................................... 27
Conclusion ............................................................................. 29
List of sources used .......................................... .. 30
Introduction
Transportation is one of the most important components of the material base of the economy of any country.
Tourism is completely dependent on transport, its safety, speed and facilities provided by the tourist during his movement. Understanding the foundations of relationships with transport companies, rules of interaction with them in matters to ensure the safety of passengers and their property, service is essential for both tourists and for travel organizers.
The relevance of this topic is that air transport is the most popular type of transport in the world. Air transport is one of the fastest and most dynamically developing industries of the world economy and every year takes more and more strong positions in the global transport system.
The purpose of this course work is: to prove that air transport is popular in tourist transportation, consider tourist transport in the Ural Airlines Airlines and determine ways to improve air transport service.
To achieve the goal in the course work, the following tasks must be solved:
1. Consider the features of air transport and identify the reasons for the popularity of transportation;
2. Examine some aspects of tourist service by air transport;
3. Consider the operation of the airline "Ural Airlines";
The object of the study is: the airline "Ural Airlines".
The subject of the study is: a place of air transport in the system of tourist transport in the airline "Ural Airlines".
1. Air transport in tourist transport
Transportation is one of the most important components of the material base of the economy of any country. For a long time, transport is a progress engine. Man used any remedy for transportation of people and cargo. With the invention of the wheel, and a few later and different types of engines, a person began to develop and movement means: wagons, carriages, steam locomotives, airplanes, etc. This allowed to make long distances and with various purposes.
International tourism implies the movement of people from the country to the country. When studying its development, it is very important to determine its relationship with the transport industry. Successes on the generating tourism markets and adequate transport infrastructure make up one of the most important prerequisites for the development of any tourist center. For its part, demand in tourism stimulated the rapid development of the transport industry.
Tourism is completely dependent on transport, its safety, speed and facilities provided by the tourist during his movement. Understanding the foundations of relationships with transport companies, the rules of interaction with them in matters of securing passengers and their property, service, the use of relevant discounts and benefits during sales is important as for tourists and for travel organizers. The development of tourism is constrained by the fact that transport systems in a number of countries do not meet international standards for convenience, efficiency and safety, and transport projects in terms of the construction of new airports, automotive and railways require for their implementation of huge investments and time.
Less than half of all international travel was carried out through land roads, while the role of air transport increases annually.
In 1992, only 5% of travelers used the railway system for international movements (mainly in Europe) and 8% traveled on steams and ferries (for example, between Great Britain and France, Italy and Greece, Sweden and Denmark), and 40% of tourists We traveled to the destination by airplanes.
According to statistics, the growth rate of the popularity of air transport is higher than motor vehicles, which is due to the greater expansion of travel geography and an existing sustainable tendency to reduce travel time in favor of their frequency (growth of short-term round-distance tours). All this, causes close attention to tourist business to aviation transport.
Airplanes are the most popular type of transport in the world. This can also be said about air transportation in tourism.
And this has a number of reasons:
- First, aviation is the fastest and most convenient type of transport when moving to long distances;
- Second, the flights for flights are currently attractive to tourists view;
- Third, aviation companies directly and through international booking and reservation networks pay tourist agencies fees for each plane booked place, motivating them to choose air transportation.
Air transport is one of the fastest and most dynamically developing industries of the world economy and every year takes more and more strong positions in the global transport system.
Now there are more than 1,300 airlines in the world. On average, about 1.5 billion people are transported per year at flights. International air reports are now providing over 470 carriers, about 250 of them are committing international regular flights. Over 1,000 world airports of the world participate in servicing international air services, about 650 of them serve international regular air transport.
The largest airlines in the number of traffic are considered American "Delta Air Lines", "Pan American", "United", French "Air France", German "Lufthansa", British "British Airways" and other Aeroflot is considered a large airline.
However, the system of international air transport is not only international air carriers and airports, but also the states associated with international air lines and providing these messages, as well as international organizations in the field of air transport, taking measures to ensure its effective functioning and safety.
The international transport network currently covers all geographic regions and more than 150 countries of the world.
1.1 International organizations regulating air transport
Air transport is adjustable in three ways:
National regulation is licensing air carriers working both on the domestic and international routes;
Intergovernmental regulation - when regular air routes are based on agreements between the governments of the respective countries;
International regulation - when tariffs for regular flights are set (for members of airlines) on the basis of mutual agreements between participating airlines ........
LIST OF SOURCES USED
1. Azar V.I. Transport and tourism. - M.: Transport, 2007.
2. Birzhakov M.B., Nikiforov V.I. Tourism Industry: Transportation. - SPb.: Ed. House "Gerda", 2008.
3. Zorin I.V., Kover TP, Quarternov V.A. Tourism management. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2007.
4. Nikolaenko V.N., Skorobogatova L.G. Management of transport services in the field of tourism. B2ch. Part 1: Abstract lectures. - Ekaterinburg: Publishing House of Urgups, 2011.
5. Osipova O.Ya. Tourist transport services: EDUCATION. Manual for students Higher. Education. establishments. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2009.
6. Transportation of commercial activities: studies. Manual / Ed. G.Ya. Increase - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2009.
7. Russian tourist newspaper. - URL: www. Turizm.ru.
8. Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation. - URL: www. fav.ru/favt_new -
Transportit is one of the most important parts of the economy of any country.
Many years ago, man used various means for transporting people, as well as cargo. With the advent of the wheel and other methods of movement began to appear such types of transport as carriages, wagons, steam locomotives. The man began to quickly make long distances travel.
Currently, transport having a highly developed economic and social base is one of mechanisms of state economy.
Transport is an engine for tourism development worldwide. It provides the normal functioning of the economy, allows you to develop such industries as agriculture, trading, etc.
The role of transport services in tourism is manifested in the organization of tourist and cultural trips, cultural exchange, solving social problems.
With the development of tourism and an increase in the demand for travel, transport roads are constantly expanding, which, in turn, has a favorably affects the development of transport infrastructure.
Transport servicesare among the most important in the tourist business. They have to most of The cost of the tour. Tourists use various types of travel for travel.
The main part in the transport services sector belongs aviation. Tourists traveling for long distances enjoy the services of aviation companies. Aviation transport is not enough among tourists traveling with resort or entertainment targets.
Automobile transport ranks second among the types of transport used for travel. This type of transport is also called transport of universal use. It is used from transfers and excursions to intramshrute transportation, and also rented tourists for personal use. Excursion buses are especially popular. During the excursion program on the bus tourists learn new cities and countries. But sometimes there are difficulties with parking both in Russia and in Europe.
The main rival bus transport is the railway. Within our country, it has widespread compared to aviation or by road. The advantage of the railway are lower rates, as well as the use of travel tickets, discount systems, which allows you to move around the country, saving your own money.
Water river and sea transport implements cruise type services. Water travel has both advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of water transport include the situation that meets any requests to the client, the possibility of accommodating a large number of people, the implementation of various types and objectives of tourism, a full-fledged vacation, a full range of life support. The disadvantages of water transport can be called a low speed of vehicle movement, high rates, mobility limit.
12.2. The use of various types of transport in the hospitality industry
Water transport.The first means of movement in water appeared in ancient times. The period of the nucleation of water transport can be considered the transition to the neolithic - the new stone century, when a person has already been known for the stone tools of labor and he knew how to process a tree. Proof of this can serve as made of oak about 40 centuries ago of the Chelny, which were found by archaeologists. At 4 thousand years old, scientists were evaluated by the age of Chelny found on the shore of Lake Lake. More than 2 thousand years has a oak Chelny, found during the excavation of the city of Izyum in Ukraine.
The oldest major ocean courts were Chinese imperial ships, which, judging by the existing archaeological data, were quite capable of moving into long-range sailing for many months.
Since ancient times, the design and equipment of marine and river vessels improved. With the advent of developed sailing equipment, navigation, equipping the ship by the ancient samples of armament of the court became not only a means of delivering goods, but also one of the main ways of warfare, as well as the method of expansion of ancient states. Such outstanding samples of ancient shipbuilding are well known as Greek trires and Roman trilles (from Lat. triremis, from Tres, Tria- "Three" and remus.- "paddle") - combat rowing vessels with three rows of cheerful, located one over the other in a checker order, and over 200 tons.
The next and most important steers in water transport was the creation of a steamer.
The first steamer was created by Robert Fulton. In 1807, he built Clermont - a ship equipped with a steam engine and rowing wheels. Subsequently, he made flights on the River Hudson from New York to Albany. The speed of the first steamer was about 5 knots (or 9 km / h).
In Russia, the first steamer was built in 1815. He flew between St. Petersburg and Kronstadt.
Modern water transport is a strategically important industry for the economy. Possessing the indisputable advantages of reliability and safety, high level of comfort, this type of transport is the basis for a whole sub-sector in the hospitality industry - water tourism.
The share of water transport in domestic and international transport is small. This is primarily due to the high cost of marine tours and cruises, as well as the displacement of this type of transport by other, cheaper and rapid means of transportation of tourists.
In Russia, according to Rosstat, the share of water transport (inland water, maritime, international) for 2007 was only about 0.1% of all passenger traffic. Nevertheless, water and mainly cruise tourism remains an elite view of the rest.
Water types of transport can be classified by different indicators:
3) the appointment of the vessel.
Depending on the level of comfort and service on board, the technical equipment of the ship is distinguished by ships:
1) River;
2) sea;
3) Ocean.
Cruises, along with sightseeing and walking flights, are the main types of tourism based on the use of water transport.
Cruise it is a range of services, including accommodation, three meals, maintenance and entertainment programs on the motor ship. Excursions and other events in port cities may be included in the price of such a tour.
Equipped for maritime travel vessels of higher discharges (suite and supermen) are the most real "floating cities" with five or six decks, dozens of shops, bars, restaurants, several swimming pools, sports and wellness complexes. So, on one of the most expensive liners in the world "The World" of the American company "Residence", floating around the world's route, there are pools, tennis courts, and even golf courses. The residential part of the ship includes 110 apartments in size from 70 to 300 m2 for permanent residence and 88 cabins, which can be rented for a period of three days.
The world's largest liner "Queen Mary 2" with a 21-storey building belongs to the company "Cunard Lines". Even a ten-blind storm does not interrupt the work of the casino and entertainment centers. On board there are a winter garden and auction, where the paintings are being put up for trading, among which were the works of Pablo Picasso and other famous masters, including Russian artists.
For duration, experts stand out around the world (over 14 days) of swimming, sea travel (10? 14 days) and weekly cruises. Weekly swimming are most popular with customers, their share accounts for about half of all cruise travel. Two types of cruises are distinguished: traveling to seaports (the so-called European system, providing for conducting excursions and other events in the port cities) and an American system that leisure tourists on the beaches while entering the liner to the port along the route.
Recently, short-term cruises are gaining popularity without entering ports. The duration of such travel usually does not exceed a few days.
The main regions of marine tourism are the Caribbean Islands (winter season), the Mediterranean Sea (summer, autumn) and cruises around Europe and Scandinavia (summer, autumn).
Companies engaged in cruises are classified in four categories:
1) standard, or three stars (Norwegian Cruise Line, Costa Cruises, Royal Caribbean International, Carnival Cruise Line, Princess Cruises, etc.);
2) Premium, or four stars (Azamara Cruises, Holland America Line, Celebrity Cruises, P & O Cruises, Oceania Cruises, etc.);
3) Suite, or five stars ("Crystal Cruises", "Regent Seven Seas Cruises", "Cunard Line", etc.);
4) Super Suuxer ("Silversea Cruises" and "Seabourn").
River cruises are more affordable, independence from weather conditions and a more rich program of events for tourists held on the shore. These are excursion programs, discos, rest on beaches and other routes such travel are rivers, their tributaries, river canals, as well as lakes. The most popular in Europe cruises on the Rhine, Danube, Elba, Sena. Popular and widely used to organize river travels and Russian rivers - Volga and Don. Among the cruise rivers, Neil, Amazon and Yangtze are popular. For river cruises, as a rule, a relatively small one-sized dual-layer boats with low sediment and folding masts are applied. This is due to the need to overcome low feasible bridges and shallow rivers.
The distinctive characteristic of pleasure and excursion trips on water vessels is their small duration. It does not exceed 24 hours and can be performed not only on the ship, but also on small river vessels, such as boats, sailing yachts, passenger yalks, ships on underwater wings (such as "Rocket", "Meteor") and others. Tourists are not provided The service of accommodation in individual cabins, and guests are located on the open decks of the vessel, which combine the functions of the cafe-restaurant.
In our country marine and river transportation Passengers and cargo are controlled by the Ministry of Transport and the Federal Agency for Maritime and River Transport. The main regulatory legal acts regulating marine and river transportation are the Code of Trade Maritime Region of the Russian Federation (CTM RF) and the Code of Inland Water Transport of the Russian Federation (KVTV of the Russian Federation).
Air Transport.It is believed that the first aircraft was invented by Wilburian brothers and Orville Wright and rose into the air in 1903 A.F. Mozhaisky developed the project of the aircraft heavier than air and in 1881 received a patent on him. With difficulty collecting money on the prototype, A.F. Mozhaisky built a plane with two small steam enginesordered in England (gasoline motors of that time were low-power). During the first test, the plane broke away from the take-off strip and, flew several tens of meters, tied up and hit the wing of the ground. Money for the restoration of the aircraft and the completion of the prototype was not allocated to the inventor. Only in ten years, the American airplane has risen to the air and flew 37 m in 12 s.
Having passed more than a century of development, aviation has become the most effective means of delivering passengers and cargo over long distances.
Use the services of airlines - the optimal travel solution for long distances. At the same time, the air transport has a number of disadvantages, such as the low level of comfort and the high cost of the ticket. Currently, leading airlines offer a well-acceptable level of comfort and service. Due to its rapid development, promotion of aviation services, the means of the latest booking and selling systems for electronic tickets, an increase in the comfort of service and equipping airliners aviation retains its position, gradually increasing the share in the transport services market, effectively competing with other types of transport.
Modern passenger aircraft can be divided according to various parameters.
Depending on flight range:
1) long-range main (A-380, A-340, A-350, B-787, etc.);
2) Middle Mains (B-737, A-320, Tu-154, IL-86, Yak-42, etc.);
3) Middle Mains (Tu-134, An-24 et al.).
Depending on the speed with which the flight is carried out:
1) subsonic;
2) supersonic aircraft.
By type of engines, passenger aircraft can be distinguished:
1) with piston motors;
2) turboprop engines;
3) reactive motors, etc.
There are many other classification systems passenger airlinersDepending on the level of comfort, placement of places in the cabin and other indicators.
The largest airline in the world by the number of passengers transported is American "Delta Air Lines" (118.9 million passengers in 2005). Other major world airlines are "American Airlines", "Southwest Airlines", "US Airways", "United Airlines", French "Air France-KLM", German "Lufthansa", Japanese "Japan Airlines", British "British Airways". Major russian airlines Are "Aeroflot", Alliance "Air Union", "Domodedovo Airlines". In total, more than 1,300 airlines operate in the world. Their activities are regulated by both national laws and executive bodies and international organizations and agreements. The main executive bodies of the Russian Federation, carrying out supervision of airlines and compliance with the rules of transportation of passengers, are the Ministry of Transport and the subordinate Federal Air Navigation Service (Rosaeronavigation). The procedure for the provision of air transport services is regulated by the following regulatory legal acts:
1) by the Air Code of the Russian Federation (VC of the Russian Federation);
2) the general rules of air transportation of passengers, baggage, cargoes and requirements for servicing passengers, shippers, consignees, approved by the order of the Ministry of Transport of Russia dated June 28, 2007 No. 82.
Bilateral agreements are concluded between the two states, which are already collaborating within the framework of broader contracts (as the European Union, the Commonwealth of Independent States, etc.).
Global agreements consist of a large circle of states that have developed and signed international rules regulating air messages. The first important document in the field of civil air transport was the "Agreement for the Unification of the Basic Rules of International Air Transportation" dated October 12, 1929 with the changes adopted in 1955 and 1975, also known as the Warsaw Agreement. The rules applied to all air transportation on a commercial basis and preferential options for the provision of services (free use of air carrier services). The 1955 Guague Protocol, Gwathemal Protocol of 1971 and the Montreal Protocol of 1975 supplemented the Warsaw Agreement.
In Warsaw Agreement, the material responsibility of the carrier for damage to the lifestyle or the property of passengers was first established, but according to this document, the airline's responsibility was almost always limited to the amount of 10 thousand US dollars. For the loss of baggage, the company was obliged to pay only 20 dollars per 1 kg of missing baggage and for manual sting - $ 400.
Another important international agreement on passenger air transportation was the Montreal Convention for the Unification of Some Rules of International Air Transport, which entered into force on November 4, 2003. Prisoner in 1999, thanks to the efforts of ICAO, the Convention canceled fines for airlines established by the Warsaw Convention for damage to life and health and Property of passengers during the flight, establishing new rules.
The new bilateral liability scheme of the carrier provided for payments at 135 thousand dollars to each passenger with the unproved fault of the airline. In case of confession of the guilt of the airline, the amount of compensation was not limited at all.
"Convention on International Civil Aviation" (Chicago, 1944) Along with the "Agreement on International Air Transport" (Chicago, 1944), "Transit Agreement on International Air Lines" (Chicago, 1944), Tokyo " The Convention on Offenses and Some other actions performed on board the aircraft "(Tokyo, 1963) standardized the international rules for the carriage of passengers and provided countries to participate in agreement equal rights (span over the territory without landing, landing with unloading and loading baggage and passengers and passengers and etc.). A number of questions were decided to leave for regulation by national regulations of the air transportation of States parties (for example, regulation of charter traffic).
The oldest international organization regulating the air transportation, which has existed since 1947, is ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organization. The USSR joined it in 1970. ICAO is part of the United Nations, establishes international rules for the functioning of civil aviation and controls its development in order to improve the safety and efficiency of transportation. It was established by the Convention on International Civil Aviation. The international organization of civil aviation is based on the provisions of the second part of the Chicago Convention 1944. The ICAO Regulations The world airspace was divided into the zones of flight information, in accordance with the boundaries of which navigation equipment and air traffic control means are installed. The ICAO function includes the assignment of four-letter codes airports used to exchange navigation and meteorological information.
Another major international organization associated with civil aviation is IATA (International Association of Air Transportation). IATA, all coordinator the largest airlines, is engaged in regulating the tariff net of aviation services, the installation of uniform rules and procedures of the international passenger communication. Members of the Organization are also travel agents and tour operators working with it through the Special Directorate of ITAN (International Travel Agents Network) - Airlines Associations establishing uniform rules for booking airline tickets. As part of the organization, the rules of partnerships of the travel agent and air carrier are established, including, for example, the possibility of redemption of blocks of places in the flight aircraft, order charter flight and so on. Another common option for cooperation between the travel agent and air carrier is the sale of air tickets to the travel agency, which is a full representative of the airline, for which the latter is charged to the agent's account, a commission remuneration. This type of cooperation should be enshrined by the Agency Agreement on the sale of transportation between a travel agency and airline.
Automobile transport.The prototype of modern cars were carts equipped with steam machines as engines. In Europe in the 1780s. The first invention of this kind was the artillery tricycle tractor J. Kyunu, and in Russia, in Russia, at the same time, the first self-seeing wagon was invented by I.P. Kulibin.
The ideas and schemes of wheeled self-devaluating funds on the spring drive were discovered even among the drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. However, the creation and production of cars should be preceded by the development of a powerful, efficient and safe gasoline engine. Only in 1885-1886 German inventors Daimler and K. Benz built and received a patent for their first self-deviating crews with gasoline engines. In 1895, K. Benz built the first bus. In Russia, the first bus with an internal combustion engine was constructed in 1903 in St. Petersburg.
Despite the achievements of the modern world car industry, road transport is considered the least comfortable and cheapest among the main types of transport.
According to statistics in Russia, internal and external road haulage occupy 54% of the total number of transportation by all types of passenger transport.
According to the Russian classification by the bus, the motor vehicle is considered to be used for the transport of passengers, with more than eight places. In the class of minibuses
separately, vehicles are less than 5.5 m long. There are several buses classification systems depending on their size, quantity. seating, Comfort level in the cabin and destination. The bus, like any vehicle built in Russia or imported from abroad, must undergo a mandatory certification procedure in accordance with the UNECE Rules. By type and layout distinguish buses:
1) front-door;
2) rear-engine;
3) central motor;
4) capotic layout;
5) bad layout;
6) low-profil;
7) high-profile (high-aligned);
8) single;
9) articulated;
10) semi-storey;
11) Two-storey ("doubledeckers", for example, which have become the symbol of London buses "Routemaster");
12) shuttle;
13) terminal;
14) semi-trailers;
15) Trailers.
The development of the quality and comfort of tourist buses is engaged in organizing the IRU - the International Union of Automobile Transport, which has classification committees in 18 countries. Together with IRU organizations, IRU practices certificates assigning a bus from one to four stars depending on the level of comfort. Certificates are updated annually after checking the quality of equipment and comfort of tourist buses.
The class is determined by the number of stars (from one to five), deposited on the buses of the bus at the entrance door that serve as indicators of the level of comfort (similar to the hotel asteropod).
The most important difference between tourist buses from other classes is the equipment and comfort of the cabin. The main indicator of the comfort level of the cabin are passenger chairs. The main parameters are: the distance between the seats (68, 72, 77, 83, 90 cm by classes, respectively), the height of the seat back (at 50? 70 cm), the mandatory presence, starting from the third class, two armrests from each chairs, as well as Biotage, refrigerator and kitchenette. In the fourth and fifth grade of comfort, it is necessary to have an air conditioner, wardrobe and other means of ensuring a comfortable trip. Tourist buses are distinguished from each other not only by a special level of comfort and equipment (for example, audio and video systems with monitors, a microphone for a guide, personal information panels, etc.), but also layout. Tourist buses, as a rule, one and a half and two-storey. This is connected not only with the required provision of 0.5 m2 spaces for baggage of each tourist, but also an improvement in the review for passengers. Proven producing countries and well-known brands of tourist buses "MAN", "Mercedes", "Neoplan", "Setra" (Germany); "Alexander", "Autobus", "Caetano", "SCC", "Cannon" (United Kingdom); "Carrier", "Durisotti" (France), etc.
International transportation of passengers by road is governed by national laws, bilateral interstate agreements and global agreements. Major agreements that simplify international road transport:
1) the Convention on the Agreement of International Automobile Transport of Passengers and Baggage, KAPP, including the Protocol and the Additional Protocol to the Convention (Geneva, March 1, 1973);
3) Hague Declaration of the Inter-Parliamentary Conference on Tourism 1989
Important for international tourism (in particular, for international road transport) was the conclusion within the framework of the European Union of the Schengen Agreement, which was signed on June 14, 1985 in Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Germany. The contract canceled passport customs control within the zone and introduced a single visa for all tourists from third countries for free movement through the territory of the countries of the agreement. He entered into force on March 26, 1995. In 2007, the contract was signed by 30 states, but with the abolition of border control, it acted only in 24 countries. By mid-2008, the Schengen zone includes such states as Austria, Belgium, Hungary, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia , Finland, France, Czech Republic, Sweden, Estonia. On his intention to join the Schengen Agreement until the end of 2008, she declares Switzerland.
The basis for regulating the international road transportation of passengers in the States parties to the CIS is the Convention on International Automobile Transport of Passengers and Luggage dated October 9, 1997, signed by all States Parties to the Commonwealth, except Georgia and Turkmenistan. The document defines the procedure for organizing international transportation of passengers and baggage, as well as the responsibility of the carrier. The practical rule of transportation organization is an application to the Convention - the rules for the transport of passengers and baggage by road in the international report of the States Parties to the Commonwealth of Independent States.
Unified trips control sheets are used in international tourist bus trips. According to the rules approved by the decision of the Ministry of Transport of Russia dated February 7, 1997 No. LSH-6/60 "On the use of a unified tips sheet set", they must be on board the buses.
When planning bus and automotive tours, it is important to remember the following factors:
1) high-speed limitations in the territory of different states;
2) binding on board the bus of a working tachograph (the device controlling the mileage, the driver's condition, the recording of the speed of movement, etc.);
3) binding and proper filling of travel sheets;
4) The presence of tourists with itself foreign passports with a visa.
When organizing a car tour to European countries, it is necessary to design medical and special insurance - a "green card". During his stay in Europe, the tourist helps to solve various problems arising in road traffic accidents. Insurance is carried out in case of causing harm to life and health and damage to the property of third parties by exploitation of the Insured motor vehicle.
Automotive and bus tours are subject to least expensive journey, so they are extremely popular with medium-sized customers. Of the features, in addition to the price and transport, can be noted less pronounced in comparison with other seasonality.
Railway transport.Railway, having passed a long development path, is today a strategically important transport industry for any national economy.
The railway path appeared before the locomotives. Back in the middle of the XVIII century. In the mines of Altai, a regular path and trolleys with equestrian traction were used, and the first railway (also industrial destination) appeared on the Alexander factory in Petrovsk in 1788. Later, the passenger railway on horse rod was obtained. The first railway road between different settlements was built in England in 1801
The first steam locomotive appeared in 1804. He was constructed by R. Treventik based on the steam car J. Watt. The most successful in the following years was the invention of the steam locomotive, which later became the first Locomotive of the passenger railway.
In 1812-1829. J. Stephenson offered some successful locomotive schemes that began to be used on mine railways. Subsequently, it was the locomotive "rocket" Stephenson became the main locomotive of the road in the direction of Manchester - Liverpool.
Currently, the length of railway tracks is calculated by hundreds of thousands of kilometers, and the designs of modern express trains allow you to develop a greater speed (a speed record of 581 km / h belongs to the Japanese train "Maglev"), trains became one of the fastest and comfortable travel means.
In different countries, various classifications of passenger trains and cars are applied. In Russia, depending on the speed of movement, the level of comfort, equipping the wagons and the route, highlights are highlighted, distant, local and suburban passenger trains of the regular message. The compositions of irregular (non-permanent) reports are usually treated, as a rule, tourist and charter trains are formed by pre-orders.
The classification of passenger cars by types and their designation adopted in Russia:
1) l - double soft, sv (nine double coupe);
2) m - soft (car luxury);
3) K - verse (several species, for example, 36 seats with a double coupe of the conductor);
4) p - a second-class (54 beds);
5) O - Total (81 sedentary);
6) C - seats. Depending on the model 56, 60, 62 or 64 places.
Increased wagons on the range of services provided:
1) e - economic;
2) B - business.
Tourist trains and exclusive fashionable tourist passenger compounds have great popularity. Traveling on trains with a high level of comfort is sometimes even called cruises. These are the most real hotels on wheels. They have everything - from air conditioners to marble baths. Passengers are provided by car restaurants with a menu of several European kitchens, bars wagons, clubs, etc. Excursions and other events are arranged during trains stops. Such tourist formulations have their own names, the most famous of which belong to Orient-Express (one of her trains crosses Europe from Paris to Istanbul, another walks along the southern coast of Australia, the third - in Thailand and Malaysia.) The Blue train Train "takes tourists on African savannahs and to the Victoria Waterfall. The famous Edinburgh tourist train "The Royal Scotsman" regularly takes tourists through the Green Valley and the Mountains of Scotland.
There are several branded trains between Moscow and St. Petersburg, in particular, "Aurora", "Red Arrow", "Nikolaev Express", "Grand Express", "Megapolis".
The world-famous train "Eastern Express" (owned by Orient-Express) was designed in 1883 by the Belgian engineer J. Hegel Makers. Passengers of this fashionable train at one time were the emperor Franz Joseph, Elizabeth II, Charles de Gaulle, N.S. Khrushchev, Agatha Christie, etc. Initially, the train chairs the Paris route to Istanbul. Since 1993, after the transfer of part of his cars, Russia functioned as a tourist train between Moscow and Beijing.
In 2004, after restoration, the composition returned to the route. In the salons of the wagons, the interiors began the beginning of the XX century., Uniting the historical situation and modern technical equipment.
Currently, national and international transportations in the Russian Federation are governed by the following regulatory legal acts:
1) federal law of January 10, 2003 No. 18-FZ "Charter of Railway Transport of the Russian Federation";
2) the rules of transportation of passengers, baggage and cargo in federal railway transport, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia of July 26, 2002 No. 30;
3) Agreement on International Passenger Report (SMPS) (valid from November 1, 1951), etc.
The chief executive body responsible for regulation and development of rail transport in the Russian Federation is the Ministry of Runs of Russia.
On regular flight trains, tourists move to the rights of ordinary passengers. As a rule, they are used to deliver pre-formed tourist groups to the place of recreation and back. Travel agencies should book places in 45 days before the departure of the train.
In Russia, for more than ten years, an automated booking system for Express 2 places has been operating. It makes it easier for tourist organizations reserving places on regular passenger routes. To form a separate tourist train (rental of passenger composition), a travel agency concludes an agreement with the railway department, which indicates the route of travel, travel time, places and duration of stops, the number and type of wagons in the composition, the cost of renting cars and other conditions. After the conclusion of the contract and payment of the lease of the composition of the journey is possible no later than 20 days before the departure of the train.
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