Inner water (river) transport. River transport

23.09.2019

1. Brief historical certificate of river transport.

2. The main elements of technology, the organization of transportation and transport management, existing problems and development prospects.

1. Brief historical certificate of river transport.

River transport, the type of transport that carries out the carriage of goods and passengers is mainly in the inner waterway, both natural (rivers, lakes) and artificial (canals, reservoirs, storage areas of rivers).

With the Amy Ancients Messages are rivers. Still in the Stone Age, people floated on rivers: in areas Ladoga Lake \u003e 6t. years BC Oak vessel remains found; In China, there are channels created in XIB BC.

The rivers have played an outstanding role in the formation and development of the state.

River shipping has a centuries-old history. The oldest Slavs settled predominantly on the banks of the rivers and lakes, which were comfortable in the natural ways of the message.

Already at 9V, Slavs made swimming on river ships along Don, Volga, Caspian, Black Sea with trading goals. The most ancient city of Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod, Pekov, Moscow.

The oldest river vessels - rooks, stops, nasada. At all times, the Volga was particularly important river. More than 150 thousand. rivers and streams with a total length of over 570 thousand km. Takes the Volga in its direction. The area of \u200b\u200bthe Volga basin (a little less than 1.5 million km) exceeds the territory of Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Greece together.

In 1600, sailing from Nizhny Novgorod to Astrakhan was usually committed by large caravans, reaching 500-600 ships during Ivan the Ivana, began in spring and continued 1

1.5 months. Should shlie for the most part Solosply, sometimes used oars, with passing winds of sails.

Managed steering wheel, and in more dangerous places - The so-called lycch anchor, which was excreted to the shore and with the help of a long rope contained the ship.

At the end of July, the caravan went to the opposite way.

The upward movement was much harder and more than a longer, the trial was floating on oars and sails, and in areas with a rapid flow stretched the Beachie, for which the artels of Burlakov were hired. During the day, the caravan took place on average 16-18km and returned to Nizhny Novgorod Only deep in the fall.

Another way to move is described by one of the traveler who floated along the Volga to Astrakhan in 1636. "In 20 versts (ў 22km) from Nizhny, we met a large stroke, sailing from Astrakhan, on which there were 200 people of workers; for the Russians, if the wind blows not passing, do not swim, but get anchor forward on a special boat, and For the rope tied to anchor, a man is pulling from the vessel 100 times and thus promote it against the current. "

The dimensions of the vessels floating on rivers increased and in 16V loading capacity river vessels The Volga has already reached 250-300t.

During the reign of Peter I (end 17, 18VB), which encouraged the development of shipbuilding, the river fleet was highly improved. Instead of vessels intended for one flight, began to build durable vessels from sawn boards, durable designs with good shipping qualities.

The first artificial water systems were built: Vyshvenolotsk (1708), Tikhvinskaya (1811), Marinskaya (1810), etc. At the beginning of 19V, metal began to use in Russian river shipbuilding.

The basis of Volzhsky river Fleet. At this time, larger vessels were accounted for more large vessels - gooseans, mokmans, whites, barks, etc. However, they moved, as before, mainly with the help of burlacs (especially on the Volga) - the total number of which, only on the Volga in the 40s, was 600 thousand. human. Usually, the burlates were hired based on the calculation of 4 people per 1000 pounds (1 point. \u003d 16kg) of cargo:

For example, on a large extension Q \u003d 25Tt. The lists work depending on the time, the state of the path, the "hurdity" of the vessel, etc. from 75 to 125 people. On the largest courts, when moving against the current, the number of burlakov reached 300.

Heavy ships sailed slowly, overcoming no more than 10 miles per day (1ver. \u003d 1.070km). Movement in places were particularly difficult, where the Volga speed was narrowed and the flow rate grew.

A new stage in the development of ways to move vessels was the appearance at the beginning of the 19th vessels using the power of horses, the so-called "caring". One of the guidebooks of those times so describes the design of this uncomfortable and bulky structure: "On a huge gate, located on a special ship, and a large number of horses, a rope from imported anchors was hung. While the rope was hung at the plant (small boat), started Even further another anchor, to which the ship was attracted after the first rope was ended, etc. ".

For their time, the carving was quite effective. The load capacity of the vessel itself reached 60-80 thousand. Puddles, besides, it towed up to five vessels - concerns of 50-80 thousand. Puddles each or 15-20 small ships. The total carrying capacity of such a warp reached 300-350 thousand. Puddles or ў 5 thousand tons. The speed of movement, which reached (against the flow) 15, and then 20 miles per day increased. But the most important thing was reduced labor, the need for which decreased per unit of cargo by 15-18 times. True, at each vessel I had to have 80-120, and in some cases and 200 horses. Large inconvenience to shipping also delivered a significant length and sediment of the caravan of ships. In a strong shallow water, bulky bad-controlled caravans happened on the weeks locked the ship stuck stuck on the villages.

The new era began in river shipping With the emergence of steam fleet. The steamers began to be built in St. Petersburg (1815), and then in the fire at Kame (1817).

The first two steamer appeared on the Volga in 1817. They were built at the airfolded iron-male and iron mill under the leadership of the owner of the V.A.Vsevolzhsky factory. Machines for them designed a mining engineer P.G.Sobolevsky. The power of one of the steamers was 36 hp, the second - 6 hp In the same year, Vsevolzhsky with his family made a journey from Perm to Kazan on these steamers. However, on the opposite way, the steamers were captured by the ice-headed, in the spring they were filled with water and became unusable.

The first steam vessel, intended in the Volga basin for regular traffic, was a towing steamer, built on the tributary of the Volga Molog by the owner of the cast iron and a mednolite plant in St. Petersburg K. Berd. Back in 1815, he demonstrated his "miracle with the stove" on the Neva, and then made swimming with passengers from St. Petersburg to Kronstadt.

In 1817, Berd was given the right to start the shipping company on all rivers and seas of Russia. The steamer Berd came out in the first swimming on the river Molog on April 29, 1820: Length 25m, width 6.4m, two steam machines for 30 hp

Of course, the design of the first steamers was far from perfection: heavy, often sat down, slowly moved, the cargo took little, because It was necessary to carry a large amount of firewood for fuel.

As a result, these shipboats did not have success. And within 20 years, only a few new steam courts appeared.

The new rise of the first shipping began in 1843 with the formation of a shipping "society on the Volga". The first built by the society towing steamer "Volga". Power 250L.s.; The speed against the flow with the total cargo (300 thousand lists) 4-5 miles per hour, and empty up to 20 miles per hour. An eyewitness gave such a description of the new steamer: "It was a rather non-sacred flat-bottomed ship with an iron case, a raised nose and feed and, on the contrary, the shameful ugliving high pressure machine was placed in a horizontal position ... Worked with such a strong noise that It was heard in a few miles. Not a cabin, nor any logging on the steamer was not: the steering wheel was placed right on the deck. "

But, despite the constructive flaws of "Volga", for the first navigation of 3 flights from Samara to Rybinsk, during which more than 400 thousand was transported. (6,400 thousandt) Puddles of wheat.

In 1848, they began to swim on the Volga and other rivers more powerful ships (460l.s.) "Hercules", Samson. At the same time, a new problem arose - the cargo vessels towed, the cargo vessels of the old types were not sufficiently durable for strong shipping thrust, too heavy, preventing movement at high speed.

The construction of a new type of noncommet vessels was launched. The first of them are lowered in 1848: the length is 100m, the width is 10m.

Two more important events in the history of the river fleet development: the transition to the use of petroleum fuel and the appearance of metal barges. More than half a century, the river steam fleet worked on wood fuel.

Large towing steamboats, many of which had 4 e boile burned in a day 130-160m 3 firewood for all navigation 20 thousand. 3.

Each loading of firewood occupied 2-3 days, at the same time and taken to the flight from the stock. Because of the frequent stops, the speed was reduced, a lot of workers were required.

The use of oil as fuel began on the Volga in 1884 by the Company "Caucasus and Mercury", gave a huge economic effect.

Already in 19009, 90% of the river fleet worked on oil. The increase in oil consumption caused the appearance of an oil fleet. In 1890 - the first two metal barges were released for carriage of kerosene with a loading capacity of 35 thousand. Puddles. Transferred bread, forest, oil, bulk cargo. Russia did not have a single well-equipped port. River marins were not mechanized, work was performed manually.

Rivers as a waterway used in their natural state, i.e. with numerous flames, rigs, large beams.

On the Volga and Kame, the depth did not exceed 1.4m, and on many other rivers it was even less. In periods of low water, the movement of the courts stopped. The rivers were operated mainly separately, i.e. Without communication with each other.

Over the years from 1920 to 1940, on the basis of complex hydrotechnical construction, the reconstruction of a number of rivers was carried out, river ports and pier were built. Powerful hydrosows and reservoirs,

built on the Volga, Dnieper, Irtyshe, Yenisei, Hangare, Ob, made it possible to increase shipping depths, and when equipped with appropriate signaling devices, organize a round-the-clock operation. Siberian rivers turned into a highway connected by the Northern Sea with the ports of the European part of the CIS. This made it possible to combine the five seas among themselves and form a single deep-water system in the European part of the CIS.

Currently, the CIS has the most in the world in the world internal waterways consisting of 150,000 rivers with a total length of more than 2,3mln.km. About 500 thousand km. These rivers suitable for shipping and leoplava. In addition, there are more than 2000 lakes. Rivers are distinguished by emergency branching. River Pool Volga, for example, includes 700 rivers with a total length of 213 thousand km., Of which about 110 thousand. km. are shipping or alloys. The total length of the exploited waterways is 126.6 thousand km.

The largest rivers: borrow with a total length of 3680km,

Irtysh - 3589km, Amur - 2846km, Lena - 4320km, Yenisei - 3350km, Volga - 3690km, Syr Darya - 2206km, Kolyma - 2600km, Ural 2530km, Dnipro - 2280km, Don - 1950km, Kama - 2030km, Angara 1853km, Pechora - 1814km.

River transport in the transport of bulk cargoes is especially important: forests, oil and petroleum products, bread cargo, machinery and building materials - and above all in areas where it is one of the most massive and cheap types of transport (Siberia, the Far East, Far North). In the Tyumen and Tomsk regions, it accounts for over half of the volume of transportation, and in the Yakutsk ASSR - 80%. The river paths network connected among themselves channels: Belarusian - Baltic Skim, Volgo - Baltic Nam. Lenin, the channel of them. Moskvy, Volga Donskoy Nam. Lenin. Exploited 80 gateways.

Currently, this system in the European part of the USSR is a first-class deep-water path, which for 6500 km allows to exploit Courts with a precipitate 3.5m, have a large bandwidth and ensures high efficiency of river transport.

2. The main elements of technology, transportation and management in transport, existing problems and development prospects.

a) Technical means of river transport.

The basis of technical means of river transport is: fleet, waterway (with relevant structures and equipment), ports, pier, shipbuilding ship repair plants, communications.

The fleet is the main active part of the technical armament of river transport.

River transport vessels in its purpose, similarly sea Fleet divided by

1) Transportation by engine type Self-propelled ships: steamers, boats, diesel electric power;

2) technical non-self-propelled - barges, barcase lighters;

3) auxiliary by engine types: screw, wheeled, water-carrying, on airbag.

The composition of transport (self-propelled vessels) includes: passenger (local and transit values \u200b\u200bof ticks and tugs), cargo-passenger (noncommose barges, barcases, lighters), cargo (dry cargoes, bulk vessels).

The river fleet currently has cargo ships with a loading capacity of 5 thousand. Volgo-Don type, with a power plant 2 thousand. L.S., speed 21km / h; Volganeft type tankers, 5 thousand loading capacity. Created highly economical oil industry (in one for example, oil, and in another ore) with a carrying capacity of 2.7 thousand, refrigerators, and other vessels.

We went to the past steam tug per 100-200l. and wooden barge for 200-500t. Created pushers with a capacity of 4 thousand. L.S. Container shipments like "Brothers Ignatiev" on 450 universal containers. Barge was put into operation with a loading capacity of 3 thousand, 4 thousand, 9 thousand. Tons and sectional compositions (2-3 barges, which are connected to each other and form a single composition pushed with one tug. In the following path, the sectional composition may be reorbed). Currently on siberian rivers Sectional compositions with a lifting capacity of 12 thousand (4 barges on 3 thousand tons).

A passenger fleet received great development. Land transportation (mostly tourists) are now carried out on comfortable diesel engine-electricity type "Vladimir Ilyich", "Maxim Gorky", "Valery Kuibyshev" "Soviet Russia" and others. These vessels have 360-440 passenger seats. Equipped with air conditioning devices. On board there are restaurants, leisure salons, cinema halls, etc. Power installation - 3 thousand. L.S., Speed \u200b\u200b26km / h.

In the suburbs of the largest centers, high-speed vessels are used on the underwater wings of the type "rocket" by 66 places, speed of 60-70km / h, "Meteor" - 150 seats Speed \u200b\u200b65-75km / h. Diesels are installed on these vessels 825-850 hp On small rivers for the carriage of passengers, ships type "Zarya" and the court on the airbag of the type "Zarnitsa" - 48 people with a speed of 45km / h.

The river fleet is transporting more than 140 million annually. Passengers. In Russia and Ukraine, 90% of these transportations are carried out. In recent years, river passenger Transportation Developed in Belarus, Kazakhstan and Moldova.

The technical fleet includes dredging shells, furnishing (for a variety of way work).

The subsidiary ships include: floating shops, repair shops, ferries, floating cranes, sand and gravel extraction plants, raid and service-auxiliary and travel vessels, firefighters, rescue ships, tows and pushers.

On river transport, icebreakers, providing work of ships in ice conditions occupy a special place.

The main difference between river vessels from marine lies in their smaller sediment and overall sizes, due to relatively small depths and the overwhelming part of the river paths, as well as the frequency of gateways and channels. Specific conditions of shipping on rivers allow you to have less streams of strengths on river vessels and eliminate a number of elements in the design and equipment that are necessary on marine ships. However, courts overlooking large lakes And on the seaside paths, they have a design that is almost no different from maritime courts.

The waterway is the shipping part of rivers, lakes, reservoirs and artificial channels with hydraulic structures and equipment. Waterways are divided into: shipping, for which the safe movement of ships, rafts and alloys is possible. Shipping paths are divided into natural and artificial.

Natural shipping paths include rivers and lakes used for shipping in their natural state or have hydraulic structures that do not cause significant changes in their regime. Channels and reservoirs, as well as rivers whose mode is strongly modified by hydraulic structures raised on them are shipping artificial waterways.

The shipping conditions of the waterway are characterized by dimensional dimensions: depth, width and radius of roundings. Minimal dimensions that are kept under all conditions are called guaranteed.

Depending on the dimensions of the ship stroke distinguish: superlines with the highest guaranteed depths up to 4m; highways with medium guaranteed depths to 2.6 m; routes of local values \u200b\u200bwith small guaranteed depths to 1.4 m; Small rivers with the smallest guaranteed depths up to 1m.

The main artificial facilities include: special or combined (with hydroelectric power plants) hydraulic dishes with dams that regulate the flow of water; Slot Channels that ensure the skipping of the courts.

Ports - the basis of the coastal economy of river transport. There is a loading-unloading of goods; Passenger landing. Ports are divided into: 1) universal (all types of work are performed);

2) specialized (only individual types of passenger or cargo works).

The ports have berths, warehouses equipped with mechanisms for p / p of ships.

Pier - intermediate point for short-term ships stop.

Specialized - Passenger Ports (River Stations) and Pier have inquiry Office, cash registers, long-term recreation rooms, restaurants and buffets, mother and child rooms, hand-luggage storage chambers, hairdressers, post office, medical deposits, small-scale clothing repair points and other services for the cultural and domestic service of passengers. There are ticket machines and automatic cameras Storage of manual baggage.

b) production technology and the organization of the transportation process.

River transport technology includes:

Maintenance of ships;

Production of operations in ports and on the marins.

Maintenance of vessels consists in a regular inspection of the body, machinery and devices, supplying fuel, materials, inventors and repairing repair work. On waterways, the bottom study is performed, earth farm, fixing and rocking work.

The technology of work of ports and marins provides: the safety of the entrance and the exit of the vessel in the port and its mooring, production

freight operations (vessel-car, vessel-car); ship supply fuel, food, etc.; Formation and disbandment of ship compositions, maneuvering, etc.

The transportation process on river transport is organized on the basis of the state plan in accordance with the main documents. The main documentation that regulates the work of the port: a technical and administrative act, technological maps Loading and unloading of ships, typical processing cycles of ships.

The organization of the transportation process on river transport is determined by: 1. Charter of internal water transport Union of SSR; 2. Technical Operation Rules; 3. Charter of service on the courts of the river fleet; 4. Position on dispatching for the operation of the fleet and ports; 5. Movement schedule; 6. Technical plan for shipping company.

The basis of the organization of the work of the fleet and ports is a schedule of motion that determines the rational organization of the work of the transport fleet and its service, as well as the mutually agreed work of all transport units (ATP, railway). We develop it on navigation and individual periods that are significantly different in the conditions of swimming, taking into account the technical norms of the operation of the fleet, loading vessels by various cargo, etc.

Depending on the conditions of transportation, the following norms of the fleet movement are envisaged: linear, flight, expeditionary. With linear: the line is fixed by the same type of courts, agree on the operation of all links of employed in this process (number of cars, p / p mechanisms, etc.). The flight form: only for episodic transportation of goods, for which it is impossible to determine the transport interval of departure and arrival. Expeditionary: Apply to ensure the delivery (export) of goods in the initial navigation period on rapid rivers.

The technical plan for the work of the shipping company is a plan for fastening the fleet for individual lines and cargoes.

For the rational processing of ships, the port of the port is drawn up in the port, developed annually on the basis of the task on the processing of the transport fleet arriving at the port.

The organization of transport includes:

Rationalization of cargo flows (which cargo by what vessels is transported);

Development of mixed messages;

Fleet alignment in accordance with flows;

Development of schedules of passenger and cargo ships on regular lines;

Technical planning of operational activities;

Dispatch control.

River transport works mainly in the meridial direction, provides transport links between the Northern and southern regions.

An important principle of transportation organization is the use of a route system, consisting in the formation of compositions by the nature of the load and the sediment of vessels for movement from the initial point to the final without obstacles, besides this facing replacement of the barge with new cargoes that are serviced on the go, when transporting small parties.

c) Technical and economic features of river transport.

The advantages of the river fleet.

1. A large proportion of deep-sea rivers. The transport ability river wagon is greater than two-way railway. It can be brought to 100mln. in year.

2. A relatively low cost of transportation.

The average cost of freight transportation on rivers is close to railway, and passenger - above 1.5 - 2 times the average cost (2,78kop for 10TKM). Moreover, the transportation of oil and petroleum products in oil courts costs 33rd, and a large forest - in 5 times cheaper than by railway.

Why depends on?

The ratio of the cost of transportation on river transport and other types of transport is determined primarily by the level of energy costs. Due to the low resistance to movement, the specific fuel consumption on river transport is less than on all other types of transport (4 times less than on a car, and 15-20 times less than in air). The saturation of the river transport fleet with metal non-intended vessels provided a decrease in the cost of repairing vessels and an increase in service life. Metal vessels are up to 90% of the total tona of the river fleet.

The cost of river transportation of transit and bulk cargo on the main and small rivers of non-etinakov. Various and she is about the birth of goods.

3. Comparatively small capital investments.

The cost of organizing shipping on natural main waterways with a bandwidth of 80-100mln is several times less than on the construction of J.D., 3-4 times less than on the construction of a car with a solid coating. River transport requires much less metal than on ZH. etc. But there are disadvantages:

Disadvantages of river transport:

1. The emissions of the path, and consequently, the ship moves, the uneven depths at all its length (especially in the Siberian rivers), which in some cases prevents the passage of high loading courts throughout the navigable area of \u200b\u200bthe river;

2. Restriction in the use of rolling stock associated with seasonality of work. For example, on the southern rivers, the navigation on average lasts 240-270 days, on the north - about 120-150 days;

3. Extension of cargo routes. If you take the path of cargo by air transport, where it approaches the straight line, for 1, then according to the calculations on the automotive and pipeline transport, it will be 1.1, on the railway. - 1.18, and on a river 1.35;

4. Small freight transportation speed compared to other modes of transport - 4-5 km / h, but when transporting goods in self-propelled cargo ships, the speed may increase and up to 8-9 km / h, and when driving downstream - to 11-13 km / h

d) main directions and scientific and technical problems further development River transport.

1. Provide higher growth rates of freight transportation on the rivers of Siberia, the Far East and on small rivers.

At the same time, a number of scientific and technical problems should be solved, the main of which are:

1. Expansion of uninterrupted messages on the river-sea lines. In this case, it is essential 1) the costs of P / R of work are reduced, 2) Courts will be used around the clock, because After the freezing of rivers, they can be used on marine ways. For the carriage of goods to the message "River - the sea", boats are used by carrying capacity from 1700 to 3000t, oil loss - 2700t, tankers - 4800t and a number of other ships. The majority of mixed swim vessels are built in domestic factories.

2. Improved end-to-end shipping on the upper Yenisei.

3. Organize transit shipping from Abakan to Kyzima.

4. On R. Yangar, the R.Nizny Tunguska will build shipproce devices during hydraulic dishes.

2. On small rivers it is necessary to conduct a dnhogluorous and other types of work to create guaranteed depths, ways to improve the path.

Small rivers.

In recent years, important N / X is acquired by the carriage of goods on small rivers, especially for maintaining districts, where other types of transport are poorly developed or absent.

The length of the small rivers of the eastern pools for which is carried out regular or episodic shipping 36.5 thousand CM. At the same time, the length of rivers with guaranteed dimensions has 10.7 thousand km.

Complex travel conditions are the shallow depth and width, limited radii of the turbidity of the ship's course, high flow rates sharply limit the possibility of use on small rivers of large vessels. The most acceptable shipments for small rivers of the court on an air cushion.

About 60% in the total freight transportation on small rivers take dry cargo services. In the future, the volume of transportation of goods by small rivers of the eastern pools will increase by 2 times.

For the transport of goods on small rivers during the spring of the spring (when high water levels), ships and barges G \u003d 600 - 2000 t. When the water level drops, then ships from 50 to 600t are used on rivers with guaranteed depths.

In the future, there is a transportation of transportation of export - imported goods in the courts of mixed swimming in correspondence with the countries of the Danube, Black Sea and Caspian pools.

Currently, the problem of economic efficiency of the Danube - Oder - Elba is being studied, which will be used for transportation between Scandinavian, Black Sea and Mediterranean countries.

Despite the high national economic efficiency of direct read-time transportation of goods "River-Sea" the need for them is not fully satisfied. Their development is delayed mainly by the lack of a vehicle fleet of mixed swimming.

3. Develop the carriage of goods in heavy-duty pushed compositions, on the ships of mixed swimming type "River - Sea".

In this regard, the development of new transport systems, in particular, likher-visual, pushed mixed swimming, new types of universal vessels are underway.

In the near future, the mixed swim fleet ("The Sea River") will be replenished with ships with a carrying capacity of 2.0; 2.7 and 3.0 thousand tons, and in the future perspective - the courts of a new project with a carrying capacity of 4 - 5 thousand tons.

Especially for Siberian Obi, Irtysh, Yenisei and Lena River Fleet began to receive transport vessels to enter the Arctic seas. Displacement of these vessels - 8 thousand. A series of such vessels is built in Finland, which is necessary for the developing industrial complex. For these purposes, it is provided for: powerful icebreakers, transport ships with enhanced hulls for swimming in ice conditions, raid icebreaking tugs with a capacity of 440 kW. The newest icebreakers can overcome ice up to 90 cm thick. The Masterchflot of the Ukrainian SSR already has the experience of the fleet in winter conditions. These carriages confirmed the possibility of organizing round-country navigation on the Dnieper.

4. Continue the period of guaranteed navigation on trunk rivers.

In our climate, navigation extension is a significant problem. For example, in the Osco - Tazovskaya lip (Siberia), navigation continues only 90 days (from July to September) and its extension for 5 to 10 days will ensure the transportation of additional thousand tons of cargo.

5. Refresh the river fleet, equipping its economical non-self-acting courts, towing, mixed swimming vessels and comfortable passenger courts.

The creation of a specialized self-propelled cargo ship begins G \u003d 3.5 - 4.0 thousand tons. For combined transportation of dust-free cargo with the provision of P / p with a closed method in one direction and mineral - construction, as well as other types of open-storage goods in the opposite direction.

The construction of specialized vessels with the necessary microclimate in the hold begins to transport vegetables to ensure their safety within 7-10 days. In 1986, two vessels are lowered by two vessels - vegetables, which work on the Volga and deliver vegetables and fruits from the southern regions of the country to Moscow, Leningrad and other cities.

Specialized composite vessels are designed, accommodating up to 1000 "Zhiguli" or 160 trucks. Country vessels are already working, delivering 400 cars for one flight, etc. Mastered the release of small sediment tankers (2.2 m). The composition of the passenger fleet by ships with a capacity of up to 300 people was replenished. A ship was created on the submarine wings "Sunrise", built the first catamaran "rest" with a capacity of 1000 passengers. Large, taking into account the modern requirements of the comfort of passenger ships for 220, 360 and 400 seats. Courts on underwater wings (type "Rocket", "Meteor", "Comet"), developing speed 65-75 km / h. It is planned to introduce high-speed swarms of developing speed up to 100 km / h.

6. Continue the construction and reconstruction of ports, ship repair plants, and above all in the areas of Siberia and the Far East.

The construction of new ports and the marins has recently been given to satisfied much attention. But it is necessary to accelerate this process. Now technical re-equipment occurs in

many river ports of the country. These works are most noticeable in Siberia. According to the development of Leningrad residents in Krasnoyarsk, a practically new modern port will be created, having 4 pier with a total length of 400 m. There are several large berths in Severozbaikalsk, the construction of gentle structures in the port of Baikal and Nizhneagarsk ends. A large port is created in the city of Ust-Kut on R. Lena, which will become the largest in this region. The Khabarovsk port is going through the second birth - commissioned the launcher of the new cargo district, expanded the old cargo pier on the left and right banks of the Amur.

Much attention should be paid to the ports and on the marins to improve the work of p / p. Apply new, productive mechanisms p / p. Implement comprehensive mechanization, automation.

It has already been quite a lot to increase the level of integrated mechanization, to eliminate manual labor, but all manual labor continues to be widely used on preparatory and final operations in the overload processes, as well as at the auxiliary work included in this process.

The most perfect in terms of ensuring the maximum level of integrated mechanization and automation of overload works is batch container methods for transporting tar-piece and forest cargo.

But many shippers are reluctant to go on the costs associated with the containerization and packaging of goods. They give in this form that they are not possible p / r. In addition, the mass of packages increases, large-tonnable containers are becoming increasingly distributed, for overloading which many transshipment ports and berths are not currently ready.

7. Improve the use of river vessels, production capacity of ports and factories.

The solution to all these tasks will provide an opportunity to increase the performance of river transport.

The main indicators of the work of river transport.

1. The coefficient of running time with cargo (for self-propelled vessels):

(alpha) xs \u003d sum Qi * TX GI / COMMA QI * TEI, i \u003d 1 i \u003d 1

tonstone

stroke with cargo "Operation"

where i \u003d 1, n is the vessel number (transportation); TX GI - the time of turn with the cargo for the I-Yu shipping (I-th ship).

for towing vessels HB \u003d amount Ni * TX GI / COMMA NI * TEI,

syloy-day operation

where Ni is the power of the tug in L.S. In the I-th transportation.

2. Performance per 1L.S. per day:

ME \u003d sum Qi * LX GI / COMMA NI * TEI,

tonstone

milometers of operation

3. Overhead speed:

VT \u003d sum Ni * LX GI / COMMA NI * TX GI,

silty Silight

power kilometers with cargo

4. The average duration of one flight:

Lp \u003d sum Ni * TEI / COMMA NI * RI,

soto-day Sillar Flights

operating

where Ri is the number of flights for the i-th transportation of the i-th ship with Ni.

River transport historically occupies one of the leading places in the maintenance of large industrial centers of pruring regions. The value of river transport for the northern and eastern regions of the country, where the railway network is not sufficient, and the density of the inland waterway network is 2 times higher than the same indicator on average Russian Federation. Therefore, the proportion of river transport in the total cargo turnover of these areas is from 65 to 90%, while in general in Russia this figure is 2%.

The role of river transport in the economy of Russia is determined not so much by the scale of transport work, as much as the significance of the functions performed by them.

In addition to the transport service of the districts of Siberia and the Far East, including the Arctic, river transport also performs complex expensive transportation for small rivers in hard-to-reach areas, as well as highly profitable transportation of foreign trade cargoes by the vessels of mixed (river-sea) swimming. Currently, approximately 5 thousand shipowners of various forms of ownership exploit inland waterways, including 21 joint-stock shipping company (river shipping). The river fleet of the Russian Federation serves 68 republics, edges, regions and national districts. The length of the inland water shippers is 89 thousand km, while 70% of their length guarantees a certain depth during navigation. Thus, in the European part of Russia, as a result of the construction of connecting channels (Baltic-Baltic, Volga-Baltic, Volga-Don), the territorial fragmentation of inland waterways was liquidated and a single deep-water transport system, White, Baltic, Caspian, Azov and Black Sea. The length of a single deep-water system (HSS) is 6.3 thousand km, the guaranteed depth is almost on its entire length of 4 m. The share of HPS accounts for more than half of the cargo turnover of inland water transport.

Deep-sea inland waterways have a big self-ability, they can be compared with multi-part railwaysand they are adapted to the massive carriage of goods and passengers. Transportation of some goods by river transport in the main inland waterways costs 2-3 times cheaper than in parallel railways.

Since the inner waterways are mainly natural, then the organization of shipping requires significantly smaller (6-7 times) initial capital investments per 1 km of way than to build iron or car expensive equal bandwidth. Specific energy costs on river transport are much lower than on land types of transport due to low resistance to the movement of ships.

The speed of delivery of goods by river transport is usually lower compared to other modes of transport. So, if the speed of delivery of the cargo is a common (non-primary) train to take for 100%, then the speed of delivery by river transport will be 60-70%, automotive in long-distance communications - 100-200%, pipeline - 40-50%, and air - 150-200 %.

The use of river transport is limited to a number of factors. First, in accordance with geographical features River transport works mainly in the meridional direction, providing cargo exchange between the northern and southern regions of the country. At the same time, the main cargo flows are in the latitudinal direction. This circumstance causes the need to combine the types of transport using mixed transportation. Secondly, river overcasts are seasonal and limited weather conditions And sometimes the time of day.

Based on the technical and economic features of river transport, the most appropriate for it are carriage for medium and long distances. But the average range over the past 15 years has decreased to 400 km.

Every year, the courts of the river fleet transported more than 14 million tons of export-import cargo. Special vessels adapted for transportation in both the inner waterways and coastal sea routes deliver goods in more than 500 ports different countries Europe (Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, Italy, Greece, England, Germany, Belgium, Poland), Africa and Asia (China and Turkey).

Transportation by the courts "River-Sea" is more profitable than ordinary transport transportation on the inner waterways due to the longest length of the routes and the possibility of using these vessels after closing the river navigation in the winter period for transportation on marine non-freezing sites.

The cost of transportation is one of the most important summarizing indicators of the economic activity of transport enterprises. It is a specific current (operational) costs per unit of transport work. It is measured in rubles per tunical kilometer, a passenger kilometer or a given ton-kilometer.

The cost of transportation is influenced by their volume and range, lifting capacity and passenger capacity of rolling stock, traction motor efficiency, resistivity of movement, fuel consumption, metal, labor, the proportion of empty run, the duration of work during the day or year and other factors.

The cost of transportation by river transport is not much higher than the cost of transportation rail transport.

Transportation cost of transportation by river transport:

labor remuneration fund 32.3%;

fuel and electricity 18.1%;

depreciation 5.2%;

repair Fund 12.9%;

materials 5.4%;

Water transport is used for the transport of people, as well as the cargo that will slow down. Despite the fairly high historical importance of maritime transportation, they have long lost their own weight due to an increase in transportation volumes by commercial aviation, although water transport is used to transport and conduct cruise trips to this time. Water transport of our time, of course, much slower than aviation, but it is much more effective if the transportation of a large number of goods is supposed. The weight of the cargo transported by the sea in 2010 is about six billion tons. By sea, the water vehicles take place absolutely any type, as well as scientific travels. In addition, the cost of a trip by water is much cheaper, in comparison with movement by air.

- Barja Present flat vessels that are designed to transport large and heavy loads mainly through the channels and rivers. For the most part, the barge cannot move independently, and therefore it is necessary for a tug. As early as the beginning of the industrial revolution, the barges were transported with the help of people or special animals used on par with railway transport. After some time, the barges came down from a distance due to the complexity, as well as a large value of transportation.

In the infrastructure of the serving water transport, docks, ports, shipyards and pyrses are distinguished. In ports on ships, loading and unloading of goods is made, the technical inspection of water transport is carried out in the dock, there is also the repair of the plaels.

River (inner water) transport - One of the oldest types of transport. For many centuries, he played a leading role in the formation and development of states. A huge amount of freight throughout the world was carried out precisely thanks to water spaces and river transport. Recently, however, it is somewhat reduced by the role of it in a cargo turnover, as competition with other types of main transport increases. At the same time, in the field of tourism, river types of transport do not pass their positions.

River cruises are one of the interesting types of rest on fascinating routes. Water species Transportation that exercise such flights can be classified according to different indicators: view, type, destination of the vessel.

River types of transport

By appointment, river transports are divided into transport, technical and auxiliary. The transport includes passenger, dry cargo, bulk vessels, pushers and tows. Passenger fleet is represented by local and transit vessels.

The passenger fleet can be divided into three groups:

1) Cruise and transport ships;

2) local walking vessels;

3) high-speed fleet.

The river fleet vessels transport passengers and cargo for inland waterways to which rivers, lakes, large reservoirs and channels.

Cruise river vessels - Passenger ships for walking and recreation on the water. Among the most comfortable river vessels carrying out long passenger transportation should be noted project boats 301 and 302. These include, as a rule, three- or four-plated liners, equipped with comfortable cabins intended for one-, two-, three or four-seamers.

Adopted Caid classification by category - depending on the level of comfort. This criterion consists of several components: the number and location of places in the cabins, the location of the cabin along the length and height of the vessel, the area and the shape of the cabin, the availability of amenities and sanitary facilities, the type of lighting.

Project ships 301.

Project boats 301 are spacious passenger liners, passenger and up to 360 people used mainly for river cruises. These four-plane boats are capable of developing speeds up to 27 km / h. The boats of this series were built by German specialists from 1974 to 1983.

Currently, there are cabins of different levels of comfort and capacity, and after modernization, restaurants, bars, cinema halls, solariums, libraries, music salons appeared on them.

Among the most popular routes, in which these boats are involved, such as Moscow - Astrakhan, Moscow - St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg - Valaam and others can be distinguished.

Project heaters 301 include the following:

- "Alexander Radishchev";

- "Vissarion Belinsky";

- "Konstantin Korotkov";

- "Michael Bulgakov";

- "Nikolai Karamzin";

- "Peter Tchaikovsky";

- "St. Petersburg";

- "Princess Victoria";

- "Andrei Rublev";

- "Vladimir Mayakovsky";

- "Kronstadt";

- "Nizhny Novgorod";

- "Nikolai Chernyshevsky";

- "Russia";

- "Silent Don."

Project ships 302.

Project ship 302 are an upgraded version of project boats 301. In a new, upgraded version of project ship 302, some passenger premises were subjected to some redevelopment, they appeared darkened glasses and improved internal design elements. Such a modification made it possible to exploit the data of the liners as hotels on the water even in winter.

The peculiarity of ship ship 302 is available even on the upper deck, as well as the availability of restaurants, salons, bars, cinema halls on board liners.

The construction of these liners was conducted from 1983 to 1991.

The projects of the project 302 include the following:

- "Georgy Chicherin";

- "Dmitry Furmanov";

- "Princess Anastasia";

- "Igor Stravinsky";

- "Gleb Krzhizhanovsky";

- "Konstantin Simonov";

- "Lenin".

On river cruise routes in Russia, the boats of projects Q-040 (Ilya Repin, Maxim Gorky), Q-065 (Sergey Yesenin, "Anton Chekhov", "Lion Tolstoy"), 92-016 (" Fedor Shalyapin. "Alexander Suvorov," Georgy Zhukov "," Mstislav Rostropovich "and others), 305 (" Salavat Yulaev "), 588 (" Mikhail Kutuzov ") and others.

Coats of projects Q-040 and Q-040 A

These boats are large passenger ships in 1974 - 1975 buildings,
Designed for river cruises. The boats have one, two- and triple cabins, equipped with air conditioning and bathrooms (Q-040) or only washbasins (Q-040A, with the exception of the Lux Cach). There are restaurant, bar, salons, cinema hall, souvenir kiosk.

The boats of the Q-040 project are operated on the Volga, rivers and lakes of the Volga-Baltic waterway. Basically, they work in the tourist route Moscow - St. Petersburg, as well as on less extended: Moscow - Uglich and others.

Project ships Q-065

Project boats Q-065 (type "Anton Chekhov", "Lion Tolstoy") - large passenger ships intended for river cruises. They have single, two- and triple cabins, equipped with air conditioning and bathrooms, restaurant, bar, two cabin, swimming pool, cinema hall, souvenir kiosk.

The ship boats of the Q-056 were delivered to the Yenisei and Volzhi shipping company. Courts are operated on the Volga, rivers and lakes of the Volga-Baltic waterway. Currently, both vessels work mainly on the Moscow-St. Petersburg tourist route.

Coats of Project Q-065 (type "Sergey Yesenin") - Middle Passenger Courts intended for river cruises. The boats have one-, two- and four-bed cabins, equipped with bathrooms, air conditioning and refrigerators, they have cabins of the luxury class, restaurant, bar, two cabin, cinema, sauna, souvenir kiosk.

During operation, the internal equipment of individual vessels was upgraded to maintain their compliance with modern standards.

Court of this type are operated on the Volga, rivers and lakes of the Volga-Baltic waterway, River Lena. Currently, one ship works mainly on tourist routes: Moscow - St. Petersburg, Moscow - Astrakhan and other routes on the Volga, two - on tourist routes on Lena, the rest are used as entertainment centers in Moscow.

Types of type 92-016

The boats of this type are large passenger ships intended for river cruises.
They have alone, two- and triple cabins, equipped with bathrooms and air conditioning, restaurants, bar, salons, cinema with a sliding roof, souvenir kiosk.

In recent years, the internal equipment of some vessels has been upgraded to maintain their compliance with modern standards.

Total for the period from 1976 - 1983 9 boats of this project were built.

Project ships 305 and 860

To middle passenger courtsDesigned for work on passenger and tourist lines includes shipping shipments 305 (type "Danube" and project 860 (type "Erofee Khabarov"). These boats have one, two-, four-, as well as six and eight-bed cabins equipped with washbasins. On board there are restaurants, salons and rooms with sedentary passenger places. In the process of operation of ships, the cabins of great capacity were converted, some ships are upgraded to increase their comfort. Courts were produced in Hungary at the shipbuilding enterprise Obuda Hajogyar Budapest.

Project ships 331.

The courts include the courts of project 331 (Ivan Kalita, "
Nikolai Yakovlev, "Saint Nicholas"), which allows them to pass by water routes, inaccessible to larger boats. Kools, located on the main deck of such vessels, resemble a SV-Vagon coupe. The cabins below the main deck are similar to the computers of a regular jewel car. On board these vessels there is a musical salon, a restaurant room, a bar, a pleasure deck. The boats are equipped with the necessary rescue and fire extinguishing systems. Used both for long cruises and for pleasure flights, as well as events or banquets.

Ferries

For the transport of passengers, and sometimes their transport from the shore, ferries are used, which are also necessary for crossing transport or railway composition. Sometimes ferries are called water buses, or water trams (for example, such as in Venice).

No matter what kind of river transport you chose to travel, the main thing is to go to the cruise swimming in a good mood and in a pleasant company. The journey will certainly be remembered for a long time.

Prepared by materials http://www.infoflot.com.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Federal State Educational Institution Far Eastern Federal University

Abstract on the topic:
"River transport of Russia"

Vladivostok.
2011
Content:

Introduction .................................................................. ............ 3-4

CONCLUSION ......................................................... .................................... 23
List of sources used…………….……………………….……. 24.

Introduction
Transportation is one of the most important branches of the economy that performs the function of a kind of blood system in the country's complex organism. It not only provides the needs of the economy and population in transport, but together with cities forms the "frame" of the territory, is the largest component of the infrastructure, serves as a material and technical basis for the formation and development of territorial division of labor, has a significant impact on the dynamism and efficiency of socio-economic development. Individual regions and countries in general.
Inland water transport belongs to one of the oldest types of transport. Russia has a large and extensive network of river tract and lakes. However, it plays an essential role either in those regions where the directions of the main transport and economic ties and riverways coincide (Volzhko-Kamsky River basin), or in weakly mastered regions with a practically complete lack of alternative modes of transport (North and Northeast of the country).
The length of exploited inland waterways in Russia in recent decades is reduced and is currently 89 thousand km. The proportion of river transport in cargo turnover (2%) is also falling, as it does not withstand competition with other types of main transport, and above all with rail transport, whose scope in comparison with river transport is almost identical.
For the integrated development and operation of all types of transport, it is necessary not only to determine the overall need of the country in freight and passenger traffic, but also to distribute them between modes of transport and individual transport areas. The choice of the type of transport or their combination for the development of traffic should be based on the study of the technical and economic features of each type of transport and the definition of those conditions in which each type of transport turns out to be the most economical. Method for comparing the efficiency of traffic various species Transport depends on specific conditions.
The paper is being developed to choose the most efficient type of transport for the transportation of goods under the source data, the characteristics of the principles of the interaction of various types of transport and organization of work at the points of dusting with mixed transport in modern conditions, the characteristics of the technical means of various types of transport and the prospects for their development.
Choosing a type of transport, it should be noted that the main criterion is the achievement of a minimum of social labor costs for shipping delivery. Based on these tasks, the choice of a rational type of transport is made according to the results of a comparison of the actual transport costs according to the delivery options of the same cargo, i.e., it is established by calculating the efficiency of shipping between two points by rail or road transport.

Features and main performance indicators of river transport

River transport (inland water transport) - transport transporting goods and passengers by courts by inner waterways, both in natural (rivers, lakes) and artificial (canals, reservoirs).
The main advantage of river transport is the low cost of transportation; Thanks to her, he continues to occupy an important place in the transport system, despite low speed and seasonality.
At the same time, the share of transportation of passengers with river transport is very low. This is due to the fact that being very cheap at low speeds (20-30 km / h), the cost of transportation by river transport is significantly increased during transportation with speeds of 50-60 km / h, which allow you to compete with other types of transport (automotive and rail ).
In addition to the transport service of the districts of Siberia and the Far East, including the Arctic, river transport also performs complex expensive transportation for small rivers in hard-to-reach areas, as well as highly profitable transportation of foreign trade cargoes by the vessels of mixed (river-sea) swimming. At present, approximately 5 thousand sowers of various forms of ownership exploit inland waterways, including 21 joint-stock shipping company (river shipping). The country's fleet of the Russian Federation serves 68 republics, edges, regions and national districts. The length of the inland aquatic shippers is 89 thousand km, while 70% of their length guarantees a certain depth during navigation. Thus, in the European part of Russia, as a result of the construction of the connecting channels (Belomorsko-Baltic, Volga-Baltic, Volga-Don), the territorial fragmentation of the inland waterways was eliminated and a single deep-water transport system, which tied the white, Baltic, Caspian, Azov and Black Sea was created. The length of a single deep-water system (HSS) is 6.3 thousand km, the guaranteed depth is almost on its entire length of 4 m. The share of HPS accounts for more than half of the cargo turnover of inland water transport.
Deep-sea domestic waterways have a great self-adequacy, they can be compared with multi-fingered railways, and they are adapted to the mass transport of goods and passengers. Transportation of some goods by river transport in the main inland waterways costs 2-3 times cheaper than in parallel railways.
Since inland waterways are mainly natural, then the organization of shipping requires significantly smaller (6-7 times) initial capital investments per 1 km of way than to build an iron or high-capacity car road. Specific energy costs on river transport are much lower than on land types of transport due to low resistance to the movement of ships.
The speed of delivery of goods by river transport is usually lower compared to other modes of transport. So, if the shipping rate is ordinary (non-primary) train to take for 100%, then the speed of delivery by river transport will be 60-70%, automotive in long-distance communication - 100-200%, pipeline - 40-50%, and air -150-200 %.

Technical and operational performance indicators

The main indicators characterizing river vessels are displacement, carrying capacity, cargo capacity, sizes (length, width, side height) and sediment in loads and empty states.
Displacement (mass and volumetric) is determined by weight or volume of water, respectively, displaced by a floating ship.
The load capacity of the vessel is its transportability, pronounced in tons.
Deadweight (or complete load capacity) - the number of tons of cargo, which can take the vessel over its own mass to sediment on the summer truck.
Deadweight is determined by the formula:
DV \u003d VP - VTS
where VP is a massive displacement of the vessel with a full load, T;
VC - mass displacement of the vessel without cargo, t.
There are complete and clean loads of the vessel. Full load capacity D is the amount of service mass (water, fuel, provisant) and transported cargo.
Clean load capacity of HDC is equal to the mass of cargo transported:
HERM \u003d D - with
where C is the mass of all ship reserves, t.
Surgue - this is the ability of the vessel to accommodate the load of a certain volume. The cargo capacity is single, when the volume of all cargo premises is used at a time, and composite, or double when the cargo premises are used equally, in turn. Depending on the type of cargo transported, the cargo capacity for cargo packaging, piece and bulk is determined.
One of the indicators characterizing the operational qualities of the vessel is the specific cargo capacity VUD, M3 / T, which is determined by:
Vud \u003d vsud / honeycomb
To perform operations on loading and unloading receiving and issuing goods, transportation and fleet service there are marine and river ports and pier.
The port is called a coastal point that has convenient water approaches for ships associated with the coastal territory with railway and non-rail transport and equipped with relevant structures, devices and equipment providing fast loading and unloading of vessels, cars and vehicles, navigation court services, cultural and domestic service and equipping vessels.

Advantages and disadvantages of river transport
The main technical and operational features and dignity of river transport:
- the high proportion ability of deep-water pathways (for example, on the Volga at the depth of the fairway 120-140cm, the transverse ability is 2 times higher than on a two-way rail);
- relatively low cost (a total of 30% is cheaper than the cost of rail transport, but oil transportation is 3 times cheaper, forests - 5 times cheaper);
- specific fuel consumption 4 times less than in road transport, and 15-20 times less than in air transport;
- high performance;
- smaller investments than in railway transport (10 times);
- Little metal capacity per 1 tons of carrying capacity.
Relative drawbacks of river transport:
- Seasonality of work (in the south - about 240 days due to the crime of rivers, in the north - 120-150 days due to the ice station). In the US, Germany, the proportion of river transport is higher, since in these countries the navigation lasts 10-11 months a year;
- low speed of ships and delivery of goods;
- separation of river basins located, mainly in the meridional direction;
- the use of rivers in a natural state (non-uniformity of the depths, the emissions of the path, etc.).

Classification of rolling stock river transport

1) Cargo
2) Passenger
3) technical
1.1 Cargo is divided into: self-propelled and non-sound; Dry cargo and bulk; specialized and mixed type; and type of river-sea.
1.2 Passenger shares on: tourist and regular; with a wheeled propulsion and with a screw propulsion and on an air cushion and underwater wings.
1.3 Technical is divided into: icebreakers, floating cranes, dredging shells.

Classification of shipping paths

Functions, River Transport Tasks

River transport performs the following functions:

The river transport is of great importance for the development of industry and agriculture of the eastern regions; It serves industry, especially the development of oil and gas areas Western Siberia.; Delivers goods for the Norilsk Metallurgical Combine and export timber in Igark, cargoes for the mining industry of Yakutia, etc.
The main task of river transport is the fulfillment of the state plan of freight and passenger traffic.

Volume of transportation in Russia and the Far Eastern region

During the period of the 2010 navigation period, the volume of transportation of goods on inland water transport increased by 7.3% to the level of 2009 and amounted to 104.9 million tons. In the regions of the Far North and the area equal to them were delivered 17.9 million tons of cargo, the growth was 10%. The volume of loading and unloading work in 2010 increased by 6.3% and exceeded 140 million tons. In total, over the past navigation managed to produce more than 250 thousand sludge and skip 406.6 thousand units of the fleet through shipping hydraulic structures, which is also higher than the 2009 indicators. This is generally the best indicator in recent years.
River transport services used 16.5 million passengers. 121 river port was involved on the transport of goods and passengers, cargo handling and serving passengers in which 147 enterprises and organizations were carried out.
DV: As for river shipping on Far East, In case of insufficiently developed auto and railway infrastructure, the provision of this region by navigable river paths is three times higher than the average Russian level. For every 10 thousand square meters. The territory of the territory here accounts for 31 km of river paths. Shipping are Amur River, Ussuri, Amgun, May, Tunguska (in Khabarovsk Territory), Zeya, Selemja, Burea (Amur Region), Lena, Vilyuya, Kirenga, Vitim, Olekma, Aldan, Indigirika (Republic of Sakha), Kolyma (Magadan region , Sakha), Anadyr (Magadan region). However, the majority of rivers flow in northern sugar latitudes, according to the airless territories of Yakutia and the Magadan region, and therefore the intensity of using these water arteries is small.
In the transportation, the most busy river in the north is Lena, which is shipping all over its entirety within the limits of Yakutia. Cargo transportation are carried out between the ports and marins of the cities and towns of the Republic: Sturgeon, Kirensk, Lensk, Yakutsk, Sangar, Bulohan. The mouth of the Lena is connected by a twisting with the Arctic port of Tiksi, which significantly expands the possibilities of delivery of goods to the northern regions of Yakutia.
In the southern zone of the Far East, the operated inland waterways pass through the Amur and his tributaries. The total length of shipping fairways reaches 6 thousand km here. The depths and width of the Amur can use self-propelled ships and barges with a carrying capacity from 500 to 3000 tons, and in the lower current up to 5000 tons.
Most of the cargo transportation in Amuru falls on the relatively large ports of Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk and Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Courts of the Amur Shipping Company, the largest river carrier in the region, are shipped by cargo to the northern regions of the Khabarovsk Territory and the Amur region, as well as in the coastal points of Sakhalin, Primorye, Magadan region. Amur shipping company remains one of the largest river shipping companies in Russia, which accounts for 4.7% in the total, the volume of cargo transportation by river transport of the country.
With the opening of borders for trade with China Cupid became an international transport artery. From the Russian side, the status of open ports acquired Blagoveshchensk, Nizhneveninskoye, Poyarkovo, Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur. From the Chinese side, the ports of Heihe, Sunhe, Tongjiang, Fuyuan are available to the commercial vessels. Far Eastern exporters supply in neighboring country River sand and other building materials, wood, fertilizer. Food and consumer goods are imported from China. In the future, on Amur and his right influx of Sungachi, it is planned to carry out transit transportation of goods from Japan and South Korea In the northern provinces of China.

Documents used by river transport
Ship Identification Tools:
1. Each vessel subject to state registration in the State Court Register of the Russian Federation or the ship's book should have its name or number. The ship's name is assigned by its owner in the manner established by the federal executive body in the field of transport.
2. The authority that carries out the state registration of the vessel, assigns it an identification number.
3. The name of the vessel is applied on both board of the nose, the front wall of the superstructure or the wings of the undercarriage and the stern of the vessel. The identification number is applied above the name of the vessel at its state registration.
4. The name of the ship that makes shipping associated with the intersection of the state border of the Russian Federation is applied to the wings of the podium bridge and the vessel's feed by the letters of the Latin alphabet indicating the nationality of the vessel - "RUS". At the stern of the ship under his name, it is indicated by the clause of the vessel with the letters of the Latin alphabet.
5. The ship is assigned a call sign. Depending on the technical equipment of the vessel, he is also assigned the identification number of the satellite communications ship station and the number of the electoral call of the ship station.
Ship documents:
1. On the vessel registered in the State Ship Register of the Russian Federation and the following documents must be located:
1) certificate of ownership of the ship;
2) Certificate of the right of the vessel's navigation under the state flag of the Russian Federation;
3) certificate of the shelf life of a ship to swimming with its class or with classification certificate;
4) a list of ship crew members (ship role) compiled by the Captain of the vessel;
5) Ship Journal (Watch Journal or Single Watched Journal), Machine Magazine (for a mechanical engine vessel operated by members of the vessel without combining posts);
6) ship sanitary certificate;
7) the Unified Ship inspection book;
8) certificate of preventing pollution from the vessel of oil, wastewater and garbage;
9) permission to the ship's radio station;
10) Certificate or certificate of minimum crew of the vessel.
2. The vessels should contain the originals specified in paragraph 1 of this article of documents, with the exception of the certificate of ownership of the vessel, a copy of which should be certified by the authority issued such a certificate or notary.
3. The vessel leaving the sea, except for the documents specified in paragraph 1 of this article, should be the documents stipulated by the Code of Trade Marketing of the Russian Federation.
4. A shipping vessel associated with the intersection of the state border of the Russian Federation, in addition to the documents specified in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this article, the documents provided for by international treaties of the Russian Federation should be. The issuance of documents stipulated by these agreements is carried out by federal executive authorities authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation.
5. For the issuance of the documents specified in subparagraphs 1 - 3, 6 and 9 of clause 1 of this article with the corresponding federal executive bodies of the executive bodies indicated in subparagraphs 1 - 3, 6 and 9 of clause 1, which are established by the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees. For issuing documents specified in subparagraphs 8 and 10 of paragraph 1 of this article, a fee is charged in size and manner as established by the Government of the Russian Federation.
6. Forms of the documents specified in subparagraphs 4, 5 and 7 of paragraph 1 of this article, and the procedure for their conduct are established by the federal executive body in the field of transport and the federal executive body in the field of fisheries. The presence of these documents on the vessel is provided by the shipowner.
7. The ship magazine must be kept on the vessel within one year from the date of the latest entry into it. After the specified period of the ship's magazine is rendered to storing shipowner. The total shelf life of the ship's magazine is three years from the date of the introduction of the last record. The ship magazine can be provided to familiarize themselves with copies from it in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
8. Recognition of vessels of ships floating under the flags of foreign countries and entering the ports of the Russian Federation or carrying a passage of inland waterways is carried out on the basis of international treaties of the Russian Federation or, provided that ship documents are recognized on the ports and on waterways of the relevant state. floating under the state flag of the Russian Federation.

Marking of cargo transported by river transport
Marking are inscriptions and conditional signs that are applied to individual cargo sizes to identify the goods and the characteristics of ways to deal with it during transportation, storage and loading and unloading operations. Marking is a kind of "name" of a cargo location registered in the invoice.
The creature of marking as a commercial operation is to establish a link between cargo and related transport documents. The marking aims to prevent cases of incorrect refusal of goods and enable to quickly determine the port in the warehouse or in the vessel hold, to which transport document is one or another cargo.
There are marked with commodity, sender, special and transport.
Commodity marking Contains product name and manufacturer's name, its address, factory brand, specifying varieties, GOST and other necessary information about the product.
The sender marking contains the place number (in a numerator) and the number of places (in the denominator), the name of the sender and the recipient, the point of departure and destination.
Special (Warning) Marking Indicates the way of storing the cargo and handling it on the way and during cargo operations. Dangerous goods apply additional labeling signs, inscriptions and color stickers according to the rules about the transport of these goods.

The transport marking is applied by the sender in the form of a fraction (in a numerator - a sequence number, followed by this shipment to transportation by the book of departure, in the denominator - the number of places of this shipment) and next to the fraction number of the cargo invoice.
Place marking as follows:
1. On the boxes - on the side. If there is a sign "top. Not concentrate, "then, it should be applied from above.
2. On bags - at the top of the seam.
3. On bales - on the side surface.
4. On packages - on two side neighboring surfaces. Inscriptions do from hand or stencil directly on container
or packaging, on paper stickers, plastic or plywood tags attached to each location. These inscriptions should be clear and well visible on transported cargo.
Manipulation signs contain information on the ways of handling the load (the top is not conntive, cautiously fragile, afraid of dampness, etc.)
When transported by water cargo cargo weighing over 1000 kg, they additionally apply a mass of gross cargo in the upper right corner on all four sides of the box at a distance of no more than 10 cm from the top edge.

Tariffs for cargo transportation by river transport
On river transport, tariffs for the carriage of goods, fees for overload works and other services related to the transportation services are determined by shipping positions on their own taking into account market conditions. The cost of calculating the size of the tariff is laid in the cost of services, projected for the period of introducing tariffs and fees, as well as the limit level of profitability established by applicable law. Consumers of transport services are entitled to request from shipping and ports. Economic justification of the tariffs offered by them.
Water transport has double-end cargo rates, differentiated river basins and seas. When establishing cargo tariffs for marine and river transport, natural-climatic factors, navigation time and fleet specialization are taken into account.
Compact fee, fees (tariffs) from ships
1. Transportation of goods, passengers and their baggage, towing ships and other floating objects, loading and unloading of goods, the provision of services in river portsServices for the use of infrastructure of inland waterways and other inland water transport services are carried out on a fee basis.
2. The transport fee (fee for the carriage of goods, passengers and their baggage) is established by carriers. The board for towing ships and other floating objects is set by towers.
In the case of providing the subjects of the subject of the Russian Federation and (or) by local self-government, subsidies in order to redeem the costs or incomplete income in connection with the provision of passenger transportation services and their baggage on transit, suburban and local passenger transportation routes are determined by carriers by Coordination with the specified authorities.
3. The size of the fee for the use of infrastructure of inland waterways and services in river ports that are not related to the sphere of natural monopolies is determined on the basis of contracts.
4. Fees (tariffs) from vessels for services in the river port, rendered by the subjects of natural monopolies, a list of such fees (tariffs) and the rules of their application are established in accordance with the legislation on natural monopolies.
5. Fees (tariffs) from courts for the use of infrastructure of inland waterways, a list of such fees (tariffs) and rules for their application are established in accordance with the legislation on natural monopolies.
Tariffs for the transportation of goods by river transport are differentiated by type of goods and by types of shipments - ship, container, prefabricated and small. The main tariffs are installed for ship shipments. The shipping fee in containers is set to the container depending on its carrying capacity without taking into account the actual load. Regarding River Transport Tariffs, state regulation of prices is not applied, with the exception of the regions of the Far North.
Passenger River Transport Tariffs are classified by shipping costs, types of communication, travel distance, movement speed, driving conditions, scope, the principle of construction, appearance. Transportation of passengers and baggage with river transport in local communication and are regulated by the state.
The need to differentiate shipping tariffs is due to differences in working conditions due to different climates, features of waterways, etc. By type of messages, tariffs are distinguished for distant, suburban, intracity lines and crossing. Depending on the goals of the trip, the tariffs are divided into transport, tourist and excursion, in terms of the speed of communication - for tariffs for displacement and high-speed vessels. On displacement courts, tariffs are differentiated by the conditions of the comfort of passenger seats.
In accordance with the principle of construction, tariffs are divided into zone and waist. When developing zone tariffs, rates are set for the entire zone as a whole, and when developing belt - for half the distance of the belt. In appearance tariffs are table and waist. Tab Tariffs include departure and destination points, distance and fare. In the waist rates, the fare for this distance belt is given.
Tariffs for the transportation of passengers on displacement vessels of transport lines are divided into tariffs for courts of increased comfort, tariffs for conventional displacement vessels of distant lines, suburban and intracity lines, as well as tariffs for vessels serving the crossing.

Conclusion

In this work, I looked at the current state of water transport in the Russian Federation, its pros and cons, allocated such a fact that water transport, although it does not occupy a leading position in Russian water communications, but plays a very large role in the economy of our country, which has many Outputs to the seas and has an extensive network of river tract and lakes. Features of water transport are in the presence of natural pathways that do not require high costs, the use of water flow strength determines the widespread use of water transport.

List of sources used