| Plan of study for school year | Aviation transport

Basics of life safety
Grade 5.

Lesson 16.
Aviation transport

Modern aircraft are reliable, and the flight on them is almost always safe. However, there are no completely safe mechanisms, machines. The plane is a very complex car, and the weather is not always quiet and sunny during the flight. Unfortunately, every year in the air crash in the world, 3,000 people die in the world.

In flight, the aircraft is always an autonomy, its safety is ensured by the work of dozens of people on earth: technicians, telecommunications, dispatchers. But no matter how perfect, any flight on it always depends on external conditions. Strong wind, bad visibility, snow and rain affect the safety of flight, creating sometimes situations, to overcome which from the crew and ground services requires a lot of skills, perseverance, and sometimes courage.

The passenger must also comply with the rules from which the safety of flight depends.

How to behave in the cabin of the aircraft:

Before takeoff and landing, take your place and not walk along the salon;
On the shelf, located above the armchairs, place only necromotive things (coat, cloak, jacket);
Carefully listen to the information of the flight attendants about the rules of behavior and safety devices on board the ship;
During the flight, explore the rules for the use of security;
Watch that when takeoff and landing the seat belt was tightly stretched at the hip;
With dangerous situations, keep calm and perform all the directions of the crew.

In catastrophic situations, two dangerous types of passenger behavior are usually manifested on airplanes - panic and apathy. The second, oddly enough, occurs more often. It should be considered and never stop the struggle for your life.

Consider some dangerous situations possible during the flight, and together think about how to get out of them.

With an accident on an airplane, the reserve of time for action is very small, so fear, panic will only increase the danger, will reduce this time. It is necessary to act reasonably: your salvation depends on this.

If the accident occurs when takeoff, landing or on big heightPilots will try to interrupt the flight and plant a plane, however, an emergency landing in this case will not be soft.

When emergency landing It is necessary to take a safe position: the body is bent, the head is inclined as low as possible, the hands cover the head, the legs rest in the back of the front seat. Remove the bulky, heavy and other dangerous items that can cause injured. Try to wear overprices.

After emergency landing It is necessary not to panic, perform all the crew teams of the aircraft, help those who are injured or in a helpless state. You can leave the aircraft through emergency outputs. After leaving the aircraft, you need to move away from it to a safe distance, as its explosion is possible. Actions must be clear, conscious, quick, because health and life depends on it.

When depressurizing the aircraft During the flight, the passenger has only a few seconds to put on the oxygen mask, which is located in the back of the front seat or above the head.

With a fire in the aircraft It is necessary to fulfill all crew teams. After landing, the most important thing is to leave the aircraft as soon as possible, and for this you need to go to the nearest emergency exit. To do to the exit follows on all fours, bent as low as possible, as the bottom of smoke is less (not so much fire is dangerous as smoke). Close your mouth with a scarf or handkerchief (if possible, wet). Do not take a manual sting with you, to show decisiveness and discipline.

When an emergency landing of an aircraft on the water need to wear life vestbut to inflate it only slightly so that he does not interfere with when leaving.

Questions and tasks

1. If you had to fly on airplanes, tell us about your impressions.
2. Tell us about the safety rules at aviation transport.
3. Remember and tell about any film or a book, where the emergency room is shown (described).

Task 25. During flight on the aircraft there were malfunctions, as a result of which the emergency landing will have. Select further actions from the proposed options and determine their odds.
1. Do not panic, listen to the crew information.
2. Grouple before landing, close your head with your hands and lean forward.
3. Dress.
4. Go to the crew to find out the situation.
5. Fasten the safety belt.
6. Prepare your things to evacuation.

If a child flies without providing him with a separate place: Keep a child in your hands, tightly fastened by a child seat belt to a tightly fastened its seat belt. Create your own hands around the baby's head safety zone - protective field. If a child sits on a separate chair: show him how to group - tilt my head to the knees, and close your head with your hands. Do not take a child in your hands during an emergency landing - leave it in a regular chair (if a child over 5 years old), or in a special children's chair, intended for the transport of children in the plane, which I am (if a child is from 0 to 5 years old). IN emergency situation The adult will not be able to correctly keep not only a child, but also his body (that is why it is important to tighten the belt tightly!). When hitting the body of an adult fastened person, it begins to fold around the belt, as it were, as a result of which he rests on the back in front of the standing armchair - that is why the backs of aircraft seals make the back when pressed at the back of them. And including therefore, and not only for the liberation of evacuation paths during takeoff and landing, they are asked to lead to a vertical position and folded the folding tables.

During the emergency landing during a fire, throw over and child upper clothes, put the hats - following the instructions of the flight attendants, nourishing, go or enjoy to the exit, closing the child.

In case of emergency landing, it is necessary to take advantage of the life vest, which is in most cases under the seat. It must be put on the head and fasten the way, as shown in the pre-flight briefing. You can not activate (inflate) vest before exiting the aircraft !!! This may make it difficult to evacuation! Evacuation is made on the plane of the wing or on inflatable ladders.

When you descend on inflatable ladder, you should get rid of shoes on heels. Going to emergency exit with a baby in the hands, it follows, holding it around the chest level, sit on the ladder and move along the ladder down as a slide, covering the baby. At the bottom you need to free the ladder as soon as possible and move yourself to a safe distance. Adult children are evacuated by inflatable ladder on their own.

Being in the water, it is necessary to control the position of the child's head at an outdrawal state. Take an embryonic pose and press a child to reduce heat loss.

Evacuation from the aircraft is made depending on the dislocation of the source of danger and location emergency exitsSuitable for evacuation in a specific emergency. The rule of "passengers with children - forward" does not work. You can not open an emergency output if the fire or exit is visible through the window in it below the water level! In any case, the passengers that are closer to the exit are evacuated, and then distant. An attempt to "overtake" each other, the attempt of passengers with children to be "out of turn" will lead to a shit and the emergence of panic. When moving inside the aircraft, keep the child in front of yourself, creating hands and your body "the perimeter of security" around it, protecting it in the way from a possible crush (but this should not interfere with the normal evacuation of other passengers).

Panic is, in fact, one of the striking factors, since it makes it difficult to evacuation and work on salvation. In case of emergency situations, it is necessary to maintain composure, concentrate on the correct and accurate execution of the bore-type instructions. In the event of panic sentiment, people need to try to calm them calmly. It is important to prevent panic. It is important to redeemed it at the very beginning, since panic is developing avalanche-like.

According to analytical studies, the modern aircraft is the most comfortable, fast and, most importantly, safe view transport. But despite the facts susceptible, many passengers are afraid to fly, because terrible catastrophes are shown in art films. Of course, a technical problem may occur in air transport, as a result of which an emergency landing of the aircraft will be made, because any, even the most modern airliner, first of all, is a means of movement, that is, technical development. However, if you analyze the statistics of the disaster, it will become clear: when moving on cars, a person falls into the car accidents much more often. And the selection of emergency landings of the aircraft on the Internet will help make sure that most often the experience and professionalism of the pilots helps to safely plant air transport and avoid victims.

Each passenger air transport It must first of all understand that, falling on board the aircraft, it is necessary to clearly adhere to the instructions and rules of behavior, be sure to take into account the recommendations and advice from the crew. It is these people who will control the flight and respond to his safety, and only they will be able to help with an emergency to save the lives to everyone on board. Of course, emergency landings passenger aircraft There are infrequently, but, if nevertheless, this situation begins, the entire crew should remain cold-blooded to prevent panic and find the strength to smile with passengers to take their anxiety. Therefore, all travelers must first of all respect the hard work of the aircraft crew and always listen to their advice.

Before the takeoff of air transport, passengers must accomplish the following:

• disable everything mobile devices. According to experts, the working smartphone constantly accepts and sends signals at a high frequency, which leads to a failure of navigation instruments, and also creates interference on the wave, which is used by the dispatch service and pilots;
• each passenger must put the back of his own armchair in a vertical position. If the back remains lowered, then when an emergency, the passenger's passage sitting behind will be blocked, and he will not be able to leave his place;
• seat belts must be fastened, the folding table must be collected;
• it is recommended not to close the porthole with curtains;
• use the entertainment system provided for in the aircraft during take-off and landing of air transport is not permitted. If the passenger is in the headphones, it may not hear an important message that the pilot will give for all passengers.

Safety measures in case of emergency

We dealt with the basic rules, now it should be found out how to protect yourself when an emergency landing of the aircraft? It should be noted that it is simply impossible to predict the occurrence of an accident that is simply impossible, so when landing air transport you need to take some precautions that can save lives. So, with such an event, which is most often announced by the air transport captain, you need to do the following:

1. From your clothes pockets, remove all the scratchful and cutting items. Adults should control so that such items remain in the clothes of small passengers.
2. The seat belt must be correctly fastened, the passenger takes a safe position - bent, it is necessary to clamp his knees and how to dangle the head as low as possible.
3. It is recommended to wear an oxygen mask, make sure that it is securely fixed.
4. If a message is received from the aircraft crew that the emergency landing is carried out on water, as soon as possible, you need to wear a life jacket.
5. After landing the air transport, passengers should be folded to the hatch for emergency exit, turn the handle and lifting the cover, open it.
6. Next to the emergency hatch is a life rope. The end of the rope must be thrown overboard.
7. Before going out, you need to remove shoes, socks and stockings, after which the passengers should drop their legs in the hatch and gradually move out.
8. After the intricate chute is stretched, you need to take turns on an inflatable ladder and cut down without panic. During the descent, you can not hold on hand for the edged edge of the ladder.

First of all, in emergency landing of the aircraft, women and children are needed, as well as passengers with disabilities.

Given the additional advice that specialists have provided, you can protect yourself and near the sitting passengers:

• after an emergency landing, you should evaluate the situation. If you notice that the crew continues to manage the airliner in no case can you get up from your place and disassemble seat belts. You need to wait for messages from flight attendants while in this case;
• if damage to the case occurred during the landing, it should be necessary to go to the place designed for emergency evacuation, without taking any things, no matter what value they possessed. Sometimes in such a situation, the value of each second is played, so you need to accurately put your own priorities - first of all the salvation of your life, and after - the preservation of their things;
• looking from your place, you need to go up as low as possible and in such a position to move towards emergency exit. If the flame is raging inside the cabin, you should navigate the light bulbs on the floor or when moving to the place of evacuation to count the rows.

How to raise your chances of survival in the event of an emergency landing of the aircraft

Aviation accidents and disasters are possible for many reasons and lead to severe consequences. Accidents at take-off and landing belong to the way where there is hope for salvation, as they usually occur when the plane is still on Earth or low above it, and its speed is relatively small. Moreover, they, as a rule, happen in the area of \u200b\u200bthe airport, where there are rescue teams and the necessary equipment.

Unlike the car, the aircraft fleeing to a stationary structure or any vehicle, usually does not stop, but rushing further. Therefore, passengers are not exposed to sharp impacts. Except from this may be cases when the aircraft faces a mountain. In this case, the chances of salvation of meager.

In other cases, when an emergency situation occurs in flight, the crew may decide on a forced landing. When preparing it (scheme 58), it is necessary to immediately free the passages and take places in their chairs, the backs of which should be brought to a vertical position. In addition, it is necessary to remove glasses, dentures, remove sharp objects from the inner pockets (fountain pen, knives, lighters), remove the shoes on high heels, weaken the tie and unzipped the collar. After that, put on your knees soft things to protect the head and body, fasten and tighten the belts tightly. On the team of flight attendant "Attention landing!" it should be leaning forward, to close the head with soft things and put it on the hands, which kneel. It is necessary to remain in such a pose until the aircraft stops (Fig. 23).

After stopping the plane, unbutton straps and prepare for evacuation. For emergency leaving the aircraft with passengers and the crew, all major and spare doors are used, as well as emergency exits, located, as a rule, with the left and right sides of the fuselage. Outputs for passengers, approaches to them and the opening tools have a noticeable labeling that facilitates their detection. All inscriptions are highlighted from the inside regardless of the main lighting system. The device of emergency hatches and their locks with handles is made simple, noticeable and not requiring great effort to open. The instructions for opening them are applied on the doors (hatches). In the location of emergency exits on the wing of the passages between the seats is wider than anywhere, and do not interfere with the opening of the hatches and the output of passengers.

When leaving your chair, do not take a baggage taken on board as hand luggage. It is dictated by security measures, as it is likely that some items in your bag have sharp corners and edges. This may cause damage and blew the inflatable rescue ladder, which will lead, in turn, to injury, and possibly to the death of passengers awaiting their turn on evacuation.

Leaving the plane through the exit with the ladder released and inflated, you need, without stopping, jump on it, and not sit on the edge, and then move down. Only a jump is achieved an increase in the evacuation rate (Fig. 24, 25).

Try to wear a coat or a jacket made from hard-co-created and hardwood;

Think out what shoes should be put on; Avoid high-heeled shoes, but if you are put on them, and when evacuations, you will have to use an inflatable rescue ladder, then remove them when you leave the plane;

With each takele and landing, make sure that the seat belt is tightly stretched from your hips;

Know what fixed pose you need to occupy when an emergency landing; Watch what happens by the aircraft; If all indicates that the accident is inevitable, take the desired pose;

Know where the outputs are located on the plane and how they open.

When decompression, i.e. Air racing in the aircraft cabin as a result of depressurization, the latter is filled with dust and fog. The visibility is sharply reduced, air quickly leaves the air, and it cannot be delayed. At the same time, ringing in the ears and pain in the intestines may arise. Fast decompression usually begins with a deafening roar (air leaves). In this case (scheme 59), without waiting for the team, immediately put on the oxygen mask. Do not try to assist anyone before you wear a mask, even if this is your child: if you do not have time to help yourself and lose consciousness, both will find yourself without oxygen. Immediately after putting on the mask, fasten the seat belts and prepare for a sharp decline.

With a fire in the aircraft

(Scheme 60) Remember that on board the greatest danger is smoke, not a fire. Breathe only through cotton or woolen elements of clothing, if possible with water moistened. Breaking through to the exit, move nourishing or on all fours, as the bottom of the salon is smaller. Protect open areas of body from direct fire exposure using existing clothes, blankets, etc.

After landing and stopping the aircraft, immediately head to the nearest exit, as the probability of the explosion is high. If the passage is lit up, sneak through the chairs, lowering their backs. When evacuations, get rid of hand baggage and avoid output through the hatches near which there is an open fire or a strong slightness. After leaving the plane, remove from it as far as possible and lie on the ground, pressed my head with my hands - an explosion is possible.

Forced landing of the aircraft on the waterit happens rarely. Before sinking, the plane can be afloat from 10 to 40 minutes. However, if the fuselage is damaged, this time is significantly less.

Airplanes, whose engines are located on the wings will be afloat in a horizontal position, and those whose two or more engines are on the tail, will float the tail part down.

When drivening, which is always unexpected, there is practically no time to prepare. In one case, the plane can touch the surface as smoothly, which is incomprehensible, it landed it or driven, in the other - it can fall apart and quick to sink. Therefore, when driven, it is necessary to act on the commander of the crew or flight attendant (Scheme 61), i.e. Wear a life jacket and inflate it, take with you or put on warm clothes and go to the exit, specified by the airconductor, for planting a rescue raft.

After a forced landing on the water, rescue rafts are descended. The time to bring the fleet to the working condition is approximately 1 min in the summer and 3 minutes in winter. If the leading occurred during the cold season, you need to take more warm things on the raft. We should not forget about the reserve of water and food. In a set of the fleet there is an emergency reserve, which may not be enough if the swimming is long. The commander of the aircraft crew commander is assumed by all passengers on the water.

Using oars and rented items, you need to move away from the place of immersion of the aircraft. After that, straighten and quit the floating anchor overboard, which will reduce the drift drift speed in the wind and will hold back in the accident area.

Check the knowledge gained by verifying your responses to tests with answers shown at the end of the textbook.

36. How to leave after an emergency landing to leave the aircraft through the output with the released and inflated lady:

a) without stopping, jump on the ladder and move down;

b) without stopping, sitting on the edge of the ladder and move down;

b) to stay before the ladder, sit down on it and move down. |

37. When an aircraft emergency landing is necessary:

a) folded on the stomach, bend and squeeze my legs;

b) put on a life jacket, rub the back of the front seat, and hold the head between the knees;

c) bend, tilt the head as low as possible and cover it with your hands, lay down on the back of the front seat.

38. You fly on the plane. The flight attendant reported on board on board and the upcoming forced landing. Your actions after a forced landing provided that the aircraft salon smashed, the fire is visible in some places, the passage to evacuation exit is not blocked:

a) immediately put the oxygen mask, protect the body from burns and you will wait for rescuers;

b) Protect your burns by closing open parts of the body, feed back and crash to the output on all fours, covering the mouth and nose with a handkerchief or elements of clothing, moistened with liquid; Once by side, quickly move away from the aircraft;

c) ask the berthrutrice to bring a bottle with mineral water, on the backs of the chairs we run to the exit, pouring yourself to the water on the go, being overboard, we will wait around the aircraft in case your help is needed.

39. The plane made a forced landing on the water. You need:

a) put on a life jacket and inflate it, take with you or put on warm clothes, go to the exit for landing in a rescue raft;

b) take a rescue vest and warm clothes with you, go to the exit, go down to the rescue raft, put on warm clothes and a life jacket;

c) wear and inflate the life jacket, take the stock of products, go to the next salon and wait for the help of the flight attendant.

40. With a violation of hermetic in the aircraft, it is necessary:

a) fasten the safety belt and, closing his head with his hands, lean forward;

b) immediately put on an oxygen mask, fasten the safety belt and prepare for a rapid decline;

c) fasten the seat belt, helping the neighbors, put the oxygen mask.

36. As you need to leave the aircraft after the emergency landing through the output with the released and inflated lady:

a) without stopping, jump on the ladder and move down;

b) without stopping, sitting on the edge of the ladder and move down;

b) to stay before the ladder, sit down on it and move down. |

37. When an emergency landing of the aircraft is necessary:

a) folded on the stomach, bend and squeeze my legs;

b) put on a life jacket, rub the back of the front seat, and hold the head between the knees;

c) bend, tilt the head as low as possible and cover it with your hands, lay down on the back of the front seat.

38. You fly on the plane. The flight attendant reported on board on board and the upcoming forced landing. Your actions after a forced landing provided that the aircraft salon smashed, the fire is visible in some places, the passage to evacuation exit is not blocked:

a) immediately put the oxygen mask, protect the body from burns and you will wait for rescuers;

b) Protect your burns by closing open parts of the body, feed back and crash to the output on all fours, covering the mouth and nose with a handkerchief or elements of clothing, moistened with liquid; Once by side, quickly move away from the aircraft;

c) Ask the flight attendant to bring a bottle with mineral water, on the backs of the chairs we run to the exit, pouring yourself to the water on the go, being overboard, we will wait about the aircraft in case your help is needed.

39. The plane made a forced planting on the water. You need:

a) put on a life jacket and inflate it, take with you or put on warm clothes, go to the exit for landing in a rescue raft;

b) take a rescue vest and warm clothes with you, go to the exit, go down to the rescue raft, put on warm clothes and a life jacket;

c) wear and inflate the life jacket, take the stock of products, go to the next salon and wait for the help of the flight attendant.

40. With a disruption of tightness in the aircraft, it is necessary:

a) fasten the safety belt and, closing his head with his hands, lean forward;

b) immediately put on an oxygen mask, fasten the safety belt and prepare for a rapid decline;

c) fasten the seat belt, helping the neighbors, put the oxygen mask.

Actions of passengers with water transport accident

Most of the major accidents and disasters on ships occurs under the influence of hurricanes, storms, fogs, ice, as well as the fault of people - captains, pilot and crew members.

Leaving the vessel during an accident or shipwreck is made only at the direction of the captain. He gives such a disposal in the following cases:

There are obvious signs of the upcoming death of the vessel (dangerous roll, the entrance to the water deck, feed, the nose);

The vessel remains afloat, but the spread of water on the ship leads to its flooding, and the crew has no sufficient means to combat water;

The shift of cargo or the icing of the vessel occurs, which ultimately leads to its tipping, and the crew does not have means of combating cargo displacement or icing;

A fire is distributed on the vessel, and the crew has no funds for its localization and liquidation;

Under the influence of wind, waves or flow, the vessel drifts on the reef, where it can be broken or overturned; At the same time, the vessel does not have a move or deprived of the ability to manage and cannot counteract the strength of nature, etc.

On large marine and river courts All the actions associated with self-position are reduced to a faster exit to the boat deck and a clear execution of the crew teams that organize rescue work. When declaring a boat alarm, all collective means of salvation are given in the working position, and the crew is prepared for leaving the vessel (Scheme 62).

All participants in the swimming need to wear spare clothes available at their disposal - cotton and woolen linen, sweaters, low-winding, better waterproof upper clothes, in the presence of a water-beam and, of course, a life jacket. Clothes better to wear multi-layered. Two thin sweaters of one preferred. It is desirable to wind up the neck, in the extreme case, a towel or sleeve of a torn sweater, torn off the panta, since it is stronger than the other parts of the body being suspended in water. You should wear one or two fitting woolen caps, throw and tighten the hood, on your hands - mittens or gloves. It should be striving to protect places, especially exposed to heat loss, - the chest below the armpits, the area of \u200b\u200bthe groin, neck, head. Shoes are better to wear spacious, two or three woolen socks, but so that it does not argue the movement of the toes.

Each swimming member should be able to handle the individual means of salvation. It is best to learn this in advance. It must be remembered that the wrong lifeline can not only help, but even speed up the death of a person on the water.

The first, according to the old maritime rule, children, women, wounded, weakened people are moving on the collective means of salvation. They need to organize insurance, for which one adult man can go to the saving agent.

The captain leaves the ship by the latter, preliminarily making sure that all crew members, passengers, as well as emergency equipment, are in a rescue agent.

Before boarding inflatable rescue facilities (rafts, boats), metal parts of shoes - horseshoes, buckles, protruding nails, which can dampen rubber trimming, are necessary. When landing in inflatable rafts and boats, it is advisable to avoid jumping. If it is impossible to do without a jump, it is necessary to try to fall on inflatable elements - onboard cylinders, inflatable beams, banks and racks. At the same time, it is desirable to get in touch with the trim possible with a larger body area to reduce the impact load on the inflatable design. If a person lands on his feet, it can break through the bottom of the rescue boat or the root.

People who were first in the rescue agent must insure it from damage - to repel in oars or hands from the vessel, to challenge the objects floating on the surface of water, as well as help their comrades.

Leaving a dying vessel can be carried out on rescue boats and inflatable rafts, the transition to the side of the lifestel's approached, evacuation on board the rescuer helicopter and the jump into the water.

Features of leaving the vessel jumping into the water(Scheme 63). Before leaving the vessel, the crew members must remind passengers the Rules in water and further behavior on the water. To jump into the water, such places are selected to be subject to the vessel. If there is an opportunity, it is better to go down to the water along the ladder. Life jacket must be protected from damage.

When jumping into the water chin to squeeze to the chest, but the head is bad forward not to tilt, so as not to hit the water face, the head will strain. One hand press clothes, the other - close the nostrils and mouth. Jumping down, feet to press each other, legs slightly bend and strained. Before jumping, take a deep breath. Once in the water, to emerge with open eyes, avoiding getting under the vessel, boat or raft. Restoring breathing, turn the face to the impending wave, then look around, whether you are dangerous from the side of the courts.

In the absence of rescuewhile in water, serve signals whistling or raising your hand. Move as little as possible to save heat. Heat loss in water occurs several times faster than in air, so the movement even in warm water Must be reduced to just keep afloat. In rescue vest to preserve heat, grouper, grab your hands from the sides of the chest and lift the thighs higher, so that the water is less washed the paha area (Fig. 26). This method will increase the estimated period of survival in cold water by almost 50% (Table 5). If there is no rescue vest, look through the eyes of a floating item and grab it to be easier to stay afloat until the rescuers arrive. Rest, lying on the back.

Table 5.

The timing of the survival of a person in water depending on its temperature

Temperature	Time before the onset (without workwear and gear)		Method of stay	Forecast survival time h, at temperatures
	losses consciousness	probable of death
10	15-30 min	15 min- 1.5 h	Swimming rescue vest	Up to 1.5
11-12	30-60 min	1-2 C.	Swimming B. Rescue vest	2
			Finding in a fixed pose in rescue vest	About 3.
			Staying in rescue vest (in the situation grouped)
19-21	3-7 C.	8-10 C.	Finding in water groups in rescue vests, closely clinging to each other
		Safely life

When finding a rescue swimming agetake tablets from the sea disease. To save heat, you are closer to other victims, do exercise. Let's drink only sick and wounded. If there is no reasonable hope to reach the shore or go to ship paths, try to stay next to other boats near the place of the death of the vessel.

Keep your legs as dry. Raise regularly and move them to remove the swelling. Never drink sea water. Keep the fluid in the body, reducing useless movements. To reduce sweating in the afternoon, moisturize clothes, and to reduce the temperature inside the fleet, wet the outer shell with water. Use no more than 500-600 ml of water per day, dividing them on numerous small doses from the biggest evening. Fit just an emergency food reserve. Save smoke checkers until the actual possibility that the signal filed by you will notice will appear. Do not use checkers all together in the hope of finding yourself, instruct it to one person.

Check the knowledge gained by verifying your responses to tests with answers shown at the end of the textbook.

41. On large sea and river vessels, all the actions associated with self-position are reduced to the rapid way out on the boat deck and a clear execution of the crew teams of the vessel. Specify correct actions Passengers when declaring a boat alarm:

a) wear as many clothes as possible, take documents and a life jacket, quickly go to the boat deck, prepare for landing in rescue funds;

b) put on a life jacket, go to the boat deck, sit down in a lifeboat and wait for it when it is shuffled;

c) go down to your cabin, put on a life jacket and wait for the arrival of the ship's emergency team.

a) so as not to damage yourself;

b) not to cause damage to another passenger;

b) In order not to damage the rubber lifting of the rescue.

43. From the above answers, select the one that in your opinion reflects the right actions of the passenger when leaving a dusty vessel jump into the water:

a) close the face with both hands, jump into the water with legs down pressed together, quickly sail from the vessel;

b) inhale and delay their breath, pinch your mouth, jump into the water slightly bent his legs, lasts, sail from the ship;

c) inspect the place of the leading, breathe and delay the breath, hold the mouth and the nose, the other hand to pull down the rescue vest, jump into the water with his legs down, slightly bent them, driven, quickly sail from the vessel.

44. What are the sides of the body of a person are especially susceptible to heat loss while in water:

a) chest below the armpits, the area of \u200b\u200bgroin, neck and head;

b) hands and legs;

c) fingers and legs, feet feet, hair outlet.

45. When in the rescue swimming age can use water per day no more:

a) 200-300 ml;

b) 500-600 ml;

c) 800-1000 ml.

4.7. Hydrodynamic accidents and their consequences. Protection and action of the population

Hydrodynamic accidents - accidents on hydrodynamically dangerous objects, as a result of which catastrophic floodings can occur.

Hydrodynamically hazardous objectscall structures or natural formations that create a difference of water levels to (upper beyt) and after (lower beyfig) (Fig. 27). These include hydrotechnical facilities of the pressure edge: dams, dams, dams, water reservoirs and water intake structures, pressure pools and equalized tanks, hydroelectrics, small hydroelectric power plants and structures.

In case of accidents on hydrodynamically hazardous objects in the lower besef, as a result of the rapid fall in the water from the upper bey (see Fig. 27), a breakthrough wave is formed. Its affecting its effect is manifested in the form of a direct collapse on people and the facilities of the mass of water moving at high speed, and the fragments of buildings and structures, other items moving it.

In case of catastrophic flooding, the threat of life and the health of people, in addition to the effects of the breakthrough wave, are presented in cold water, neuropsychic overvoltage, as well as flooding (destruction) of systems that ensure the vital activity of the population.

The consequences of accidents on hydrodynamically dangerous objects can be difficult to predict. Calculated, as a rule, in the line of large settlements or above them for the flow and being occasion of increased risk, they can lead to a catastrophic flooding of extensive territories, a significant number of cities and villages, economy facilities, the mass death of people, long-term cessation of shipping, agricultural and fish production.

In the zones of catastrophic flooding, destruction (erosion) of water supply, sewage systems, drain communications, garbage collection sites and other garbage is possible. As a result of pollution of the flooding zone, the risk of occurrence and distribution of infectious diseases increases. This also contributes to the accumulation of the population in a limited area with a significant deterioration in the material and domestic living conditions.

In order to protect the population in catastrophic flooding, preventing or maximizing its degree of degree, a complex of organizational, engineering and technical and special events is carried out.