- Barja Present flat vessels that are designed to transport large and heavy loads mainly through the channels and rivers. For the most part, the barge cannot move independently, and therefore it is necessary for a tug. Even during the start of the industrial revolution, the barges were transported with the help of people or special animals used on a par with rail transport. After some time, the barges came down from a distance due to the complexity, as well as a large value of transportation.
In the infrastructure of the serving water transport, docks, ports, shipyards and pyrses are distinguished. In ports on ships, loading and unloading of goods is made, the technical inspection of water transport is carried out in the dock, there is also the repair of the plaels.
A huge number of rivers flow through the whole of Russia, connecting numerous cities. Use them and in order to move cargo from one populated in another. Of course, this is not the fastest delivery option. But at the same time does not require too large investments. It is worth noting that to transport river transport You can have a variety of mass loads. However, such a service has some features and even restrictions.
Features of river transport
Many companies are engaged in the organization of transportation of a wide variety of rivers. This service has its advantages and, of course, disadvantages.
Transportation of goods by river transport has low cost. Therefore, very beneficial for customers. True, delivery takes a lot of time. After all, all river ships do not exceed the speed of 20 km / h. In this regard, we usually transport those loads that do not need urgent delivery. Among them:
- building materials;
- corn;
- oil;
- coal;
- crushed stone and sand;
- cars.
According to rivers, cargo are transported in two ways. It can be self-propelled vessels or special barges that are pushed by a tow. The latter are most often used to deliver bulk goods. The largest vessels that move along rivers have a carrying capacity of up to 5,000 tons, a length of slightly less than 140 meters, and almost 17 meters wide. This means that the carrying cargo may have almost any dimensions. The permissible limit is the maximum sizes of the vessel.
It is worth noting that in winter the transportation of goods is not possible with river transport. After all, at this time of the year of the river are covered with ice, and shipping on them stops. Another important disadvantage of such a service of cargo transportation companies is the impossibility of performing river delivery to some destinations. The thing is that there are few ports in the country, which are capable of accepting cargo ships.
River freight services
Turning to B. special companiesCargo transportation, can be obtained not only by the service for the carriage of goods with river vessels, but also other related and necessary services:
- determination of the fastest and optimal route;
- proper storage of goods;
- combining river, marine and automotive delivery options;
- cargo registration at customs directly in ports;
- insurance of property transported in case of unforeseen circumstances.
Question price
Of course, the transportation of goods by river transport is much cheaper than automotive or railway delivery. True, prices may vary depending on many factors:
- Type of cargo. It is more expensive than transporting sand, rubble, gravel and other similar goods.
- Type of river. Tariffs are higher for the transport of goods on small rivers. After all, this is a more expensive option.
- Sending type. There is a ship, national, container and small shipment. Of course, the cost of each of them is different.
- Shipping company. These differences in the cost of the cost of transportation of goods are due to the differences in climate, the working conditions and features of the water route in each particular shipping company.
There is no single clear cost of delivering goods by river transport. Therefore, specialized companies individually carry out to each client, and make a calculation based on the order parameters.
3. History of water transport
Water transport - This is a type of transport that carries out the transport of passengers and cargo on rivers, lakes, canals along the sea coasts, as well as in transferey flights. That is, it is a transport that uses natural and artificial reservoirs. Basic vehicle is the ship.
In modern terms, water transport is a production and technological complex, including a fleet, waterways, ports and ship repair enterprises.
By type of water used, water transport is divided into river and nautical. Sea ships must have seawaren, that is, the ability to not collapse and not sink by excitement. Marine ships are usually larger than river. Transportation from lakes usually refer to river transport (with the exception of the largest lakes - such as the Caspian Sea). Although now these differences are erased, as the riverniks are widely implemented by the ships of the mixed "river-sea" of swimming. Such vessels can go through the mouths of rivers in the sea, swim along it to the ports located on it or enter the mouth of other rivers.
For loading and unloading goods, ports (sea and river) are used for passengers, marine and river stations are building.
The main advantage of water transport is low energy consumption, they are 6 times less than when transporting by railways and 25 times less than when transporting vehicles. An example is indicative that the French engineer J. E. Lammblordi: said famous in the late XVIII - early XIX centuries:
"Five boatmen can transport such gravity to a famous time, for the provision of which at the same time, and at the same distance it would be necessary to 83 horses and 21 are the conductor. But since the part of the Earth, which is snowing for the feeding of one horse, may be food, 8 people, therefore, without taking into the argument of other costs, the ratio of costs during carrying water and dry will be as 1: 137. "
Among other things, water transport is vital there, where land transportation is impossible: between continents, islands, as well as in weakly-matched areas. An important variety of water transport are ferries.
The speed of movement on water transport is relatively low, but it is distinguished by high throughput and very low traffic costs; In addition, it allows you to transport almost any large cargo.
High throughput of water transport can be illustrated by such an example. Let weight of 5,000 tons need to be delivered from one point in another and this can be done on water and on land, while the waterway has a length of 500 km, and the road is 300 km. To deliver this cargo by water transport, one cargo ship "Volgo-Don" will be required, on which the cargo will be delivered for one day with one flight. For delivery by road, 500 cars of the KAMAZ-53212 will be required. Its speed is 3 - 4 times higher than the speed of the ship, so the first cargo batch weighing 10 tons will be delivered to the end item for 4 to 5 hours, that is, 20 hours faster than water. But if there is one car available, then with two flights per day (1200 km), which exceeds the current standards, the entire cargo will be transported in 250 days, with 2 cars - for 125 days, 10 cars in 25 days, etc., that is, much slower than water transport. Therefore, mass loads (large lots of raw materials, such as coal or oil, ore or grain) are faster than other modes of transport. And although currently water transport is almost not used for business passenger traffic (due to low speeds), but it is very popular with tourists and in general lovers of outdoor activities. Large travel vessels are used, and a variety of boats, yachts and boats.
Paths on rivers and lakes have greatly facilitated the study and mastering almost all continents, and to this day they continue to serve both for travel and for commercial purposes. Although in different countries, the requirements for shipping various, for passing ships, as a rule, a depth of at least 1.2 m is needed.
Another lack of water transport is a seasonality of his work. In addition, often the path along the river is not the shortest, rivers are often winding.
Most vessels are designed in accordance with the requirements of navigation (swimming mode) and under a certain type of cargo. Some river vessels are intended only for passengers, more vessels are used to transport passengers and goods (cargo-passenger), but the bulk of the vessels specializes in the carriage of goods. There are four main types sea courts:
1) cargo ships (dry cargo, bulk, combined, etc.) that perform individual orders or operate on regular routes;
2) cargo-passenger ships;
3) high-speed passenger liners having two or three classes for passengers as well as postal and luggage compartments;
4) A small number of comfortable high-speed vessels, calculated only on passengers and mail.
Some features and advantages of water transport. The weight of the rolling stock (containers) moved along with the cargo is on the inland waterways 10 - 20% of the carrying capacity, and on the railways it reaches 30% or more. The specific value of rolling stock (that is, the cost per 1 ton of cargo) on water transport is 2-3 times less than on the railway. Water transport, subject to environmental and sanitary rules, has a minimal negative impact on the environment.
IN depending on shipping regimen water pools are divided into:
pools with marine shipping regime where International Rules warnings collision of ships in the sea;
pools with internal shipping regime, where the rules of swimming in the inner waterways are valid;
non-good pools.
Depending on the remoteness of ports (shelters) and hydrometeerswater pools are divided into:
coastal;
inland water pools.
Depending on the method of occurrence, waterways are divided into natural and artificial (channels and gateway rivers).
The total length of rivers in Russia is about 4 million km, and about 100 thousand km are exploited, including: 73 thousand km - rivers in a natural state, 11 thousand km - lakes and 16 thousand km - artificial waterways .
Water paths in their dimensions, that is, sizes, must ensure the swimming of the courts of the highest (calculated) sizes.
Ship stroke (Previously, he was called a fairway, now this name remained only in the navigation) is called the underwater and surface space on the shipping path, intended for shipping and marked on the map or on the ground. The dimensions of the ship turn are its depth, width, surface height, limited to structures (bridges, lines gear), and radius of rounding. The most important characteristic of the waterway is guaranteed shipping depth. As a rule, other waterway dimensions are significantly easier both on natural and artificial waterways.
Internal waterways on the vehicle are divided into superlines, highways and routes of local importance. The classification is given in the table.
Guaranteed depth - This is the depth that is supported on the waterway throughout the navigation at the lowest water levels.
History
People since ancient times used natural reservoirs - rivers, lakes and coastal seas. At the same time, hydrotechnical work on the development of the water transport message was carried out.
The emergence of transport belongs to the oldest times. In the conditions of primitive farm, when only the primitives of the public division of labor appear, the need for transport is small. Transport means are primitive - trotten trails, sprinkles, rollers for especially heavy loads, extended tree trunks or cavities, later shunks. In the era of the slaveholding, built on the operation of slaves, transport takes a step forward in its development. The slave-owned states conducted numerous wars for the conquest of other countries, receiving Dani from them, capturing slaves. Military needs and needs of the management demanded the development of transport. In China, Persia, the Roman Empire built a large number of paved roads for military purposes. Gradually grew exchange, trade in slaves, bread, tissues, spices. There are cities-states on the Mediterranean Sea: Cardica, Carthage and others, in which trading played a big role. Marine shipping developed, rowing appeared, and then sailing ships.
Water transport has achieved a high level of development in antique times. Sea ships in that epoch have already been fairly perfect to swim over long distances. Therefore, the seas quickly developed states. There was no such glorious fate as Mediterranean. Many civilizations developed on its shores, reached the vertices of power, fame and greatness, leaving the descendants of their doors in culture, architecture, science, etc.
The development of seaworthiness in long-standing times can be divided into three periods:
I period - From the origin of the seaworthiness to the appearance of sails. The people of the stone age that realized the importance of rivers and seas in their lives and began to extract mollusks available to them and other marine animals, in the end, created the most simple means of movement - distant ancestors of modern river and sea ships. At the same time, people invented the first movers - first the pole, and then the paddle. The big step forward navigitance took after the creation in V - IV thousand BC. e. Sails - the most amazing discovery, which more than 6 thousand years helped the sailors and carried out a decisive effect on the development of seaworthiness.
Period - From the appearance of sails to the first distinguishing flights within the same marine basin. Improving shipbuilding made it possible to build ships adapted to the distinguished sea swimming.
III period - From coastal coastal flights to the first long marine campaigns and the arrival of science in the service of seaworthiness. In I thousand to n. e. The first distant marine sailing is carried out. Skipbuilding technique has significantly improved.
The full Nile in late July comes out of the shores and only after three months returns to his bed. During the high water period, the lower flow of the river turned into a huge lake edge and the relationship between the villages located on the hills was becoming possible only on floating means. It was impossible to live without ships. Therefore, a natural is the fact that the inscriptions left in ancient Egypt on clay signs, on the walls of tombs, on stone steles, is very often talking about everything that is connected with swimming and ships. This is information about the work on the shipyards, the construction material, the routes of swimming and battles on the sea.
The population of fertile and a peculiar country has increased rapidly, and already very early in its environment, the tsarist government became an expression of unity and nationality. The first, among the kings, local historians-priests mentioned Ma, who, as suggesting, began to reign in 3892 BC. e. He is considered the founder of Memphis, the city, which was built on Nile, at the very exit of him from the valley, in the place where he branches the two delta sleeves. For millennia, this city was the natural capital of the country. Ten dynasties ruled, one after another, for a thousand years, and not in the history of another example, such a long era, during which any people were given a similar opportunity to develop their original life without any interference from the outside. During the same millennium, gradually begins to speak from the darkness and southern (or upper) Egypt. Heading his city, built on a hundred miles above Memphis on Nile, the so-called phiva (Wisen), which is the second famous center of Egyptian life. Perhaps these two separate kingdoms, Memphis and Fivi, have existed for some time on their own. This can be concluded for the fact that the crowns of the Upper and Lower Egypt, white and red, are constantly different in the images of monuments. Subsequently, both kingdoms undoubtedly joined, and a number of pharaohs continued to peacefully rule the country, which could exist in itself, without needing.
The rapid development of civilization in Egypt was accompanied by improving the most diverse technological means, including shipbuilding. There are information about the fact that Egypt had sea ships 3.5 - 2 thousand years before the trade with Mediterranean cities. e. For the transport of large cargo of the Egyptians, special flat ships were created - Barki. They achieved the necessary longitudinal strength thanks to the devices of additional fortifications from longitudinal wooden bars. The Egyptians made ships from local trees, as well as from the pine, which was brought from Syria. Approximately 2.5 thousand years BC. e. Egyptians sent whole maritime expeditions to Syria. The Harbor of the Red Sea received vessels with a variety of goods from Eastern countries: India, China, Arabia.
Expeditions to Punt (Somalia, East Africa) were well armed. From her exported gold, stone sudins, faience and other products. At the entrance to the port on the island of Faros in the middle of the 3rd century BC. e. For the first time in history, a lighthouse was created, which became one of the wonders of the world. For the protection of Pirates, the Egyptian pharaohs had special warships. In the third century BC e. In Egypt, a fortified ship was built (Tsessarokonter). He had two noses and two sterns, several Taranans. The length of the vessel was 280 feet, the depth of 38 feet. 4 thousand rowers were located on the ship, 3 thousand people of the crew and 400 people servant. The oars were poured by lead, which facilitated the work of the rowers. The finds of archaeologists in the dead city of Sakkar were given by historians the scheme of the technological process of manufacturing their vessels: reliefs captured sequentially different stages of construction: the body is gaining from the boards; cachaty reed and packles; The rope is tightened by the vessel in the top of the top belt belt.
For example, as proudly broadcasts descendants about shipbuilding and seaworthy achievements in ancient Egypt, Pharaoh Ramses III from Stone Monolith: "I built big rooks and vessels in front of them, equipped with a numerous team. And the courts were loaded with Egyptian goods without a number. And they themselves in tens of thousands sent to the sea the Great Mou-Ked (Red). They reach the Pant (Somalia) countries. They are not subjected to danger, being whole because of fear. " (Obviously, before the great pharaoh).
Ancient Egyptian shipbuilding is customary to divide on a number of periods.
I period (Dodinal, 5 300 - 3 500 BC. er). Papiral rowing boats monthly profile, wide, flat-bottomed with a small sediment. They were made of papyrus bundles that were wooped into curved mats with raised ends. For connecting papyrus in bundles and mats used ropes from papyrus. Steering paddle installed in the stern. Already on these early structures, the ancient shipbuilders applied a rectangular sail on the mast, liberated with the cable wool. For the absence of sufficiently strong mast trees, instead of mast served two-legged goats with a horizontal short rema, on which a narrow high sail was mounted. In addition to the sail, lanceal oars also served for the movement, with a number from 8 to 26 from each side; To control the vessel used from 2 to 5 cheers on each side in the stern. Reed as shipbuilding material began to be used in Egypt, because this country is extremely poor forest. That is why on the Nile of the Court of Wood Barrels in the form of single items could not appear first, as it happened in places rich in the forest. Since the main technological operation in the manufacture of a vessel in those times was the binding of reed stalks and matte collected from them, even in the later times of the Egyptians spoke not about the construction, but on the binding of ships. In sailing vessels, the Egyptians nose and feed are additionally tightened with the help of a rope, which created a more hard and durable design. On the Suez Isthmus, conditional geographic border Africa and Asia, the Egyptians opened the "Great Black" - the system of bitter-salty lakes, according to which the lower part of the Suez canal later passed. Here at the top of the Suez Bay by the middle of the XXVI century BC. e. Pharaoh Sahura built the first shipbuilding shipyard.
On ships intended for distant transitions, there were woven cabins. The number of teams reached yes 70 people.
By the way, reed vessels were built not only by the Egyptians, but also residents of the basin of rivers Tiger and Euphrates. There is an assumption that on such vessels they floated not only by rivers, but also by sea. In this regard, such facts are interesting. Found an image of a cane vessel of the Mina Civilization (III - II thousand BC) near the island of Crete and on one of the Argolysky Islands, that is, away from shipping rivers.
In 1969, the Norwegian scientist Tour Heyerdal took an interesting attempt to verify the assumption that the ship equipped with a sail made from the cane of a papyrus could make swimming not only on the Nile, but also in the open sea. This vessel is essentially a raft, a length of 15 m, a width of 5 m and a height of 1.5 m, with a mast height of 10 m and the only direct sail, was controlled by steering paddle. The initial attempt of the Tour Heyerdal and his companions to twist on a papyrus vessel across the Atlantic Ocean in America failed. However, the possibility of a long-range sailing received a certain confirmation that he prompted the scientist to take a secondary attempt in 1970, crowned with complete success.
Period (The era of the pharaoh dynasties 3200 - 2240 BC. er). In Egypt, a wooden shipbuilding appeared in Egypt. Outwardly, a wooden boat was a "sister" of his papyrus predecessor - the same "orange peel" profile, raised ends and flat bottoms. The boards were obtained by sawing jams from acacia and fig. The length of these vessels is 25-30 m, the width is 3.5-4.0 m. The image of such a vessel is found in the tomb of Pharaoh Sakhura in Memphis. Constructive features of ships: Kiel inner, they were attached to it, and to the last - sheathing on wooden novels. The sheathing and fastening of connections almost in the literal sense "sewn" with the help of ropes. For the trim used short boards from the low-speed acacia. To strengthen the body around the sides, a braided rope was woven, and the nose and feed were binding to the central rope on the racks, which was twisted as the spring, with the help of transverse racks. Thus, even in those ancient times Shipbuilders found a progressive method of pre-stressed design. At the same time, continuity in shipbuilding with a period of reed shipbuilding is seen in the cable method of attachment. Two-legged removable mast with a high rectangular sail was put in the middle of the vessel. Six steering wheels were installed on the stern platform. Rowing short wests without sturdy (as on modern canoe). From the nose to the stern of the boat passed inner longitudinal keel with powerful dishes, so-called traverses. The sheathing boards, which were installed on spikes were attached to the travers. Due to the lack of long boards and the outer keel, the ship became too fragile for testing by sea waves, because of which its body across the entire length has accounted for a cable. In order to protect the body from the inflection, the nose and the feed were drunk by transverse beams. Another cable was stretched between them, which relied on the vertical racks with the development.
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Egyptian vessel times of the ancient kingdom, V dynasty, 2550 years BC. e. Figure from the Tomb of Pharaoh Sahore, Memphis |
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Egyptian cane ship |
The ship had a primitive quadrangular sail with which he could only go over the wind. Due to the modest possibilities of the management of the Egyptians, they did not put on a sail of special hopes, and therefore their maritime ships, like Nile boats, remained rowing for a long time. The only twisted twin-like mast, which, if necessary, descended, kept strains. The sail, unusually tall and narrow, was attached in ree. Armament of the vessel completed the rowing oars, as well as one or more cheerful steering wheels, firmly fixed in floors on the stern. Putting the usual beans on the plank, the Egyptians forced the heel to work on the principle of the lever. The ship was driven significantly less muscular effort, which was immediately recognized as highly profitable and taken by the next generations of shipbuilders. It is difficult to say when it was the full transition from the wrapping to the paddle. The bas-reliefs found on the Egyptian monuments, depicting the first fortified vessels, send us to 2800-2000 BC. e.
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Egyptian seafood |
III period (the times of the new kingdom, from the II thousand to n. er). According to the example of the Phoenicians, who were famous for their ship skills, the Egyptians began to use high coniferous trees, specially covered for this purpose from Lebanon. The beams, squeezed from their long trunks, gave the vessel of the vessel with greater strength.
The profile of the vessel became noticeably sharper, the nose and feed also raised above. Forever went to the past burnt belt, but, in order to avoid the longitudinal bend of the vessel, the ship's ships still continued to pull the cable between the beams on the nose and the stern. Thanks to the transverse beams, the ends of which performed out of the trim, the design of the ship was significantly increased. The quadrangular sail has become lower, wider and attached no longer on one, as before, but on two events. The role of the steering wheel played two fodder oars with wide blades that had handles for control. Court dimensions increased: length to 30 - 40 m, width to 4.0 - 6.5 m, displacement up to 60 - 80 tons. The sheath is made from long boards that allow you to provide higher strength of new ships. Also disappears the outer strapping of the rope; Preserved a longitudinal rope screed and internal keel, nasal and aft vehicle (stem and ahterstevin); A straight sail on two events was installed on the mast (with curved ends); Anchor served a stone with a hole for the rope (the image of such a vessel was preserved in the Khatsepsut temple in Deir-El Bahry.).
According to the ancient Egyptian bas-reliefs, the famous Swedish scientist, the historian of the fleet V. Lundstrem restored the appearance of a combat Egyptian ship of the 1200s to N. e. It had a fairly elongated body with a sturdy transverse set, based on a powerful cylome timber, which made it possible to abandon the longitudinal screed rope, so characteristic of commercial ships. A cylome timber in the nasal part ended with a metallic ram in the form of an animal head.
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Seaworthy trade ship Egypt (1500s BC.) |
One, but a large, steering paddle was attached to far-speaking Ahtershtev. Additional strength of the body gave banks from the side to the side. The rowers were covered by 80-centimeter raidbet. According to the tips of the vessel, fencing areas for archers were hard, which were located, in addition, in a wicker basket on the top of the mast. Egyptian archers who were in service with long-range (defeat 150 - 160 m) Luke were the main shock force of the Egyptian wrestling ship. The length of such vessels ranged from 30 to 40 m.
The development of maritime trade in ancient Egypt entails improving the designs of ships. Appeared nasal and aft bars. They were made of spikes, where the shelling boards were. Reduced nasal silt, steering pads were increased and fixed in durable floors. However, due to the still insufficient longitudinal strength, the case was tightened by a rope on special supports. There were small sites on the nose and stern. Mast with direct sail and two bent at the ends of the rei were sailing arms. Anchor served a stone bounded by a rope. Displacement of the Egyptian ships (in 1500 BC. Er) reached 60 - 80 tons. The larger vessels were built for the transportation of building materials, stone blocks for pyramids, obelisk. Along the planks of the sides, small pegs are attached to which short oars with speck-shaped blades were tied.
Starting to build vessels-giant even during the times of Queen Hatsepsut (1500 years BC), the ancient Egyptians became, perhaps, the first shipbuilders, seriously "sick" giantomania.
The Queen led an active temple construction, to help which huge ships were intended. In its class, a transport vessel was created with a displacement of 1.5 thousand tons, which had a length of 63 m, the width of 21 m, the height of the side of 6 m and the sediment 2 m. The bottom stringers were collected from the thick bars who were walking from one box to another, and bims - Of the three rows of logs, stretched through the outer skin.
Ships Hatshepsut. Drawing relief from the Khatselsut temple in Deir El Bakhry
The monumentality of the ship did not leave doubts that he would cope with the Honorary Mission - to transport two 350-ton granite obelisk from the rocks of Aswan to the Holy City of Break. To move forward to him, however, it was pretty hard: the ship was drawn on the towing boat, only four steering oars were installed on it. The growth of displacement and sizes of the ships of the ancient Egyptians spared the achievements of the Greeks - their neighbors and rivals on the sea. So, according to the writings left by the contemporaries of these distant events, the response of Egypt to the construction of a junk giant "Siraczyanka" with displacement of 4.2 thousand tons was a huge multi-tiered vessel with a length of 128 m with 4 thousand rowers. Its width reached 17 m, the height of the nose and the feed over water is 22 m, and the displacement is 3 thousand tons. The mast had a height of about 40 m, while the length of the cheerful of the upper tier reached 19 m.
In 1952, the Hoeop Pyramid was found to be found about 4.5 thousand years old. This is the funeral rooka Pharaoh.
The design of the housing of the vessel from the pyramid of Heops
It was found in the disassembled state into the trench, cut down in limestone, apparently, to save space it was dismantled. 650 parts were neatly laid in 13 layers and covered with rubble. The reconstruction of this vessel lasted for 16 years, ended only in 1968. The sick-shaped vessel of the vessel with a displacement of 40 tons had a length of 43.4 m with a width of 5.9 m. It had only six pairs of cheerful length of 7.8 m and only two short (6.8 m) feed oars - seemingly typical river "flat-bottom »Sewy design. However, in the grooves of the longitudinal car, the killers were set up to the sides of Barms for deck flooring. Smoliest boards from cedar and figs are well preserved. It was possible to present the technology of the construction: the boards of external sheaturing were going to jack and fastened with ropes. Sealing longitudinal seams was carried out by rail. A longitudinal bar was mounted on the transverse bottoms of the ropes. Bims and bims and deck boards were attached. In the water boards of the hull, the cable ties were covered, the ship became waterproof.
Rye, found from the pyramid of Heops
According to Egyptologists, Pharaoh went to his last way. After restoration, the wonderful find of archaeologists was put up for everyone to see the museum specially created for this, which is located near the tomb of the legendary Pharaoh.
The Egyptians did not imagine without boats and ships not only real, but also after the afterlife. On the tomb of Velmazby, in a number of the most worthy actions committed by the departed, one of the first is: "I did a boat that did not have boats" - it is obviously on the ancient Egyptian concepts, almost the same thing that life is life. In order for the Vladyka to remember his ships, in the tomb of Pharaoh Akhto, numerous models of various vessels were laid - the originals could not be accomplished in the tomb premises. These miniature copies give scientists the opportunity to reconstruct various types of ships: for trading travel, for the transport of goods, for the burial ceremonies.
The burial switches from the Tomb of Amenhotep II.
Wood. Cairo. Egyptian Museum
In later times (II millennium BC) in Egypt, combat ships appear, in which the nose part is adapted to apply a taraniac strike. On the wall reliefs of the temple makes a hub, made by order of Ramses III around 1190 to n. e., depicts the battle of the Egyptian fleet with the ships of the "Peoples of the Sea".
"Peoples of the Sea" were marine pirates based on the islands Mediterranean Sea And on the coast of Southern Europe. They have repeatedly attacked Egypt. Approximately 1200 BC. e. Pharaoh Ramses III, having a fleet in 400 vessels, the city of Migdol in Libya was able to break the fleet of the "Peoples of the Sea", in the Union with which Libyans performed. It was the first of the famous in the history of marine battles.
Sea battle with the "nations of the sea" at Ramses III part of the relief from the church of the dress-hub
During the reign of Pharaoh Nehhhho, the Sailors-Phoenicians hired on the order of the Vladyka on their vessels warned Africa. Coming out of the Red (Eritrean) sea, they passed the Indian Ocean (South Sea), passed the Gibraltar (Melkart pillars) and returned to Egypt. Only in 2,000 years, this feat was able to repeat Vasco da Gama. By the way, the same pharaoh, the devotee of the navigation, began to restore the channel connecting the east sleeve of the Nile with the Red Sea. According to the legends of the Egyptians, he was a breakthrough the great conqueror of Socamostris, whose identity was not established by egyptologists. However, there is information that already in 1470 BC. e. Channel existed. On the wall of the temple in the beams of Tsaritsa Khatsepsut, the relief was preserved, which shows the expedition route sent to Africa, and it is indicated that the fleet passed from the Nile to the Red Sea without stopping. The moving sands of the desert entered the channel channel, and he had to restore it again. It is known that these works were carried out in the reign of Ramses II of the Great (1317-1251 BC), and after Pharaoh, the Persian King Darius continued, which Egypt ruled in 522-486 before N. e.
Persian king Darius
The inscription made by Godiam: "I commanded the breakthrough channel from the River Neal, which flows in Egypt to the sea, which extends to the shores of Persia. This channel was a breakthrough, as I commanded, and the ships were floating from Egypt to Persia to fulfill my will. " There is evidence that 120,000 slaves and Egyptian peasants died during construction, but the work was completed. As Herodotus testifies, for this channel it was possible to swim four days, and his width was such that two trills could sail near and did not interfere with each other. Later, when the Egyptian civilization was died, the canal was looked in. A new, but unsuccessful attempt to restore the canal undertook Napoleon during his Egyptian campaign in 1798. The expedition around Africa organized by Pharaoh was a breakdown of forces. There are evidence of the campaigns of Egyptian ships to the area of \u200b\u200bthe current Lebanon, Syria, as well as to the East to India, from where the local merchants brought incense, jewelry, spices. Preserved clay plates and the name of one of the first Egyptian navigasses - feed UN-amounted, which in the XI century BC. e. Made a transition to the Phoenician port Bible and left a detailed report about it. By the way, the mention of the numerous caste of Kurdchikh and about Caste Tolmachi make it possible to conclude that swimming in neighboring countries have become common.
The fleet of ancient Egypt was primarily a river fleet. This is explained by the fact that the Egyptian priests considered the sea of \u200b\u200bhabitat of evil forces. Therefore, not only to go into the sea, but to catch and eat seabed fish for a long time was considered a terrible sin. Sea trade was carried out by neighboring countries - the critical and finiches. However, the bold sea expeditions have already conceived the most far-sighted pharaohs. They wrote about the ships of the Egyptians, the ships were painted, the vehicles were placed in the pyramid's burial chamber, tales told about the ships. Among the first well-known Egyptian literary works can be called "fairy tales of the sons of Pharaoh Khufu", and among them one of the most terrible - a fairy tale of the shipwreck of the Marigreemaker, who turned out to be a desert island and entered into the fight against the monster. Scientists refer the time of this plot to the XX century BC. e.
The Nile River, as the main water artery, has played a big role in the formation of the Egyptian state. Even the anthem of the era of the XII dynasty (the beginning of the II thousand BC) sounded like this: "Glory to you, Neil! Glory to you who came to the ground to the world to give the life of Egypt. "
Thanks to the almost permanent northeastern winds, sailing ships rose up against the flow of the Nile. Downstream of the court descended the sanguisa until the Mediterranean Sea. In the Nile Delta, by 3000 BC. e. originated sea \u200b\u200bport A-UR. After the conquest of Egypt Alexander Macedonian in 330 before. e. In place, a-cheer was built new Port And the city called Alexandria. Large papyrus vessels floated on the Mediterranean Sea with an occasion of black, marble, Aegean, Adriatic and other surrounding seas. As shown by experimental swimming in 1969 - 1970, on the papyrus ship "RA" of the Norwegian ethnographer Tour Heyerdal, on large papyrus ships ancient Egyptians could have taken from Africa to America.
Shipping in ancient Egypt took place not only on the Nile and his tributaries, but also on artificial structures - irrigation canals that have sufficient dimensions for this. A network of such channels was especially developed during the reign of Sestris III (1878 - 1841 BC). Channels served not only for shipping, they accumulated water in flooding for use for irrigation, as well as for drinking water supply freshwater From the Nile, since the water was salt in the wells. At the same time, the Pharaoh began construction of a large channel from the Nile Delta to the Red Sea (the future of the Suez Canal). With the pharaoh Ramses II, about 70 km of the canal were built, the channel was built with Pharaoh Naho (616 to 601 BC). According to Herodotus, Naho stopped the construction due to the unfavorable saying of the oracle. According to one information, the construction of the channel ended with the pharaoh Daria I (522 - 486 BC. E.). However, an ancient Greek historian and geographer Strabo (64 years BC. E. - 24 years old) in his books "Geography" writes that Darius "threw an almost complete work, for him convinced that the Red Sea lies above Egypt, and If you proceed all the ends, then Egypt will be flooded by the sea. " According to other information, the construction of the channel was completed with Ptolemye Ptolamay II. The channel was fed with water from the Nile, this has a beneficial effect on the state of water bodies, through which the channel's route passed. Strabo writes: "The canal flows through the so-called bitter lakes that were really bitter. But since the breakthrough canal the composition of water has changed from the impurities of river water; Now they are replete with fish and water bird. " Herodotes traveled through this channel and described it: "This channel in length in four days of the sea route is so wide that two tripers can be dispersed in it." In another place, it gives the exact size of the channel - the width of 70 elbows (elbow ~ 0.5 m). Then the channel came to the launch and was abandoned, most likely due to the Crossing Nile. Roman commander Mark Antoniy (83 - 30 years BC) arrived in Alexandria after the defeat of the Egyptian fleet and found the Queen of Egypt Cleopatra at that time when her ships were transported by the wolf through the experiencing between the Nil and the Red Sea.
Under the emperors of Triana (53 - 117 years old, E.) and Adrian (76 - 138 years old) the channel was restored, expanded to 100 elbows and was called the "River Trajan" for a long time. He existed in the times of dominion in Egypt Arabs. Historians of those times wrote: "Ships, loaded with grain, descended through this channel in the Arabian Bay. Omar ordered to clean and deepen it. " In this form, the channel existed for another 150 years and, by order of Calif, Abu Jafar in 776, the entrance to the canal from the Red Sea was filled with soil and stones. The opinions of historians about the causes of this were divided. Some believe that Arabs, founded Baghdad feared that the channel would prevent their successful trade. Others refer to the uprising in the city of Medina and the danger of destruction of Egypt as a holistic state.
The track of the ancient canal was held at lowlands, for which a modern Suez canal was held in its southern part.
Suez Canal (photo from satellite)
Sumerian civilization in Mesopotamia
One of the most ancient known hydraulic structures related to the middle of the 3th millennium BC. e., there were channels in Mesopotamia (Tiger and Euphrates interference). They formed a system, which over time was complemented by new links and functioned up to the Arab conquests of the VII century.
Tiger and Euphrates were the main not only irrigation, but also by the country's transport highways: both rivers tied Mesopotamia with neighboring countries, with ancient Armenia (Urartu), Iran, Malaya Asia, Syria. The need to receive from neighboring countries Different types of missing raw materials contributed to the development of rather significant foreign trade. So, we know that Summerians brought copper from Elama, Iran and Assyria, and the tree - from mountain areas lying north and east of the two-frequencies. Despite the fairly wide territorial framework, this trade was still very primitive. It was an oldest exchange trade at which the goods of some species only exchanged on other goods. Expansion of trade in ancient Mesopotamia entail and the development of transport.
In the rugged canals of Mesopotamia, dams served as dams. They passed the main royal roads into all the ends of the country. According to them, wagons harvested with doses, mules, oxes, and pack caravans made of donkeys and camels, using the blizzards, chariots and wagons moving with very primitive disk wheels. Samples of these primitive chariots and their images were found during the excavations of the city of Hurray.
But an extremely important role in the country, ancient times, water transport played, for the rivers and channels - the most convenient and cheap messages of the message.
Vavillyan had various types of vessels, starting with wooden ships and boats that went on oars and under the sails, and ending with fishing shutouts from cane.
In the eastern desert there is a valley, called the "Father of Boat Builders" - Wadi Abu-Makarat-El-Obra. (Vadi is the row of ancient irrigation canals). Back in 1936 - 1937, pictures on the stone depicting Sumerian boats with highly curved noses were found here.
The most common typical Babylonian view of the cargo ship was Guf. Herodotus described it as follows: "Babylonian vessels floating along the river in Babylon have a round shape and are completely made of leather. Cutting in the ground Armenias, which lives above the Assyrians, willow and making the sides of the vessel from it, they are then tightened with their skin with the skin and make the bottom of the bottom, not to push the walls of the stern and does not narrow the nose, but giving the ship the shape of a round shield. After that, the entire ship is filled with straw, load and let down the river. The cargo consists mainly of barrels with palm wine. The vessel is heading with two steering wheel with two men. One of them pulls the steering wheel to himself, and the other pushes from himself. These ships make both very large and smaller; The biggest of them raise five thousand talents (131 tons) of cargo. In each vessel, one donkey is placed, and in larger - several. When swimming will arrive in Babylon and sell the cargo, they also take place the exes of the vessel and all the straw, and the skin is repaired on donkeys and take them to Armenia. After all, up the river because of the speed of the court the court can not be saved at all. Arriving with doses back to Armenia, Babylonians are in the same way again makes themselves ships. These are the courts. "
In tuffs like Babylonian, the inhabitants of Iraq have been swimming in Tigra and Euphrat.
Drawings of Sumerian boats from Vadi Abu-Makarat El-Oba
Sacred Barca gods. Print print from cooking (Sumer), III thousand BC. e.
Long before the foundation of the ancient Egyptian kingdom in the midst of the desert on the rocks, countless images of ships and boats were applied, which are very similar to Sumerian. They have a high nose and feed, they are flat-bottom and do not look like boats, on which the Egyptians flooded the Nile.
Cargo ships Babylon
Not far from Canais found a picture of a vessel on which 69 figures cost, another drawing, on which the cutting, 50 crew members are visible, and one of them, towering over everyone, indicates to the west towards the Nile. On the rocks found a relief of 1.8 m long with the image of the vessel with 70 team members, which pulls on the ropes. Such a plot is not united. Stone drawings, on which people depicted in the form of notchs pull the ships of various values, come across quite often.
All images are applied along the direction of the movement of these boats, the wolts of crossing sands from the Red Sea to the Nile, on the way to the golden specks of the East Desert. This is another confirmation that Suchmers from the coast pulled the ships with ropes towards the Nile.
In essence, these are the stories about the expedition of the seurrets, landed on the western coast of the Red Sea. Scientists called them "People of Square Boats".
Suchmers built their first boats from Kamyshem. However, the trouble was that he actively absorbs water, and the buoyancy of such a ship was low. Then, to protect the ship, his bottom and side began to cover bitumen, which in excess was given by the northern Mesopotamia field. By the way, in our days, the boat of some Arab tribes are covered with bitumen. The detected drawings make it possible to see on the nose of the ships of the Sumerians heavy stones that had to strengthen the taranny qualities of the courts and did not allow to expose the bottom.
It was on such vessels that the Sumerians began their way to Egypt, having left the Persian Gulf, reinforced the Arabian Peninsula, passing along the coast of the Indian Ocean, entered the Red Sea. Their swimming south of Sumer contributed to the dominant winds, which helped the ships to carry goods up to 20 tons. Tour Heyerdal built such a boat by calling her "Tigris", and proved that such vessels are capable of marine waters.
Suchmers going to the naval navigation to Egypt made frequent stops on the route. One of the main parking lots became Punt, whose influence was spreading on both shores in the southern part of the Red Sea. PUNTU also belonged to Hafun Island, which is part of the Bahrain archipelago. Based on the strengthening on this island, Sumerians took control of the entire coast. It is from the islands, as some scientists consider, and a people have come out, known later as the Phoenicians. Egyptians they were known as "People Fin" - residents of the earth of the gods, or the country Punt. Found in Egypt inscription inflicted on stone slab About 3 thousand years BC. er, indicates that forty ships filled with cedar forest arrived in Egypt from Phenicia. Until now, the inhabitants of modern Iran enjoy another Babylon type of vessel - keeks, a raft on leather burues, inflated air.
Phoenicia
The leader's place on the expanses of the Mediterranean Sea from the X century to n. e. She took a china. Her story is no less ancient and glorious than the history of Egypt. The resettlement of Phoenician on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea refer to the year 2000 to N. e. This people came to the Levancet coast of the Mediterranean Sea, where the narrow strip of the earth, fenced by mountain varnish, stretched along the sea 200 km long and a width of 15 to 50 km. Today, this territory is divided between Syria and Lebanon.
In some places, the mountain ranges approached straight to the sea and made it difficult for the land movement between settlements arising from the coast. People were easier to communicate by the sea. Cedar forests that covered the slopes of the mountains were the main wealth of the country. Cedar was the best material for the construction of ships, and the Phoenician was built for themselves and for sale. On their vessels, they exported cedar trunks. For example, found in Egypt inscription, applied to a stone slab about III thousands of years BC. er, indicates that forty ships filled with cedar forest arrived in Egypt from Phenicia.
The people were inquisitive, reworker. They were adopted by the ancient Suchmers and from Criton a lot of useful skills. And first of all, they learned how to build a vessel from the tree with a keil and a spline, learned to navigate the polar star, knew the foundations of navigation. During his highest heyday, the china was associated with almost all parts of the world, familiar ancient world. They were guided by those information about the land that became the property of humanity only in 2.5 thousand years, by the time of great geographical discoveries.
Phoenician nutrition contributed to maritime science by entering the division of the horizon circumference by 360 °, in addition, they accounted for reliable celestial landmarks for sailors.
It is more important than cedar and technology for building ships for human civilization was the spread of the alphabet's phyrics, which, as they suggest, they created. A linear letter also originated about 1500 BC. e. And it turned out gradually all other forms of the letter. Cyrillic, Latina, Arabic and Jewish letter originate from the Phoenician alphabet. Historians believe that without an alphabetical letter, the development of world writing, science and literature would be impossible. Alphabet and a linear letter throughout the ancient world are the Phoenician navigators.
The skills of building ships with a keel that can make marine swims, the Phoenicians were adopted from the Critians and from the "Peoples of the Sea", which are about 1200 BC. e. They began to move from Europe, and already had the skills of shipbuilding and navigation. Over time, they became the best and shipbuilders, and Morelods. Their sailboats and galleys who had keel were reliable and beautiful. The Phoenicians were considered the best sailors of their time, and many of the states of the ancients often used them as mercenaries.
At the beginning of the XI century BC. e. Residents of Levant float on single-line boats with a large square sail with highly raised steer steering steering. The boards were connected to the deck flooring, on which the merchants held their goods. Initially, they floated mainly on rivers - Tigra, Eufrat, Nile, but then mastered the Persian Bay, the Red and Mediterranean Sea. They went out for Gibraltar, reached the British and Canary Islands, the shores of India.
In 36 km from the Phoenician coast lies the island of Cyprus - the first of the many beautiful harbors on a convenient sea route, which runs through the Mediterranean Sea.
Ancient Phoenicians are obviously the first among peoples Mediterranean countries Released in the open sea. The warships of the Phoenicians, intended for the transport of goods, were famous far beyond the boundaries of their homeland, they were distinguished by good nautical qualities and were considered the best ships of that time. Back in IV thousand to n. e. Phenicia led maritime trade with Egypt and Mesopotamia, where, in addition to common goods, a construction and mast forest was taken out for the construction of ships. The Phoenicians had good trading bundles with the inhabitants of the Islands of the Mediterranean Sea.
In the middle of the II thousand to n. e. The Phoenicians established a number of colonies in the Mediterranean basin. Swimming around Africa by order of the Egyptian Pharaoh Neho (approximately IV century BC) began in the Red Sea, and after three years, overcoming the space of the Indian and Atlantic Oceans, the Phoenicians reached the Herculeous Pillars (Gibraltar Strait) and returned to Egypt. The Phoenicians were considered in ancient times the best shipbuilders. Greek historian Herodotus, who lived in the V century BC. e., writes that among the ships of the entire Persian fleet "the best moves were the ships set by the Phoenicians."
The figure above shows the Phoenician shopping ship dated 1500 a year BC. e. This is a pretty roomy ship with powerful shames and two feed oars. Along the sides were attached lattices from rods for fencing deck load. The mast was a straight sail on two curved rims. A large amphorah of burnt clay for storing drinking water was attached to the nose dust.
Even in the era of the ancient kingdom of the Egyptians, one of the types of ship "Biblical ship" was called. It is very possible that the most tribal name "Phoenicians" occurred from the Egyptian word "Fenkhu", meaning the "shipbuilder". The ancient type of the Phoenician ship was heavy, but a very fit for navigation, the ship, which goes mainly under the sail and intended for the transport of significant cargo.
By creating his empire, Phoenicians never gained other countries, they used not military strength, but the economy. All the necessary achieved with the help of trading, which was carried out on their ships. They floated not only throughout the Mediterranean, but went to the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. In the XII - IX centuries BC e. The Phoenicians founded a colony in North-West Africa, in the south of the Pyrenean Peninsula, in Sicily, on Sardinia.
The ancient chronicles characterize them as diligent and restless trading partners, excellent merchants, adventurous and stubborn. And these people actually manage the world. The Phoenicians were monopolists of maritime commerce many centuries. Their merchant ships achieved large sizes. For example, a merchant vessel from the city of Tars has accommodated 500-600 people. Only in 800 to n. e. Greeks abandoned the services of the Phoenicians, and they themselves began to transport their goods by sea. Fearing competition and trying to remain monopolists, the Phoenicians kept their swimming routes in secret. To intimidate competitors, they came up with stories about sea horrors - about Szill and Charibda, about seats of the sea, where the water is so thick that the ship can not move.
Trade of Feniopia and Syria reached high development, which is explained by the relatively high productivity of agriculture, craft successes and favorable geographical conditions. Phoenician cities were located in the center of the most important trade routes connected to the countries of anterior Asia with the Aegean Sea pool, with Africa and Arabia. This trading went on land roads and by sea paths. Caravans of merchants moved from Malaya Asia, from Mesopotamia, from Arabia, from the Red Sea and from Egypt, reaching cities of the Phoenician coast.
One of the most important sea ports on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea was the city of Bible (now at this place, located 32 km from the capital of Livan Beirut, is located the city of Jebeil), through which maritime trade was located with Mesopotamia, Egypt and Crete. To this port, goods were delivered from deep districts, and from here the ships of the Phoenicians sent them to different parts of the Mediterranean. These were special types vessels capable of transporting a heavy construction forest, and called them "Boxes". The most busy trade with Egypt, where from the china, except for the cedar, was carried by a resin, olive oil, metals, lags and possibly slaves. Biblie was the port where the Egyptian papyrus delivered. From the name of the city of Bible Scroll Papyrus Greeks began to call "Biblos", and hence the word "library" took place from here. Delivered here and especially durable ropes from papyrus. In the papyrus found in 1891 in Northern Egypt, the story of the Messenger of the Supreme Priest in the phi resounds, dated 1080 to N. e. The messenger of the Supreme Priest Un-Amon, who was 29 days in the Bible harbor, counted twenty ships with the goods in Egypt, and 50 ships that were sent to other countries. Delivery by sea of \u200b\u200bgoods was dangerous and is associated with the risk of attacking pirates. Therefore, the archer squads always sent on the ships.
Having accumulated huge wealth from trade, the rulers of the port cities acquired the works of art in Egypt, dear household items. The entire Phoaman Earth was considered the "Earth of Pharaoh", and the owner of the cities - his officials, but they used full freedom in domestic affairs and external relations with neighbors. The rulers of Bibl, for example, was considered to be an Egyptian prince and was rather an ally of Pharaoh. Scientists believe that a chain of marine ports and trade factories arose between Egypt and Biblom. When excavations in the town of El Amarne, about 400 clay plates were found near Cairo, on which the messages from the cities - the states of Phenicia to the rulers of the Union Egypt were found. It is assumed that their number was more than 40.
But especially high heyday reached on the chief of marine trade. Already in the IV millennium BC. e. In the era of the ancient kingdom of the Egyptians, many products are exported from Phenicia, among which olive oil and wood should be noted. Items of Phoenician export were along with this wine, cedar oil, cattle, grain, cosmetic and medical. Completely exceptional importance in the Phoenician trade and the forest was held in the entire Phoenician economy. Mountain chains Lebanon and Antiwan, located in close proximity to the commercial Phoenician cities, as well as the mountainous areas of Asia, Transcaucasia, Northern and Central Syria and Palestine, are covered in antiquity with large forest arrays. Significant forest richness of these areas, aburred by cedars, Kilician and Primorskaya Pine, as well as other valuable forest breeds, gave the opportunity to Phoenician merchants in large quantities to export the forest, especially the construction and mast, in Egypt, as well as in Mesopotamia. Perfectly characterizes the need of Egyptians in a tree one relief of the Network I, which shows how the Lebanese princes cabin sideways for the Egyptian king.
The tree of the Phoenicians were exported to other countries. So, Hiram I, Tsar Tira, sent a cedar to the king of the Israeli-Jewish kingdom Solomon for the construction of the Jerusalem Temple. In the VIII century BC e. The Phoenicians supplied the forest in Assyria Tsar Sargon II for the construction of his palace. Sometimes, the china paid the Assyrian king to tribute to ceders.
Colonizing the land of the natives, the Phoenicians did not allow foreigners there. If local tribes were strong, they paid money for the right of trade, and they subordinate to the weak. Around the colonies created zones of devastated land so that residents do not communicate with their neighbors.
The War Courts of the Phoenicians represented narrow and light ships with one of the fun who were built from a cypress tree and fastened with copper nails. Probably, the bottoms were trimmed with copper to protect against sea water. There were ships 30-eered (triakontraisa) and 50-e-vehicle (pettopers). They began to build vessels with a pointed ram. To achieve a higher speed, the Phoenicians created vessels on which the rowers were located in two, and then in three, and in four rows. The ratio of width and length in these vessels was 1: 5 or 1: 8. On the vessel with three tiers of rowers on the messengers was 150-170 people, 30 people were the crew, and 20 warriors had to conduct an anti-body battle. Along the board strengthened the shields that the Vikings later began to do. With associated wind, the speed of such a vessel was up to 7 nodes (one node is one mile per hour, and the sea mile is 1853 m).
Phoenician military vessel VII century BC. e.
Strong military fleet, the Phoenicians did not start, and built it if necessary, so later relatively easily lost their colonies on the coast of the archipelago and on the Black Sea. Shopping ships Phoenicians housing was shorter than that of combat.
In the picture - a military vessel VII century BC. e. With two tiers of cheerful, the so-called birem. It was the first bunk jewelry vessel in the world. On Burra, the Phoenicians also fought in the service of Egyptians, Assyrians and Persians, in particular with the Greeks.
The narrow, elongated body of the Phoenician birema consisted of some of the two floors, and the top was given to the nut and soldiers. To increase the stability of the ship, the Phoenicians lowered the crinolines on the level of the main building, placing there rowers there. Occasted bronze, massive, protruding like a horn, a ram was the main weapon of narrow high-speed burma. Traditional removable sailing weapons were used for passing winds and was typical of the Mediterranean. The acrostol of the stern curly bent was bent, like the tail of the scorpion, and the Balustra of the combat site was covered by the shields of soldiers, fortified along the sides.
The Assiro-Phoenician combat ship is shown in the figure refers to 1000 - 1500 years BC. e. This is a pretty narrow, tightly tailored ship, with a trim, in power, with powerful shames and barhoutes, walking around the perimeter of the vessel. Deck for warriors raised on the platform racks. It is closed by a falseboard, which shields soldiers were hung. Massive feed and nasal oars have significantly distinguished the ship from such vessels of that time. Their presence allowed the ship to change the course by 180 °, not unfolding. This greatly increased maneuverability. At one time, such an arrangement of the steering cheer introduced Kiev Prince Izyaslav on his combat decks. In addition, in battle, these oars firmly fasten with the case and played the role of Taran.
The mast was removable. Two rows of cheer allowed to attribute this ship to the class of Biram. Its length ranged from 25 to 35 m, width 4 - 5 m.
The idea of \u200b\u200bthe Phoenician courts give reliefs on the walls of the Assyrian palaces and raised from the bottom of the remains of ships, victims of wreck.
In 1971, at the coast of Sicily, such a sunken ship was discovered, the length of which was 25 m. From the inside of his side were trimmed with lead slabs, and at the bottom there was a stone ballast. The ratio of width and length was 1: 3 or 1: 4. Moving such a ship by the power of the wind. There was a mast with a large quadrangular sailing on it, and elevated, the number of which, according to the preserved images, did not exceed ten, were located in two tiers, obviously, were used in caseless. There were two feeding oars for control, but for maneuvering served a small sail, attached to the mast mounted on the nose. The cargo and the room for the team was under deck. Such vessels moved slowly, but had a load capacity up to 20 tons. Typically, the transition was 40 km and took place in the daytime. In the harbor of the court, they pulled aside, for which the guides were laid out of well-polished stones, they watered them with olive oil and the vessel was rolled out. The Phoenicians and ships for swimming in the distant countries that had increased strength and dimensions up to 50 m in length were created. About such a ship is a description in the Book of the Prophet Ezekiel: "From the Senir cypresses, all the sips of yours were arranged; They took Cedar from Lebanon to make masts on you; From the oaks of Vasansky did your oars; Your benches were made of a beech tree, with a rim from ivory from Kittim's islands. The patterned canvas from Egypt were used on the sails of yours and served as a flag ".
During swimming, the Phoenicians not only traded, but also learned the fullest inventions and discoveries of neighboring countries. Being people are adventurous, they have earned well, selling mined things. But the Phoenicians themselves mastered many arts and their products were valued in many countries.
In the city of Tir, which was the largest port of Phenicia, a dry dock was arranged for the repair of ships. There were also numerous shipyards. Tsar Tira built a whole fleet for Solomon, which was in the Red Sea. This fleet belonged to Israel, but all sailors on the ships were Phoenicians. It was on these ships that a trip was made to the mysterious country of the officer. This is what the campaign is said in the Bible: "And he sent Hiram on the ship of his subjects of ships who know the sea, with the subjects of Solomon; And they went to the officer, and they took the gold of four hundred twenty talents from there, and brought the king Solomon. " Most scientists believe that the officer was between modern Ethiopia and Zimbabwe.
With the advent of ships capable of performing long-range swimming, the Phoenicians began to leave the homeland entire communities and move into neighboring regions, based on the colony there. In the XII - XI centuries BC. e. The Phoenicians have equipped their colonies along the entire coast of the Mediterranean Sea: in Asia Minor, in Cyprus and Rhodes, in Greece and Egypt, in Malta and in Sicily. The colonies did not lose touch with the metropolis and paid her tribute.
Not only the calculation was led by the Phoenicians for the horizon, they led the love of wandering, thirst for novelty, excitement, adventurism, risk, thrust for adventure. They visited Azores and Canary Islands, Float K. British IslandsFor the first time in the history of mankind, they were offended by Africa. The greatest colony of the Phoenicians in North Africa became Carthage, created in 825 BC. e. On the shores of the Tunisian Bay, in a spacious harbor. It originated in the very narrow place of the Mediterranean Sea, in close proximity to Sicily. The convenient location of the city city has allowed him to actively develop trade with Egypt, Greece, Italy.
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Phoenician-Carthage Boat |
Mastering Africa's shores, Carthaginians to the VII century BC. e. Created colonies on the Atlantic Coast of Morocco, and later seized Spain, Sardinia, Sicily, Corsica and some Islands of the Mediterranean Sea. Carthagean made several marine hikes along the Western shores of Africa and the coast Western Europe. By the VI century BC. e. The sailing of the Carthaginian king Gannon near the Atlantic Coast of Africa. The fleet of Gannon was out of 50 - 60 ships, on which there were more than 30 thousand men and women. As a result of this swimming, African colonies were founded. Carthage existed up to 146 to n. e., until the Roman troops were destroyed as a result of long Punic Wars.
In Marketing, Carthaginians used the experience of the Phoenicians. In the first half of the I millennium BC. e. Phoenician ships become two candles. On the upper deck there are warriors, boards are covered with shields. On the bottom deck there are rowers in two tiers on each other. Taran on the nose is hidden under water. Carthagean began to build penters. Length - 31 m, Waterlinnia width - 5.5 m, displacement 116 tons. 30 Cheerful was located in one row. The crew consisted of 150 rowers, 75 infantrymen, 25 sailors. In the third century BC e. The number of such combat vessels was 120-130 ships. During the hazards - up to 200 ships. Every year several thousand people called for retraining. In 400 BC e. Quadrirers appeared in Carthage (four-row),
Fleet Cartagen took control of the entire Western region of the Mediterranean Sea. On the islands off the coast of Spain in 663 BC. e. His support bases were created that controlled Gibraltar. Then, under the rule of Carthage, was all southern Iberia. Carthaginian's combat ships were constantly undergoing in this water area and blocked foreign ships to reach the Atlantic Ocean. The ships of the Greeks, from fear of being swapped, did not even try to get closer to the "Hercules Pods" and were forced to go to the Tin on the internal rivers of Europe. Only in the 4th century BC e. This blockade was removed.
Crophagean themselves successfully floated north to the north in search of the country of tin and amber country. It is known that under the command of Captain Himilcon, their ships reached the shores of southern England and Ireland. But the main object of the Carthaginian expansion was the islands of the Mediterranean Sea, which were trading places protected from attacks for islanders who did not have a fleet, and Fleet Carthagene could protect them from any attacks. Later, Carthage became the republic and the largest port of his time. After the collapse of the Tyr Power, he was able to subjugate the cities of Sicily, Sardinia, Malta, Spain, the Balearic Islands and North Africa. He controlled most Cyprus, which became not only the intermediate parking of the Carthaginian, but the place where they found copper. On the island of FASS in the Black Sea, they found the iron ore, which was very important, since in the X century BC. e. Most tools and jewelry were made of iron, which in the bronze age cost more than gold and silver.
The outstanding achievement was the voyage of the Phoenician from Carthage Gannon, who made a trip along West Africa and reached the territory of the current Cameroon. This Flotodette was conducted by 60 ships, on each of which were 50 rowers, and 30 thousand people participated in the campaign. We have reached the report of Hannon about this journey, in which he described the meetings and clashes with aborigines, the animal world of Africa, active volcano Cameroon, called the "chariot of the gods". The navigator is not a few and fixing the main stages of the campaign, stops on possible dangers that can wait for those who will follow him.
The ancient scientist Diodor Sicilian left for history a testimony of visiting the Philliques of the Islands lying "in the middle of the ocean against Africa." Their description allows you to conclude that we are talking about the island of Madeira. However, many scientists believe that Phoenicians were not the discoverers, they only walked in the footsteps of their great predecessors - Criton. The Portuguese opened it only in the XV century.
The golden age of Phiking lasted almost three centuries - from 1150 to 850 BC. e. The last achievement of the great shipbuilders of antiquity was the largest ship, which had a keel from the Lebanese cedar with a length of 40 m, and the rowers were located on it in 11 rows. There were 1,800 slaves on the oars.
About 525 to n. e. Carthagean provided their fleet subordinate to the Persian Empire to combat Egypt. Thanks to this assistance, the Persians won Egypt and Greek colonies in North Africa. Such a service turned the Phoenicians to the Allies of Persians, provided them with independence, as well as with the benefit for them pledged Greek trading. Later, Phoenician ships constituted the basis of the Persian fleet. In 480 BC e. During the campaign of King Kerks, under his beginning there were 1207 Finician ships.
The rival of Carthagen became Rome. Understanding that crushing the power of the Carthage may only build their warships, the Romans began to build a fleet. In battles with the Phoenicians, they repeatedly suffered defeat, lost almost all the built fleet, but the shipbuilding and the art of a sea battle were constantly improved. In 241 BC e. The Romans undertake a decisive attempt to break the power of the Carthage. Rome's authorities turned to citizens with a call to build ships at their own expense, provided that the costs will be reimbursed after victory. If the defeat follows, not only ships will die, but also Rome himself. Wealthy citizens of the city combined all their funds and reiterated the fleet. Bind-free Carthaginians did not expect to meet Roman ships, and a sudden attack led to their complete defeat.
Carthage lost a monopoly on the Mediterranean Sea. Contribution payment for ten years amounted to 3200 talents. (1 talent - 30,000 dollars). Carthage lost and the army and fleet. And Rome turned into a global power. In 146 BC e. Romans burned Carthage Dotla. Hate to the Carthage, who was their constant rival, was so deep that, comparable to the city with the Earth, they fell asleep this place with salt so that nothing grew up there.
With the fall of Carthage, all information about swimming and description of open lands were destroyed by the Romans. As a result of the coast of Central, Eastern and South Africa, one and a half thousand years have become the Europeans into a solid white spot, and only in the XV century they risked to go through the finiches to the equator along the Western shores. After the collapse of the Roman Empire in the IV century n. e. Phenicia, previously subject to Rome, became part of Byzantium.
Ancient China
The leading role in the economy of China, especially in the south, traditionally played water transport. The main transport arteries of the country served, of course, the two of its largest rivers - Juanhe and Yangtze. Although in China there are many other shipping rivers (Huayhe et al.), But they flow, as a rule, from west to east. The lack of a reliable waterway in the direction of North-South prevented the development of economic and economic relations within the country. Therefore, the Chinese have a need for transport channels.
The world's first contour (using relief area) The magic channel of 32 km long, was built in China in the III century BC. e. The author of this unique hydrotechnical structure was the engineer Shi Lu, built it by order of Emperor Qin Shihuana. The construction of the channel was caused by the need to supply troops deployed in 219 BC. e. To the south of the country to conquer the people of Yue. The channel is unusual in that it connects two rivers flowing in opposite directions. The difficulty of the channel of the canal was that the Xiang River, taking the beginning in the mountains of Hayang, flows to the north, and the River - south. Both rivers are distinguished by a rapid flow, therefore, along the Syan River had to be built for the passage of vessels of the watercraft channel 2.4 km long with a smaller drop of the bed, than the river. To ensure the navigation of the Water River Lee were sent to another channel with a length of 22 km. Thus, therefore, both rivers, builders were finally combined with their channel 5 km long. The Syan River across the Damb river, divided the channel into two streams - big and small, and took it to the side of its most. In bulk staged a waterproof. In the Sinani area through the channel, the depth of which was 1 m, and the width of 4.5 m, they shouted several bridges. Thanks to the system of waterproof and separation of streams, only a third of the water of the Syan River fell into the connecting channel, and it did not overflow. It became possible for year-round shipping on the inland waterways with a total length of 2 thousand km (from the 40th to the 22nd parallel). Barges, thus reached by the latitude of Beijing, located in the north of the country, to the canton (Guangzhou) and the sea in the south (where Hong Kong is now). The magic canal became a link in this system of Chinese rivers. To the IX century, 18 gateways were built on it, and in the X - XI centuries the number of people needed to tow the barge was reduced. The magic canal began to call the sacred, his keeper was considered a dragon. The channel continues to operate in our days, the railway bridge of the modern design is built through it.
On the magic canal
Another ancient construction created by the labor of the Chinese people is the Great or Imperial Channel. The Chinese Great Channel is the oldest and the longest artificial river in the world. The beginning of the construction of the Grand Channel should be considered the period of spring and autumn, which is within one hundred years. The ruler of the principality of in the territory of Southeast China, pursuing the goal of moving to the north in order to gradually take possession of the central plain, conceived to break through the canal north of Yangtze. A large number of troops and the population were mobilized for its construction, as a result of Near Yangzhou (now the province of Jiangsu) was a 150-kilometer channel, tied by Yangtze with the Huiheh River. This is the earliest section of the Great Channel.
The second stage of large-scale construction on the highway highway belongs to 605 - 610 years. The Rule then the Suise Emperor Jan-di in order to strengthen his power and strengthen control over rich districts to the south of Yangtze, took the construction of the channel from the capital Luoyang (the current city of Luoyang, Henan Province) in two directions: north to Zhojyun (south-east of Today's Beijing) and south to Yuhan (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province).
There are several million people for the construction of the canal at different times. The total length of the new waterway amounted to about 2500 km.
With the dynasty of Yuan, Bajin became the capital of China (Beijing). The political center moved from the central plain to the north, but the region of the Joints and Huiheh pools remained the medium in accordance with the financial and economic activity. Transportation of grain from the southern regions in Bajin is circumferentially through Luoyang was conjugate with great inconveniences. Therefore, in about 1283, a third in history was made large-scale construction on the highway highway. The direction of the track was changed, the channel section between the Highhe, Juanhe and Huiheh rivers was hidden. Thus, it became possible from Beijing to the Great Channel directly to reach Hangzhou.
Sections of the Great Chinese Channel
Today Great Chinese Channel It stretches for almost 1800 km, which is 10 times more than the Suez Canal and 20 times more Panama Canal.
After changing the riverbed of the Juanhe River, the insufficient water supply of the site in the province of Shandong led to the annoyance and termination of the work of water transport South - North. Today, the great channel at the time of its length is already impossible to use it, but its individual parts, especially in the Hangzhou and Suzhou district, continue to serve as an important water.
A variety of sections of Beijing canal - Hangzhou use the former natural rivers and lakes, part of the plots - artificial. The main amount of water in the channel is from natural rivers.
Channel appointment today - transport, irrigation, recreation, water supply. It passes through the territory of 6 provinces and connects five river systems (Highhe, Yellow, Juanhe, Yangtze and Kvatanyang).
The total length of ship moves on the channel is 1027 km, of which approximately 600 km of classes 2 and 3. The reconstruction of the channel continues constantly. According to the report of the Ministry of Communications of the People's Republic of China, in the fifth anniversary of 1996-2000, two plots, a length of 164 and 293 km in the south-east of the country were reconstructed. At the same time, 8 ports were expanded, 8 gateways were built and 58 bridges were rebuilt. This made it possible to increase the annual transit of cargo by 16.5 million tons. The annual volume of water transport in the provinces of Dzhangsu and Shiang reached 260 million tons. After reconstruction, the southern sections of the Great Channel received an international award as "the most civilized vehicle models". In addition to economic benefits, the channel significantly improved the situation with anti-phase measures, irrigation of fields and the development of tourism, as well as with environmental and environmental protection.
For swimming in the rivers and channels, the Chinese since ancient times built rafts, having a comfortable and high-quality material at hand - a giant bamboo. Its stalks reach a height of 24 - 25 m and diameters up to 30 cm. From the bamboo, masts and sails were also made. Such rafts were small precipitate trucks: during loading up to seven tons of rafts, it is immersed in water only 5 - 7 cm, that is, navigation on such rafts is possible in shallow water, inaccessible for ordinary vessels.
Different types of ships of the era of mines.
On Chinese rivers have long been common, a type of flat-bottomed boat with a length of about 10 meters with a canopy, deck, mast with a sail of a rectangular shape and a small room in the truma. In European literature, it is usually referred to as Johnka (the Word is Malay origin). Such boats are spacious, sustainable and at the same time having high passability - used mainly for the carriage of goods. If necessary, the boards of Johnci were trimmed with boards, the gaps between them were treated with a mixture of tung oil and lime. Johnka's design is so rational that almost unchanged existed to our time.
There were large cargo ships in China and more than 30 or more meters. Usually they were used to transport grain. Already by the era of the new era, the ancient Chinese were able to build two-candy vessels; In subsequent centuries, vessels with three and more masts and steering control appeared in China. Large junks also served as passenger ships on the rivers and lakes of China. On large courts, there were often rescue boats, in case of windless weather, there were oars.
Chinese Johnka, photo 1871
Sails and control pads were used to move vessels. Sails were made from bamboo boards and mats between them. Such sails were fairly tight, which is important from an aerodynamic point of view, but they could have been turned and folded, as well as deploy partly (which is important in windy rapid weather).
In addition, sails from bamboo boards and mats had the advantage that could function with many holes and breakthroughs. To control the movement used the paddle held at an angle on the stern.
Chinese Johnka.
In addition to square sails, the Chinese used wildly in the form of a sail, or "luggers". Longitudinal wrestling sails existed from the II century n. e. Courts with such sails could take on board 700 people and 260 tons of cargo. Chinese vessels were multi-day.
In China, there were several types of ships. The most common were flat-bottom, the so-called sandy courts (Sha Chuan), as well as the "Fujian courts" (Fu Chuan) and the "Bird Court" (Nyao Chuan), the elongated nose and the feed of which attached their appearance similarity to the bird. Unlike flat-bottom river vessels intended for shallow water, these ships had a rounded bottom and a high deck, which made them more high-speed and maneuverable (but less stable). Displacement of marine courts usually amounted to 500 - 800 tons.
For the first time in China, rowing wheels were used to move vessels. The first mention of them relate to 418. Rowing wheels on ships operated by special people with foot pedals. The decks were closed and opponents, seeing that the ship was moving without sails, they were horrified, believing that the dales move the ship. However, such vessels were not adapted to swimming at sea and used only on rivers and lakes. The control was carried out at the expense of different speed of rotation of the wheels from different sides. Constructed very large ships With rowing wheels, for example, it is known that in 1168 a 100-ton warship with 12 wheels was built.
Modern Chinese Johnka with Luggers
Further, vessels were built with a large number of wheels. Such vessels could take up to 800 people. Sailors, torque wheels, has dropped to 200.
Marble boat with rowing wheels
Long narrow barges were built for the transportation of goods on the Great Channel, moving into pairs. When moving through the shallow, these barges were disconnected.
Trailer barge of the late XVI century loaded by mines
Ancient Rome
Ancient Rome, founded in 753 BC. e., regularly underwent floods from the spills of the Tiber River. According to the ancient Roman historian Tacitis in the Roman Senate in 15, the new era discussed the issue of protecting Rome from floods. In 46, with the emperor of Claudia, the canal was built, which connected the Tiber with the sea by saving the raw river. The channel reduced the length of the ship's course, increased the bandwidth of the bed and thus reduced the rise of the flood level. The channel was reconstructed at the Roman Emperor Traian (53 - 117 years old) and received the name Fossa Trajana (Trachanov Canal). Under the name Fiumicino, it exists and is currently.
During the existence of ancient Rome, ports of Ottia, Missilia, Bordeaux and others were built, testifying to the high technical culture of the Romans. In their layout, they were similar to modern ports. Some ports were built in the mouths of the rivers flowing into the sea, and did not have a protective harbor. Trading ships often could not enter the river from behind the shallow water and got anchored in the sea, overloading goods on river vessels, rising up the river. In 42, with the Emperor of Claudia, the Roman port of Ostia was rebuilt: two side dams from the sea were beaten off the harbor, at the entrance to the harbor, built the island: they flooded a large ship and poured the island, on it a lighthouse. Later, at Trayan, the port was expanded: the pool was dug in the form of a regular hexagon with a side of 460 m with a depth of 6 m and retaining walls were erected. This pool was connected to the trayan channel.
Below are images of commercial and warships of Romans.
Recall that the names of the junior ships are associated with the number of rows of fun:
two rows of cheerful - birem;
three rows of cheerful tripier or triier;
five rows of cheerful - phenter or penthecoter.
Roman Burma
The reconstruction of the ship was carried out on the bas-relief in the temple of the fortune in the presente dated end of the II century BC. e. A characteristic feature of the vessel is a narrow crinoline parade, which served not to accommodate rowers, but to protect the sides. In the ornamental decoration of the terrestrial, clamps for copies were envisaged. Above the metal Taran, the line of the belt has an internal deflection, and then smoothly protrudes forward and goes into a massive acrostol decorated with a peculiar ornament. Fakebort, located along the entire length of the birem, in the nose and the stern had open aisles. For a military man holder, a place was taken under a slight awning tent on the stern. The tower characteristic of the Roman martial vessels was located in the nasal part of the roman martial vessels. This type of burra is a purely rowing vessel driven by 88-yules.
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Roman Empire in IVEK BC. e. |
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Roman Empire in the first century of our era |
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Roman Empire in the III century of our era |
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Roman Burma |
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Roman Trill (Trier) |
Roman Trill (Trier)
Trill (triier) is the main type of Mediterranean combat ship. Some researchers attribute to the invention of Trirema Phinitians, others call Corinthian amenocca. The main weapon of Trill was a ram - the continuation of a kille bar. The displacement of the vessel reached 230 tons, length - 45 m. The oars on tripircles were different lengths. The strongest rowers were placed on the upper deck. The speed of the tripircle on the messengers was 7 - 8 knots, but all three rows of cheer worked only during the battle. Even with a small excitement, the lower row of cheerful was drawn into the ship, and the junior ports were tightened with leather pockets. Sailing arms consisted of a large rectangular sail and small (Artemon) on a sloping mast in the nasal part of the vessel. Maches were made removable and cleaned about the battle. During the battle of Trillus, they sought to develop the maximum move, hit the enemy to the Taran, to deprive the stroke, breaking him the oars and "fell" to the board.
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Roman Pentera (Pentekoter) |
Roman Pentera (Pentekoter)
The fighting ships with five rows of cheerful - penters - were introduced in the Roman military fleet in front of the 1st Punic War (264-241 BC) due to the fact that Carthaginians have already possessed multi-tiered heavy ships, whose borne protected by whole Forest fun, was unavailable to the taranny strike of a relatively light Roman birma. In a short time, Rome introduced 120 such ships to his fleet. Each paddle controlled one rower, the number of fun in one row reached 25. The penter length was about 45 m, and the total amount of fun reached 250.
The rings of the third and fourth of the upper rows were placed in a closed Crnoline - Parodos, and the lower tier is each other in the ship's housing. The agreed rowing of such a large amount of cheerful was achieved due to the compound of the merry row of the total rope and the use of stops that limit the magnitude of the row.
Nose and stern Penters decorated with an acrostole (continued stews). The stern part of the ship was surrounded by a mounted gallery with a balustrade, under which the boat was usually suspended. Penters had two masts with combat Mars. Sailing arms consisted of large straight sails used only on transitions with associated winds.
It is known that vessels with six and more rows of cheer were created. So, in Herakla Pontic, located on the southern coast of the Black Sea, in the III century BC. e. The Greeks were built by the ship "Leonthfeple" with eight glad fun on each board - the o'clock. In each row there were 100 rowers. Thus, there could be 1600 rowers on this ship and 1,200 soldiers.
In Syracuses (Ancient Egypt) at Ptolemae, the IV philopacitor (about 200 to n. E.) Was built by the Tessecronter - the ship with 40 rows of cheerful. Its length was 125 m, the height of the top of the side - 22 m, and to the very upper point of the vessel - 26.5 m. The largest poles on the ship had a length of 19 m, lead in their handles for balancing was poured. On this ship was 4 thousand rowers, 400 other crew members and 3 thousand warriors. The speed of this ship was up to 7.5 km / h.
Transportation by water transport make it possible to deliver large batches of cargo for long distances without loss of quality. One of the most common and efficient ways to transport goods on water are sea freight. Most often, they are carried out in a multimodal format, which involves the operation of several types of transport at once.
Features of water freight
Cargo ships are divided into types: sea, river, river-sea. The first category includes general purpose cargoges, refrigerators, container shipments, roller coils, balckers with inclined walls of the trumma, tankers, wood coals, gas carriers, ferries. The second type includes: self-propelled cargo ships (car, ore, cemento, container carriers, refrigerators) and non-self-interest barges.
Water transport has distinctive features. In one handling compartment, there may be loaded and together for a long time of cargo with various physicochemical characteristics. During long cargo transportation by sea transportgoods are subjected to additional loads that cause a pitching and storm vibration, moisture and temperature drops. To ensure the safety of products in such conditions is possible only with a clear compliance with the technology of loading, placement, fasteners.
Cargo operations are governed by general and special rules, codes, guidelines for maritime transportation of food, industrial, filling, bulk, dangerous goods. Products for transportation in water are accepted and handed over with an external inspection and reconciliation of conformity of impulsions and seal indices by recordings in billboards, loading orders.
River I. shippingthere are several stages at the preparation stage. Mandatory analyzes the characteristics of the cargo, the optimal logistics scheme is selected, the accompanying documentation is drawn up, packaging and marking, insurance, loading are made. From how correctly preparatory activities are made, the safety and safety of the goods depends, the financial costs for its delivery.
International Maritime Cargo Transportation
Sea transport of freightthe UN Convention, the Brussels Convention on the Unification of the Rules on Congosate, the Rules of Hague Visby, other regulatory legal acts, is regulated. Containers are actively used in the delivery of products by sea. Multi-turn packaging allows you to transport almost all types of goods. Our company delivers container capacities at 20, 40, 45 feet.
By type, containers are divided into:
- Dry Freight Container Standard for small loads;
- Dry Freight Container High Cube enhanced capacity;
- Flatrack Container - platform for oversized;
- Open Top Container - with an awning instead of a roof for loading from above;
- Refrigerator Container - Refrigerator for goods requiring temperature control;
- Tank Container - Tanks for gaseous and liquid substances.
Container shipments are most often used to deliver consumer goods. Their main advantage is the lack of need for the overload of material values \u200b\u200balong the way of the ship. We carry out container transportation by sea to send any parties of goods, including prefabricated containers and large vessels of cars, fossil resources, metal and other goods. Transportation consists of the following steps:
- signing agreement S. transport company;
- preparation of transport documents;
- loading;
- delivery of material values \u200b\u200bat the destination;
- customs clearance;
- unloading;
- delivery to the door of the recipient at the request of the client.
Advantages and disadvantages of sea transport:
- the ability to transport the impressive parties;
- lack of limitations on dimensions and hazard classes;
- reliability and safety;
- efficiency.
To minuses sea transportit is possible to attribute the impossibility of urgent delivery and dependence on weather conditions.
List of water trucking services
One of the key specializations of the company "KW" is the organization of multimodal marine freight, which are most beneficial in the international direction. In the process of performing such orders, several types of transport are used immediately, which makes it possible to deliver in the "Door to Door" format. With mixed transportation, export from seaportscontainers 20 (TEU), 40 and 45 (FeU) feet to anywhere in Russia. To send large cargo parties from 1000 tons, various types of ships are used: marine, river, river-sea. Cargo owners can order not only the carriage by container workers, but also in part or fully chartered vessels. The list of services also includes:
- consulting the customer;
- loading and unloading, stevedor work;
- surveying work;
- collection, storage in warehouses;
- consolidation of goods in the SVX (temporary storage warehouses);
- registration of commodity transport, customs documentation;
- insurance;
- tracking of cargo on the way;
- delivery of goods in the format "From door to door".
- remote output of goods directly in dry ports, such as Novorossiysk and Vladivostok, through Zelenogradsky (Mozhaisky) Electronic Declaration Center.
The TLT or the "dry port" is a terminal that is directly associated with the car and the railway message. It allows you to quickly organize all the necessary activities for further transportation and customs clearance of products.
Customs broker "kW" has partnerships with major portsand shipping structures, which allows planning international shippingmost effective, delivering cargo of any type as soon as possible. Cost of cargo transportationit is calculated individually depending on the type, volume of goods and distance. To order a comprehensive delivery service and customs clearance service is a flexible system of discounts.
River transport is an important link in the country. It takes one of the leading places in the maintenance of large industrial centers of the pruring regions.
Russia has the most widely developed network of inland waterways. The length of the inland waterways is 101 thousand km. Ways with guaranteed depths are the greatest importance, which allows you to smoothly carry out freight and passengers.
River transport is one of the oldest in the country; It is of particular importance for northern and eastern areas, where low density of iron and highways or they are generally absent. In these regions, the proportion of river transport in total cargo turnover is 3.9%.
River transport has a small proportion in cargo turnover and passenger traffic - 4th place in Russia.
This is due to the reasons:
one). The meridional direction of the river transport (while the main freight traffic is carried out in a latitudinal seek Z-in; In-s, this circumstance causes the need to combine the types of transport, using, for example, mixed railway and water transport).
2). Seasonal character of river transportation (which are limited weather conditionsSometimes the time of day, for example, the high-speed passenger fleet is not operated at night).
The duration of navigation on the inland waterways of Russia ranges from 145 days (in the east and northeast of the country) to 240 days (in the south and south-west).
In the inter-novers period, ports work in cooperation with rail and motor vehicles, despite the fact that river squirrels are inferior to other types of transport and at the speed of movement, but has its advantages.
Advantages of river transport:
1. Low shipping cost
2. Requires less costs of arrangement of ways than in land modes of transport.
Especially great value of water transport for the northern and eastern areas of the country, where the railway network is not enough, the density of the network of inland waterways is 2 times more than an average of the Russian Federation.
Hence, the proportion of river transport in the total cargo turnover of these areas is 65-90%, in general, in Russia, this figure is 3.7%.
The role of river transport in the country's economy is determined not so much by the usefulness of transport work, as much as the significance of the functions performed.
In addition to the transport service of the areas of Siberia, the Far East, including the Arctic, river transport performs complex expensive transportation on small rivers in hard-to-reach areas, as well as highly profitable transportation for small rivers in hard-to-reach areas, as well as highly profitable transportation of foreign trade cargoes by the ships of mixed (river-sea) swimming .
Currently, internal waterways operate 5 thousand shipowners of various forms of ownership.
The length of the inland waterways is 101 thousand km.
Main types of river transport goods:
Mineral building materials / sand;
Fertilizers;
Grain and other C / x products.
According to the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation, the total volume of cargo transportation of inland water transport in 2007 navigation amounted to 152.4 million tons, which is 9.5% more than 2006 levels of this volume occurred mainly due to an increase in the navigation period. 12.5% \u200b\u200bincreased transportation of dry cargo services (cement, metal, forest and building materials). At the same time, the volume of transportation of oil and petroleum products has decreased by almost a third. More than a third of the total river transportation is carried out in Volga federal District. River ports Countries have been processed by 15% of more goods than in 2006.
Capital investments in 2007, intended for the development of inland waterway infrastructure, amounted to almost 2.6 billion rubles, which is 1.6 times more than in 2006. This made it possible to reconstruct a number of gateway objects on the Volga-Baltic water Paths, Volga-Don Canal, in the Kama Basin, Samara Hydrogen.
In 2008, 4 billion rubles were allocated from the state budget to the overhaul of shipping hydraulic structures of river transport. They are aimed at the reconstruction of 47 objects.
The draft "Internal Waterways" subprogramme is currently being developed, which should be part of the Federal Target Program "Development transport system Russia in 2010-2015. " The total financing for this subprogramme is defined in the amount of 235 billion rubles. As a result of its implementation, the share of deep-water sections in the total length of shipping rivers of the European part of our country will increase to 86%. In river ports, almost 2.5 km of new berths will be built.
- River systems and ports.
The Household of the River Fleet of Russia has 178 joint-stock companies, including 27 shipping companies, 50 ports, 46 shipyard and shipbuilding enterprises, etc. 96 enterprises are in state submission, of which 27 - state enterprises, 17 - state institutions, 14 - shipping inspections, 14 - Inspections by the Right Register, 24 - educational institutions.
Fourteen ports of river transport are accepted by foreign courts.
The main in Russia is the Volga-Kama River basin, to which the economically developed part of the country (40% of the cargo turnover of the river fleet). Thanks to the Volga-Baltic, the Beloga-Baltic and Volga-Don shipping channel, the Volga became the rod of a single water system of the European part of Russia, and Moscow is the river port of the five seas.
The most important transport rivers of the North of the European part of Russia: Sukhona, North Dvina with tributaries, Onega, Svir, Neva.
Siberian and huge extensions are huge Far East. Here flow the greatest rivers Russia is Amur, Yenisei, Lena, Ob and their tributaries. All of them are used for shipping and alloy forest, transportation of food and industrial goods in remote areas. The value of river transport for Siberia is very large, since the railway network (especially in the meridional direction) is still insufficient.
Currently, approximately 5 thousand shipowners of various forms of ownership exploit inland waterways, including about 30 shareholding companies ( river shipping costs). River fleet Russian Federation Serves 68 republics, edges, regions and national districts.
- Technical equipment on river transport.
The material and technical base (MTB) of river transport form:
Waterway (with relevant structures and equipment);
Ports and pier;
Shipbuilding plants (CVD and SRS);
The classification of rolling stock is shown in the figure.
Fleet (similar to sea transport) - The basis of MTB, the main part of the technical armament of river transport consists of the vessels of different types:
Transport destination (for the transport of goods and passengers) common tonnage\u003e 14 million tons, of which< 1,5 млн. т приходится на суда смешанного плавания (река-море).
Service-auxiliary (towers, icebreakers, tankers) The total capacity of towing vessels is 1.6 million tons.
Technical (dredging, cranes, etc.) a sharp increase in their construction value has ceased to update.
River paths are divided depending on the depth and bandwidth of 7 classes and 4 main groups: superlines (1st grade), highways (2nd class), local route (4th, 5th grades), small rivers (Br, 7th grades). On river transport there are various technical structures that ensure efficiency and safety of work. This is, first of all, gateways for the transition of ships from one water level to another, buoy - signs to designate hazards on the path or fencing of the fairway, the gamns - signs in the form of tower structures or pillars installed on the Farviter line to designate the direction, places of turns, etc. d.
Deep-sea inland waterways have a big self-ability, they can be compared with multi-part railwaysand they are adapted to the massive carriage of goods and passengers. Transportation of some goods by river transport in the main inland waterways costs 2-3 times cheaper than in parallel railways.
The main differences of river vessels from marine:
a) smaller sediment;
b) overall dimensions (due to small depths and uplifting most of the river paths, as well as the narrowness of the fairway);
c) the lack of a number of elements in the design and equipment (necessary on marine ships, which is due to specific conditions of shipping on rivers), the courts of river leaving for large lakes and on the seaside paths according to the design almost do not differ from maritime courts. The average age of river vessels is 20 years, about ½ of all transport ships (except for dry cargo barges) - more than 20 years.
The river fleet consists of:
Self-propelled vessels (passenger, freight, cargo-passenger);
Noncommet vessels (barg of various purposes);
Tugs (pushers - vessels without their own cargo premises, but with a power plant for traction (towing) of non-self-interest vessels);
Specialized Courts (Vegetable Vegetable, A / Mobility, Nefteadovoza, Courts Type River-Sea, Barge, Refrigerators).
The waterway is the shipping part of rivers, lakes, reservoirs and artificial channels with hydraulic structures.
The waterway is characterized by:
Depth;
Latitude;
Radius of rounding (rotation);
According to the dimensions of the ship stroke, waterways distinguish:
Superlines - with guaranteed depths up to 4 m;
Highways - with guaranteed depths to 2.6 m;
Local Ways - with guaranteed depths up to 1 m.
Waterways are:
Shipping (on which the safe walking of ships is possible);
Alloy (for forest alloy).
Shipping differences: - Natural (rivers and lakes);
Artificial (canals and reservoirs).
The ports are the basis of the coastal economy of river transport, where the boot and unloading of ships, landing and disembarking passengers, maintenance of ships is carried out.
River ports are:
Universal (perform all types of work);
Specialized (only individual types of work - freight or passenger).
The most important elements of the ports - pier - equipped with mechanization tools for loading and unloading vessels, there are warehouses and warehouse areas for bulk goods.
Pier - is an intermediate point where the vessels have a short-term stop for landing - disembarking passengers and partial loading-unloading of goods.
- Main indicators of inland water transport.
The performance of the vessel - transport work in ton-kilometers or passenger-kilometers per unit of time (usually), calculated by 1 hp or 1 tons of carrying capacity. There are pure and gross vessel performance. Clean performance characterizes the use of the vessel while movement in the load. Determined by dividing the total ton-kilometers of this type of work on the power-day (tonnage) of the stroke in the load. Gross performance - an indicator characterizing the use of the vessel during the entire operating time spent, i.e. The time of movement in the loaded and empty states, the time of all parking and non-transport work is determined by the division of common ton-kilometers on the power of the day (tonnage) of the vessel's location.
Indicators of the use of shipping vessels reflect the degree of use of carrying capacity and capacities of ships.
The indicator of the use of a truck for carrying capacity, t / t tonnage, is determined by dividing the mass of cargo immersed in the vessel, Q E., registration capacity Q R.:
The average load on 1 tons of carrying capacity of the freight ship is determined by dividing ton-kilometers (where l hgr - The length of the movement of the vessel with a load) on tonnage - kilometers with a cargo:
Average load on 1 hp The capacities of towing vessels are determined by the division of ton-kilometers, made in loaded flights, for power-kilometers with the composition of loaded vessels and rafts:
Weight share with cargo a G. Determined by the division of the tonnage of the ship's movement with a load for the total number of tonnage-day in operation:
The average capacity of 1 tons of carrying capacity of self-propelled and noncommodating ships M EGR Determined by the division of ton-kilometers for the total number of tonnage in operation:
The speed of the vessel - the time spent on the movement of the vessel from the loading point to the discharge point and back, including the time required for initial and final operations (loading, unloading, sliding, etc.), delays in the way and technical operations. Determined by the addition of parking time t Art; Time spent on maneuvers t M.; running time t H.:
Consider the performance of river ports.
The total cargo turnover of the port is the total amount of goods in tons sent from the port and entered into the port. This indicator is planned and taken into account on all loads in general and with distribution on the nomenclature: oil and petroleum products, forests in roofs, dry cargo services (bread, ore, stone coal, ore, etc.). Particularly isolated by cargo transported in containers, as well as to be transmitted from river transport to the railway and received from it.
The loading and unloading works include all ports performed by means of ports on freight berths and work warehouses associated with overloading of goods transported by river transport. This includes port and extraport work, as well as overloading oil-free goods by oil refining stations. Expportal ports include the ports of the port, as well as the work performed for other organizations in order to preserve the permanent personnel of workers and the more complete use of fixed assets.
The volume of loading and unloading works are planned and taken into account in physical tons and ton-operations. The volume of loading and unloading works in physical tons corresponds to the port turnover minus the total mass of the clientele sent from the moorings and received various cargoes of various goods, as well as sent from the port and arrived in the port of forest cargo in the rafts.
A tone-operation is a movement of 1 tons of cargo by a specific version of the loading and unloading. An option is called the completed movement of the cargo, regardless of the distance, the method and complementary work (weighing, sorting, etc.). In determining the volume of overload work in ton-operations, any work related to the movement of 1 tons of cargo in the port is taken into account, according to the following options: Transport Warehouse; stock transport; transport transport; Warehouse store; Intrastore premises (performed during the main work process, and on separate outfits).
The ratio of the number of the ports performed by the port of ton-operations to the volume of loading and unloading works in physical tons for a certain period is called the coefficient of cargo transshipment.
- Problems and prospects for the development of inland water transport.
It is necessary to improve the unified system of internal resources of Russia, which is possible in the construction of channels and gateways. In the Xih century A marine system with 39 gateways was built.
The internal route system has defense importance: the connection of the south of the country with the North (the path through the European Water system from Odessa to St. Petersburg) is 8800 km, and in the inland routes - 4500 km.
It is necessary to deepen the fairway for the passage of vessels of greater lifting capacity in extending the navigation time; Development of a system of Rootker vessels ("Ro-Ro") horizontal loading, vessels of the "River - Sea" vessels; Sectional courts (they are more economical than the majority of the same lifting capacity in a simplified overload system and reformed depending on the freight traffic); Ships on airbag and underwater wings developing speed up to 105 km / h; icebreakers and ships with enhanced enclosures for polar conditions; an increase in vessel carrying capacity (cost is reduced by 25-30%); increasing the comfort of passenger ships; the creation of automated complexes for overloading; Reconstruction of existing ports (Temryuk, Yeisk, Rostov, Azov, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, etc.); Creating dock ships for the transport of heavy large cargo goods and to explore goods in the place of the Arctic basin, not having overload equipment, and much more.
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